Classics Test 3

Although ___ offered evidence that Clodius had lied about his alibi, Clodius was released from the charge of sacrilege through bribery.

Cicero

In Dec. 63 ___ exposed the conspiracy of Catline and called for and carried out the following punishment of the five Romans in the city who supported Catiline: a) imprisonment b) exile c) execution

Cicero c

While Clodius was tribune he also forced ___ into exile on the grounds that this person had: a) passed laws in the plebeian assembly without permission. b) married a foreign woman and tried register her children as citizens. c) executed Roman citizens without a trial.

Cicero c

In 63 one of the candidates for the consulship was ___. He supported debt cancellation and redistribution of land. He had many supporters, but because his supporters were poor, they would not help him win the necessary votes in the ___. He led a conspiracy of Romans and other allies, including Sulla's veterans. They planned to: a) set fire to Rome. b) eliminate the Centuriate Assembly. c) create four new tribes for the Tribal Assembly.

Catiline Centuriate Assembly a

Clodius removed ___ from Rome by awarding him the task of annexing Cyprus from Egypt.

Cato

___ supported the execution of the five conspirators of Catiline; ___ opposed their execution.

Cato Caesar

Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were all frustrated by ___ and the ___ who obstructed their respective agendas. In response they form a secret alliance that came to be known as the ___. These each stood to gain from the alliance. Caesar wanted to be elected consul and would be supported by Crassu and Pompey. Pompey wanted his settlement in East and land for his veterans which Caesar, as consul would support.

Cato optimates first triumvirate

In 64, seven men ran for the consulship of 63. The three frontrunners were ___, ___, and ___.

Gaius Antonius Hybrida Lucius Sergius Catalina Marcus Tullius Cicero

The consuls of 63 were ___ and ___. Sulla's policies in 82-81 while he was dictator were devastating and led to debt and deprivation in Rome. This led to further agitations for ___.

Gaius Antonius Hybrida Marcus Tullius Cicero land reform

In 63 ___ was elected pontifex maximus.

Gaius Julius Caesar

According to Plutarch, ___ gave the following advice to Mithridates when they met in 98: "either be greater than the Romans or obey them" (Plutarch, Marius 31). The Romans would fight three wars against Mithridates.

Gaius Marius

In 107 ___ took command of the forces in North Africa. In 105 the war was brought to an end when Marius' quaestor, whose name was ___, persuaded Jugurtha's ally, King Bocchus of Mauretania, to betray Jugurtha to the Romans.

Gaius Marius Lucius Cornelius Sulla

One of the consuls of 78 was ___. He profited from Sulla's ___. Included among his reforms were the following: a) reinstating the grain subsidies b) revoking citizenship from the those who won it during the Social War c) returning confiscated land d) restoring the tribune's powers e) a puppy for every household

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus proscriptions a, c, d

In 77 the senate was concerned that ___ would march on Rome. The senate conferred the command on ___ to prevent this from happening.

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Gnaeus Pompeius

Sertorius persuaded ___ to send money and ships in 73. Pompey persuaded the senate that Sertorius might invade Rome, and after being granted more support by the senate, he defeated Sertorius in 73.

Mithridates

In the mid-90s, the Romans sent Sulla to install a new ruler of Cappadocia after ___ invaded and installed his eight-year old son as king.

Mithridates VI

In December of the year 50, Curio orders that both ___ and ___ give up their commands. 370 senators vote in favor of this and 22 vote against it. The consuls ignore the vote and give ___ command of two legions to face Caesar. On January 1, 49 Mark Antony, a tribune of the plebs, read a letter from Caesar to the senate in which Caesar proposed that he and Pompey lay down their commands and submit to the judgment of the Roman people. Caesar's request is accepted (true/false).

Pompey Caesar Pompey false

In 100 ___ was tribune for a second time. In addition to settling Marius' solders in North Africa, he proposed the following: a) forcibly removing citizens from Rome and settling them in Germanic regions. b) forcing senators to swear an oath to abide by his policies within five days of their passage. c) allowing some of Marius veterans settled in North Africa to retain citizenship. d) adding eight tribes to the already existing thirty-five tribes. e) settling veterans of wars in Greece and Sicily.

Saturninus b, c, e

In 109-109 both Marius and Sulla served under Quintus Caecilius Metellus in the war with Jugurtha. Marius quarrelled with his mentor, Caecilius Metellus, who wanted Marius to wait until his own son was eligible before running for consul. Marius responded by: a) following his mentor's advice since he was a novus homo and needed his support. b) returning to Rome to run for consul, appealing to many of the same platforms as Scipio Aemilianus who pointed out the corrupt and ineffectual leadership of nobles. c) killing Caecilius Metellus' son.

b

In 86 Cinna passed a law: a) requiring that all new citizens be distributed in the thirty-five tribes. b) allowing debtors to only pay back a quarter of their debt. c) requiring all slaves to be officially enrolled in a registry.

b

In Dec. 62, Publius Clodius Pulcher was tried for sacrilege because: a) he failed to take the auspices correctly. b) he attended the nocturnal rites of the Bona Dea dressed as woman in order seduce Caesar's wife. c) he was caught secretly partaking in the rites of Bacchus which had been banned years earlier.

b

Pompey cleared the Mediterranean of pirates by: a) fining them b) creating a simultaneous offensive by dividing the sea into zones which he allocated to each one of his propraetors. c) by giving propraetors permission to broker deals with each ship they encountered.

b

Vatinius, a tribune of the plebs, proposed awarding Caesar a five-year command in Gaul. This was appealing to Caesar because: a) his ancestral home is in Gaul. b) he couldn't be prosecuted for crimes during his time as consul while he is in Gaul. c) Gaul is rich in gold.

b

Cicero was called a novus homo (new man) because: a) no one knew his name. b) no one knew where he was from. c) no one in his family had served in the senate or held the office of consulship.

c

Despite Bibulus' attempts to prevent an assembly meeting by watching the sky, Caesar held the meeting and his proposal for land distribution passed, to the delight of Pompey's veterans. Caesar forced every senator: a) give their pledge of loyalty to him. b) to call him dictator. c) to swear an oath to respect the land distribution policy.

c

From 74 when Nicomedes bequeathed his kingdom to Rome until 67, Lucullus unsuccessfully waged war against Mithridates. In 66 was replaced by Pompey who was referred to as a "parasitical bird" because: a) he sucked the life from his enemies by waging wars of attrition. b) like the parasite of Roman comedy, he begged food from his superiors. c) because he fed on the scraps of others' victories.

c

From 58 Pompey had encouraged ___ to recruit gangs to combat those of Clodius. In a clash between the gangs on the Via Appia, Clodius was captured and killed. The Romans were so upset over his death that they: a) used the senate house as a funeral pyre and burned it down. b) held a special election which led to his son being named tribune in his place. c) beat his enemies to death.

Titus Annius Milo a

Caesar responded by: a) ignoring the senate and bringing his proposal directly to the Tribal Assembly. b) withdrawing to Gaul. c) making a secret deal with the Optimates.

a

In 90 the Romans offered: a) citizenship to all Latins and Italians. b) terms of peace which allowed those cities that wanted to withdraw from Rome entirely to do so. c) citizenship to those who remained loyal and to those who had joined the rebels but had abandoned hostilities or agreed to do so by a certain date.

c

Saturninus wanted his ally, Glaucia, to run for consul of 99. When Marius rejected Glaucia's candidacy, Saturninus responded by: a) submitting a formal complaint to the senate. b) exercising his veto as tribune of the plebs. c) ordering his followers to beat the rival candidate to death.

c

Sulla's main goal while in office was: a) to become rich and famous. b) to make Rome a Mediterranean super superpower. c) to restore order in Rome.

c

When a governor's time in office had ended, he could be tried in court for mismanagement of funds. This court was controversial because the Romans could not agree on the following: a) the punishment for former governors if found guilty. b) the statute of limitations. c) whether senators of equestrians should serve on the courts.

c

Sulla's dictatorship ended in 81. He was elected ___ for 80. He ___ in 78.

consul died

Sulla revived old regulations regarding the ___ so that only former quaestors could run for ___, and only former praetors could run for ___. He also increased the number of praetors to ___.

cursus honorum praetor consul eight

The Tribal Assembly elected ___ and ___. These offices were important because according to the ___, only men who had served in the lower offices could run for ___ and ___, both of which were elected by the ___.

curule aediles quaestors cursus honorum praetor consul Centuriate Assembly

The men who collected taxes in the provinces were called ___. These men would form groups and submit bids when contracts for the collection of taxes in provinces were up for auction. The syndicate would submit a bid, and, if they had the highest bid, they would win.

publicani

Sulla regularized the ages at which one could run for office. At thirty, a Roman could run for ___; at thirty-nine one could run for ___; at forty-two one could run for ___.

quaestor praetor consul

Sulla believed that restoring the republic meant strengthening the ___ and weakening ___.

senate the tribunes of the plebs

The target of Sulla's proscriptions were the ___ and ___. Between 500-1500 Romans were ___ as a result of the proscriptions.

senators equestrians killed

In 100 the ___ was exercised for a second time. Marius gathered Saturninus and his followers in the senate house. Some Romans respond by: a) killing everyone in the senate house by pelting them with roof tiles torn from the senate house. b) killing everyone in the senate house by burning it. c) killing everyone in the senate house by tearing down the door and beating everyone within.

senatus consultum ultimum a

On January 7, 49 the senate passed the ___. The tribunes were: a) ordered to stay under house arrest. b) advised to be cautious. c) instructed to flee Rome.

senatus consultum ultimum. c

The consulship of Pompey, whose co-consul was Crassus, in the year 70 was remarkable because: a) he was not old enough to be consul. b) he was not a senator. c) he secured fewer votes than his rival in the Centuriate Assembly.

a, b

In 67 BCE, the tribune Aulus Gabinius suggested awarding Pompey an extraordinary command against the pirates who had disrupted grain supplies, taken Roman officials prisoner, and were interfering with trade routes. Gabinius argued that Pompey should be awarded: a) a proconsulship b) power throughout the Mediterranean and fifty miles beyond c) 100 triremes, five for each of his propraetors d) twenty propraetors as legates who could act independently but were subordinate to him e) power to distribute the recovered supply of grain as he saw fit

a, b, d

Marius' innovations include the following: a) making the eagle the principal standard. b) requiring soldiers to carry their own equipment, which led to his soldiers being called "Marius' mules." c) allocating a minimum amount of grain each day for his soldiers. d) the use of a type of javelin that would break upon impact. e) enlisting volunteers who did not meet the property requirements for military service.

a, b, d, e

When Pompey returned from the East in 62, he disbanded his army when he reached Italy. His main concerns when he arrived at Rome were: a) the formal ratification of his settlement in the East by the senate. b) food for his soldiers. c) land for his veterans. d) kittens for all.

a, c

Under Sulla, those who served as ___ were barred from standing for other offices. In addition, the only legislative proposals the ___ could raise were ones already approved by the senate.

tribunes of the plebs Plebeian assembly

Caesar was elected consul for the year 59 (true/false).

true

Sulla agreed that new citizens should be distributed among the thirty-five tribes (true/false).

true

In 58 Clodius issued several proposals including: a) instituting free grain for everyone paid for by the treasury. b) stipulating which century of the Centuriate Assembly praetors were to belong. c) narrowing the conditions in which watching the sky for omens could halt law-making activities. d) ending the ban of collegia passed by the senate in 64 due to concerns about organized violence. e) limiting the powers of the tribunes of the plebs.

a, c, d

From November 82 until June 1, 81 Sulla instituted proscriptions. If a person's name appeared on a list of proscribed persons: a) that person was condemned to death. b) that person was rewarded for his services to Rome and Sulla. c) that person's property was confiscated and auctioned by the state. d) that person was listed in the lowest centuries. e) that person's sons and grandsons were excluded from public service.

a, c, e

Caesar then brought three more proposals to the Tribal Assembly without consulting the senate. These included: a) a refund to the tax collecting syndicate who were supported by Crassus. b) laws concerning women's ownership of property. c) laws concerning the dissemination of political literature. d) the ratification of Pompey's settlement in the East. e) laws concerning the conduct of governors in the provinces.

a, d, e

) In 90 Mithridates IV forced the king of Cappadocia to flee and expelled Nicomedes, the king of Bithynia. When five legions from the Romans arrived, Mithridates withdrew. The Romans respond by: a) going home to address the revolt of their Italian allies. b) persuading the restored king of Cappadocia and Bithynia to get revenge by invading Pontus. c) making Cappadocia and Bithynia provinces.

b

Sulla raised the number of quaestors to ___ and immediately enrolled them in the ___ once their time in office ended rather than waiting until the next census. By increasing the number of quaestors, Sulla: a) increased competition for the higher offices in the cursus honorum. b) was able to open more banks in Rome. c) had enough financial advisors for each of provinces. d) was able to fill the senate, the size of which he increased.

twenty senate a, d

By 88 Mithridates was welcomed as a "liberator" by many cities in western Asia Minor. He encouraged hatred of Roman rule and on one day planned the massacre of ___ Romans and Italians, including children.

80,000

Marius settled the veterans of his war against Jugurtha in ___ as a reward for their service. Marius' plan was supported by ___, a plebeian tribune.

Africa Lucius Appuleius Saturninus

In 60 ___ was awarded a triumph for his exploits in Spain. But he also wanted to run for the consulship of 59 and, to do so, must be present in Rome. When he asked to run in absentia, ___ (the younger) persuaded the senate to deny him. This created a problem for Caesar because: a) he did not have friends in Rome who would support him. b) generals who had been awarded a triumph were not eligible to run for consul. c) if he crossed the boundaries of Rome to run for consul he would cede his triumph.

Caesar Marcus Porcius Cato c

Pompey married Julia, who was ___.

Caesar's daughter

By 113 two Germanic groups from the North reached the eastern Alps. These groups were the ___ and the ___. In 105 the Romans suffered catastrophic losses at Arausio. This led to the election of ___ as consul in absentia (he was still in North Africa). He was assigned the command of Gaul, and then he was elected to the consulship every year until 100. This was controversial because: a) he was not a good general. b) he did not meet the age requirements for holding the office. c) a law passed in 152 prohibited the same person from holding the same office more than once.

Cimbri Teutoni Gaius Marius c

In 86 ___ and ___ were consuls. Shortly after entering office, ___ died of pneumonia, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus replaced him.

Cinna Marius Marius

On January 10, 49 Caesar crossed the Rubicon which formed the boundary between ___ and ___.

Cisapline Gaul Italy

When Cicero complained about the current states of politics in a speech, Caesar allowed ___ to switch from patrician to plebeian status. This would make him eligible to run for ___.

Clodius tribune of the plebs

Spartacus tried to negotiate with the Roman forces but was captured and killed by ___. This general lined the Via Appia with the bodies of ___ crucified slaves. The senate, concerned that war was not effectively being brought to an end, summoned ___ from Spain. He captured ___ slaves fleeing north, and then claimed credit for bringing the war to a close. This led to jealousy between ___ who was awarded a triumph and ___ who was awarded an ovation, a lesser triumph.

Crassus 6000 Pompey 5000 Pompey Crassus

The consul in charge of Roman forces in the Slave War was ___. The senate may have awarded him this command because: a) he had many slaves and was therefore invested in bringing the war to an end. b) he was rich and could raise his own legions. c) the other consul had died unexpectedly.

Crassus b

Although Cinna and his colleague wanted to face Sulla in ___, after Cinna died in 84, his co-consul, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, decided to face Sulla in Italy. He supported the senate's decree calling for the disbandment of all armies. He also passed a law: a) reaffirming Sulla's status as an outlaw. b) doubling the size of the senate. c) distributing the new citizens in the thirty-five tribes.

Greece c

In 91, the tribune ___ proposed the following, but he was killed with a cobbler's knife after a consul declared his policies invalid: a) juries should be comprised of senators, but 300 equestrians should also be added to the senate. b) jury courts should be abolished since the senate already existed as a formal body. c) citizenship should be granted to all Latins and Italians. d) colonies should be founded and public land should be given to the poor. e) grain should be imported from the Black Sea to supplement local supplies.

Livius Drusus a, c, d

In 87, two men who were not supporters of Sulla were consuls. One of these men, ___, supported distributing new citizens in the thirty-five tribes. His co-consul did not support this, and the tribunes were divided. Rioting ensued. ___ left Rome and travelled throughout Italy to gain support for his plan. The ___ declared him an enemy of the state.

Lucius Cornelius Cinna Cinna senate

All of Sulla's officers except ___ deserted him when he marched on Rome in 88. After gaining control of the city, Sulla declared twelve men enemies of the state including ___, ___, and ___. Despite being Roman citizens, these men could be hunted down and killed. Sulla cancelled all policies proposed by ___ and awarded himself the command against ___. ___ was killed, and Marius and his son fled to ___.

Lucius Licinius Lucullus Sulpicius Rufus Marius Marius' son Sulpicius Rufus Mithridates VI Sulpicius Rufus North Africa

In 86 Sulla was still in command of the legions in the East despite being declared an outlaw by Cinna. ___ went to the East to see if ___ would be willing to negotiate with Cinna.

Lucius Valerius Flaccus Sulla

In 73, two slaves — ___ from Thrace and Crixus from Gaul—escaped from a gladiatorial training school in ___. Roughly 70,000 ___ and ___ joined them at Mount Vesuvius.

Spartacus Capua slaves freedmen

In 83 Sulla arrived at Brundisium. He was met by ___ and ___ who has a private army comprised of his father's supports and veterans.

Marcus Licinius Crassus Gnaeus Pompeius

The Roman orator ___ supported Pompey being awarded the command against Mithridates. The speech he delivered in support of this person's command was the orator's first public speech to the Romans.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

After Sulpicius Rufus formed a bodyguard, the consuls declared a cessation of public business. Street fighting broke out, and Sulla hid at Marius' house. Sulpicius Rufus' policies, however, passed. In addition, one of the consuls was removed from office, and the command against Mithradates was awarded to ___.

Marius

In 87 ___ returned from North African to support Cinna. The two men offer slaves freedom in exchange for their support and acquire an unlikely ally, the ___. After besieging Rome, the city fell to them. A bloody purge of their political enemies followed. The slaves who supported them were massacred.

Marius Samnites

Sertorius was proscribed by Sulla and had been a supporter of ___ and ___. After fleeing Rome, he was invited by other anti-Sullan Roman exiles to Spain. He defeated the proconsul of Further Spain and was supported by an ally of ___.

Marius Cinna Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

In 82 Carbo and Gaius Marius' son were elected to the consulship. After Sulla gained control of Rome, ___ fled to Praeneste where he is besieged by Sulla's forces. These forces were drawn back to Rome when Marius' supporters and the Samnites clashed with Romans just outside of ___.

Marius' son Rome

Saturninus' agenda passed, but only because he used ___ to keep hostile voters away.

Marius' veterans

___, Caesar's co-consul, ___, and their supporters say they will oppose any land distribution Caesar proposes on principle.

Marucs Calpurnius Bibulus Cato

In 75 Nicomedes of Bithynia died and left his kingdom to Rome. The Romans accept the gift of Bithynia and Lucullus, the consul of 74, was made the governor of Asia and Cilicia. He waged war against ___, presumably to protect the interests of Rome's new interests in Bithynia.

Mithridates

The events that led to Rome's war with Jugurtha (112-105 BCE) started when Micipsa, the king of ___, died. Micipsa had two legitimate children, and Jugurtha killed one and drove the other, Adherbal, from his kingdom. The Romans reinstated Adherbal, but Jugurtha invaded his territory. The Romans were concerned about these events because: a) Jugurtha was rich. b) the territories Jugurtha invaded border a Roman province. c) Jugurtha had served under Scipio Aemilianus in Spain, and therefore might be bribing upper-class Romans.

Numidia b, c

In 129 the Romans annexed the kingdom of ___ which Attalus III had left the Romans in his will. This kingdom became the province of ___. Mithradates VI was the king of ___ which neighboured this province.

Pergamum Asia Pontus

At the battle of ___ in Thessaly in the year 48, Caesar defeated the forces of Pompey. Pompey fled to ___ where he was killed by the advisors to King Ptolemy XIII. Caesar arrived in Alexandria a few days later. He became embroiled in an ongoing dispute between family members. It was at this time that ___ became his mistress. The two had a child together names Caesarion.

Pharsalus Egypt Cleopatra

After the death of Lepidus in 77, ___ refused to give up him command. He was sent to ___ to quell the uprising of Sertorius.

Pompey Spain

Pompey was sent by Sulla to ___ and ___ to deal with Marius' supporters. Although he wanted a triumph, Sulla tried to refuse him on the following technicality: a) Pompey was not old enough. b) Pompey was not a senator. c) Pompey's lineage was dubious.

Sicily Africa b

As a result of the ___, controversies rose regarding how new citizens should be distributed into tribes for the purposes of voting in the Tribal Assembly. In 88 the tribune ___ proposed that new citizens be ___ rather than ___ which would only be called on to vote after the already existing tribes had voted.

Social War Sulpicius Rufus distributed in the already existing thirty-five tribes distributing them in eight new tribes

From 91 to 87 many Italian allies waged war against the Romans. This was called the ___. The goals of those who waged war against Rome were: a) to conquer Rome. b) to take over the administration of Rome. c) to acquire Roman citizenship. d) diverse. Some wanted to withdraw from Rome completely; others wanted Roman citizenship.

Social War d

In 88 ___ expected to be awarded the command against Mithradates VI due to his success in the Social War. Sulpicius Rufus, however, promised the command to ___ in exchange for his help acquiring support from the equestrians.

Sulla Marius

In 85 ___ ended hostilities with Mithridates and spent the next eighteen months establishing order in the province of Asia: Sulla imposed a harsh indemnity and collected back taxes from the region in order to appease his soldiers who wanted the spoils that would come from pursuing Mithridates. Then Sulla returned to Rome. The Roman governor of Asia continued to raid Mithridates' territory from 83 to 81. These raids were referred to as the ___.

Sulla Second Mithridatic War

As a result of Sulpicius Rufus' policies, ___ left Rome for Nola where his army was based. When Marius' officers arrived to take command of the legions, the soldiers at Nola: a) acquiesced since Marius' officers were of a higher rank. b) beat the officers to death because were afraid they would be replaced by Marius' soldiers and miss out on the spoils of war in the East. c) withdraw to the Sacred Mount as the plebeians had done centuries earlier. d) officially passed a policy naming Marius and his officers an enemy of Rome.

Sulla b

In 44 Caesar acquired the title ___, which confirmed for many that the republic was dead.

perpetual dictator

In April 56 the triumvirs met at Luca to renew their pact. Several senators joined them. At this meeting they made plans to ensure that Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Caesar's opponent, not be elected consul. The machinations of the triumvirs led to: a) Pompey being awarded the province of Spain. b) the importation of panthers from the East. c) the importation of specialty grain for the brewing of a unique beer. d) Crassus being awarded the province of Syria (which would lead to his death and loss of the legion's standards to the Parthians). e) the extension of Caesar's command in Gaul for another five years (until either 50 or 49) f) the decision to admit men retroactively to the Bona Dea rites so that Clodius could be absolved of all crimes.

a, d, e

The policies of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus encouraged farmers in Etruria to ___ the veterans Sulla settled in the area. ___ joined the farmers in attacking the veterans.

attack Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

In November of 82 the senate recognized all of Sulla's past actions as legal. Sulla's appointment to ___ validated in advance all future actions. There was no time limit to his time in office (true/false).

dictator true

Under Sulla, ___ were barred from serving on juries.

equestrians

After a magistrate's time in office had ended, he would often serve as a ___ in a province. This was appealing to magistrates because: a) they could pay off debt incurred while running for office by mismanaging funds in the provinces. b) magistrates needed a break from Roman politics. c) successfully and honestly managing affairs abroad was a way to gain renown in Rome.

governor a

Sulla hoped that as many praetors and consuls as possible would become ___ of provinces for a fixed term of one year. These individuals could not make war or leave their provinces without permission of the senate. He must leave the province within thirty days of his successor's arrival.

governors

Sulla ended ___ instituted by Gaius Gracchus. He settled as many as 80,000 ___ on land confiscated from Etruria, Umbria, Latium, and Campania.

grain subsidies veterans

Sulla ___ the number of senators to ___. He added ___ to the senate in order to diminish their solidarity as a group.

increased 600 equestrians

In 215, the ___ was passed after the battle of Cannae. According to the provisions of this law: a) women were not allowed to wear multi-colored garments. b) men must enlist in the army. c) women were prohibited from riding in chariots. d) all married women must produce a minimum of two legitimate sons.

lex oppia a, c

Those who followed traditional methods of competition within the senatorial order and who made alliances with senators to gain support for their plans were called ___. Those who advanced their careers and agendas by gaining support among the citizen body were called ___.

optimates populares