CLASSIFICATION and SIX KINGDOMS TEST
why did the traditional method of grouping organisms (similarities in appearance and structure) cause problems?
Some groups look similar but turn out to be distantly related Some groups look different and turn out to be closely related
rules of scientific names
They are made up of two Latin or Latin-like terms They must be italicized (typing) or underlined (writing) The first word (genus) must be capitalized and the second word (species) must not!
what happened in the 1900s?
,scientists noticed two major groups of prokaryotes in the Kingdom Monera
How much bacteria on average can be found on one square inch of skin?
100,000 bacteria
Archaebacteria: Kingdom Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Autotrophic, Heterotrophic or both? Mostly motile, mostly sessile or both? Unicellular or Multicellular?
Archaebacteria PRO BOTH SESSILE UNI
Eukaryotic
Cells have membrane-bound organelles, especially a nucleus
Prokaryotic
Cells have no membrane-bound organelles
difference between cilia and flagella?
Cilia and flagella are parts of a cell that help it to move. They are thin extensions that emerge straight out from the cell and provide motility to cells. Cilia are greater in number and all over the cell, while flagella are less and tail-like
fungi Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Autotrophic, Heterotrophic or both? Mostly motile, mostly sessile or both? Unicellular or Multicellular?
Fungi EU HETERO (ABSORB) MOSTLY SESSILE MOSTLY MULTI
taxonomy
In biology, the practice of naming and classifying organisms
heterotrophic
Must get their energy from outside their bodies, usually by eating it
After Linnaeus created his two-word naming system, scientists only recognized which 2 kingdoms?
Plantae (plants) & Animalia (animals)
protist Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Autotrophic, Heterotrophic or both? Mostly motile, mostly sessile or both? Unicellular or Multicellular?
Protist EU BOTH BOTH MOSTLY UNI
examples of photoautotrophs
Purple sulfur, nonsulfur, green sulfur bacteria and Cyanobacteria
Why is a sponge classified in Kingdom Animalia?
They are multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell walls and produce sperm cells
All members of this kingdom are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, and do not have a cell wall. They are all mobile during some point in their life cycle. This describes which kingdom?
animalia
what are antibiotics? How does antibiotic resistance among bacteria spread?
antibiotics are chemicals that inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance spreads when sensitive populations of bacteria are killed by antibiotics. As a result, resistant bacteria thrive.
16. Bill Nye, the science guy, collected some salt water from the Dead Sea. He examined a sample of the water under a microscope and found several unicellular organisms without nuclei. The organisms most likely belong to kingdom ______________________________________________.
archaebacteria
An organism is prokaryotic and does not have peptidoglycan in its cell wall. It lives in very extreme environment such as a deep sea vent in the Gulf of Mexico. To which kingdom does it belong?
archaebacteria
live in very extreme environments
archaebacteria
Members of these two kingdoms have cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.
archaebacteria and eubacteria
Which two kingdoms have organisms that are decomposers (recycle nutrients in ecosystems)
archaebacteria and fungus
binomial nomenclature
based on physical and structural similarities of organisms; basically a scientific name
why are viruses not on the linnaean classification system
because they are not considered living - they are missing key characteristics of living organisms - For example, viruses do have genetic material, but they cannot reproduce on their own. - Viruses reproduce by infecting cells.
asexual reproduction for bacteria is called
binary fission
Linnaean system
classify all organisms that were known during his time; classifies groups and organisms at successive levels of hierarchy based on similarities in their form and structure
sexual reproduction for bacteria is called
conjugation
cladogram
diagram that assumes phylogenies (relationships) by comparing shared characteristics
type of genetic material in bacteria?
dna
An organism is prokaryotic and has peptidoglycan in its cell wall. To which kingdom does it belong?
eubacteria
Which two kingdoms have organisms that only have prokaryotic cells?
eubacteria and archaebacteria
what are domain bacteria
eubacteria and archaebacteria
Which three kingdoms have organisms that can cause human disease (parasites)
eubacteria, archaebacteria, and fungi
what are the 6 kingdoms today
eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Phylogeny
evolutionary history of a species
two kingdoms in linnaeus's classification system
genus and species
how do chemoautotrophs get energy to make food
get their energy from inorganic sources. They use molecules that contain sulfur or nitrogen and simple organic molecule to obtain energy.
one way in which bacteria have been helpful in either industry or research.
many of the foods we eat are made using bacteria. They are used to produce chemicals (acetone). Can be used to clean up oil spills & sewage treatment plants.
where do members of the Domain Archaea typically live?
many places, including extreme environments such as salt lakes and hot springs
what do scientists traditionally use to group organisms>?
similarities in appearance and structure
plasmids
small, circular extra loops of dna
where do photoautotrophs get their energy from
sunlight
Carl Linnaeus
swedish biologist (in the 1750's) developed the naming system we use today: binomial nomenclature
How can bacteria survive harsh conditions such as boiling, radiation, and acid?
they form thick walled structures inside the bacteria called endospores. Endospores surround the DNA and a small bit of cytoplasm.
where members of the Domain Bacteria typically live?
virtually everywhere
Major Characteristics that define Kingdoms and Domains
• Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) • Cell Structure (cell walls or no cell walls) • Number of Cells (unicellular or multicellular) • Nutrition (autotroph or heterotroph) • Reproduction (asexual or sexual)
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Protista
• Common name is protists • Cell type: eukaryotic • Cell structure: some species have cell wall • Number of cells: mostly unicellular. Some are multicellular • Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic • Mode of reproduction: sexual & asexual • Other information: not a natural group but a "left-over" taxon. Most are marine. • Examples: paramecium
characteristics of a virus
• Dependent on a host cell for reproduction • Consist of genetic material & a capsid • Have the ability to mutate
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia
• Common name is Animals • Cell type: eukaryotic • Cell structure: no cell walls • Number of cells: multicellular • Nutrition: heterotrophic by ingestion • Mode of reproduction: sexual • Other information: found in every type of environment (air, water, land...) • Examples: bottle-nose dolphin, monarch butterfly
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi
• Common name is Fungi • Cell type: eukaryotic • Cell structure: cell walls with chitin • Number of cells: mostly multicellular • Nutrition: heterotrophic by absorption • Mode of reproduction: sexual • Other information: Some fungi are edible and others can kill you • Examples: mushrooms, mold & mildew
Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae
• Common name is Plants • Cell type: eukaryotic • Cell structure: cell walls with cellulose • Number of cells: multicellular • Nutrition: autotrophic • Mode of reproduction: sexual & asexual • Other information: range from tiny mosses to giant trees • Examples: flowering plants
Domain: Archaea Kingdom: Archaebacteria
• Common name is archaea • Cell type: prokaryotic • Cell structure: cell wall with unique lipids • Number of cells: unicellular • Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic • Mode of reproduction: asexual - binary fission • Other information: live in extreme environments • Examples: Staphylothermus marinus
Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Eubacteria
• Common name is bacteria • Cell type: prokaryotic • Cell structure: cell wall with peptidoglycan • Number of cells: unicellular • Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic • Mode of reproduction: asexual - binary fission • Other information: Most are beneficial • Examples: E. coli & Streptococcus pneumoniae
remember to know pictures on studyguide
and dichotomous keys and cladograms!!
binary fission/asexual reproduction info
A single cell divides into two identical new cells. Mutations can occur causing new forms to emerge frequently.
animal Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Autotrophic, Heterotrophic or both? Mostly motile, mostly sessile or both? Unicellular or Multicellular?
Animal EU HETERO MOTILE MULTI
Study Kingdom Protista. How are members of this kingdom grouped?
Animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like
Compare and contrast antibiotics and vaccines. Which is used on each "organism"? Explain.
Antibiotics are small molecules or compounds that are effective in treating infections caused by organisms such as bacteria. Vaccines are dead or inactivated organisms or compounds that are used to provide immunity to a particular infection or disease. Each year, researchers choose viruses for the vaccine (for example the flu) based on which ones are likely to be circulating over the course of the coming flu season, thus providing protection against the most prevalent strains.
two domains do all the world's prokaryotes belong to?
Archaea and Bacteria
How do bacteria play a vital role in Earth's ecosystems
Bacteria produce oxygen, make nitrogen available to other organisms, and help decompose dead organisms. They also form important symbiotic relationships.
Why is a mushroom considered a heterotroph?
Because mushrooms generally get their energy from other organisms, by breaking down (usually dead) tissue and absorbing the nutrients they need
why have biologists have added complexity and detail to the classification system?
Because of the increase in knowledge of living organisms and the invention of the microscope
Motile
Can move on their own
autotrophic
Can produce their own energy, usually by photosynthesis
sessile
Cannot move on their own
The eight basic levels of modern classification are:
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
Eubacteria Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Autotrophic, Heterotrophic or both? Mostly motile, mostly sessile or both? Unicellular or Multicellular?
Eubacteria PRO BOTH SOME MOTILE UNI
Six Kingdoms of Life.
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Compare and contrast the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle of viruses.
In the lytic cycle, which is considered the main cycle in viral replication, once the viral DNA enters the cell it transcribes itself into the host cell's messenger RNAs and uses them to direct the ribosomes. The host cell's DNA is destroyed and the virus takes over the cell's metabolic activities. It then lyses the host cell. So, in short, in the lytic cycle, the virus hijacks the infected cell and then destroys it. In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA or RNA enters the cell and integrates into the host DNA as a new set of genes called prophage. This means the viral DNA becomes part of the cell's genetic material. Each time the host cell DNA chromosome replicates during cell division, the prophage replicates too. This may alter the cell's characteristics, but it does not destroy it. If the prophage undergoes any stress or mutation or is exposed to UV radiation, the viral lysogenic cycle can change into the viral lytic cycle. In which case, there will be symptoms of a new viral infection.
why is the organism that causes athlete's foot classified in Kingdom Fungi
It is a multicellular organism that lives in a warm, damp environment.
Are viruses living or non-living? Explain.
Non-living. Although they have some characteristics of life (contain genetic material and have the ability to mutate/change), but they are not able to reproduce without a host nor are they made of cells or have any metabolic activities.
plant prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Autotrophic, Heterotrophic or both? Mostly motile, mostly sessile or both? Unicellular or Multicellular?
Plant EU AUTO SESSILE MULTI
What are prokaryotes?
Single-celled organisms that do not have membrane bound organelles
Bacterial DNA is ....
a single chromosome clustered in a mass called a nucleoid.
two ways in which Heterotrophic bacteria obtain energy and nutrients:
a. Most absorb nutrients from dead organisms b. Some are parasites or pathogens
2 ways can bacteria cause disease? Provide an example of each.
a. Producing toxins - Clostridium botulinum. Botulism toxin causes food poisoning and destroys the tips of nerve cells. b. Destroying body tissues - Group A Strep (flesh-eating bacteria)
List the three most common bacterial shapes by matching them up with the pictures to the right.
a. Sphere shaped (coccus)\ b. Rod shaped (bacillus) c. Spiral shaped (spirillum)
three major methods by which Bacteria obtain energy and nutrients.
o Photoautotrophs o Chemoautotrophs o Heterotrophs
conjugation/sexual reproduction info
occurs when two bacteria join to exchange DNA
Which kingdoms have eukaryotic cells and are autotrophic (photosynthetic) organisms?
plantae and protista
whats a bacterial cell wall made of
protein-carbohydrate compound called peptidoglycan
Many algae are photosynthetic, eukaryotic, unicellular, and live in freshwater. To which kingdom does algae belong?
protista
Which kingdom has organisms that have a cell wall made of cellulose?
protista
what are domain eukarya
protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
whats found outside the cell membrane of bacterial cells
rigid cell wall that can be one or two layers thick