CLEP: Fetal Development

Placenta

fights against infections

The amniotic sac ....

helps the developing fetus maintain an even temperature

Preterm/Small-for-Date Consequence's:

language development delays, lower IQ scores, brain injury (due to lack of oxygen), lung or liver disease, behavioral problems, breathing problems

Jerome weighed 4.5 pounds when he was born. Compared to other newborns in North America, his weight is:

less than the average

Preterm infants are characterized by what?

low birth weight

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Ectoderm

outside layer; will tern into central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

___________ is a complication of pregnancy in which the placenta separates prematurely from the uterine wall.

placenta abruption

Alex is now in her forty-third week of pregnancy. Her unborn baby is considered to be

postmature.

The embryo's head is larger than the rest of its body. This is an example of _________ development.

proximodistal

The process by which synapse develop is called ________.

synaptogenesis

Endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems (bladder, lungs, GI tract)

Viability

when the chance of survival outside the womb is at 50% currently 24 weeks but it changes with technology

By ________ weeks gestational age, all of the fetus's organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother's uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth.

37

process by which the embryo grows from a two layered disc to a three layered disc thus forming the three primary germ layers: 1. Implantation 2. Conception 3. Fertilization 4. Gastrulation

4. Gastrulation

Average newborn weight: 1.5 1/2 pounds 2. 7 1/2 pounds 3. 10 pounds 4. 8 pounds

5 1/2 pounds

Small-for-Date

<90% of weight for gestational age, may also be preterm

Post-Mature

>2 weeks overdue inadequate blood supply riskier labor (size of fetus and contractions cut off oxygen)

The baby leaves the mother's body and enters the outside world during which part of the birth process? A. The third stage of labor B. The recovery stage of labor C. The second stage of labor D. The first stage of labor

C. The second stage of labor

A reproductive cell is called a _______. A. embryo B. fetus C. gamete D. cell

C. gamete

Which of these is the correct timeline of events between the conception of a child and its birth?

Conception - Germinal Period - Embryonic Period - Fetal Period - Birth

Which of the following is true about the placenta? A. All the answers are correct. B. It attaches to the mother's uterus and to the unborn child through the umbilical cord. C. It allows waste products to be eliminated from the fetus. D. It transfers oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus.

A. All the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is true? A. An unborn child is physically and emotionally connected to its mother. B. An unborn child is unable to experience most of the things that its mother does. C. An unborn child is connected physically, not emotionally, to its mother. D. An unborn child is able to synthetize most of the nutrients it needs.

A. An unborn child is physically and emotionally connected to its mother.

The outer layer of the embryo that will give rise to nervous system A. Ectoderm B. Mesoderm C. Endoderm

A. Ectoderm

The structure that contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the developing embryo to the mother's body, is called the: A. amnion B. placenta C. embryo D. umbilical cord.

D. umbilical cord.

The earliest point at which a baby can survive outside the womb (22-23 weeks)

Age of viability

Chorioamniotic Membranes

Amniotic sack includes:amnion-->inner, fetus & fluid; protection & body temp regulator the part included in amniocentesis chorion-->outer, contains amnion, part of placenta connected to placenta by umbilical cord

Germ Layers

Gastrulation: formation of three distinct germ layers 1. endoderm: organs 2. mesoderm: muscles, bones, blood, etc 3. ectoderm: skin, hair, teeth, etc Differentiation of cells Organogenesis: making organs

Every person begins life as a single cell, called a _______, which is a combination of two gametes. A. fetus B. zygote C. gamete D. chromosome

B. zygote

Why do women experience more contractions after the delivery of the baby?

Because they must deliver the placenta.

If a mother eats spicy food, how will it affect an unborn baby's characteristics?

It won't have any effect on the characteristics of the baby.

During prenatal development, a zygote is formed when an egg is fertilized. Within the first few weeks, the zygote will undergo multiple cellular divisions. At this time, all cells in the zygote are identical. Eventually, these cells will begin to differentiate. Which of the following best describes what the outer cells of the zygote will differentiate into?

Placenta

The _______ is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

Placenta

__________ is a complication of pregnancy in which placenta lies low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix.

Placenta previa

anencephaly

defect in closure of the top portion of the neural tube that results in incomplete development brain stem and is lethal

During prenatal development, a zygote is formed when an egg is fertilized. Within the first few weeks, the zygote will undergo multiple cellular divisions. At this time, all cells in the zygote are identical. Eventually, these cells will begin to differentiate. Which of the following best describes what the inner cells of the zygote will differentiate into?

embryo

Zygote period actions

1. Floats from fallopian tube to uterus 2. Cell division into two sections

At birth, the most developed sense is __________; the least developed sense is __________. 1. Touch and Sight 2. Sight and touch 3. Vison and smell 4. Smell and taste

1. Touch and Sight

thalidomide

1. a mild tranquilizer that used to be taken early in pregnancy for nausea 2. can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart

fetal programming

1. environmental events and maternal conditions during pregnancy may alter the expected genetic unfolding of the embryo/fetus or reset its physiologic functions 2. prenatal experience can change a person's physiology and the wiring of the brain and influence how the individual responds to postnatal events

Age of Viability

1. when survival outside the uterus is possible if the brain and respiratory system are sufficiently developed 2. at around 23 weeks, but it is not until 24 weeks that the rate of survival is above 50%

forms the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), hair, skin, brain, and the spinal cord 1. ectoderm 2.mesoderm 3.endoderm

1.ectoderm

Dialation/Widening of cervix 1st stage of child birth 2nd stage of child birth 3rd stage of childbirth

1st stage of child birth

Places in the neonate's skull where the bones are not completely fused are called the 1. Temporal 2. Fontanels 3. lanugo 4. Lateralization

2. Fontanels

provides the forming baby with nourishment and allows waste to pass out of the mother: 1. Umbilical cord 2. Placenta 3.Amnotic Sac

2. Placenta

form muscle, bone, and connective tissues 1. ectoderm 2.mesoderm 3.endoderm

2.mesoderm

Miscarriages are most commonly caused by 1. teratogens 2. alcohol 3.chromosomal abnormalities 4. birth defects

3.chromosomal abnormalities

forms the innermost lining of the inner tube (epithelial lining) that will form the respiratory tubes, digestive organs, urinary bladder, liver, pancreas, and secretory cells of glands 1. ectoderm 2.mesoderm 3.endoderm

3.endoderm

Period of Zygote time frame: A. Implantation to birth B. Conception to implantation C. Fetus to birth D. Embryo to fetus

B. Conception to implantation

From the ninth week post-conception until birth, the organism is referred to as a(n): A. zygote B. fetus C. embryo

B. Fetus

Receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother and eliminates CO2 and other waste from the mother's blood stream A. Amnion B. Placenta C. Umbilical cord

B. Placenta

The first recognizable brain structure to form is the _____, in the _____ trimester. A. neural tube, second B. cerebral cortex, first C. cerebral cortex, third D. neural tube, third

B. cerebral cortex, first

A(n) ____________ is an incision made in the tissue between the vaginal opening and anus to prevent vaginal tearing.

Episiotomy

What is the last stage of a human fertilized egg?

Fetal stage

Which of the following has been shown in twin studies?

Identical twins raised apart have IQ scores that are less similar than identical twins raised together.

The process in which a blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall

Implantation

An implanted embryo which has all three germ layers and some, but not all, of the internal organs formed, is in which period of development?

In the middle of the embryonic period.

The emphasis of the __________ method is on teaching the woman to be in control in the process of delivery by encouraging things like muscle relaxation and breathing through contractions.

Lamaze

Preterm

Low Birth Weight: <5.5lbs, 7% of U.S. newborns Preterm: less than 38 weeks gestation

Prenatal brain development begins in the third gestational week with the differentiation of stem cells, which are located in the :

Neural plate

A birth classification in which the baby is born premature at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age:

Pre term infant

The embryo's internal organs develop before its fingers do. This is an example of _________ development. 1. Cephacadual 2. Proximodistal

Proximodistal

How can stress affect an unborn child?

Stress can increase fetal growth and decrease the heart rate.

advantage of an underdeveloped brain at birth:

brain development is guided by experiences and environment the infant must adapt to to survive

When does a fetus typically gain reflexes and the ability to react to the environment?

The first trimester

Development of the Nervous System

The nervous system first appears during the third week of human development from the embryonic neural plate.

Placenta

Umbilical cord develops from placenta and is genetically & physiologically part of baby

The life-support systems for the embryo include the

Umbilical cord, placenta, amnion

The first chance of survival outside the womb, known as the age of ___________, is reached at about 24 weeks gestational age.

Viability

Amnion

a watertight membrane that fills with fluid that cushions and protects the embryo

_______________ twins share a placenta during development. a. monozygotic b. dizygotic

a. monozyotic

__________ is a temporary lack of oxygen to the brain that can result in brain damage or, in severe cases, death.

anoxia

About a week after conception, the cell mass, now called a _________, forms two distinct parts -- a shell that will become the ________ and a nucleus that will become the _______.

blastocyst placenta embryo