CLEP: Memory

The second level of processing in the Two-Store Model: 1. Long term memory 2. Encoding 3. Sensory Memory or Register 4. Short term memory

4. Short term memory

when does organizing or clustering info to remember it develop by?

ages 7-9

Sarah is trying to remember what she had for dinner last Friday, when her husband took her out to eat. According to the memory-systems perspective, this information is in Sarah's ______

episodic

______ _______ is a kind of mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language

working memory

info stays in this memory system for about 20-30 seconds

working memory

What is the process of memory?

1. Encoding (getting info into memory) 2. Storage (retaining info over time) 3. Retrieval (taking info out of storage)

unconscious recall; "muscle memory"-habits and skills 1. Implicit 2. Explicit

1. Implicit

According to the Two-Store Model, this is the third level of processing and the second level of storage 1. Long term memory 2. Encoding 3. Sensory Memory or Register 4. Short term memory

1. Long term memory

intentional strategies for remembering have been observed starting around age ___. Ex: looking, pointing, naming

2

What is the first step in creating a new memory? 1. Cognition 2. Encoding 3.Recall 4. Implicit

2. Encoding

conscious; facts, names, or events 1. Implicit 2. Explicit

2. Explicit

Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically, referred to as her _____ memory. 1. Explicit 2. Implicit 3. long term 4. short term

2. Implicit

memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed 1. Explicit memory 2. Implicit memory 3. Long term memory 4. Short term memory

2. Implicit memory

According to the Two-Store Model, this is the first phase of memory processing: 1. Recollection 2. Encoding 3. Sensory Memory or Register 4. Perception

3. Sensory Memory or Register

This part of memory temporarily holds all sensory information: 1. Recollection 2. Encoding 3. Sensory Memory or Register 4. Perception

3. Sensory Memory or Register

In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _________ if there is no rehearsal of the information

30 seconds

Semantic

A more complex memory, which is where vocabulary, simple concepts and rules are stored, is known as ________________ memory

One function of working memory is: A) temporary storage of info for conscious use, B) long-term storage of unconscious info, C) storage of visual and auditory afterimages

A) temporary storage of info for conscious use

Which of the following is the process by which information gets into memory? A. encoding B. encrypting C. enlisting D. enumerating

A. encoding

Maria is 70-years-old and it is hard for her to remember the details of her personal experiences. The memories of these experiences are referred to as _____. A.episodic memories B. long term memories C. working memories D. personal memories

A.episodic memories

_______-______ memory is the storage of an abundance of information, and is held for long periods of time.

Long term

Which of the following people is likely to have the best memory? A. A 65-year-old woman B. A 24-year-old man C. A 2-year-old child D. A 15-year-old boy

B. A 24-year-old man

When does an infant exhibit long term memory?

Between the ages of 17-24 months

Which of the following is not an effective memory strategy?Select one: A. encourage elaboration, or more extensive processing B. encourage the use of mental imagery C. encourage memorization rather than understanding of information D. repeat with variation and link information early and often

C. encourage memorization rather than understanding of information

_____________ rehearsal is a mechanism for processing information into Long-Term memory that involves the meaningful manipulation of the information to be remembered.

Elaborative

1. hippocampus and frontal lobes

From 6 to 12 months, maturation of the __________ and ___________ makes explicit memory possible. 1. hippocampus and frontal lobes 2. thalamus and hypothalamus 3. parietal lobe and hippocampus 4. temporal lobe and frontal lobe

When information in memory is rehearsed and stored on a relatively permanent basis, it is called _________.

Long term

Memory without conscious recollection, involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed

Implicit

______________ is the cognitive ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.

Memory

Define implicit memory

Memory without conscious recollection - memory of skills and routine procedures that are preformed automatically

_______________ is a long-term memory, and is responsible for storing knowledge of how our own memory systems work.

Metacognition

A measure of retrieval in which an individual is required to identify material previously learned as being familiar is known as ________________.

Recognition

The process of locating, removing and using information stored in one's memory is known as ______________.

Retrieval

Marilyn can remember the capital of every state. She never forgets anyone's birthday and rarely forgets a name. She can even name the U.S. Presidents in order! Marilyn has excellent ________ memory.

Sematic

__________ memory is a type of memory that holds large amounts of information registered at the senses for very brief periods of time.

Sensory

The short-term memory can hold how many items at one time?

Seven items, plus or minus two

Once information gets to the sensory memory, it then moves to the ________-______ memory.

Short term

__________ is the process of holding the encoded information in memory until the time of retrieval.

Storage

Tony came to walk with José to school. When José saw Tony's notebook in his backpack, José rushed back into his house to retrieve his own notebook, which contained his homework. José's sensation upon seeing Tony's notebook became a perception, which triggered José's:

Working memory

Episodic

______________ memory stores our life events and experiences.

3. Encoding

a process in which info is transferred to memory 1. Recall 2.Metamemory 3. Encoding 4. Retrieval

Memory for events that happened in one's life is called ...

autobiographical memory

Some kinds of information become so ingrained in the long-term memory that recall is very quick -- without the need for short-term memory capacity. This is called ________.

automaticity

involve creating verbal or visual connections that add meaning to material and do not develop until adolescence or later

elaborative strategies

Abraham describes to his friend what he did last summer on vacation; he is relying on his _______memory. implicit explicit deferred short-term

explicit

By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is:

extremely large

Improvement in memory probably indicates....

increased experiences with the environment Memory can be improved by increased exposure to stimuli, by enhanced encoding (storing) of information in long-term memory, and by increased ease and efficiency in retrieving the stored information.

Recall

involves remembering something after being given a less helpful clue

An unlimited cognitive storage system for retaining permanent records of information deemed important

long term memory

info resides here that has been transferred from sensory to a more permanent place

long term memory

1. Explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare 1. Explicit memory 2. Implicit memory 3. Long term memory 4. Short term memory

One reason it is difficult to accurately gauge the memory declines in middle-aged people is because:

middle-aged people compensate by using cues.

Who could use interventions to improve memory self-efficacy?

people of any age

Which memory system is preserved the longest—even into Alzheimer's disease?

procedural memory

Remembering to do something in the future

prospective memory

Jana can tell the difference between an object she has seen before from a new one. This is referred to as:

recognition memory

Karl is being evaluated by a psychologist. As part of the evaluation, the psychologist asks Karl basic factual questions such as "Who was the first American President?" The psychologist is testing Karl's ______ memory.

semantic

hold info for a very brief period of time

sensory memory/short-term memory

______-_______ ________ is a memory system with a limited capacity in which information is usually retained for up to 15 to 30 seconds unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short term

At this level, the person is consciously perceiving certain aspects of the external world. In adults, this kind of memory holds up to seven, plus or minus two, bits of information (5 in kids

short term memory

Encoding refers to:

the process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory by developing meaningful relationships and patterns in the data that relate to one's previous knowledge