clinical interviewing

repressed emotions arising from basic conflicts among the id, ego, and superego over control of libido

according to freud, what is anxiety caused by

when a individual develops inappropriate strategies to overcompensate for the feelings of inferiority that emerged during childhood

according to the alderian theory, how does maladaptive behavior occur?

isolation

the defense mechanism in which emotion is isolated from the content of a painful impulse or memory

circular causality

the idea that actions are related through a series of interacting loops or repeating cycles

1. sociocultural conditons are responsible for problems that people seek help 2. each culture has different ways of coping with issues 3. cousneling in US and Europe is mainly a western cultural invention

the multicultural model is based on what 3 things? -this is an integrative approach

1. nature of relationship 2.nature of problem 3. the setting in which relationship occurs

the number of times the helping relationship stage can last is dependent on what 3 things?

use of strategies

third step in the second, strategy stage of the helping model -decide if strategies should be used for short term or long term goals -helper can decide to change strategies as well -if trying out something new, do not be afraid to let the client know that you are trying something you have never used /try before -if client would benefit from a strategy you never used before, it is appropriate for your to refer them to a place that does offer it

superego

this is the moral aspect -internalization of parental, societal, and cultural morals/ethical standards (the conscious)

ego

this is the rational part -constantly attempts reality orientation by mediating among aggressive id and the moralistic superego and the external world -thinking, percieving, and deciding comes from this

true self

this is what the ego splits into if the infants needs arent met - core of human existence and is able to relate to itself and to others

false self

this is what the ego splits into if the infants needs arent met -arises as a protection for an undernourished, insecure ego -hides from outer world and relationship -failures in early maternal nurturance lead to a false self and inhibit a development of a new ego

id

this is where your instincts come from -these are the selfish/bad aspects of humans -the unconsicous id demands immediate gratification by increasing pleasure and reducing tension -libido is stored here

reality therapy

type of cognitive behavioral therapy -developed by Glasser and direct approach -popular in Asian and Middle Eastern -interpersonal theory because one must be involved in others in order to meet needs -this is like a control theory -has the acronym WDEP -therapist praises and confronts and is judegmental if negative talk occurs -this therapy explores clients values and behavioral choices, exposing inconsistencies and enforcing responsibility for those choices -helps clients take more control of their lives by helping them choose effective behaviors to fulfill survival, belonging, power, fun, and freedom needs -asks clients what they want in a friendly manner, asks them what they are choosing to do to get what they want, ask if their choices are working and help them make better choices, give them planning to help stay on top of making better choices, dont accept excuses and if plan doesnt work then make a new one, dont punish and dont give up -they say that there are two fundamental ways to control the world to meet our needs

acceptance and commitment therapy

type of contemporary behavioral therapy (third wave) -teaches people to better control thoughts, feelings, by accepting those thoughts and feelings rather than avoiding them and pushing them away -person is allowed to feel pain or hurt or irritation, experience those feelings and let them be there but dont let them take over -uses mindfulness

dialectical behavioral therpay

type of contemporary behaviroal therapy (third wave) -developed by Linehan -blend of pyshcodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy -geared to borderline personality disorder, mood disorders, eating disorder, substance abuse and sexual abuse -uses mindfulness, emotional regulation, self soothing and encouraging skills and focuses on strengths and acceptance and commitment therapy -includes unconditonal acceptance and collaboration as well as committment for client -"tough" love type of relationship -treatment lasts a year and includes groups, indiviudal, and family formats of counseling -use contract to provide support and ensure different treatments are consistent -goal is for clients to accept their situations for what they are and keep their attention focused on their goals which require change

1. may detract from focus of client 2. mutual self disclosure is good for building friendship, but this is not a friendship 3. reorganize the power differential in relationship

what are 3 reasons why therapist should be careful about their own self disclosure?

1. amount of verbalization 2. content of message 3.style of communication 4. attitude toward helper and helpee session

what are 4 categories of a client being resistant?

1. The helpee terminates the relationship prematurely. In this case, the helpee may be escaping from a threatening situation, leaving the helper feeling frustrated and inadequate 2. Termination is determined by a third party to the helping process. For example, a health care plan allows one or two sessions for evaluation 3. The helper initiates termination before the objectives have been achieved. This happens often in schools when a term ends or an internship concludes or in settings where the personnel changes frequently and rapidly 4. Both helper and helpee feel that all objectives have been reached

what are 4 reasons why termination of the relationship can happen?

1. evaluation of goal attainment (check to see if problems have been resolved) 2. closure of relationship issues 3. preparation for self-reliance (planning for future) 4. final session (plan for follow-up)

what are 4 steps that can facilitate and strengthen outcomes of the helping relationship during termination?

1. irrelevant comment, misses point 2. dismissive of concern-reassurance 3. parallel response-paraphrasing 4. reflects feelings as well as content 5. adds meaning to content and feelings

what are 5 components of carkhuff's responding scale?

1. repression 2. isolation 3. regression 4. rationalization 5. reaction formation 6. sublimation 7. projection 8. denial 9. displacement 10. compensation 11. intellectualization

what are the 11 defense mechanisms?

1. making minimal verbal response 2. paraphrasing 3. reflecting 4. using questions 5. clarifying 6. interpreting 7. confronting 8. informing 9. self disclosure 10. summarizing 11. processing relationship

what are the 11 most commonly used kinds of verbal responses?

1. percieve what in the world can satisfy needs, (input) 2. to act upon or control what is perceived to satisfy needs- (output)

what are the 2 fundamental ways to control the world to meet our goals according to reality therapy?

1. eliciting thoughts, self talk and clients meaning of it 2. gathering with client evidence for clients interpretations 3. setting up homework to test validity of clients interpretations and gather more info

what are the 3 stages of cognitive therapy?

1. you have to listen very carefully 2. your own biases can get in the way 3. you may not understand your clients reaction to the situation 4. your client may not give you much to reflect 5. encoding and decoding are subject to distortion

what are the 5 reasons why reflective listening is so difficult?

1. mutual acceptance of goals of helping relationship 2. planning of strategies 3. use of strategies 4. evaluation of strategies 5. termination 6. follow-up

what are the 6 steps in applying strategies during the second, strategy stage of the helping model?

1. dispositional crisis 2. anticipated life transitions 3. maturational crisis 4. psychiatric emergency 5. psychopathological crisis 6. traumatic stress

what are the 6 types of emotional crises?

1. initiation/entry 2. clarification of presenting problem 3. structure/contact for helping relationship 4.intensive exploration of problems 5.establishment of goals of relationship 6. Application of strategies 7. Termination

what are the 7 steps of the human relations counseling model? the first 5 are part of the helping relationship stage

1. trust vs. mistrus 2. autonomy vs. shame/doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. integrity vs. despair

what are the 8 stages of eriksons psychosocial development?

1. opening phase 2. development of transference 3. working-through of transference 4. resolution of transference

what are the four major phases of psychodynamic psychotherapy

disputation of the helpees irrational thoughts and beliefs

what does the D stand for in the ABCDE theory for rational emotive therapy

the new more rational emotion

what does the E stand for in the ABCDE theory for rational emotive therapy

evalutaion and asking questions to help them make accurate self evaluations

what does the E stand for in the WDEP acrynom by Glasser?

planning and commitment to written plan

what does the P stand for in the WDEP acrynom by Glasser?

wants and needs

what does the W stand for in the WDEP acrynom by Glasser?

focus on current behavior and direction

what foes the D stand for in the WDEP acrynom by Glasser?

-experience of tension and attempts to use habitual kinds of problem solving to restore ones emotional balance

what happens in phase 1 of the crisis reaction?

-increase in tension, leading to upset and ineffective functioning when ones habitual problem-solving strategies fail -one attempts trial and error strategies to resolve problem

what happens in phase 2 of the crisis reaction?

-increased tension, requiring additional helping resources such as emergency and novel problem-solving strategies -if successful at this phase, one is able to redefine the problem and resign from it or resolve it

what happens in phase 3 of the crisis reaction?

-occurs when problem has not been resolved in the previous phases and can result in major personality disorganization and an emotional breakdown

what happens in phase 4 of the crisis reaction?

response rather than an instiinct

what is aggression viewed as to object relations and self psychology theorists when reacting to frustrating relationships?

Affect -emotions, moods, strong feelings

what is the A in the acrynom BASIC ID?

activating experience that client wronlgy believes

what is the A stand for in the ABCDE theory for rational emotive therapy

behavior -overt actions, observable and measurable

what is the B in the acrynom BASIC ID?

beliefs, rational or irrational, which is the intervening variable really causing C -this is what needs to be reconstructed

what is the B stand for in the ABCDE theory for rational emotive therapy

cognition -ideas, values, opinions, attitudes

what is the C in the acrynom BASIC ID?

emotional or behavioral consequences

what is the C stand for the in ABCDE theory for rational emotive therapy

Diet/drugs -exercise, nutrition, drugs

what is the D in the acrynom BASIC ID?

Imagery -created mental images

what is the I in the acrynom BASIC ID?

Sensations -seeing, hearing, taste, touch, smell

what is the S in the acrynom BASIC ID?

Interpersonal relationships -interactions with others

what is the second I in the acrynom BASIC ID?

1. reassurance 2. sympathy 3. advice 4. questions

when reflecting be sure to avoid these 4 things

1. communicate to helpees that we are truly hearing and understanding them 2. communicate our ability to help 3. to increase clients self-understanding and self exploration as well as their understanding of others by focusing on major themes and reflection

when we respond verbally, we attempt to do what 3 things?

additive responses

which help the client understand his or her thoughts and feelings and add some understanding of what the client is trying to communicate -helpful during the relationship stage of helping

thinking

--classification of Carl jung view on people -judging axis -like to analyze and pick things apart -dont like arguing with feeling people cause they always get in confrontations -people who are this, have feeling as their inferior function

arbitary inference

--cognitive distortion drawing conclusions with no evidence (ex: thinking the teacher doesn't like you because you have a bad grade)

conditions of worth

-according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behavior -the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others

intuition

-classification of Carl jung view on people -perceiving axis see the hidden meanings in stuff -find what the underlying meaning of things or feelings -always look for the theme in every situation and dig deep instead of looking at surface based things people who are this, have sensing as their inferior function

sensing

-classification of Carl jung view on people -perceiving axis - dont evaluate things -notice all the detials, notice everything -people who are this, have intuition as their inferior function

feeling

-classification of Carl jung view on people these people know they are right; you base things off a judgmental feeling -evaluates things -judging axis -these people dont like arguing with thinking people because they always get in confrontations -people who are this, have thinking as their inferior function

overgeneralization

-cognitive distortion the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure

dichotomous thinking

-cognitive distortion thinking in which things are perceived as "either/or"—for example, "good or bad," "big or small," "right or wrong"

motivational interviewing

-contemporary behavioral approach client-centered communication style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients and groups explore and resolve ambivalence to or resistance to change -goal is to activate motivation for change -believe that people have capacity for growth and change -incldues pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenence, termination

ecological systems theory

-developed by Brinfenbrenner and Knoff -evolved from family systems theories -multicontextual -the helpers of this view become a team with the client and they are the mediator between the client and other team members -helper uses coaching, modeling and helping client take actions views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment; such as family -look at client not as an individual but as shared participation within their social systems -goal is to improve the functioning of the interacting system while empowering them to improve relationships with other systems says that a change in one component system will effect changes in other places of the system and that the needs and goals of a larger system often take precedence over those of a subsystem

ideal self

-developed by carl jung one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be -if there is an incongruence between this and the real self then neurosis occurs

second dimension

-dimension of the human relations counseling model -communication skills: hearing verbal messages, perceiving nonverbal messages, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages

oral stage

-first year of life Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth -pleasurable stage from sucking and biting and develops trust -people whos oral needs were gratified tend to have a positive view of the world later on

determination

-in motivational interviewing -committment is made to change

precontemplation

-in motivational interviewing no intention of changing behavior

contemplation

-in motivational interviewing the action of looking thoughtfully at changing behavior -considering change

object relations/self psychology theory

-stresses the nurturing quality of a therapeutic relationship, to provide object consistency lacking in early infancy and to allow the ego to develop -focuses on the realtionship between a person and real people, and between the persons mental images from early significant relationships and current significant people -focuses on crucial development and how personality begins with the babys earliest relationship with the primary caregiver (mother); during this stage if the infant cant differentiate between the self and others, their ego's ability to develop a sense of security within and the environment depends on the identification the mother feels with her infant and her capacity to nurture -if the infant's needs arent met during the first stage, the ego splits into the true self and the false self

1. minimal encouragers 2. paraphrasing (3) 3. Reflecting (3, 4, 5) 4. Using questions 5. Clarifying 6. Confronting 7. informing 8. summarizing 9. processing 10. silence

10 advanced verbal skills

working through phase

3 phase of the psychdynamic psychotherapy -uses free association and reporting dreams to help the client achieve insight and corrective emotional experience by means of abreaction

selective abstraction

A cognitive distortion that involves focusing on certain aspects of situation and ignoring others

compensation

A defense mechanism whereby something is done to make up for something that is lacking

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

third wave behavioral therapy

Contemporary behavioral therapies that shift from a sole emphasis on behavioral change to incorporate acceptance, emotion, and mindfulness.

repression

Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious.

sublimation

Defense mechanism by which people redirect socially unacceptable impulses toward acceptable goals.

identity vs role confusion

Erikson's fifth stage during teenagers and young adults -searching for and become their true selves and based on individuation and life-style choice opportunites

integrity vs despair

Erikson's final stage during later life -those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives -based on reasonable satisfaction with ones life experiences

trust vs mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner -based on parent-infant relationship

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second stage during early childhood -toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

generativity vs stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage during middle-aged -begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service -based on helping younger people

intimacy vs isolation

Erikson's sixth stage during young adulthood -individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families -based on peer relationship experiences

initiative vs guilt

Erikson's third stage during preschool -child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities -based on initiative and competence opportunities

industry vs inferiority

Eriksons fourth stage during school age -based on learning skills and achievement experiences

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence). -focuses on their concerns and gratifications on others rather than on the self and begins to develop heterosexual relationships

oedipal complex

Occurs during phallic stage: the boy wishes to possess his mother and replace his father, who he views as a rival for his mother's affections. Knows dad is too strong, so boy represses desires and imitates dad to vicariously "have" mom -boys gain privilages through their identification with their freer and more powerful father

abreaction

Psychoanalytic term for reliving an experience in order to purge it's emotional distress

Theoretical Eclecticism

The approach of investigating the varied models and concepts and choosing the best to apply to a particular issue -ignores inconsistencies in the philosophical underpinning of different theories

transcendent function

The process by which a conflict is resolved by bringing opposing forces into balance with each other through understanding.

rational-emotive behavior therapy

a cognitive therapy developed by albert ellis in which the therapist challenges and questions the client's irrational ideas -people need to change their way of thinking with cognitive restructuring to correct irrational thinking -people can learn to control what they feel and do -uses imagery techniques and assigning homework -this therapy is both cognitive and behavioral to help exhort, frustrate and command the client to analyze and change their thoughts -uses the ABCDE theory -A= activating experience that client wrongly believes -B= clients beliefs system, either rational or irrational, which is the variable really causing C C= emotional or behavioral consequences D= disputation of the helpee's irrational thoughts and beliefs E= the new, more rational emotion or effect

intellectualization

a defense mechanism that uses reasoning to block out emotional stress and conflict

integrative approach

a type of therapy that uses a variety of principles, concepts, and techniques from a variety of different theoretical viewpoints

johari window

a visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others

responsive listening

attending (paying careful attention) and responding to the verbal and nonverbal messages and the apparent and underlying thoughts and feelings of the client. - implies that the helper is able to communicate his or her genuine understanding (empathy), acceptance, and concern for the helpee and, at the same time, increase understanding of the issue by clarifying the helpee's statement

Constructivism

condisdered an integrative approach becasue it uses cognitive-behavioral, phenomenological, and psychodynamic approaches -phenomenological in that it focuses on ones subjective view of the self, others, and the world -cognitive-behavioral in that it focuses on the interdependence of thinking, feeling, and behavior, rather than on the supremacy of thinking -psychodynamic in that it recognizes the unconscious and considers past, present, and future development -objective and subjective -believe that people are active creators of own realities -focus on how people process new info to adapt to the environment and how they derive meaning from it -the emphasis on therapy is exploring origin and maintenance of clients core assumptions and how people continue to continue to make meaning of their life -goal is modification and reorganization of the core schemas about self, others and the world; the collaborative deconstruction of defeating core assumptions and reform positive ones in a warm collaborative relationship and to become aware of feelings and thoughts -client is seen as the expert, therapist collaborates with them and empowers to challenge them through metaphors, narrative and responses to direct questions; client is encouraged to develop own voice and goals and to take risks and accept consequences for their choices -therapist is sensitive and collaborative

rationalization

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

cognitive behavioral therapy

developed by Aaron Beck -focuses on thought process and changing thinking to help better a person -verbal therapy and each session establishes an agenda, questions clients, summarizes, assigns HW, and asks client to sum up session

phenomenological theory

focus on the uniqueness of each persons internal perspective which determines ones reality -emphasizes the here and now and how people percieve and feel about themselves/environment -focuses more on affective domains rather than cognitive domains -existential psychotherapy, person centered (client-centered), gestalt theory are all considered this

jungian theory

developed by Carl Jung and psychodynamic theory -to fulfill purpose, this theory stresses the need for a restructuring of a basic character -more of an optimistic view and focuses more on the role of culture in the development of human personality -focuses on midlife to integrate unconscious and conscious aspects of personality in order to become an authentic person -he believed that a person had more energy than that derived from sexual drives and that one was always developing toward wholeness and self-fulfillment, using energy to be purposeful and searching for a balance among body, mind and spirit -believed that the transcendent function mediates the relations between the conscious and unconscious -includes the personal and collective unconscious and persona, extroversion, introversion, and anima/animus, thinking vs feeling, sensing vs intuition

psychodynamic theory

developed by Freud -directive/indirective therapy within an interview format -uses questioning, interpretation, dream anaylsis, resistance, transference, and countertransference -based on psychanalytic theory and internal, intrapsychic conflict between competing internal sexual drives/instincts -known as the talking therapy -free association is used here to bring up repressed feelings from the unconscious and into the conscious -includes the id., ego, and superego

Alderian theory

developed by alfred adler and psychodynamic theory -similar to cognitive therapists because the focus on decision making -stress the need to change the clients self-concept and restructure their development and lifestyle -views humans from a nondeterministic, social-psychological perspective -emphasizes social determinants of personality and focuses on the conscious rather than the unconscious, focuses more on the future than the past and believes people have social and creative desicion-making capacities to reach life goals -looks as childhood memories to help the client gain a self-understanding so they can correct mistaken beliefs -aims to develop social interest, change faulty thinking, help overcome inferiority/discouragement and motivate them to participate in society -includes teleology, inherent inferiority, compensation, lifestyle, birth order, and social interests -major principles are social interest, life tasks of work, love, how friendly you are, and life style (personality is based on early perceptions of the world)

first dimension

dimension of the human relations counseling model -compromises two stages of help process 1.Relationship 2. Strategies (work)

third dimension

dimension of the human relations counseling model -represents issues, which are values and cognitive topics that cut across the other dimensions -ex: These issues involve not only the ways an individual relates to others and to his or her environment, but also such subjects as sexism, racism, heterosexism, ageism, and poverty

personalization

distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibility or blame for events that are unconnected to the person

magnification and minimization

distortions of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization) -thinking the worst of every situation

human relations counseling model

emphasizes a client centered, problem solving helping relationship in which behavior changes and action can result from: 1.clients exploration and understanding of their feelings, thoughts and actions 2. clients understanding of an decision to modify pertinent environmental; and systematic variables

crises theory

eric lindemann -this says that crises involves some type of loss that creates a grieving (bereavement) period, which includes intense emotions and distress -believes people in crises choose adaptive and maladaptive ways of coping with problems and that the nature of their problem solving will effect their late adjustment and ability to cope -important to learn about clients past to decide what strategies can be used best -four phases of a crisis reaction

anima

feminine side

termination

fifth step in the second, strategy stage of the helping model -includes termination of session and helping relationship -if this is not acknowledged at the beginning of the session, the client may end up with more stress and unresovled issues -termination of session: Several minutes before the end of the session, it is important for the helper to communicate non- verbally or verbally to the helpee that the allotted time is almost up as this allows for summarization of what has occurred and everyone is in an agreement and can help plan for future sessions termination of relationship: this can occur in one of four ways: 1. Both helper and helpee feel that all objectives have been reached, 2. The helper initiates termination before the objectives have been achieved. This happens often in schools when a term ends or an internship concludes or in settings where the personnel changes frequently and rapidly; 3. Termination is determined by a third party to the helping process. For example, a health care plan allows one or two sessions for evaluation; 4. The helpee terminates the relationship prematurely. In this case, the helpee may be escaping from a threatening situation, leaving the helper feeling frustrated and inadequate

mutual acceptance of goals

first step in the second, strategy stage of the helping model -must focus on areas of concern to the helpee, not on concerns that the helper thinks the helpee should work on -have to be on the same page and not have different objectives and find the same goals -if client is limited by manged care to a certain number of sessions and you think you cant make an agreement, then you need to decide among the redefining your objectives, make arrangements for meeting privately beyond number of scheduled sessions, seek authorization for further sessions from the managed care company, and make a referral

initiation/entry

first step of helping relationship stage -wlecome the client in with a warm welcoming body posture and smile -let them know you want to help them -start small talk at first to ease tension and draw out the helpee to open up more

ego psychology

founded by Anna Freud, Hartmann, and Erikson -stresses the nurturing quality of a therapeutic relationship, to provide object consistency lacking in early infancy and to allow the ego to develop -pays attention to the influence of environment on personality development and the ego's capacity to transcend instincts of the id -8 stages of psychosocial development proposed by Erikson are included in this theory (expansion of freuds psychsexual stages ); each stage gives the opportunity to resolve a core crisis and strengthen ego

evaluation of strategies

fourth step in the second, strategy stage of the helping model -assess the effectiveness of the strategies used -this is ongoing from the start -if the helper and helpee believe that the strategies arent helping/working, then they need to be reevaluated and looked at and reassess the situation -can be difficult because counseling strategies do not always produce observable change actual behavior changes can provide the best criteria for evaluating observable change -timing of this is important bc some ups and downs are to be expected during the course of a helping relationship and new thoughts/behaviors take time to become stable -the results of an evaluation helps the helper decide to use another strategy or work on other goals or end the helping relationship

deterministic

freud saw human behavior as this -behavior was predetermined by biological instincts and drives along with previous life experiences (childhood/past)

1. thinking 2. feeling 3. sensing 4. intuiting

how does Jung classify people? there are 4 groups

interpreters

how does adler and beckand ellis view humans?

creators

how does maslow, rogers, and peris view humans?

termination

in motivational interviewing -change is stable

action

in motivational interviewing -active involvement to change

maintainence

in motivational interviewing -making the change a part of daily life

inherent inferiority

included in the alderian theory -humans strive to be perfect and superiority to compensate for their inherent inferirority feelings

compensate

included in the alderian theory -while striving for power to overcome inferiority, humans attempt to find a area of competence that will overshadow weakness

teleology

inlcuded in the alderian theory -behavior is purposeful and consciously selected

feminist therapy

integrative approach - focus on understanding gender as a cause and consequence of womens experiences in a male-dominated culture -believe that male developed psychological theories only pertain to male hierarchical society -these therapist value female self development and address oppression in the female community -believe that the personal is political, commitment to social change is essential, womens perceptions, experiences are valued, focus on strengths, focus on oppression, and relationship is egalitarian -therapists use awarnesss, equal in power relationships between men and women, acceptance of diversity, career choice unbiased by sex, and body image -focus on female empowerment to help strengthen male and female clients sense of efficacy and broaden range of opportunities

multimodal theory

integrative approach -develped by Lazarus and based on social learning theory -comprehensive, systematic, eclectic approach -helper uses a combination of techniques from different approaches without subscribing to their principle beliefs -these techniques are selected individually from different approaches to fit the clients needs -it is believed that personality is formed through many different techniques such as classical and operant conditioning, modeling, awareness of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, awarenss of conscious and unconscious -the wide range of techniques allows client to have freedom to select which one they like -this model postulates 7 interrelated aspects of personality known as the BASIC ID

technical eclecticism

involves borrowing ideas, insights, and techniques from a variety of sources while tailoring one's intervention strategy to the unique needs of each client -a willingness to use techniques borrowed from different orientations if they fit the conceptualization of problem

follow up

last step in the second, strategy stage of the helping model -involves checking to see how the helpee is doing, with respect to whatever the problem was, some time after termination has occurred. -many helpers dont take this step -this is done to evaluate long-term effects of helping strategies and the effectiveness of the helper -typically contact client 6 months to a year after termination to let them know we've been thinking of them and are wondering how they are.

animus

masculine side

aggression

motivational instinct -compromises death instincts such as hostility and self-destruction

libido

motivational instinct -drive energy directed at objects needed to fulfill insitncts and biological needs -sexual and hunger drive -compromises survival skills -this must either be diverted or discharged

phallic stage

next few years of life -freuds third psychosexual stage -the child receives pleasure from the stimulation of the genital region and begins to develop love/hate relation- ships with others. During this period, the child experiences oedipal longings: intense, erotic desires for the parent of the opposite sex and hostile, com- petitive feelings toward the parent of the same sex -inlcude electra and oedipal complex

electra complex

occurs during the phallic stage -girls manifest penis envy and are attracted toward the opposite sex such as their father

latency stage

occurs from 6 to 12 years the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills -loses interests in sexual fantisies and genitle stimulation

real self

one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities -if there is an incongruence between this and the ideal self then neurosis occurs

open vs closed ended questions

open ended questions give the client the ability to form their own answer without being able to answer a blunt "yes" or "no" closed ended question -open ended questions kind of force the person to open up and encourages them to talk more than just a few words

personal conscious

painful, threatening experiences repressed

projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

denial

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

reaction formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated -act like a child

displacement

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

neuroses

psychological disorders characterized by anxiety or tension -derived from childhood conflicts and can arise later on when the balance between the libidinal drives and ego defense mechanisms are upset and anxiety is heightneded -can occur in any fixation at one of the psychosexual stages

anal stage

second and third year of life -Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions -receives pleasure from stimulation of the anal erogenous zone and experi- ences the power of retention and excretion, as well as the negative feelings that accompany that power.

planning of strategies

second step in the second, strategy stage of the helping model -similar to the decision-making process -think of all possible options and then select most effective strategy or combination of strategies -try to determine which strategy is best fit for the client after finding out all the info about them -carefully explain to the client the approaches you are considering, possible consequences, time and activities involved and any other important information -every piece of information has to be explained

jourard

self-disclosure and authentic living

clarification of presenting problem

step 2 of the helping relationship stage -it takes awhile for the client to actually approach you with the actual concern; they usually start off by talking to you about little things until the big problem is revealed -until then use responsive listening techniques to aid them in sorting out and ranking different problems -make the client feel like they have ownership of their problem -help the client identify their underlying fears and insecurities

definition of structure

step 3 of helping relationship stage - Once the problem has been clarified and acknowledged by the helpee as one need- ing resolution, you must decide whether you are able to provide help in solving that kind of problem -you can decide this by your assessment of the helpee's motivation to collaborate actively in the process, if you feel you cant help then refer them elsewhere -you can make a contract if agreed by helper and helpee to clarify expectiations; a contract could be something written that include time of sessions, number of them, who can attend them, procedures for changing any of the contract and expectations of the helper and helpee

intensive exploration of problems

step 4 of the helping relationship stage -Using the responsive listening model of communication, you can begin to aid the helpee to look at various aspects, implications, and ramifications of his or her problems. -you are learning more about the thinking processes, feelings, and behaviors of the helpee as well as his or her strengths and dif- ficulties in problem solving, both in and out of the helping relationship. You are discovering the client's values, beliefs, attitudes, defense and coping strategies, rela- tionships with others, hopes, ambitions, and aspirations. This is a time when you encourage the helpee to express whatever thoughts or feelings he or she is experienc- ing, without fear of being judged or instructed -promote a sense of trust, genuineness and emoathy so the client can feel safe about talking to you with their issues

establishment of possible goals

step 5 of the helping relationship stage -After the problem has been thoroughly explored, the helper and helpee can more specifically develop goals and objectives for the relationship and for achieving suc- cessful outcomes in therapy -this can be accomplished through a systematic of casual fashion depending on what fits with the client -goals could be outcome focusing on resolving issues or process, focusing on the relationship between helper and client -they can also work on immediate or long term goals -it is important to take larger goals and break them down into smaller objectives

psychopathological crises

type of crises -occur due to preexisting psychopathology -ones psychopathology affects the way one deals with a situation, inflating to crisis proportions -ex: kid is diagnosed with bipolar, becomes emotional and upset whenever she menstruates, throws objects and is unable to attend school

dispositonal crisis

type of crises -occur from a lack of info, such as not knowing which job to take what type of medical referral to seek for a specific symptom, and whom to ask for what

psychiatric emergency

type of crises -ones general functioning is severely impaired and one is deemed incompetent or unable to maintain responsibility for oneself -one is dangerous to oneself, to others, or both -ex: suicide attempt

traumatic stress

type of crises -result of externally imposed stress situations that are unexpected, uncontrolled, and overwhelming -ex: 9/11, boston marathin bombing, rape, assault, sudden death, accidents, earthquakes

Anticipated life transition crisis

type of crises -normal, developmental crises that are common -can result in midlife career changes, getting married, becoming parents, getting divorced, changing schools, etc.

maturational crisis

type of crises -reflect deeper, personal struggles with issues such as dependency, value conflicts, and sexual identity, response to authority, emotional capacity, and level of self-discipline -these surface in relationship patterns or at crucial points in our development -ex: repeated loss of jobs bc of inability to get along with supervisors, intense homesickness or depression of college students away from home, and midlife crises

person-centered theory

type of phenomenological theory -developed by carl rogers and is an empathetic, nondirective relationship -this is a "self" theory and people act in accordance with their self-concept which is influenced by experiences with others and society -focuses on the present moment and the interacts between a person and their environment -believes people behave in ways that will enhance their self concept or enhance their ideal self -problems arise out of incongruencies between the persons self-concept (real self) and life experiences (ideal self)that become threatening and cause person to use defense mechanisms and creates neurosis -assumes humans are rational, good, and capable of assuming responsibility for themselves and making choices that lead to independence and self-actualization -goal of this are self actualization and self realization and counselor provides empathy, genuineness, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard which will help the client gain congruence and work toward their goals -client uses minimal leads such as "I see" and "Yes", reflection, clarification, summarization, and confrontation -client does the leading while the counselor follows

existential theory

type of phenomenological theory -views human nature as subjective and ever changing -the client-therapist relationship is very important -says the everyones experience is unique and humans are always in the process of becoming -humans have the ability to make choices and have awareness of freedom -helps the client search for identity, meaning and relationship to others -there is no one specific technique to this approach, therapsist match any technique that best fits with their client -the goal of this therapy is to help clients recognize the full range of their choices and to take responsibility for whichever option they select -they see anxiety has emerging from the awarness of death, freedom, isolation, and meaningless and can lead to defense mechanism use and lack of authenticity

gestalt theory

type of phenomenological theory done by Peris -all human behaviors are organized into patterns in which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts -focuses on the present and on clients perspective and emphasizes acting out, not just talking, and existential (helps people make independent choices) and experimental (trying out new feelings) -therapist acts as catalyst and directs and challenges clients so they can develop their whole self -asks "what" and "how" questions to help expand awareness -uses empty chair exercise -believes that inconsitencies between the organism and environment create conflict and holds them back from living fully in the present -emphasizes whole person -helps person develop self-awareness, acceptance, wholeness, and responsibility in order to achieve organismic balance -does alot of role playing -terminate unfinished business -a person is whole when they are able to be self-supportive, able to mobilize and use own resources, and able to accept responsibility for own actions -awareness reduces tension and avoidance behavior by allowing person to face preveiously denied parts of one being in order to become whole -focus is on person current feelings and thoughts, exploring all sensations and perceptions and encouraging them to take responsbility for actions

behavioral therapy

type of therapy -says human behavior is determined by immediate consequences in the environment (reinforcement) -human behavior is learned from environment they view that humans have no internal control over their behavior -human is viewed as being easily manipulated -feelings, values, and thoughts are ignored because they are indirect, only observable behavior is looked at -behavior is shaped and maintained by responses and by immediate antecedents -positive reinforcement has more potency than punishment -reinforcement can be concrete or social -include modeling, cognitive learning (contingency managements/token economy), emotional learning/implosive therapy, operant conditioning -goal is to increase positive behavior and decrease unacceptable behavior