CLST 103 - Final Exam

Overarching Themes of Whole Work

(1) FATE -What we would call FATE, but what Romans would call will of JUPITER -FATE = JUPITER -Jupiter is fate -Jupiter wants Aeneas to get to Italy to found Roman race (2) COUNTER-FATE -COUNTER-FATE (JUNO) -Juno and Jupiter do not get along very well (this is one of reasons that Juno is ****ing with Jupiter and Aeneas) -Also, Juno is the patron goddess of Carthage so wants him to fail -Ultimately, Jupiter wins because he is stronger god -By Book 12, Juno bows out and admits defeat (3) COMMUNAL GOOD -Aeneas is not allowed to put his personal feelings first -He is not allowed to stay with Dido, and he is not allowed to die heroically defending his city -He has to put his own personal interests aside and work for the good of the Roman people (as Jupiter wants) -Aeneas keeps forgetting this For good of Roman people (communal good) he cannot yield to his own personal interests -RELEVANCE: This lesson is applicable in the environment following Battle of Actium (4) TRADITIONAL ROMAN VALUES -This is needed to uphold communal good -Aeneas is described as pious throughout the work (by acting in this way he is able to maintain the favour of the gods) -Penates - Aeneas brings his household gods with him from Troy on his journey (this is depicted in frieze) (5) SEEKER OF PEACE -Although Aeneas is a great warrior, he wants peace -He is willing to do almost anything to secure peace -He is willing to make treaties with the people that live in Italy -He is willing to have peaceful relations with Carthaginians -He is willing to do this even despite the horrors that he has lived through -RELEVANCE: This is supposed to remind us of Augustus who is putting aside horrors of the past and bringing peace to the Roman people (Ara Pacas depicts Aeneas) (6) ROMAN IDENTITY -The book is looking back at the past and making arguments for why the Romans are so great and why the future is so promising -2 main points: 1) Support of the Gods -Personified first and foremost by Jupiter 2) Concordia Between Opposing Groups -Last 6 books involved conflict between Trojans and indigenous people of Italy -The ultimately form 1 unified Roman race -Imperium Sine Fine (power to command without end -Jupiter promises this to the Romans -Jupiter promises Romans the ability to expand without limit (7) DYNASTIC JUSTIFICATION -Aeneid is about Augustus' ancestor -Shows that Augustus and his family are intended to rule indefinitely

Last 6 Books of Aeneid

-BOOK 7 - outbreak of war -BOOK 8 - Aeneas at the future site of Rome -Book 12 - End of war, personal combat

Literary Work #5 On Clemency (Seneca)

-Author: Seneca -Language: Latin -Author's Profession: Roman Stoic Philosopher and Statesman -Genre: Hortatory essay -Date: AD 55 -Phase of Roman Literature: Silver Age -Other: Work has a guiding aspect to it (for Nero)

Literary Work #4 Medea (Seneca)

-Author: Seneca -Language: Latin -Author's Profession: Roman Stoic Philosopher and Statesman -Genre: Tragedy -Date: 1st century AD -Phase of Roman Literature: Silver Age -Other: Work has a guiding aspect to it (for Nero)

Primary Education (7-11, MAGISTER or LITTERATOR)

-"I didn't learn geometry and literary criticism and useless nonsense like that. I learned how to read the letters on public inscriptions... how to divide things into hundreds and work out percentages, and... weights, measures, and currency..." (Petronius, Satyricon) -Typical lower-class education -This is an example of BASIC EDUCATION OF FREE ROMANS -Most stop after primary school and then possibly learn a trade -Instructor would write one thing on one side, and the student would copy it down on the other side -The phrases students learned also carried moral lessons (learned writing while simultaneously learning moral lessons) -Ex: from a wise man seek advice -Ex: do not blindly trust your friends -Lines from Vergil's Aeneid were very common for learning (everyone is supposed to know this basic stuff)

Roman Education

-"TO ACCUSTOM TO REST AND REPOSE THROUGH THE CHARMS OF LUXURY A POPULATION SCATTERED AND BARBEROUS AND THEREFORE INCLINED TO WAR, [Governor] Agricola gave private encouragement and public aid to the building of temples, courts of justice and dwelling-houses, praising the energetic, and reproving the indolent. Thus an honourable rivalry took the place of compulsion. HE LIKEWISE PROVIDED A LIBERAL EDUCATION FOR THE SONS OF THE CHIEFS, and showed such a preference for the natural powers of the Britons ... that they who lately disdained the tongue of Rome now coveted its eloquence. Hence, too, a liking sprang up for our style of dress, and the "toga" became fashionable. Step by step they were led to things which dispose to vice, the lounge, the bath, the elegant banquet. All this in their ignorance they called civilization, when it was but a part of their servitude." (Tactitus) -Eduction given to chief was comparable to education given to Romans throughout empire -Being educated in literature and values -Learning about famous literature that defines Roman values (1) Ages 7-11: studied with MAGISTER or LITTERATOR (equivalent to our primary education) (2) Ages 12-15: GRAMMATICUS (equivalent to our secondary education) (3) Ages 16+: RHETOR (equivalent to our post-secondary education) - mostly reserved for elites

Pan-Mediterranean Culture

-4 main things make up this culture (1) Common Languages (Latin and Greek) -Latin is main language in west, Greek is main language in east (2) Common Law -Law was the same everywhere (3) Common Gods -Polytheistic -Integrated new gods (4) Common Material Culture -Common buildings, decorations, objects, etc. -But there are also individual cultures that continue on -Romans do not ask you to completely give up your existing culture -Simply ask that you act Roman in certain facets of life -Sarcophagus: shows man in traditional Roman dress (toga) but also in the traditional dress of his own culture (shows how people had 2 citizenships; they had citizenship to Rome and to where they were born) -Cicero: 2 fatherlands (both where one is born, and where one is adopted; adopted land of Rome should be more important, but fatherland must remain importance) -Even Cicero ("saviour of the republic") acknowledges that place one is born is important as well

Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso)

-43 BC - AD 17 -Another Golden Age author -43 BC- 2nd Triumvirate was formed and Cicero was killed (this was when Ovid was born) -Ovid has never known Rome without Augustus in power -Ovid never knew Rome without Augustus in power -39 BC - Battle of Actium ends civil wars (Ovid is only 9 at the time) -He has not known horrors of civil war -Ovid represents the next generation -He takes for granted that Romans have peace -Does not appreciate Augustus' great feat of brining peace -He falls out of favour with Augustus -Ovid falls out of favour because of 'a POEM and and ERROR' -POEM: Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love") -How-to guide for how to get a Roman mistress -All about finding a lover -Not about finding a wife or raising a family -Just about finding a mistress -Ex: Catulus had mistress -So having a mistress was a longstanding tradition -Different now though -Augustus had passed morality laws to limit adultery -Morality laws all about maintaining strength of traditional elite family lines -Horace: "By unchaste lust no homes are now defiled" -Horace praised these laws -Ovid did not, got him into trouble -ERROR: Julia -Ovid may have had an affair with Julia, or may have been a close friend of someone who had an affair with Julia -Both Ovid and Julia are sent into exile -Ovid was born in an Italian town and went to Rome for education -Followed this up with grand tour to Greece -Father had wanted Ovid to follow political career path -Ovid wanted to be a poet so badly that when he pleaded a law case he ended up speaking in meter -As a poet, he goes on to be a client of a wealthy Roman connected to Augustus -This patronage gave him the free time to write -He wrote many works in his earlier years about love -Then he went on to write -Augustus did not grant him clemency -Ovid had reputation as man about town (as such his exile was particularly tough) -He was exiled to small town of TOMI on outskirts of Italy (on Black Sea Coast) -Ovid was very unhappy -Wrote many letters back to his friends in Rome pleading for them to advocate for his return to Rome -These letters are called Tristis (Sorrows) -Ovid died after 7 years of exile in Tomi -From exile Ovid also writes another literary work (Fasti - Roman Calendar) -For each and every day, Ovid describes exactly what happens on that day and tries to determine why this happens on this day -A chronological summary of days with religious significance APRIL 4: GAMES OF CYBELE (Magna Mater) -On the surface seems like a work intended to ingratiate Ovid to Augustus -Wants to show he is worthy to come back to Rome and take up proper place in society -BUT, angle Ovid takes on these events is not in line with Augustus' priorities JANUARY 11: FESTIVAL FOR CARMENTA, MOTHER OF EVANDER -Ovid gives long discussion of this in his work -Evander was Greek prince -He and his mother had been exiled to Italy and ended up living on future site of Rome -In passage from Aeneid, Aeneas meets Evander at site of Rome -But Evander and his people are not that important because they eventually die out -5 PASSAGES in Fasti on EVANDER -Lots of emphasis for a minor character -Limited focus on Aeneas -"The youth is banished with his mother..." -A LONG PASSAGE ABOUT BEING EXILED AND BEING INNOCENT AND HOW IT IS NOT HIS FAULT, BUT THE FAULT OF THE GODS -Uses this to allude to his innocence -Ovid is being rebellious MARCH 1: INTRODUCTION, MARS, MARS ULTOR -March is named for Mars -Mars Ultor is patron deity of Augustus -So Mars is important figure in imagery of Augustus -DESCRIBES BIRTH OF ROMULUS AS A RAPE BY MARS -Choice of words: "he sees her, desires what he sees, takes what he desires" -Call back to famous expression from Julius Caesar (Veni, Vidi, Vici - I came, I saw, I conquered) -So he is linking Julius Caesar and Augustus to rapy Mars FEBRUARY 5: DAY CELEBRATING AUGUSTUS RECEIVING TITLE OF PATER PATRIA FROM SPQR -Talks about how people and senate gave him this honour -Starts with lots of praise for Augustus -But, undermining Romulus' significance in Roman society as founder of Rome -This undermines Augustus' propaganda campaign FEBRUARY 1: FESTIVAL OF SOSPITA -Ovid is rebellious -This is particularly evident in his work -While he seems to be praising Augustus, he is also undermining the official propaganda of the Augustan state -Res Gestae: Augustus includes section on building projects -Said he had restored 82 temples throughout Rome -Reviving city -This entry is surprising -"At the month's start, they say, the... where are the temples dedicated to the gods on these calends now" -Augustus is being praised for restoring these shrines -However, he is being praised in the context of a goddess' temple that he had not restored -So he is praising and undermining at the same time -It is no surprise then that Augustus does not allow Ovid back to Rome -Horace and Vergil were all about praising Augustus due to not only patronage but the fact that they lived through the civil wars -Ovid was young during civil wars so he does not have same appreciation for Augustus bringing peace

Augustus (63 BC - AD 14)

-44 BC: Achieves power as heir to Julius Caesar -43 BC: Joint power via Second Triumvirate -31 BC: Sole power after the Battle of Actium -27 BC: Honorary title of Augustus, Pater Patriae, and Princeps used to justify "Principate" (imperial) system -AD 14: Augustus dies, aged 75 -When Augustus dies, there is no real desire to return to Republican system -Civil wars had shown that elites were not good at power sharing -Most people had not known a Rome without Augustus -So, what was needed for peace was one benevolent hand -So imperial system sticks around

Vergil

-70-19 BC -Author of Aeneid -Painting depicting Vergil with 2 muses next to him (the muses of history and tragedy) -Authors would call upon these muses in order to inspire their writing -He is calling on these 2 particular muses in his work -Vergil is from a small Italian town -Family is not particularly wealthy -Father still saw to it that his son got a good education (education starts in the north and ends in Rome) -Vergil is living in turbulent times (1st century BC) -42 BC - when Vergil is about 28 years old, members of 2nd Triumvirate wanted to downsize their armies (they had defeated Brutus and the liberators, they had too many troops now, in order to demobilize armies they provided veteran colonies, land for these colonies came from confiscations: those who had supported Brutus or those who had land in the wrong place - those who had land next to confiscated land) -The people who lost land included Vergil's family -They lost their farm (all they had) through not fault of their own -Vergil goes to Maecenas, supporter of Octavian, and asks for his family's land back because they have done no wrong -This causes Maecenas to take an interest in Vergil -Helps Vergil's family get their farm back -Like with HORACE, Maecenas encourages Horace to keep writing -So, Aeneid is written following Battle of Actium in line with Octavian and Maecenas' emphasis on peace and ancient tradition -So Maecenas is Vergil's patron (just like with Horace) -Vergil is often criticized for writing propaganda by modern scholars -His praise is not necessarily just because he is a client of Maecenas though -Vergil likely did think Octavian was best hope for Rome

Literary Work #3 Annals (Tacitus)

-Author: Tacitus -Language: Latin -Author's Profession: Historian and Senator -Genre: History -Date: 116 AD -Phase of Roman Literature: Silver Age -Other: History of the Roman Empire from the reign of Tiberius to the reign of Nero (AD 14 - AD 68) -Tacitus is pro-senatorial power and very anti-Nero so he has biases

Post-Secondary Eduction (16+, RHETOR)

-Advanced study in literature, history, law, astronomy, geography, philosophy, music, etc. -Learn how to compose compelling arguments, i.e. learn rhetoric (this is necessary to be a politician, to argue a law case, and even to write literature) -Rhetoric comes from name of teacher for this stage of education (rhetor) -Rhetoric = making arguments essential to functioning of elites in Roman society -Students would be challenged over and over by trying to argue for or against a position -They would argue both sides of the case (1) SUASORIAE -Based on myth and history -Ex: gods want Agamemnon to kill his daughter, should he do it? -Ex: Marc Antony has issued an order for the killing of Cicero, should Cicero seek mercy or not? (2) CONTROVERSIAE -Based on legal dilemmas -Ex: 4x damage, burning of tree, accidental burning of neighbours house in the process -Rhetoric is important to shape the opinion of the crowd

Gaius PETRONIUS

-Also very prominent in court of Nero -Had established himself as "DICTATOR OF ETIQUETTE for Roman Court" -Tacitus on Petronius: "Petronius became famous through idleness"; "Yet he was regarded as a refined voluptuary"; "Proved himself an efficient administrator"; "Taken in as one of Nero's few close friends" -Close friend of Nero, elite, had held high office, but had given himself over to a life of luxury -Tastemaker for Nero -Petronius comes to bad end -We do not know what happened -But Tacitus recounts his death -He is told to commit suicide -"After he cut his wrists, he bandaged them up" -Hung out, had a good time -Rewarded some of his slaves -Took a nap so that his death might resemble a natural one -In his will he did not praise emperor -Instead, he wrote about Nero's debauchery and sent it to him -Petronius did not take his death too seriously -Satirical nature with which he approaches death is good indicator of what he is like in life and what his writing is like

Salutatio

-Another way to get better things was through patronage -Ceremony at beginning of day where clients would go to house of their patrons -Freedmen or free people who just want to make a connection with this person -Would greet patron at tablinum or in atrium -Some would leave after, others would follow patron around all day -Basically, they followed him around in public because that have him prestige -Big following = important person -In return for following patron around all day, clients would expect a reward -This reward was called SPORTULA -SPORTULA = basically a bag of cash (way of rewarding good clients) -If client was really lucky, patron would invite them to dinner with him (patron would have better food for dinner than poor clients who often had bread and stew) -"To escape Menogenes in the public baths and around the private bath is impossible, however clever you are. He will try to catch the ball with right and left hand" (talks about how clients will irritate patrons into inviting them to inner through overwhelming flattery) -This reminds us that there is still a hierarchical society in imperial Rome -Biggest patron of all is emperor -Emperors would build large public bath houses that could serve thousands of people at a time -Every neighbourhood has a bath house (but these are small and dark) -But these big bath houses are coated in marble, with high ceilings, and beautiful statuary -These bath houses could only be built through favour of emperor -All of those public buildings that emperors built were covered in marble, had high ceilings, statues, etc. (ex: Pantheon - temple to all of the gods - has dome) -These public baths provide an opportunity for people to get away from their small dark apartments -Emperors also provided entertainment -GLADIATORIAL AND WILD BEAST FIGHTS -Grand show of what empire had -Wild animals from all parts of empire were brought into Rome and elaborate hunts would be staged for amusement of people -Gladiatorial fights between well-trained fighters of SLAVE STATUS -Stereotype of gladiatorial combat is that they fight to the death -But this is probably not true -Pictures of gladiators fighting, with people in background holding flags -Probably fought until one fighter yielded -Would be too costly to replace these highly trained fighters all of the time -We have records of gladiators form the tombs with a surprising number of losses -These were not most popular forms of entertainment though -The Flavian Theatre (the Coliseum) - built under Flavian empire, following Julio-Claudian empire; needed to keep animals from getting loose -CHARIOT RACES -Most popular form of entertainment -Involved 4 teams -4 different groups, arranged by colour -GREEN, RED, WHITE, and BLUE -Did not matter how good quality of horses or drivers was (you were still completely loyal to your team) -Quite a dangerous sport -Crashes were common -Circus Maximus - main race track -Circus = place where chariot races took place -Maximus = the greatest -Circus Maximus in crude form went back to Regal Period -Basic oval arrangement with divider going down middle of it -Would enter at one end -Arch through which victors would exit at end -Large box set up for emperor and his family (so emperor could take in show with the people but did not actually have to mingle with the people) -Separation important for emperor's safety -Also goes along with theme that segments of society needed to be separated -Was only place people could express their opinions -People, elites, emperor present -Sometimes crowd would start chanting for change -Some emperors were okay with this, others were not -Caligula had troops sent in to have the people who were chanting taken away for punishment -Pompeii: example of hooliganism surrounding chariot racing

Problem: Who Will Succeed Augustus?

-Ara Peace (Peace Altar): Augustus advertises that there are members in his family capable of succeeding him -Augustus has no son -There is a daughter: Julia (but she is only born in 39 BC) -She is young when Augustus takes power -Augustus wants to show that there is a clear successor -Does not want power vacuum (this is what caused violence after death of Caesar) -Agrippa: not a family member, but a faithful follower of Augustus and partner in events leading up to Battle of Actium -Agrippa: was aedile and undertook very expensive reconstruction of Roman infrastructure -Agrippa fought alongside Augustus at Battle of Actium -Augustus chooses Agrippa as his successor (but only for the meantime) -Augustus decides to marry his 14 year old daughter JULIA to his sister's son MARCELLUS (was the young prince mentioned in the Aeneid who had died young and whose loss was such a disaster for Roman state) -Marcellus dies -After he dies, JULIA gets married to AGRIPPA -Agrippa is middle-aged man and Julia is still young -Agrippa and Julia have 2 sons: GAIUS and LUCIUS (these are Augustus' biological grandsons; he also adopts them as SONS on top of that) -12 BC: Agrippa dies (this is long before sons have reached adulthood) -Augustus shifts his attention to his stepsons (not biological sons; sons of his wife who had a different husband before) -Augustus' wife is named LIVIA -Augustus' stepsons are TIBERIUS and DRUSUS (already fighting on military campaigns and well-respected) -Augustus adopts his stepsons too -Now he has 2 grandsons and 2 stepsons adopted as sons -Augustus interferes in their lives -Tiberius is forced to divorce his wife in order to marry Julia (neither Julia nor Tiberius are happy about this; Tiberius was in love with his former wife) -Meanwhile, the 2 grandsons are growing up -Augustus is beginning to show favour for his biological grandsons -BUT, Gaius, Lucius, and Drusus all end up dying young -Rumours of poisoning -Eventually, Augustus only has 1 good choice left (Tiberius) -Tiberius becomes emperor after Augustus -We refer to the dynasty of Augustus and his successors as the Julio-Claudian House -Reason is that the biological father is Claudian (his real father is not Augustus) -This is the same Claudian house that began with Sabine ruler who made peace with Romans in return for citizenship -Many of Julio-Claudian emperors have closer relation to Marc Antony than to Augustus (because Antony had been married to sister of Augustus)

Vergil's Aeneid

-Arma virumque cano (I sing of arms and man) -Tells story of Trojan prince who fled from Troy when Greeks had won Trojan War -Aeneas wanders -He ends up in Latium where he founds the Roman people -Genre: Epic (epic poetry) -12 books, 10,000 lines of hexameter verse -Epic poem in tradition of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey -Great poem about Rome's earliest ancestor and how he came to be there -Setting: ca. 1200 BC ( Bronze Age) -Written in 30-19 BC (more than a millennium after events occurred) -Battle of Actium brought civil wars to and end -After Battle of Actium, peace returns (but slowly) -So this work has an agenda -AGENDA: to remind Romans of their great past, their promise for the future and why they should all work together for a greater good -Aeneas = son of Anchises and Venus, ancestor of Julius Caesar and Augustus -Coin depicting Aeneas with his father on his shoulders, and holding a goddess -Rome is not yet a city in 1200 BC, but Aeneas visits the future site of the city and presents an offering -The story of a man who goes through terrible ordeals, has to overcome the hatred of a goddess, find his way to Rome, and eventually Rome emerges as a result of his heroic deeds -This work depends on the works of Homer that preceded it -Aeneid is in 2 halves 1) First 6 books -Wanderings around the Mediterranean while trying to get home (similar to Homer's Odyssey) -These were most influential later (in the Renaissance) 2) Second 6 books -War between natives of Latium and Trojan foreigners (similar to Homer's Iliad) -In ancient times, these last 6 books were the most popular -It was relatable to them (civil wars and fighting for territory)

Urban Life

-Atrium house = traditional house of Roman elites -Located near Forum area where elites liked to be seen -Poorer people would live in apartment blocks -More wealthy on bottom floor, less wealthy on top floor -These apartment buildings were made of brick during imperial period -If you wanted to get an apartment, it was just like today -Ad from Pompeii: "To rent from the first day of next July, shops with floors over them, fine upper chambers, and a house, in the arnius Pollio block, owned by Gnaeus Alleius Nigidus Maius. Prospective lessees may apply to Primus, his slave." -Wealthy elites owned apartment complexes -Juvenal, Satire 3: "we live in a city which is to a great extent propped up by boards" (about how many elites do not take good care of these buildings; slum landlords) -Collapse is a danger as well as fire -In spite of new building codes of Nero, there continue to be big fires in Rome -Emperors did try to do what they could to prevent fires (augustus instituted fire brigade for Rome; first ancient city known to have a fire brigade) -"Best to live where there are no fires or panics in the night..." (very dangerous to be on top floor especially; tough to get out in case of fire) -GANG VIOLENCE (some were politically motivated, some were not; Juvenile: "many random attacks"; dangerous to be out in city at night -"The man carefully keeps his distance from the man in scarlet" (gang members stay away from rich with their bodyguards; gangs do not stay away from lone citizens who cannot afford bodyguards) -Streets of Rome are dangerous (especially without entourage) MOVEMENT -Due to heat and overcrowding of Rome, people would try to get out of city in summer months -Elites would go to RURAL VILLAS -This is sort of villa that Horace received from Mycaneas -Elites would try to get out of city whenever possible -But left especially during these months: AUGUST to OCTOBER and MARCH to APRIL -Bay of Naples was one of luxurious getaways -Capri another one -The poor did not have the opportunity to travel as much as rich did -We have no evidence that poor wandered around looking for work -RURAL VILLAS - where rich got out of town to -Poor - could not go off into countryside for extended periods -Poor had to work various jobs (ex: bakers, shopkeepers, bookkeepers, bathhouse operator) -Free-born poor could not always get these jobs -Freedmen could also hold these jobs -In advertisement for apartment, there was a house and shops within the apartment block (rich guy would live in house; freedmen would operate shops and rich patron would get profits from this) -*Many poor people worked in construction and in transporting materials* -Augustus: rebuilt 82 temples, and other buildings too -Advantage of emperor building so much was that it provided jobs for the poor -Keeping urban poor busy kept them out of meddling in politics and crime -Thousands of people would be employed in shipping industry (most of food required to feed 1 million people of Rome came from sea; Rome itself not on sea; so not only does this stuff have to be shipped across the sea, it has to be dragged upstream to Rome; Tiber flowed toward ocean) -OSTIA - town located at mouth of Tiber River (this is where ships would unload cargo from Africa, near East, Greece, etc.) -Animals had to drag barges up river -These jobs gave the poor a way to pay for food and other necessities of life -Most of the necessities could only be found outside of the house -Augustus and Agrippa had built fountains throughout the city (but there is no running water in the places people live) -Had to carry water back to home -Aqueducts - by the time city of Rome is at its maximum extent with population of about a million, there would be many aqueducts bringing water into the city (water came from springs in mountains that were kilometers away; aqueducts kept being built under subsequent emperors - ex: Aqua Claudia built under Claudia) -Aqueducts not only fed fountains but also baths -No baths in homes -People went to public bathhouses to bathe -For Romans you went through pools and rooms of different temperatures to bathe -Palestra = workout area -Frigidarium, tepidarium, calidarium (pools of water of varying temperatures) -This was all a very social process -Rich people might have clients with them -HYPOCAUST - the underfloor heating system for a bath (word literally means 'hot burning under'; floor of these heated rooms was raised up on series of pillars (PILAE) -Then there were hollow tubes up the walls (FLUE PIPES) -So when you set a fire, the flue pipes pulled the heat in -Romans thought system had been invented by oyster farmer -Archeological research shows that it goes back longer (Greeks used it) -But Romans perfected it -This became the standardized model for buildings around the empire -*Had to leave for water for drinking; to bathe; to use latrine; to cook* -No cooking facilities in apartments -There were latrines throughout the city where people go -This was a social activity -Seats for many people -Raised seating area with holes -Underneath there was a trough -The whole thing was flushed by the dirty water coming out of bath houses -Carried excrement into sewer system -Also another trough in front of where people were sitting (with clean water from aqueduct) -This is where sponge on a stick would be (they used these to wipe their asses; they shared these) -Rich people and poor people would mix and interact here -Food: if you are in a house you can have private cooking facility -But no cooking facilities in apartments -So have to go out to get food -Painting of baker selling bread, picture of real preserved loaf of bread -Animal or slave would power mill -So would have to go get bread and other food as well -Picture of restaurant (recesses for where pots would go) -Coins - MONETIZED ECONOMY (you have to pay for food with coins) -GRAIN DOLE (another way to get food; set up by emperors in order to provide food to poor people of city; frieze of grain dole; sometimes it would just be the grain, sometimes the bread would be made already; bread has a stamp on it; once you get your quantity of grain, you have to take it to a baker; you give the baker your stamp and he would stamp your name on it so that when you came back to pick it up you would get the right order

Literary Work #7 Juvenal 6 (Juvenal)

-Author: Juvenal -Language: Latin -Author's Profession: Poet -Genre: satire -Date: Late 1st or early 2nd century -Phase of Roman Literature: Silver Age -Other: woman visiting grave of husband and sleeping with guard (an indictment of the character of women)

Literary Work #1 Metamorphoses (Ovid)

-Author: Ovid -Author's Profession: Poet -Language: Latin -Genre: Narrative Poem (hexameter verse - same format as an epic) -Date: 8 AD -Phase of Roman Literature: Golden Age -Other: 240 stories tied together by theme of transformation

Literary Work #2 Fasti (Ovid)

-Author: Ovid -Authors' Profession: Poet -Language: Latin -Genre: Poetry -Date: 8 AD -Phase of Roman Literature: Golden Age -Other: Describes what happens on each day of year (subtly undermining Augustus)

Literary Work #6 Satyricon (Petronius)

-Author: Petronius -Language: Latin -Author's Profession: "Dictator of Etiquette" for Nero in Roman Court -Genre: Novel (satire) -Date: late first century AD -Phase of Roman Literature: Silver Age -Other: about the common people (but written for elites)

Literary Work #8 Letters (Pliny the Younger)

-Author: Pliny the Younger -Language: Latin -Author's Profession: Provincial governor of Bithynia -Genre: letter/correspondence -Date: 112 AD -Phase of Roman Literature: Silver Age -Other: Correspondence between Pliny the Younger (provincial governor of Bithynia) and Emperor Trajan -Asking what protocol is on prosecuting Christians -Don't ask, don't tell

Literary Work #9 The Training of the Orator (Quintilian)

-Author: Quintilian -Language: Latin -Author's Profession: Rhetor -Genre: -Silver Age

Lucius Annaeus the Younger - SENECA THE YOUNGER (4 BC - AD 65)

-Born in Spain -Has Roman citizenship -Family is very literally inclined -Father = Seneca the Elder (author on how to write persuasive speeches) -Nephew: Lucan (writes famous poem about Julius Caesar and wars) -Seneca the Younger comes to Rome and decides to become involved in public life -Held first major political office under Tiberius -By the time Caligula becomes emperor Seneca the Younger is already a famous orator -Caligula was jealous of Seneca the Younger's speaking abilities -Under Claudius, Seneca the Younger was sent to exile -These were dangerous times for writers -Seneca the Younger goes into exile on influence of Claudius' 3rd wife (exiled to Corsica for 8 years; Claudius' wife convinced Claudius that Seneca had had an Affair) -Claudius' 4th wife (Agrippina) recalls Seneca to tutor Son Nero (AD 49) -Seneca becomes Nero's tutor while Claudius is still alive and continues to tutor him even once he becomes emperor -So he is a tutor and influential advisor to Nero from AD 49 - AD 62 -Tries to be a good influence on Nero -Seneca uses stoic philosophy to help Nero to become a good emperor -Nero (emperor from AD 54 - AD 68 -Seneca writes On Clemency AD 65: Lucan --> Conspiracy -Seneca's nephew Lucan is caught in conspiracy theory -As a result, family and friends of Lucan are forced to choose execution or enforced suicide -Seneca slits wrists and gets in tub -Seneca's wife was prevented from committing suicide (bound her wrists; thought it would be a bad press if she committed suicide) -Octavia (Claudius' daughter, Nero's wife does not want to commit suicide so they cut her wrists for her and put her in a tub) -Basically people in this period tend to be more careful about what they are writing because of consequences of going against emperor

Elite Classes

-Eventually Rome would expand to peak population of 1 million people by 2nd century BC -Huge urban center -Center of an empire -By the imperial period, as the freedmen start to become more important, we can divide Rome into large categories based on wealth and based on status (1) ELITE CLASSES -Senatorial class (1,000,000 sesterces or more) -Equestrian class (400,000 sesterces or more) (2) FREE-BORN POOR -Born free, but will never make enough money to be important in Roman society -Do important jobs that keep city running -Largest section of population? (3) FREEDMEN -Could have as much money as elites, but class would not change -Still could be quite wealthy and important (4) SLAVES -In state of social debt -Legally have no rights -Basically, a hierarchical, stratified society -Clothing signified status -Roman amphitheater: senators had front row seats, then equestrians, then intermediate categories (freedmen and others), poor (and maybe women)

Great Fire (AD 64)

-Fire rages through city of Rome for 6 days -Affected almost every part of city -Much of city core was completely destroyed -Has significant implication for Rome -Nero's response to fire is interesting -Previous emperor's had lived on Palatine Hill (Palatine is where we get word for palace from) -Nero decides after the Great Fire that he needs a much bigger residence -Takes over 4 hills and areas in between -Builds himself a massive palace -His palace takes up 1/10 of city -Nero had taken densely populated urban center and turned it into a rural space -Artificial lake in center, forests, and both wild and domesticated animals -Amongst buildings were baths fed by sea water (Rome is not on sea, so this water would have had to have been shipped in via aqueduct -Seen as very selfish and wrong for the city of Rome -People of Rome and writers in particular complain that Nero had taken over city for himself -In addition to loss of space and land, people had to go around it (very inconvenient) -Style of estate was not appropriate for Roman living conditions -This is not a typical urban house (atrium house) -Nero's palace is in the style of a king's estate -Augustus had started tradition of pretending that he had restored republic (pretended senate and people of Rome still had control of government) -Under subsequent emperors there start to be problems -Elites looking for new ways to gain power (use treason charges to do this) -Bad emperors do not help problem (ex: Caligula and Nero) -Nero's construction of palace made people realize that Nero thought of himself as a king -Romans hated kings -So this turned public sentiment against him -Nero is not all bad though -He took efforts to prevent future fires in Rome -To do this he brought in very comprehensive building laws -Tacitus: "those parts of the city that were left unoccupied by the palace were not as before built up without plan, but the streets were laid out in measured pattern with broad avenues, limits on height of buildings, spaces in between, porticoes built to prevent spread of fires" -Government-sponsored incentive plan for these building codes -Brought debris out through Tiber -Buildings were to be built of Gaybine and Albine stone (not timbers) -Nero set up guards at aqueducts to prevent their illegal tapping and increase water pressure -Houses had to be surrounded by their own walls -While these regulations made Rome safer, they made it less beautiful, and more hot -Eventually Nero was unable to maintain his position at top (had alienated elites and annoyed the people through construction of his palace) -AD 88: guardsmen are fooled into thinking Nero left city -Nero commits suicide rather than be captured -This is the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty -Ara Pietatis (Altar of Peace) -Built in honour of Augustus' wife Livia -Began by Tiberius, completed by Claudius -Imitated Ara Pacis Agustae -Similar ornamental detail and similar processional reliefs

First 6 Books of Aeneid

-Focus heavily on ill-fated love affair between Aeneas (Trojan prince) and Dido (queen of Carthage) -At this point Carthage is just being built -Romans and Carthaginians are not at war yet -Looked like Aeneas and Dido were going to fall in love, but this was not what the gods wanted -BOOK 1 - great storm at sea and arrival at Carthage -BOOK 2 - Narrating the Fall of Troy all the way up to Dido's court -BOOK 3 - Narrating travels to Dido's court -BOOK 4 - Love story (Aeneas and Dido) -BOOK 5 - Funeral games (for Aeneas' father who died while he was away in Carthage) -BOOK 6 - Trip to the underworld

Finishing Trip to Athens

-Go off to Greece, and particularly Athens -Go to places mentioned in literary works -Go to places where great philosophers studied and study with philosophers who were still there -Octavian and Horace were likely doing this at the same time -Cicero's son did this well -Cicero's "On Duty" (44 BC) was written to his son who was in Athens studying at the time -Described how a proper Roman citizen should behave -Problem for parents - sons are out of control of their parents -Ex: Horace gets all fired up and joins Brutus' cause -Cicero - Cicero's sons was spending his time partying rather than studying -In On Duty, Cicero is trying to show his son what notable values he should aspire to as part of being a valued member of Roman society -Either the letter worked or the threat to cut off the money worked, because we have a letter from Cicero's son pledging that he will not party anymore

Why Does Our Society Especially Value Greco-Roman Culture

-Greco-Roman culture = roots of modern western culture

Horace and Vergil

-Horace (65-8 BC) -Vergil (70-19 BC) -Both Horace and Vergil have experienced war and are reacting to it -Writing during golden age of Roman literature -Golden age ends in AD 14 with death of Augustus -Greatest works are written at this time because people are very engaged -Post-WWII secular Christmas songs (1950s)

Tiberius (AD 14 - AD 37)

-Image of Tiberius: grumpy guy -By the time he became emperor he was 54 years old -Was sick of all the plotting in imperial court -Had variously been in and out of favour -Actually went into self-imposed exile he was so fed up (this was while Augustus was still alive) -Did not want to shoulder all of burden of running empire by himself -Did not want to do anything, wanted help -Thought logical people to help were the senate -Senate were not willing -Senate knew that their political careers depended on favour of emperor -Were unwilling to do anything to upset emperor -Whenever he gave them an issue to debate, they came back and asked him what he wanted the answer to be -Tiberius is fed up in general and fed up with senate -From this point forward, senate is not particularly important to Roman politics (emperor is in charge; senate does not want to upset emperor) -People are not electing magistrates anymore -Magistrates are appointed -Animosity between Tiberius and senate was a result of senate's unwillingness to help -Made worse by new ways of gaining power in political system (had to get emperor's attention; for elites who were still very competitive best way was to point out that someone else was unworthy; the way they did that was by bringing charges against one another) -TREASON TRIALS: for reducing the majesty of the Roman people -Elites bringing each other up on trial -If you reduce majesty of Roman people, you will be executed -Benefit: you get emperor's attention, you get possessions of person who is executed -Con: you are then vulnerable to charges yourself -Many prominent figures were being executed at this time -Sejanius: one of Tiberius' closest advisors and friends was executed -Drusus: Tiberius' own son was executed -So no one was safe -Tiberius became fed up with politics -Treason trials made him extremely paranoid -He ran away to island of CAPRI (Just off Bay of Naples) -He was still emperor -Lived out rest of his time as emperor there with limited contact with Rome -But imperial system lived on -Tiberius had no direct offspring

Book 12

-In the end, Aeneas has convinced Turnus (who is Italian prince) that they could settle the whole thing on the basis of single combat -Aeneas vs. Turnus -At first Turnus rejects this -More fighting -Aeneas promises that if he is defeated he will leave Italy, and that if he wins he will not seek dominion over the Italians, but the people will share power -Italians feel it would be unfair and unequal combat (because Aeneas has support of the gods behind him) -In the meantime there is lots of fighting -A stray arrow hits Aeneas -We see painting of Aeneas being treated -Being injured enrages Aeneas -He goes on a rampage -Italian queen (fearing that her family has been lost) commits suicide -Just generally a lot of bloodshed -Finally, the 2 heroes come together (Turnus prince of Rutilians and Aeneas prince of Trojans) -They fight -Aeneas pins Turnus to the ground and has won at that point -Turnus makes a plea that his body be sent to his father for a proper burial -This is a reasonable request -Aeneas has agreed to unite the people if they win so it would make sense for him to honour the Rutilians' greatest hero -Juno who had been helping Turnus leaves at this point -Aeneas has all of the gods behind him -"Fierce in his arms with darting, Aeneas posed for a moment" -Aeneas saw belt of his friend draped over Turnus' shoulder -Aeneas kills Turnus just because he is upset -This is revenge -"Clad in this prize shall you be taken from me" -The killing of Turnus is the end of the book -This is not what the reader would expect -In the end, in spite of the support of the gods, Aeneas cannot forgive Turnus because of the death of his friend and kills him -At the end Juno takes off, Jupiter is above watching -Juno leaves, but she does not lose -Jupiter and Juno strike a deal -Juno: Juno's last plea, which he grants, is that the Trojan race is now technically dead -A new race is going to rise up -These are the ancestors of the Romans -They are known as Latiums -So there is Concordia between the gods -Trojans and people of Latium would join together to form a new race which was destined to become the Roman race

Legacy of Greco-Roman Civilization

-Languages and vocabulary (Latin and Greek) -The genres of literature (philosophy, drama, history, satire, biography, etc.); and literary context (mythology, political commentary, love, poems, etc.) -Art, architecture, and visual expression -Political and cultural ideas (ex: how a statesman should act) -Laws and administrative models (ancient laws have direct relations to modern laws) -Historical role models and warnings (ex: Caesar crossing Rubicon; Cicero executing citizens without trial) -Excellent model of an enduring, stable, pan-Mediterranean civilization with common cultural values (ex: arguments for continuation of EU)

CHRISTIANS

-Romans did not show tolerance for Christians like they did for jews -Problem: no ancient tradition -Religion began under Augustus -Christianity was an offshoot of the Jewish religion -Romans did not sanction it -Christianity had no legitimacy to them -But Christianity was largely ignored by Rome for a while -Polytheistic religion was very tolerant -Problem was that Christians would not obey central practices of the state -Romans did not think that Christians should worship for the benefit of the whole state to their own gods -Thought they should worship Jupiter Optimus Maximus (later at statues of Emperors once they were deified) -Even in 2nd century (more than 100 years after emergence of Christianity) there was still significant tolerance -Pliny the Younger (Provincial Governor of Bithynia) correspondence from emperor: "They are not to be sought out..." -Don't ask, don't tell policy -Do not seek out Christians -If it is brought to your attention that someone is Christian through legitimate means, they can be forgiven by worshipping Jupiter Optimus Maximus -Part of being a Roman was that at certain times you were expected to act Roman (had to act Roman when state called upon you to do so; other times you could act in keeping with your native identity) -Christians and astrologists were often scapegoats (ex: Nero scapegoated Christians for great fire of Rome)

NERO Claudius Caesar (AD 54 - AD 68)

-Nero's emperorship has 2 phases: (1) Tempered by Burrus and Seneca (author of On Clemency) -Guardians of youthful emperor -Burrus through military responsibilities and upright character -Seneca through his oratory skills and shit -So these 2 keep emperor under control event though he is already showing problems -On Clemency: uses principles of stoic philosophy as a guide for how a ruler should govern -By writing On Clemency, Seneca is trying to show Nero how to be a good ruler (2) Not Tempered -All of those who had tried to restrain him (Burrus, Seneca, and his mother have been killed by him) -He is a despot -Has absolute control and flaunts it -Becomes increasingly unpopular for killing elites off -Engaged in behaviour inappropriate for emperor (behaving like a common actor; racing in chariots; participating in Greek-style athletic and art competitions) -While elites do not like this behaviour, common people do -But, he is killing off everyone so he soon loses support of common people too -Octavia - Nero's wife and step sister (daughter of Claudius) - marries Nero but then he has her killed later -Petronius - writer (also killed by Nero) -Nero does not respect senate (does what he wants to instead)

Concept of What Romans Should Be

-Pliny the Younger -Uncle: Pliny the Elder -Rome as the center of the universe -Unites different peoples and tempers manners -Rome as a civilizing power -To give HUMANITAS (civilization) - it is the role of Rome to bring civilization to diverse people and unite them; the single fatherland of all people -Same concept of humanitas is prevalent in Vergil's Aeneid ("O Roman, to rule the nations with thy sway - these shall be thine arts - to crown peace with Law, to spare the humbled, and to tame in war the proud!" - Jupiter -Britannis (Britain) -Tacitus: "to accustom to rest and repose through the charms of luxury a population scattered and barbarous and therefore inclined to war, [Governor] AGRICOLA gave... -Writing about provincial governor in first century AD who goes to Britannia -An area would get conquered, but then provincial governors would seek to bring these people into the Roman sphere -Elites were given benefit of Roman citizenship if they conformed to proper ideals of Roman citizens -Citizenship for elites -Provision of liberal arts education -Willingness to bring new people in and let them be part of system

Julio Claudian Literature Silver Age (AD 14 - AD 180)

-Post-Augustan to high empire -Works generally not as compelling as those of golden age -Big reason for that is that we have shifted from people in golden age talking freely about times they were living in to writers being aware that they cannot offend emperor -Emperorship is an accepted thing -Do not want to piss off the emperor (personal risk if you do - ex: treason trials)

T. CLAUDIUS Nero (AD 41 - AD 54)

-Praetorian guard was responsible for Claudius -Was hiding from guards who were killing his family -Guard saw his feet poking out from underneath a curtain -Thought he was done for -Praetorian guard bowed to him -They install him as emperor -Senate is not happy but with all of the guards on his side, they have no choice but to go along with it -Claudius had previously stayed out of public spotlight because he had a speech impediment and a limp (so he had been left alone) -By the time he became emperor, Claudius was a middle-aged man -Was a good emperor -Had a good idea of how things worked -Was a scholar (wrote a dictionary of Etruscan language) -Was a capable administrator -Problem: the emperorship was too much work for 1 person who wanted to do a really good job -Tiberius had tried to get senate to help, but they had not wanted to -Claudius comes up with a different solution -He turns to IMPERIAL FREEDMEN -Lots of freedmen associated with his family -All are in charge of looking after family's best interests -These clients had to remain loyal to patron -So freedmen were very loyal to Claudius -Many had been closely involved in court -Claudius turned to these people and put them in prominent administrative positions -Senate then came back on scene (did not want ex-slaves in positions of power) -So power freedmen had under Claudius was not continued because it upset elites too much -Claudius had other problems (had 4 wives; his last wife Agrippina convinced him that he should adopt her son; her son is named Nero; meanwhile Claudius had his own son Britannicus) -Britannicus would have been emperor after Claudius -BUT, Agrippina kills Claudius and Britannicus kills Nero -

How to Teach?

-Quintilian (AD 35 - AD 95) -Wrote "The Training of the Orator" -A how-to book for school curriculum -Goes into detail about everything child should experience from birth (who should be around child - what types of servants, etc.; what they should be studying at each point once they get into education system)

What Literature to Study?

-Quintilian (Book X) critiques Romand and Greek poetry, history, comedy, oratory, and philosophy -He prescribes wha t works should be studied -Today we study many of these works -These works were considered essential parts of a liberal arts education -When Tacitus is talking about a liberal arts education for the sons of chiefs, this is this sort of thing that he is talking about

Production and Consumption: The Roman Economy

-Roman economy is monetized -Everyone in society would have used coins -Elites used coins, and we have seen form the passage from the Satyricon how the education of the average person included education in currency and counting -Slaves tried to save coins to buy their freedom -Things cost different amounts in different places (no fixed prices) -Mints were set up at various points around the empire (these mints produced the coins that everyone used) -Gold coins and silver coins were not used by everyone -Most expensive forms of currency were largely reserved for the rich -Coins were supposed to be worth the value of the metal in the coin -Empire - population of about 1 million people -Largest population in Europe until 18th century -All of these people had to be fed -Grain, oil, and wine = main staples -Grain: 237,000 tons -Oil: 20 million liters -Wine: 100 million liters -This was what was needed to feed Rome's population -These staples were shipped to Ostia -Once ships were unloaded at Ostia, contents were put onto river barges, which were then towed up the river -Ostia - port on west coast of Italy -Trade was seasonal -Mediterranean was not navigable through most of the year -Only 100 days out of the year were safe for navigating Mediterranean (between April and September) -~3000 people were employed just in transporting cargos from ships to river barges (major source of employment for poor of Rome) -Would have taken 4000 barge loads just to move annual supply of grain (would have taken lots more to get all 3 staples to Rome) -Also building supplies were needed -Some buildings were marble clad -The marble for this had to be shipped by sea -Came from far away -Ex: Pantheon was marble clad -Stones fro Pantheon came from interior of Egypt -In order to get this stone, first it had to be quarried (had to cut stone out of rock) -If the stones cracked they had to abandon them and start over -Then they had to transport these stones from Egyptian desert to the Nile River to take it down to Mediterranean Sea -This was a long distance (almost 130km) -Animals had to pull columns -Animals and people had to be fed -Then had to load cargo onto barge -Nile was not navigable at all times of the year -Only certain times when it was deep enough -Get it to Mediterranean, load it onto ships -Ships get to Ostia -Unload it, get it on barges, get it to Rome -HUGE AMOUNT OF EFFORT -Lots of things could go wrong on the way -Danger of shipwreck or damaging columns on voyage -Lots of examples of shipwrecks in Mediterranean -Building materials, exotic animals or wild beast hunts, food, and everything else had similar shipping processes ("all road lead to Rome") -There was lots of trade of materials over long distances (both to and away from Rome) -Why so much effort to ship stuff to Rome? (it needed it (Rome was parasitic) and symbolic value of Rome as center of empire) -There were both water and land routes (water routes were preferred: cheaper and could ship more this way) -NEGOTIATORES - the merchants involved in moving supplies around (this is a particular sort of occupation; fresco of people on boat depicting negotiatores; they are holding res = stuff; are to some extent investors; however Romans not as motivated by profit as we are) -Elites wanted enough profit to maintain status -Poor wanted enough profit to feed their families -This is part of the reason that the Roman economy did not evolve -THEY WERE PROFIT SACRIFICING AND RISK AVERSE -Most Romans were involved in agriculture -Agriculture was basis of Roman economy -Amphorae - shipping containers used to ship liquids around empire -Nundinae system - market schedule, A-H -Each town had its own market schedule -Was highly regulated by state -Picture of how ancient communities organized market schedules (looks like Venn diagram) -Top = days of the week -Right = places -This was a way of determining how market could be shared by nearby communities -Showed you where to go to sell your goods if your community did not have a market day when you wanted to sell -STATE REGULATION OF MARKETS -STATE REGULATED QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF GOODS -Picture of state official at market using standardized grain measure -Wanted to ensure fairness in terms of what what was being sold and what was being bought -State officials also involved in taxation -PORT TAXES (taxes on goods moving in and out of a particular port (different prices for different goods; different containers (alabaster vs goat skin); whether it is an import or an export; and different methods of transport (camel vs ...)) -ANNUAL TAXES (taxes collected from all citizens of Roman empire; frieze of tax collectors; taxes are collected from everyone; that money is under state's control; government spends that money on necessities of running imperial state) -THESE NECESSITIES = -Soldier's salaries (professional soldiers now) -Imperial slaves' and freedman's upkeep (slaves directly connected to Emperor needed upkeep paid for) -State building projects -State entertainments -Other "gifts" to citizens

The Legacy of Rome and Greco-Roman Civilization

-Rome has grown from small, insignificant village to capital of a vast empire that takes in other ethnic groups and former states -Romans established a pan-Mediterranean culture (common languages - Latin and Greek; common laws; common gods; common material culture) -About 100 years after time of Augustus, there are threats along Roman empire's borders -100 AD - 500 AD: people outside empire trying to break in on all sides (these people like what Rome's have - good land, good economy, nice goods - these people want this for themselves) -In order to hold off threats, Roman Empire goes on to form a Western and an Eastern half -WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AND EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE -Constantinople would be capital city of Eastern Roman Empire -Late 5th century - barbarians have seized control of Western Roman Empire - this area is formed into kingdoms -11th century - these western kingdoms are turning into things resembling modern states -Byzantine Empire in east is a direct continuation of Roman Empire -FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE, 1453 (falls to outside threat) -This is the end of the Roman Empire -SO, Imperial Period = 31 BC - 5th/6th century AD in West; 15th Century in East -End of Roman Empire does not = abandonment of Greco-Roman culture (even though empire ended, culture continues to influence us; ex: films, video games, laws, mottos, buildings, artistic expression -statues and paintings and plays; use of Roman events for symbolic value - ex: David's Sabine Women painted in 1796-1799; archeological viewing of ruins)

Being Roman in the Roman Empire

-Rome's empire comprised people of different ethnic groups, with different cultural histories -For all of these people to consider themselves to be Roman shows great success of Roman system -These people were allowed to become Roman while hanging on to elements of their previous identity -Remarkable that Roman empire held together for so long (hundreds of years) -As Romans began to acquire more and more territory, they made arrangements with each of the groups they brought in -Concordia and integration of other groups -Provincia - area over which magistrate has control -As provincia became territorial, became much closer to what we call provinces, governed by PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS -Some provincial governors better than others -This affected how well each of these groups became integrated -Romans had great success in uniting diverse areas -Most of the Roman areas were brought in through conquest -Provincial governors were sent to look after the provincial territories (provincia) -Some local areas did not take well to these provincial governors -We know this because Cicero defended or prosecuted people involved in these disputes -CICERO: LAWYER FOR DEFENDENTS OR CLAIMANTS -Ex: Gallia Transalpia (Gaul across the alps) -Cicero is talking about the prosecutors (natives of Gallia Transalpia)) -In this case Cicero is defending provincial governor -People of provincia had brought charges against pronvicial governor -Elites often became provincial governors and enriched themselves and mismanaged these provinces -In this particular case, a witness from Gaul, although a respectable man, is being held up as an unworthy witness because he cannot know what it is to be a Roman and to uphold Roman values -He is a Gaul so jury should not trust him -These problems go away in early empire -Augustus: 2 types of provinces (1) Under Senatorial Control -As empire becomes established, it becomes clear that although senate is not under direct control of empire, he does have significant say in who becomes governor (2) Under Control of Augustus -He chooses people who are to be provincial governors -Money goes to Augustus -So there is no incentive for them to be corrupt -So these 2 things limit incentives for corruption among provincial governors

Book 1

-Sets the stage for what will happen in story -Introduces Aeneas as well as Juno's grudge against him -Gives sense of hardships he has to go through -Begins with terrible storm at sea -3 gods are depicted (weather gods) - they have been asked by Juno to change the weather -When they get to port, mood changes to calm from frantic -Painting depicting their safe arrival at port (in Carthage) -Also shows Aeneas as leader -He gives a pep-talk after they arrive at port -"Recall the nerve, dismiss the fear, the gloom, someday remembering even this will be a pleasure, we are going on..." -"...wearing for them a mask of hopefulness..." -Good and caring leader -He puts aside his inner demons and stays strong for the group -He knows from the very beginning that he is supposed to go to Latium (even though he forgets that very soon when he meets up with Dido)

Secondary Education (12-15, GRAMMATICUS)

-Some Roman students would go on to this -This level of education is for people who want something more -Refine speaking ability, analyze literature -This type of education is a given for elites -But it is not a given for others -Ex: Horace's father was a freedman and made special efforts to ensure Horace would receive this secondary education though this was not the norm

Book 2

-Starts once he has arrived at the court of Dido -Picture with Venus and cupid hovering over hinting at love to come with Dido -Story as presented by Aeneas is very dark and very heavy (he is recounting the attack on Troy) -RELEVANCE: This would resonate with people of Rome at the time of writing -Aeneas had to leave Troy -Had no choice (he was ordered to go) -Aeneas also takes along his son, household gods, and some of his followers -However, he loses his wife, risks a lot to go back and find her, all he finds is her ghost -Aeneas' dead wife's ghost reprimands Aeneas for going back for her -Quote from Aeneas' wife reprimanding him -Aeneas tried 3 times to reach out and grab his wife's ghost, but 3 times she faded away into nothingness -Jupiter has a plan for Aeneas -It is the will of the gods that he cannot bring his wife with him -All about the will of the gods, Aeneas is just acting in gods' will -Ancient images on coin of Julius Caesar, on marble relief, on Fresco from Pompeii (theme of the pious hero who is saving his family, saving his gods; sacrificing everything for them) -Famous stays by Berneny depicting Aeneas and his father and representations of the gods and Aeneas' son cowering at his feet (theme of saving family, saving gods at personal cost is a big theme) -Ghost of Aeneas' wife says he will go into exile, and he will go on adventures -Cyclops (Odysseus has ben captured by Cyclops on return from Rome, in order to escape, they got him drunk and rammed a tree trunk into Cyclops' eye) - Aeneas gets to Cyclops just after this had happened; this is a call-back to Aeneas -Then Aeneas gets to Carthage -Ill-fated love between Aeneas and Dido -Cupid and Venus make Dido fall in love with him -The love is ill-fated because Juno messes around -Dido is depicted as victim (she is good queen) -Aeneas and Dido cannot compete with the will of Jupiter -Aeneas is reminded by Mercury the he has to get out of there (he has a journey to undertake so he cannot stay with Dido) -"What are you doing? You are wasting your time in Libya..." -Aeneas remembers he has to leave -Aeneas does not know how to break the news to Dido (he is waiting for the right time) -In the meantime, the goddess Rumour comes to Dido and informs her of Aeneas' betrayal -Dido has done the best for her and her country -Aeneas has forgotten his duty and hurt Dido in the process -Aeneas has to go even though he does not want to -If Aeneas had not forgotten his duty, he never would have got involved with Dido in the first place -RELEVANCE: Romans would have associated Dido and Aeneas with Cleopatra and Marc Antony (Antony had gone to Cleopatra's court and had forgotten his duty to Rome; this makes it relevant to Romans) -Dido kills herself (painting depicting Dido stabbing herself on top of funeral pyre) -Before Dido dies, she lays powerful curse on Aeneas (everything that she curses happens; Aeneas had already gone so he does not know about curse) -Aeneas' father (Anchises) dies shortly after curse -Funeral Games for Anchises -Important for story -As soon as Aeneas gets to Italy, he decides to visit his father in the underworld (he uses Cybele to get him there) -Dante replicates a lot of this underworld stuff in his renaissance-era work -Underworld is organized into different areas -To get into it you have to cross the river of the dead (ferryman is CHARON) -He will not take you across the river if you are not buried (this is depicted in painting) -This is important because Dido cursed Aeneas that he would not be buried -Once you cross the river you get to FIELDS OF MOURNING -Amongst the various people, Aeneas comes across unhappy Dido here (she is now dead) -Aeneas: "Unhappy Dido, so they told me truly that your own hand has brought you your death. Was I alas the cause? I swear by all the stars, by everything under the stars unwillingly I left the kingdom." -Aeneas is saying its not his fault (the gods made him do it) -Aeneas seems completely inept and weak in his response to her (unwilling to take any responsibility at all) -Going forward he encounters TARTARUS (this is where bad people go to receive additional punishment) -Treason, promise-breaking, adultery, abuse of father, etc. -You are going to be punished here depending on what you did -Punishment will fit the crime -Once he sees the bad people, he moves on to ELYSIUM (GROVES OF THE BLESSED) -This is where the best people end up -The Band of Heroes is here as well as the good poets -Vergil includes poets because he is a poet -Here Aeneas sees his father -Where soles come back as new people -Aeneas sees parade of new people who are going to be born -Amongst the people he is going to see: all of the great men of Rome right down to the present day -When we see all of these people, we see great men of past and family of Augustus all mixed together -Just like in Forum of Augustus, the family of Augustus is represented alongside best men of Rome -This shows how pervasive the message of Augustus is that his family is important -MARCELLUS -"And hereon Aeneas saw coming a youth, a wondrous beauty, with face downturned" -Aeneas wonders who this is -Anchises (his father) answers: Marcellus is the nephew of Augustus -Augustus had wanted him to be heir -But he died young, long before Augustus -At the time Vergil's work is being written, Marcellus has just died -This reminds us that Augustus is writing for his patron -Anchises: plea against civil war -This part prescribes morality for Romans -Mission statement of Roman people ("Oh Romans, to rule thy nations with thy sway, crown peace with law, spare the humbled, and tame in war the proud") -Emphasis on Concordia -After leaving underworld, Aeneas goes to Italy -He meets indigenous people of Italy there (he tries from the beginning for a peaceful resolution; the Italians do not want them there; breaks down into war; lots of fighting)

Gaius Caligula (AD 37 - AD 41)

-Successor to Tiberius -Son of very well-known general -Descended from Tiberius' brother (that is the connection) -Caligula dressed up like a Roman soldier as a kid (got nickname Caligula from name of Roman boots soldiers wore) -Caligula became emperor at 24 -Got by, at first, by father's good reputation -Was seen as a breath of fresh air as a young man -Loved pomp -Ran out of money from staging various events -Started holding treasons trials so that he could get more money to keep up lavish lifestyle -Was unpopular with senate because he mocked them outright and did no listen to them -Went crazy -Thought he was a living god -Would apparently have conversations with other gods -Made a horse a senator -Eventually was killed by members of his own bodyguard -They also killed his wife and his child -At this point there was danger of a power vacuum -After killing him off, Praetorian Guard realized it was a mistake

Satyricon

-Written by Petronius -Genre: novel -Setting: present day -About satyrs -Begins in mock epic type format -Heroes are offending god to begin with -They offend Priapus (god associated with fertility) -Heroes are interests in partying and having sex but things always go wrong for them -Particular protagonists are also unusual -Heroes come from low class of Romans -Not elites, just common people -Wandering from town to town trying to get money (usually through criminal means) and have a good time -Importance of this work: by focusing on these people that there is not usually much focus on, we get to hear about the common people (who are usually ignored) -1st Passage About Werewolf (person becomes werewolf) -2nd Passage About Widow Who is Mourning Dead Husband -Gives us a window into lives and customs of common people -Problem: Petronius is telling us about lives of common people (but Petronius is an elite) -Satyricon is meant to be funny -He is not writing for common people He is writing for entertainment of elites -ENCOLPIUS: anti-hero (thief and liar but we are sympathetic to him) -ASYCLTOS: other guy -GITON: servant -Both Encolpius and Ascyltos compete for his affections -In remaining piece of Satyricon they go to a dinner party at Trimalchio's house -Trimalchio is a wealthy freedman (was a slave but was freed through good service to his master; goes on to become very rich; they meet up with him at a bathhouse; they eventually get invited to dinner at his house; Trimalchio had support of Minerva from when he was a slave - had support of gods even when he was a slave; Trimalchio came to be freedman through support of the gods; his rise to wealth resembles Roman triumph - his freedom and success is his own great victory; he is a self-made man) -In Trimalchio's house we see shrine to the gods (he is so rich that his are made of silver rather than of wax, etc.) -There is a gold box in his house with his first beard in it (marked transition from boyhood to adulthood; this reminds people he is a self-made man; typically people would have images of their ancestors but he has no notable ancestors so has a shrine to himself pretty much -"Beware of dog" sign at entrance to house (they had signs warning people to beware of dog when entering) -As Encolpius and his colleagues enter, it becomes obvious that Trimalchio is filthy rich -"Trimalchio has a state that reaches as far as the bird flies" -"More silver in his porter's room than others have in their whole house" -"Everything he has is homegrown" -"Every pillow has either purple or scarlet stuffing" -He has vast estates and vast amounts of money -Guests have their hands washed with snow-cooled water (had to come from mountain) -Fabulous and elaborate feast -"The servants came and spread on the couches... and all the equipment for the hunt, then a tray was brought in with the largest size of bore upon it" -Trimalchio's guests are of lower status than him -He is showing off the whole time -Has his business records read aloud to guests -"Born on Trimalchio's place at Cumi 30 male slaves, 40 female, oxen, seeds..." -Trimalchio does not know he own gardens at Pompeii -Amazing reach and does not fully appreciate what he has -Context of Satyricon: Petronius is an elite; he is talking about someone who was a slave who had become a freedman and who had become very powerful in society because of his wealth -Under Clodius, freedmen had been given immense power -Petronius is writing after this, at time of Nero -Clearly, from an elite perspective, mocking these people is appropriate -Mocking and jealousy -There is a performance at Trimalchio's -Passage from Homer is read to group in Greek -Since his guests were low-class, unlikely that many of guests would have known Greek -Trimalchio is very pretentious, he is very overblown -Trimalchio is reading the passage, but is getting it all wrong -He is recounting work of Homer completely inaccurately -Unlikely that lower class would ever read this story by Petronius (it is intended as a satire for elite audience) -Tombs had been way elites had shown status in society: showed people who were entering a town who was important in that town; Trimalchio had very elaborate tomb; there is archaeological evidence of freedmen putting up tombs during Julio-Claudian period -Ex: Picture of tomb of EURYSACES, FREEDMAN BAKER -Elites would have been shown in military battles, leading troops, and being consul on their tombs -But on this guy's tomb, all of the decoration shows baking bread -Author Petronius, just like Seneca, is forced to commit suicide by Nero

Medea

-Written by Seneca -Genre: tragedy (dramatic genre with plots about gods and kings with disastrous outcomes) -Always ends in tragedy hence word tragedy -Seneca writes a number of tragic poems (9 in all) -Medea concerns mythical incident in Greek past -Tells story of Medea (foreign witch) who marries Jason (Greek prince) -Setting: past -Jason has been off on an adventure and needs help -Witch turns against her family and helps him, falls in love with him, they marry -They go to Greece together -Once they get back to Greece, Jason gets another marriage offer to a Greek prince -He abandons Medea and marries this Greek woman -Medea kills her own children to upset Jason -At the end she flies away on dragon -Context: Seneca is drawing on genre of tragedy -Euripides' Medea: 5th century BC, Athens, in Greek, public performance -Seneca's Medea: 1st century AD, Rome, in Latin, for recitatio (read aloud to a group rather than performed) - this is the type of thing that would be read during the emperor's dinner parties; means it would be heard by emperor directly -There is moral undertone to whole work -Seneca is emphasizing evil through Medea -Also emphasizing unjustness of Jason and the king who is trying to get rid of Medea and marry off his daughter -This work likely has a guiding aspect to it -Meant to show the error in the characters' ways and show that there is a better way -Seneca's goal: exploring evil -Moral message -Read in imperial court

Annals

-Written by Tacitus -Not written based on personally living through experiences -Written in retrospect -Tacitus is pro-senate -Tacitus is very ant-Nero -So we must remember Tacitus is a very biased writer Tacitus: "Nero took advantage of the destruction of his city by building a palace in which the stones were not so much remarkable as the fields and lakes...and forests"

Unequal Treatment of Groups Under Imperial System

GAULS -Gallic Sack, 390 BC -Story of Gallic sack was told to Roman children -When Gaul becomes part of Roman empire in late Republic, Romans still maintain negative attitude toward people of Gaul -Takes a long time for any Gaul to have significant role in politics of Rome GREEKS -"Conquered Greeks took her uncultivated conqueror captive and invaded rustic Latium with the arts" (Horace) -Romans never thought that they had to bring humanitas to Greeks -Greeks already had it before they came into contact with Rome -Romans regarded art and literature of Greeks highly (valued history and culture of Greeks highly) -But Romans did not regard Greek people highly because they are a failed people (they have been conquered) -Greeks were expected to become Roman and act Roman -Places Greek philosophers had met, etc. became tourist attractions for Roman elites -Greece as once great but not anymore JEWS -Jewish religion and Jewish culture first came to attention of Romans as a result of Pompey's activities in East in 63 BC -Pompey came into contact with king of Judea -Did not directly fight Judea but had peace treaty with Judea -This was when Romans first became aware of religion -Judea is at first a client kingdom and later a Roman province -Vast majority of Judea was Jewish -Jews were monotheistic rather than polytheistic -Polytheistic system made it easy for Romans to absorb new people (they would simply absorb new gods; only requirement: new people had to pray to Jupiter Optimus Maximus) -Jews were problematic -They refused to worship any Roman gods -In this particular case, though, Romans made an exception (because Judaism was so ancient and had such a great tradition through time they allowed it) -JEWS COULD MAKE OFFERINGS OF THE STATE THROUGH THEIR OWN GOD -BUT NONETHELESS HAD TO MAKE OFFERINGS FOR WELFARE OF STATE -Jews could be excused from court and military service on the Sabbath, and special markets were set up to accommodate them -LOTS OF CONCESSIONS -Most of these concessions came to an end after REVOLTS IN JUDEA: AD 66 and AD 135 -Even after revolts in Judea, there were harsh sanctions for province of Judea -BUT, the special concessions continued for Jews living in other provinces and in Rome

Metamorphoses

METAMORPHOSES ("Transformations") - his best work -Metamorphoses takes the form of 250 stories tied together loosely by a theme of transformation; has a huge impact on Roman society and subsequent cultures -Metamorphoses: "this concerns the transformation of human beings into...cast into a continuous narrative" -Metamorphoses became a textbook of classic mythology -Huge impact on culture and art -Genius of the work is that he is able to present the stories as a continuous narrative -Picture of Daphne being turned into a tree -Format: hexameter verse (same meter as for epic poetry like in Aeneid) -What makes a work epic is that it deals with gods and kings -Book 1, Lines 1-4: "My soul is wrought to sing of forms transformed to bodies new and strange! Immortal Gods inspire my heart, for ye have changed" -This invocation provides a summary of the work and an appeal to the gods CREATION OF THE WORLD: a chaotic mass transformed into an ordered world 4 AGES OF THE WORLD: GOLD --> SILVER --> BRONZE --> Iron -He says he is living in Bronze age -Bronze age is when wicked things emerge THE FLOOD: flood sent by father of the gods to wipe out human race TRANSFORMATIONS REGARDING AMOROUS GODS: Daphne turns into a tree to escape lust of Apollo -Jupiter turns into a Bull to get Europa to climb on his back and run away with him -So, gods changing into creatures or humans changing into something else in order to escape the gods THE TROJAN WAR AND AENEAS -From the very start JULIUS CAESAR TRANSFORMED INTO A STAR -Coin depicting Caesar and the star -Ovid praises Augustus at the end (since he is supposed to support him) -This is the work he produced before his exile -Wanted to be judged for Metamorphoses rather than the Art of Love