CMN10V: FINAL PART 1

entertainment costs

$3,000/year, movies $12, snack $6, parking, cable, TV

people spend $________ on entertainment annually

$3000

Audience analysis

- Process of gathering information about the audience members through research and informal means and interpreting that information

Communication Functions

- Purpose for which something is defined, used or exists EX: Info exchange, responding to emotions, managing uncertainty, fostering relationships, making decisions, enabling self managment

Gatekeeping at different levels

- Reporter deciding which sources to include - editors decide which stories are printed or covered - Individuals can also act as gatekeepers deciding what info to include through technology - News Media has been losing their power through social media and personal media

From theory to practice

- Severity: there is a threat that is sever - Susceptibility: you are vulnerable to this threat - Response efficacy: my recommendation works - Self-efficacy: you are able to adopt my recommendation

How do we figure out why we watch what we watch?

- Social scientific methods: •Speculate •Theorize •Hypothesis •Test hypotheses: through experimentation and survey

Social Context changes gender-based language

- Some situations make gender more apparent or relevant to the people in the conversation - other situations make other aspects relevant and not gender. -when gender is relevant you get gender-based language (suggests that the language men and woman use is very dynamic and constantly changing)

Stereotypes

- Stereotypes expectations are not always met in actual conversation • Tentative man and unemotional woman

examination of predictors

-Good looks was important for both boys and girls rating female characters and girls rating male characters -strength predicted identification only for boys rating male characters -good looks predicted desired friendship for all 4 groups -strength was not a predictor for any group

Health Outcomes

-Immediate/ eventual effects cmn. between doctor and patient on patient's health EX: Survival, cure/remission, less suffering, emotional well-being, pain control, functional ability, vitality

Traditional information campaign

- top down planning -Expert driven -Influence through awareness -behavior modification -What's wrong with them

Trust in 'clans'

- trust toward EQ2 guild members was higher than trust toward others in the game, implying that persistent game identities and in-game reputation increases trust - self-disclosure was linked to increased trust implying that personal dialog fosters trust in close-knit "clans - trust even higher among guild members that used voicechat instead of text messages -voicechat may improve social experiences and team coordination

Gender and physician nonverbal behaviors

-Interruptions of patient by physician * Lower patient satisfaction for male to male * Increase satisfaction for female to female

e-research

-"Big Data" use of tweets to identify language in big city, FB status to track emotions, mobile phone locations to track traffic -helps make things more clear and provides us with more info

How does the WHO define health

-"state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being." -conceptualized health and disease as dynamic processes rather than stable entities as both health and disease are seen as being in a constant state of change

ENTERTAINEMT

--- amusement or pleasure provided by performers -- anything that causes enjoyment --positive, agreeable, and pleasure -- engaging and involving --

social info processing theory

--people are motivated to relate to one another -- forming impressions takes more time in text based CMC

How much of the world is connected to the net?

-2.7 billion people -a little more than one third of the world's population

starters examples of socioemotional communication

-2/3 of all messages were socioemotional and most of these messages showed solidarity, agreement and jokes

Knowledge Economy

-A knowledge economy encourages worldwide prosperity - it's not zero sum

funding

-After 9/11 funding for healthcare has been reallocated to the War on Terror -now goes toward the Department of Homeland Security

Traits examined in Hoffner study

-Attractiveness, strength, humor, and intelligence -prosocial and antisocial behaviors

Audience consideration

-Audience segmentation- different messages for different audiences - Message tailoring- different messages for each audience member

Will children's perceptions of male and female characters' traits differ?

-Both boys and girls rated female characters as engaging in more positive social behaviors than male characters -girls perceived female characters as more attractive and intelligent than male characters

Intermediate Outcomes

-Coming between two things in time, place, order, character etc. EX: Access to care, quality medical decision, commitment to treatment, trust in system, social support, self- care skills, emotional management

Pathways Model

-Communication Functions -Proximal Outcomes -Intermediate Outcomes -Health Outcomes

What are the 4 characteristics of communication that can effect their effectiveness as communicators?

-Credibility -Liking -Attitudinal similarity -physical attractiveness

Essential Elements is SDM

-Dialogue to define and explain problems -Physician review of options -Discussion of pros/cons of each option -Explication of patient's values and preferences -Discussion of patients abilities/self efficacy -Doctor shares knowledge and recommendations -Check patient understanding -Defer treatment decision -Arrange follow up

4 developments Smil compares to the iPad

-Electricity -vaccination -hybrid crops -synthetic nitrogen fertilizers

Story consistent outcomes

-Favorable attitudes -new beliefs -knowledge -behavior

How do first-order innovations differ from second-order innovations

-First-order innovations: take place only infrequently and at unpredictable times -Second-order innovations: happen frequently

Does gender matter?

-Gender differences in communication -Generalities that don't apply to all -Med school= grow smaller differences

Defining Entertainment

-amusement or pleasure provided by performers (diverting or engaging) -agreeable occupation for the mind (diversion, amusement) -Anything that causes enjoyment

How to report (framing)

-angle, image, wording -shaping the way the audience interprets issues -framing refers to the decision made by journalists about how to present a news story

gender is contextually dependent

-any gender in a convo--you cannot predict what will happen bc each person os diff and can behave in ways inconsistent with predicted gender assumptions -situational variations that can trump any effects from gender that make it hard to predict as well

General (structural) Frames

-appliance to most issues -not representing a particular perspective -grounded in news production process, not driven by political decision -subtle, implicit

Assertiveness forms of communication

-associated w/ femininity and women -connecting to others, rapport, intimacy (connecting to other, rapport, intimacy, compliments, support, praise) -emotional language; referencing to emotion

Adapting to the audience

-audience segmentation: different messages for different audiences -message tailoring: different messages for each audience member

Understanding consumer's orientation

-barriers -benefits -social norms -self efficacy

e-business

-business benefits from technological communication -increased productivity/communication -increased connections with the markets -cell phones are tangible tools to help with safety/health

Entertainment shapes behavior

-by shaping attitudes and beliefs -by activating existing thoughts - may change behavior -by changing arousal level

persuasion and entertainment

-cause shifts in out attitudes and evaluations -results bc conscious thoughtful reflection on the media content -uncertain feelings about a topic-watch content-reflect-think about their stance -attitudes shift in response to media content through less conscious/deliberate process --entertaiment content can make some attitudes more relevant/more sailent for a short period of time, which makes them temporarily more powerful -automatic process=making attitudes more sailent for a while -alter overall attitude towards a topic and make them more/les supportive -providing more evidence -we dont discontinue the evidence just bc it is fictional-still get stored into our mental info store -casual sex and relationships -entertainment media shapes our attitudes by providing the examples we use to formulate those attitudes

Sad Movies and human connection

-character development -empathy

what is the basic approach to the entertainment/Hoffner article?

-children named their favorite TV character and answered questions regarding the character traits, wishful identification, and parasocial interaction with the character -wishful identification and parasocial interaction for male and female characters separately

issue specific

-depends on the nature of the issue -value laden and represent a certain position on the issue -news bias

15. What does the author claim about active and passive audience?

Media effects are contingent- affirm an active role for the mass public audience Is telling people what to think about any different than telling people what to think?

11. What is the gender similarities hypothesis?

Males and females are similar on most, but not all psychological variables They're more alike than they are different

Gender similarities hypothesis

Males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables.

Gender similarities hypothesis

Males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. That is, men and women, as well as boys and girls, are more alike than they are different. In terms of effect sizes, the gender similarities hypothesis states that most psychological gender differences are in the close-tozero (d<0.10) or small (0.11<d<0.35) range, a few are in the moderate range (0.36<d<0.65), and very few are large (d=0.66 -1.00) or very large (d>1.00).

Gender similarities hypothesis

Males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. That is, men and women, as well as boys and girls, are more alike than they are different. In terms of effect sizes, the gender similarities hypothesis states that most psychological gender differences are in the close-to-zero (d<0.10) or small (0.11<d<0.35) range, a few are in the moderate range (0.36<d<0.65), and very few are large (d=0.66 -1.00) or very large (d>1.00).

In #8, note the point about party-to-party and intraparty switching of support by campaign managers [Political Communication/Prior article]

Managers rarely switch from party-to-party but will switch to whoever they think has the best chance of winning.

Insurance and managed care

Many costly problems, such as high provider turnover rates are often related to communication problems

What is the article's zero sum point?

Many dynamics of resource-based economies are zero sum. For example, if you own an oil field, then I can't also own that same oil field. This incentivizes those with resources to hoard rather than share them.

17.3 Connectivity Argument

Many people don't even know what a data plan is or why they would want one

External Factors in News Making

Market influence and political influence

What is the second area of large gender difference?

Measures of sexuality. For incidences of masturbation and attitudes about sex and uncommitted relationships

17. What kind of innovations are Apple's products?

Third-order innovations: use a variety of fundamental second-order innovations to assemble and program devices

mass media effect

a change in an outcome within a person or social entity that is due to mass media influence following exposure to a mass media message or series of messages

media effects

a change in an outcome within a person or social entity that is due to mass media influence following exposure to a mass media message or series of messages

point made about legality of political phone calls

a form of illegal harassment, but the law doesn't apply to candidates. In 2003, lawmakers exempted them arguing to the right of free speech

the willing suspension of disbelief

a fundemental prequisite for the enjoyment of fictional content -we chose not to be dismissive of the things we know are not real -without, media naratives would not be enjoyable -we chose not to dismiss the unreal -allosw us to become involved, to to become emotionally more involved and we are entertained

sex

a genetically and biologically determined characteristic of an individual -genetically and biologically determined -def of being a man or a woman -chromosomes: men=xy; females=xx -does NOT vary across cultures/moments in convos -very stable and is not contextually sensitive like gender-less complicated than gender -medical conditions make gender more comlicated (intersexual conditions)

parasocial relationship

a one-sided relationship with media figure, don't have to be positive, can end

structural theory

a person's position in the network makes a difference in terms of attitudes, behavior, and knowledge **their position in the network determines the information they receive **antecedents-->structure-->info-->attitudes&behaaviors

value

a person's principles or standards of behavior, one's judgment of what is important in life more general/enduring than attitude, goal of persuader

value

a persons principles or standards of behaviors; ones judgements of what is important in life -vlaues are more general and enduring than attitudes -developing over time and are not as easily changed -one value might provide support from a multitude of attitudes persuaides to anchor attitudes to values (accepting your value, but knowing that the attitude ou value implies is different fromthe one you hold)

Guilt Appeals

a persuader can remind us that our behaviors violate personal and societal standards and offer suggestions for redress Makes us aware of our violation of standards and offers a way out Work because guilt challenges our view of self Should be mild to moderate strength - not blaming

attitude

a predisposition to evaluate an object, issue or person -is a judgement about the goodness or badness of something/someone -positive/negative attitude towards the object of that attitude -pos=our predisposition is to evaluate the object of that attitude positively -attitude object= the object of your attitude is the thing that is being evaluated (pizza is the thing being evaluated) -attitudes are centeral in persuasion-our goal is usually to change other peoples attitudes/make it stronger -assume changed attitude will lead to a change in behavior and a strengthened attitude will reinforce current behavior

attitude

a predisposition to evaluate an object, issue, or person judge the goodness/badness, +/- toward object helps us gratify our perceived needs

definition of communication

a process by which information is exchanged among two or more systems existing within a larger supra-system (the environment) with a goal of reducing uncertainty in the future behavior of the interacting systems

News

a product of the junction b/w journalistic practices and strategic news management by politicians

news (political influence)

a product of the junction between journalistic practices and strategic news management by politicians

Economic Perspective

a product, made up of info., opinions and entertainment through with news corporations make money (why we see commercials and drama, etc.)

what is network analysis?

a set of research methods for identifying structures in social systems based on the patterns of relations among its components

gender

a socially constructed system of symbols that in culture uses to define what it means to be a man or a woman -defined by society (socially constructed) and has little to do with biology

persuasion

a successful, intentional (goal directed) effort to influence another persons mental state through communication in a circumstance in which the target person has some measure of freedom

persuasion theory

a system of ideas intended to explain some aspect of persuaion -many theoies of persuasion

persuasion theory

a system of ideas intended to explain some aspect of persuasion

theory

a system of ideas intended to explain something -a theory is an abstraction- an idea hving no physical or concrete existance - a set of ideas that is not tied to any specific observation -it summarizes and explains a class of observations w out reference to ant specific one -must be testable -must be able to falsify it -its testifyable if we can logically deduce specific predictions from it that it can be shown to be supported or not -predictions tsted in a specific study= hypothesis

Identification

a viewer shares a character's perspective and vicariously participates in his/her experiences during the program

priming

ability of the media to affect what issues/traits to evaluate politics extension of ASE, news emphasis changes the way people evaluate politics and president

gender identity

self perception as man/woman, does not cave to be consistent with sex stable but degree of activation depends on situation, which can imply certain behavior

social network

set of nodes that are tied by one or more relations

second largest gender difference

sexuality (masturbation) and attitudes about casual sex

behavioral responses and persuasion

shaping another's behavioral response "socialization" reinforcing another's behavioral response (make people more resistant to other persuasion) changing another's behavioral response

entertainment media shapes behavior

shaping attitudes and beliefs, activating existing thoughts, changing arousal levels

entertainment media persuasion

shift attitudes/evaluations, conscious, thoughtful, reflective, powerful media content

media bites

simple statements about the problem, analogies, visual language, call to action, etc.

media bites

simple, analogies, visual language, call to action

reality cave

simulation box that represents virtual reality

social evolution

since the 1970s, copy trajectory has increased exponentially -growth intervals double=exponential -exponential progress: in the next 2-3 years we will see as much growth since 1973

repetition

sink in, learning and retention, good when varied often, less important if involved, ads

what kind of innovations are Apple's products?

sleek electronic devices

happy first

slower-paced programs

physical attractiveness

small persuasion benefit, depends on culture, weak and inconsistent in attitude change studies

people spend most of their time online doing hwat?

social networking and gaming

Facebook effect on the news

social networks = news homepage less homepages more social media shares (2x, 2013)

social presence theory

social presence is the awareness of others • Media differ in their capacity to transmit nonverbal communication • The fewer the number of cues, the less social presence • Com is effective if the medium provides the appropriate social presence for the task • Face to face>written/text-based CMC • CMC does not translit auditory visual and other nonverbal cues so it provides less social presence

upstream

social, political, physical environments shape health, media advocacy

gender

socially constructed product of culture, dynamic contextually dependent

Gender is at a...

societal level

tension between approaches to healthcare

some do not address psychosocial aspects such as cultural norms, coping abilities and life events that may interact with physical health problems

Held by what kinds of people

some of us may be more likely than others to use our attitudes as guideposts for behavior - some people look outward that will satiny the demands of the situation

why negative media?

something accompanying is positive, agreeable comparison, human connection, arousal

entertainment time

spend so much on entertainment like a job -4.5hrs/day for the ave american -ave school child 1 hr/day playing video games -ave person spends 2.5 hrs/day listening to music -ave teen watches a movie in the movie thearters 1x a week

technology for social change

standardized solution to typical needs, derived from knowledge about the world & embedded in physical structure Ex: dishwasher: derived from knowledge to wash dishes, standardized: to fit under a counter

mental health

state of well-being in which every individual realizes their own potential, can cope withe normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can contribute to community

deindividuation

state where identity is lost

meta-analysis

statistical method for aggregating research findings across many studies of the same question

statistical meta-analysis

statistical method for aggregating research findings across many studies of the same question. It's ideal for synthesizing research on gender differences b/c a ton of studies have been conducted.

types of message structure

statistics, examples, testimonials, demos

local news

stories that are closer to our daily lives that attract the audience profit driven

evergreen stories

stories that aren't about recent events, they are about popular culture instead

external stimuli

story makes us fear self-efficacy, response efficacy, susceptibility, severity

why look at the network structure of small groups?

structure of a group makes a difference in terms of task performance, overall satisfaction, individual satisfaction, control of info(power),

three critical components of systems

structure-- relations or arrangement of components process-- change overtime toward acheiving a goal function-- transformation brought about in inputs to acheive goal, part component plays in hte system to ahceive a goal

health communication

study and use of communication strategies to inform/influence individual decisions

product placement

subtle or obvious recall regardless of liking or disliking show like show = decrease attitude towards brand dislike show = increase attitude towards brand

California's 5-a-day campaign

successful at raising people's awareness of the issue, yet few people actually increased their fruit and vegetable consumption.

assumptions of someone being persuaded

successful influence, goal (measure of success), will to choose (if not = coercion), communication (visual and verbal), change in mental state

Do what kinds of attitudes

suggests that not all attitudes are equal; some based on direct experience w/ attitude object

why do we watch horror movies?

suspense, surprise, fear, horror, not pleasure

What is a theory

system of ideas that are brought together to explain something - Abstractions - idea having physical or no concrete justice - Must be testable (falsify)

how can we think about ICT4D? (Info & Comm Technology for Development)

technological determinism vs. social construction of technology

technological determinism

technological innovation determines social progress technology is neither good, bad, nor neutral

agenda-setting

telling its readers what to think about

agenda setting

tendency to consider issues emphasized in news as important

priming

the ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individuals use to evaluate political figures

what is priming?

the ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individuals use to evaluate political figures

3 effecs of violent content

the aggressor effect the fear of victimization effect desensitization -small but persistent effects, but size of effect and exposure to violent content on aggression is diff for diff people

according to the author, what would the world be like without the iPhone or iPad?

the world would be perfectly fine

international Communication Division

therapeutic common interest group

what does Cialdini claim about the process of human decision making?

there is a science to how we are persuaded. We don't consider all the available information, rather we take short cuts or live by rules of thumb.

What does Cialdini claim about understanding and explaining of decision-making factors

they are surprisingly poor, and most people can't explain why they made a particular decision

organizational messages

they inform, regulate, persuade, and integrate people

What kind of innovations are Apple's products

third-order innovations

electrical innovations were created when and by whom?

thomas edison created the light bulb in 1879

Agenda-setting effects are strongest for whom?

those least involved in the political system

agenda-setting effects are strongest for whom?

those least involved in the political system

attitudes

those that did not like the show: PP increases attitudes towards the brand both subtle and prominent those who like the show:PP subtle or obvi have negative attitudes towards the brand if you dont like the show, PP positively increases attitudes towards product//if you like the show, PP has neg affect towards the brand (gets annoyed bc takes away from story line/angered-take it out on the brand)

We handle the CEO-worthy budgets

though there are many lawyers and accountants supposed to be dealing with money for the presidential campaign it still falls mostly on the campaign managers shoulders

how do player communicate?

through avatar design, online names, and logos

what makes something newsworthy?

timely or new, conflict/controversy, unusual, relevant, or significant

goal of network analysis

to describe the structure of a higher level system based on the pattern of linkages among a set of lower level nodes

traditional info campaigns

begins with top-down planning, expert-driven, influence through awareness, behavior modification, "what's wrong with them"

networks change over time

changing relations among the nodes --internal factors --external chocks to the system

research question 4 (entertainment/Hoffner)

character traits that predict children's wishful identification

gender in media

characters, video games, self-image, sexuality

improve physical health

chemical therapeutic regimens, mechanical therapies, behavioral regimens, psychological regimens

TV and socialization (entertainment/Hoffner article)

children look to adults as behavioral models, and TV provides a wide array of attractive models, learning norms and standards for conduct

Mood Management Theory

choosing entertainment content to non-consciously manage our mood

female characters

chosen for attractiveness

male characters

chosen for intelligence and humor (by girls) for wishful identification chosen for intelligence, attractiveness, strength (by boys) for parasocial interaction

evolution and entertainment

cognitive capacity (excess leads to creativity) symbolic reasoning communication ability

transportation

cognitive, emotions, and imagery involvement in a narrative, more compelling than reality

guilt appeals

comes from behaving in a way that violates the standards of conduct by which our society judges us reminds us that were violating standards and offers a solution challenges our view of self should be mild-moderate, not blaming

intermediate outcomes

coming between two things access, quality medical decision, commit to treatment, trust system, social support, self-care, emotion management

intermediate outcomes

coming between two things in time, place, or order, etc.

parasocial interaction (entertainment/Hoffner article)

coming to know and imaginatively interacting with the characters, a sense of intimate social relationship with a media character or personality

principle of consistency

committing to decision increases confidence, best when no large reward present, gut feeling = sucker ex. laugh track

gender-based language use

communicate in ways related to gender identity

pathways model

communication functions -> proximal outcomes -> intermediate outcomes -> health outcomes

media multiplexity theory

communication media functions as a means of maintaining work and social connections

CMC

computer mediated communication -- human communication that happens through the use of digital devices

what is the medium for CMC

computers-- more broadly describes digital devices

tactics to create healthy habits through ads

conceptual congruency perceptual congruency both works best

patient-oriented care

doctor asks for patient's thoughts, doctor encourages patient to express their feelings

doctor-centered care

doctor sets agenda based on biomedical issues, doctor focuses on the physical not the socioemotional

liking

doesn't equal credibility, increases effectiveness, decreases potency little impact in high-involvement situations

WHO defines health and disease as

dynamic

email

earliest form of cmc and most widely used, still has immense ppularity

what determines shaping news content?

editing, newsworthiness, framing, news that sells

social math

quantify problem, recast to make interesting

overcoming resistance

reactance, counter-arguing, selective avoidance, vulnerability, norms, self-efficacy, expectations

women are better at....

reading others emotions, nonverbal cues, women smile more, listen better, provide better support, people prefer advice and support from women

polytemporal

real time, asynchronous, synchronous polydirectional: one channel encompasses many different sources

weapons of influence

reciprocation, commitment, consistency, social proof, liking, authority, scarcity

new approach to health care

reduce pain and suffering palliative care

emotional language

reference to emotion

emotional communication

reference to emotion--speakers or someone elses emotion -reference to emotion= emotional language

exchange theory

exchange something for benefit attractive offer creates awareness of problem, demonstrates benefits, and offers product at fair price

dispositions

expectations, initial attitudes/beliefs, interests and goals, motivations, biases/prejudices, credibility to speaker

beyond entertainment (effects of entertainment media)

experience of entertainment= most important consequence of viewing/using entertainment media content -learning from entertainment -we learn from the media content we consume -deliberate by producers (dora the exploere)/viewers (listening to spanish music) 1. learn stereotypes-learning about groups from media depiction (w whom we have little contact in real life) -less irl contact means stronger effects -race, ethnicity, gnder, etc 2. learn about the world-not always accurate, CA terms and cigarettes-learn about cigs and smoking

The extended parallel process model

explains the process of fear appeals using the key elements of perceived threat and perceived efficacy -external stimuli -message components (self-efficacy, response efficacy, susceptibility, severity) -message processing (perceived efficacy - self and respond, perceived threat - susceptibility, severity) -outcomes (protective motivation, or defensive motivation) -protective (DANGER) -defensive (FEAR)

social cognitive theory

(Bandura, 1986) viewers learn from positive and negative televised role models and acquire norms and standards for conduct

entertainment overcoming resistance model

(Moyer, Guse) entertainment features -> overcome resistance to change -> leading to story consistent attitude, belief, behavior

health

(WHO) state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

the extended parallel process model

(Witte) fear used to persude, fear appeals external stimuli -> message processing -> outcomes

Consequences of gender-based communication

(when people use gender-based language there are outcomes for the speakers) 1. people judge others based on gender-based language (make assessment of others) 2. Social Influence depends on gender-based language -gendered variations in language result in consequences for the speakers, which means gender-based language is something that can affect how people are judged and the extent to which they influence others. - Effects are relatively small: About 2-3 strength

Working upstream

*Media Advocacy School's fault

Working downstream

*Most campaigns Childhood obesity= kid's fault

how is the distinction b/w news and political ads important

- 1. Motivation and intention make a huge difference in the way messages are processed ♣ inadvertent exposure and information seeking have different consequences - 2. Campaign geography won't matter b/c many campaign ads are not available online ♣ doesn't actually work - availability doesn't mean exposure

Value

- A person's principles or standards of behavior; ones judgement of what is important in life - Values are more general and enduring than attitudes - develop over time and cannot be easily changed - Persuaders often seek to anchor attitudes to values

Attitude

- A predisposition to evaluate and object, issue, or person (A judgement about the goodness or badness of something or someone; Positive, negative and neutral) - Our goal is typically to change peoples attitudes or reinforce them - changed attitude leads to changed behavior, strengthened attitude reinforces behavior

Why news gatekeeping matters?

- Agenda setting by news: •Tendency to consider issues emphasized in news as important •Newsworthiness judgement -> gatekeeping -> agenda setting •By controlling the national agenda, news media exert a huge influence on the political process

Belief

- An acceptance that something is true or that something exists - Not attitudes

News Priming effect

- An extension of the agenda setting effect -News emphasis influences the way people evaluate the president and politicians (Ex. terrorism and national security heavily on their mind - b/c they perceive it to be significant, the issues become primary criteria by which they evaluate the president or candidates.) -Tendency to evaluate the president on the issue emphasized in the news - So, news shapes the criterion of political decision - Priming effect does not mean that the news affects opinions, it affects, subconsciously their decision making process

General (structural) frames

- Applicable to most issues - Not representing a particular perspective - Grounded in news production processes, not driven by political decision - Subtle, implicit - For example: episodic vs. thematic frames

Analysis of audience demographics

- Ave - Gender - Race - Ethnicity, language, culture - SES (socio-economic status) - Religious affiliations

Entertainment Time

- Avg. American - 4.5 hours watching tv per day - School child - 1.25 hours playing video games - Average person - 2.5 hours listening to music - Teenager - movie once a week - 40-50 hours per week w/ entertainment media per week; children and elderly even more

What is persuasion?

- Avg. person exposed to 5000 marketing messages per day - Law, religion, business, sports, healthcare - Personal lives - efforts to find love, maintain relationships, overcome disagreements and challenges - People of all ages practice - used as a tool to support decision making (alone or w/ others) - Persuasion is pervasive

Physical attractiveness

- Beauty is in the eye of the culture - Physical attractiveness on persuasive outcomes has been weak and inconsistent in attitude change studies - Physical attractiveness can be a form of evidence for some topics

Credibility

- Believability of a communicator - It is an the eye of the beholder - Topical

Read the abstract carefully a couple of times--it contains the essence of the article (Gender and communication)

- Books like "Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus", and "You just don't understand: Women and Men in conversation" both of these works and dozens of other like them have argued for the differences hypothesis, that males and females are, psychologically, vastly different. The author on the other hand is advancing a different view, the gender similarities hypothesis.

Assertiveness (trying to influence others)

- Can be behavioral (do something for me) or attitudinal (agree w/ me) - Primarily associated w/ masculinity • Power, independence, dominance • Interruptions, disagreeing, giving suggestions, criticizing - Tentative language - extent to which someone displays uncertainty when communicating • Using tentative language puts someone on the low end of the spectrum for the assertiveness dimension, absence is high on assertive dimension

Socialization:

- Children typically look to adults, such as parents and teachers as behavioral models. But television also provides a wide array of attractive models. Much evidence shows that viewers learn from positive and negative televised role models and acquire norms and standards for conduct

Transportation

- Cognitive, emotional and imagery involvement in the narrative - Reading really engaging book - losing track of time, engrossed in story, characters, etc.

media multiplexity theory

- Communication media functions as a means of maintaining work and social connections - People w/ stronger social ties communicate via more channels (email, FtF, social networking sites, video games)

Dimensions of credibility

- Competence: the belief that the communicator has knowledge or expertise on the topic - Trustworthiness: the belief that the communicator tells the truth, as he/she sees it

Social marketing

- Consumer research -Customer= always right -Influence through exchange -buy into behavior What's wrong with us

Gender varies across culture

- Cultures have different definitions of masculinity and femininity - Gender norms Two men holding hands in other cultures means friends vs. our culture means they are gay

Market influence

- How the audience interests and preferences influence the news making process - Economic Imperative (profit) - Marketing to the audience (Audience research)

Gender is something that is very contextually dependent

- Each person is different and can behave and ways that are inconsistent w/ what youd predict given gender assumptions - Situational variations that can trump any effects from gender that make it hard to predict - Dynamic - changes across times, cultures, people, etc.

Gender identity does not equal sex

- Ex. gender identity inconsistent w/ sex; Men identifying w/ femininity ***Androgynous - identify w/ both masculinity and femininity - Gender identity and sexual orientation can be related they are separate; Ex. heterosexual man can strongly identify w/ femininity for than masculinity

Analysis of audience dispositions

- Expectations - Initial attitudes and beliefs - Interests and goals - Motivations - Biases and prejudices Credibility attributed to the source, spokespersons, sponsor

Analysis of audience knowledge

- Familiarity w/ topic and knowledge - Basic knowledge - Level of direct experience w/ the issue

Three effects of credibility

- Generally enhances persuasion - Has its greatest impact when the audience does not care that much about the topic - Can suppress thinking

Sex

- Genetically and biologically determined (Males XY chromosomes, Females XX) - Individual characteristics - Definition of being a man or a woman - Does not vary over time, cultures or moments in conversation - stable and not contextually stable

Aging

- Health problems do tend to occur more frequently as we age. Our healthcare system still suffers from a number of communication related problems when it comes to providing care to older patients. In terms of physician training, geriatrics is still a subspecialty of family medicine, and other issues such as negative stereotypes of older patients

Ad Exposure

- Inadvertent exposure (they just bump into campaign messages) - Exposed to ads while watching popular programs such as jeopardy and wheel of fortune - Surveillance motivation is not required

Predicting transportation

- Individual variation (More prone than other to experience transportation) - Attitudinal consistency (If you agree w/ perspectives more likely to be transported) - Difficulty of content (Unlikely to be transported if content is overly simple or overly difficult)

Health Communication

- Interdisciplinary study -Applied social science -Ideally theory driven

Evidence for motivations

- MUD players were mostly focused on role-playing, and player trait sociability had a moderate effect on forming online relationships - EQ2 players were motivated to achieve and get immersed but less motivated to socialize (Forming relationships was a by part of players achieving and getting immersed in the game) - WoW players interested in socializing were extraverted, agreeable (warm, considerate), open to experiences, and more neurotic - Achievement-oriented players were high on extraversion and neuroticism - Game achievement motivation was not linked to conscientiousness - Achievement motivation in online games is unrelated to traditional measures of achieving personality

Patriotic appeals

- Made in America - National monuments - Global appeal - Wartime appeals to hate

two step flow of communication

- Media > opinion leaders (those who possess resources that ordinary people don't) > citizens • Political messages do not spread directly to the public, opinion leaders play intermediary role b/w media and public, or politics and public - Comparison of mediated and interpersonal channels - Political discussion is more important than media b/c the public gets its news mostly through political discussion with opinion leaders

Political ad effects

- Mobilizing their political base while demobilizing the opponent's - 1. Solidify the existing supporter base and to recruit undecided voters into this base by promoting positive images of their candidate - 2. Convert the supporters of the opponent by providing negative information about him or her

Uses and Gratifications: Differences

- Motivations to watch reality TV vs. fictions TV shows (dramas, comedies) - Reality: Escape, enjoyment, characters, learning, curiosity - Fictional: Escape, enjoyment, characters

Agenda setting effect

- News influences the way people prioritize public issues - News has the ability to set the public agenda - More salient and important - News emphasis > audience perception of importance issue - News tells us which issues are most important -Managing public agenda and influencing resource allocation in the governing process

Communication Mediation

- News use and political discussion causally connected •News use triggering political discussion - News sets the basis for conversation - The link of 'news-conversation' accounts for political outcomes •Including learning, persuasion, decision-making, and psychological and behavioral engagements - Gives more credit to ordinary citizen's communicative activities

Entertainment is important

- Objective observation - Important b/c people spend a lot of time and resources seeking to be entertained (full-time job)

Preexisting relationships

- Online video games allow people to play w/ friends and family members - Playing online games w/ preexisting personal relationships is linked to media multiplexity theory and user attitude toward relating via online games

Message structure - must be assembled in orderly fashion

- Organization - •1. Audience will be more likely to comprehend and remember message •2. Be perceived as more credible - Number of arguments •Low involved audience - you are correct b/c you have many arguments •High involved - quality over quantity - Argument order •Have no weak arguments - Message sidedness •Refutation two-sided message, more credible - Repetition •Simple and repetitious •Aids learning and retention •Repetition w/ variation - what works best - Conclusion drawing

More than mood management

- Personality traits - Psychological states (Self-esteem) - Mortality salience - Other stuff we don't understand yet

Goals of political advertising

- Persuasion vs. information (news) - Advocacy (enhance image of candidate) and attack ads - People have different expectations about ads and news

facts about XBOX

- Players w/ positive attitudes about connecting socially through XBOX live was linked to increased relational maintenance behaviors w/ friends through XBOX live - Relational maintenance through XBOX live was linked to relational closeness at low and medium levels of offline communication frequency but not at high levels of offline communication - Overall, relational maintenance through XBOX live was more effective when offline communication was less frequent

Non-news Content

- Political socialization through entertainment - Social drama such as law and order, er, etc. - Controversial issues discussed in an experiential mode (Reinforce civic values and suggest values for involvement)

What is assume when we say that we have persuaded someone?

- Successful influence - Goal - must be some outcome that we intend to bring about - Freedom of choice (free will) - other person must be able to say no - Communication - carried out through the use of language - can include both visual and verbal components - Change in mental state - influence another's mental state, changing someone's mind, "attitude change research"

Attitudinal similarity

- Tend to like people more if we think their attitudes are similar to our attitudes - An attitudinally dissimilar communicator can be more persuasive than an attitudinally similar communicator

WoW has two factions: the alliance and the horde

- The alliance has a more western or 'first world' aesthetic and fights for restoring order - The horde has a more non-western and 'third-world' aesthetic and has a more outcast, tribal, and brutal aesthetic - Committed PvP players selected the horde, while alliance players were more conservative - Horde players spent more time playing PvP compared to alliance players, thus fitting the mold - Horde guilds and PvP players were more egalitarian and had a warrior-like ethic

What is the point about the distinction between smart phone ownership and data access?

- The point is that even if you have a smart phone it doesn't mean you have data access. This is because in many countries, the cost of a data plan is vastly more expensive than the price of a smartphone.

Impact of new technologies

- The widespread adoption of computers, new software programs, the internet and other new technologies has led to a variety of changes in communication within the healthcare system. The way in which people obtain health information, and the ways which they communicate about health in daily life. Communication technologies will likely continue to develop and significantly impact the ways in which we communicate about health.

Time spent on EQ2

- Time spent on EQ2 was beneficial for those who played w/ their family but was detrimental for those who did not •EQ2 players that played w/ family and friends showed reduced loneliness compared to those who played w/ strangers •EQ2 play time intruded on time spent w/ family if players did not play w/ their family but playing EQ2 increased family communication time for those who played w/ their family

SIP and time spent playing video games

- Time spent playing online games also affects interpersonal processes in ways congruent w/ social information processing theory - SIP - people reduce uncertainty when meeting strangers online by developing and testing impressions (through asking questions) •Over time, people may also acquire experience in encoding relational communication using text •Shifts communication from impersonal to interpersonal

Issue-specific framing

- Vary depending on the nature of issue - Value-laden (A certain position on the issue) - News bias (b/c of the value-laden nature)

Political Perspective

- What elites who have political power say - news is what official sources say about important issues - Heavy reliance on authorities, he said, she said functions as a channel b/w politics and citizens

How large is the healthcare sector of the U.S. economy?

- Within the U.S. we currently spend over one trillion dollars a year on healthcare services making it the leading sector of the US economy.

Some factors that influence credibility

- education, occupation, experience - violations of expectations • Ex. coal industry spokesperson admitting the coal industry is dirty - Perceived absence of persuasive intent - Evidence - Reputation

Planetside 2

- has 3 civil war factions and players join "outfits" smaller squads (2-12 players) and platoons (2-4) - Faction imbalance affects the games civil war narrative, and makes the game less fun - Game faction arrangement affected the way players connected w/ each other - More bonding occurring among same faction players

Identification:

- has been defined in various ways, but commonly refers to the process by which a viewer shared a character's perspective and vicariously participates in his/her experiences during the program. This process extends to the desire to be like or behave in ways similar to the character, which has been referred to as "wishful identification" Understanding the factors that contribute to wishful identification can be used to elucidate the process by which television portrayals shape behaviors.

Relational communication

- how people in interpersonal relationships interact w/ each other and how they perceive themselves, what they feel about their relational partner and their thoughts about their relationship as a whole -same-sex friends (males: doing things, bonding women: talking about things) -social support (women provide better support, respond to distressed friend that makes them feel better, able to do this by listening/ letting them vent, and helping the friend think the problem should not a problem)

member turnover in guilds

- in WoW guilds was an issue. 21% of WoW guilds disappeared in one month - players left if they and their guild had different objectives. No friends, poor leadership, lack of players, at an acceptable game level, and too high/too low game focus led player dropout

Formal practices of guilds

- include creating a website, mission statement, and recruitment and expulsion policies - recruiting was based on large calls or done by personal referral (especially in smaller guilds). Players also recruited others they met while exploring the game - female guild members were good recruiters and they recruited boyfriends, spouses and family members, etc. - though problematic members were removed, expulsion was rare - the unwritten norm: more than half of guild members used voicechat

Social units in the games narrative

- it is unclear if playing a certain large unit or faction in a game's narrative affects interpersonal behaviors - the aesthetics of online game factions may attract some players and lead to self-selection effects (committed players selecting the warrior-like underdog fiction) or the formation of group norms in ways congruent w/ the game's narrative

Experienced players communication in games

- more experienced online gamers, tended to be more positively socioemotional when exchange messages and were less likely to express negative (in comparison to less experienced who were more likely to be negative in their socioemotional messages) - more experienced gamers use more conventions (emoticons, emodes, abbreviations, etc.)

News that sells

- news is whats fit to sell - news reflects what the audience wants

Character attributes:

- physical strength and activity level were the most important determinants of identification for boys. Whereas physical attractiveness predicted identification for girls, and to lesser extent boys. Some evidence indicated that boys and girls identified less with funny characters, who were often portrayed as "buffoons"

leadership dynamics of guilds

- players in leadership positions are key to the existence of guilds - being a leader usually requires much time and energy, and toxic leaders had negative effects on guild life - players left for personal reasons (new job, children) or move on to other games

News Management by politicians

- press releases, press conference, political events - bad news on weekends (attempt to minimize news coverage) - Vice-presidential candidate nomination (making separate announcement, they can attract the most news as possible)

how is playing online games a powerful social experience?

- requires competing against others and cooperating w/ others in the same game

size of guilds

- smaller guilds (fewer than 10) are more focused on social bonds than larger guilds (more than 35) - however, small guilds also work on achieving goals, and members of large guilds also develop intense relationships - small guilds had selective recruiting practices - large guilds featured strangers that met in-game, and had more formal organizational practices - small guilds resembled sports leagues or clubhouses, while large builds resembled military organizations

Goals of guilds

- though some guilds were more social, socializing was pervasive b/c WoW requires organization among players - players joined and created guilds to accomplish goals and access more challenging content that requires more and better players

what is the point here about voters' knowledge of sources of political information

- voters collect information but forget where it comes from - "fast thinking" we pick up ideas throughout our lives and may not be aware of where they come from

Definition of gender-based language

- when people communicate in ways that are related to their gender identity - When gender is activated or triggered for a communicator they will be likely to use language according to gender norms and expectations

Outcomes of shared decision making

-Make adherence to treatment plans -Greater reliance on preventative behaviors -Lower probability of emergency room visit -Lower rate of hospitalization

Environmental influences

-Media environment -Social environment/ social networks -Physical Environment -Policy Environment

Shared decision making preferences

-Most prefer but not all like doctors know best -Preference of SDM increase -Preference can vary based on situation

Some relational factors

-Mutual respect/ trust -Knowing patient as individual -Shared identity (culture, race, age)

Entertainment Features

-Narrative structure -Parasocial Interaction -Liking of characters -Perceived similarities -identification -transportation -enjoyment

Proximal Outcomes

-Near the point of origin, close (time) EX: Understanding, satisfaction, agreement, trust, feeling known, involved, rapport, motivation

basic internet services

-Non-data-intensive -Tools that people use to discover other content

Qualities of interaction

-Patient participation -Partnership and mutual respect -Information exchange -Patient education -Deliberation/ negotiation Middle ground/ compromise -Flexibility/ individualized

What does Smil note about German cars relative to Toyotas and Hondas

-People favor a product and create an allegiance that devotes itself to loyalty of the brand -people willing to pay high premiums for German engineering

What are the traits examined in the study?

-Physical strength and activity level were the most important determinants of identification for boys, whereas physical attractiveness predicted identification for girls and, to a lesser extent, boys. Some evidence indicated that boys (Reeves & Miller, 1978) and girls (Reeves & Lometti, 1979) identified less with funny characters, who were often portrayed as "buffoons." As Eisenstock (1984, p. 420) noted, however, "since these studies did not separately analyze male and female character identification for children of each sex, it is not possible to determine whether these relationships existed regardless of the sex of the model." -Sex of the character is also important; viewers identify more readily with characters of the same sex

4 P's of Marketing

-Product -Price -Place -Promotion

Observing media choices: Happy

-Relatively mellow slower-paced programs

News Objectivity as a norm

-Reliance on the official sources (he said, she said coverage)

Factors that facilitate SDM

-Skills in seeking, evaluating and utilizing health info -Less inhibition in interpersonal encounters -Consumer perspective on healthcare -Acculturation

What are "evergreen" stories? (Thompson/Facebook)

-Stories about diets, millennials, happiness, studies on coffee and decision making or beautiful photos · Its no longer traditional news stories

Government policy

-Telecommunication Act of 1996 brought more deregulation and open competition (made economic imperative important) and brought more soft news and local programming (soft news is a result for a drive for profit)

Boys will choose same sex favorite characters more often than girls will

-True -91.1% of boys chose same sex characters but just 52.6% of girls

Humor was associated with more wishful identification among girls

-True -Humor is a valued trait as long as the character is not perceived as unintelligent.

Children will report greater wishful identification with same sex rather than opposite sex characters

-True (for girls not boys) -Findings for boys were inconclusive because so few boy chose female characters.

Issue Specific Framing

-Vary depending on nature of issue -Value laden= represent a certain position -news bias

e-revolution/protest

-a lot of protests occur online -digital networks can change way society governs itself

uses and gratifications

-differences (how our motives differ for diff kinds of entertainment media, motivations to watch reality vs fictional shows, to escape, to see appealing characters, more likely to watch relity to learn out of curiosity) -assumptions (1. assume people hace rational reasons for entertainent choices. 2. motivations are often rational or conscious. 3. people are able to identify and articulate the reasons they make entertainment choices they do/do what they do) -limited (but still of value)

the attitude behavior relationhip

-do attitudes cause? -under what conditions/do what kinds of attitudes/ held by what kinds of people/predict what kinds of behaviors? 1. conditions=your attitudes are less likely to be related to your behaviors when you feel social preassure to behave in a particular way -it will be your judgement of what the situation demands that the most shapes your behaviors, not your attitude -you go tosee a movie you dont like b your so wants to see it -attitudes=not all attitudes are equal -some are based on direct expereince w the attitude object 3. people= some of us are more likely than others to use our attitudes as guide posts for making decisions about behavior -some inside look at their attitudes/values when deciding how to act -some look outside- at the setting they find themselves in and behave in a way that will satisfy the demands of the situation 4. behaviors= attitudes may predict some kinds of behaviors more so than other kinds of behaviors -how we measure the behaviors we are going to predict -use my attitude towards exercise to predict your exercise related behaviors

para social relationships

-dont have to be positive-someone that annoys you-you dont care abt them, just in a neg way(neg parasocial relationsip) -they can end- (para social break up)= at the end of a series w characters we cared about. results in an increase sense of sadness and lonelinesss-like having real relationships end

Entertainment and the self

-each of us in order to function, both personally and socially develop this sense of who we are and our sense of self -a cleared sense of self is helpful but limiting 1. limited self vs. seeking freedom 2. Frustration from the self 3. Moving beyond the self (temporarily mentally move beyond who we are)

multi-user dungeons (MUDs)

-early example -text-based, multi-player, communicate only using texts and emoticons, emods and linguistic conventions

role of mass media in the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies

-elected officials generally respond to citizens' policy preferences, by acting on issues that citizens believe government should act on -citizens tend to evaluate public figures on the basis of the issues that are emphasized in the mass media

e-health

-electronic health records available -more accessible, cheaper -ICT efficient -increased productivity, decreased -transaction time -ObamaCare

Learning from entertainment

-entertainment designed for learning -entertainment used for learning stereotypes -learning about the world

general purpose technology

-exponential rate of improvement -getting incredibly cheap -almost unlimited supply -applicable to a lot of purposes EX: general purpose --> infrastructure

Encounters w/ unacquainted human players

-forming new relationships w/ unfamiliar players is a key social process in online games -nearly all MUD players formed personal relationships w/ other users (including acquaintances, colleagues, close friends, romantic and sexual partners)

gender and other communicative behaviors (EMOTION)

-gender affects language broadly-not just language use -gender influences comm -comm is broader than language use -emotion= m&w have diff norms and expectations in terms of how much emotion they experience/they express/share with others -women are better at reading emotions than men -women are experienced to experience and express high levels of positive emotions-happiness -more acceptable for women to experience and express negative emotion -sadness -men and women have diff standards for the experience and expression of emotion-women have more leway than men

gender in other contexts

-gendered comm is vast -effects thought process about people --have bias that favor men over women --how people think of someone else and how they assess that person depends on if the person is m/f--the stereotypes about the gender groups -effects families --how fams are structures and the way in which fam members interact depend on gender --effects of gender impact range of process in families: types of chores -leadership and organization --males are more likely to be leaders -glass ceiling effect=men usually make more money and are more likely to be promoted than women --purely an effect of gender-of other factros are equal, the effect still exists -computer mediated communication --how people use language in media/ how they precieve others/ how groups interact, etc -media-tv, video games, movies --gender roles of characters in media; men=heroes and women=those tobe rescued --extent to which m/w use media --media plays role in self image-women compare, slender, photoshopped images --effects how m/w learn about sexuaity and what norms/expecations/behaviors are comm for having sex

thematic framing

-general context -societal standpoint -broader narratives -grounded in journalism

Message distribution of political ads

-geography of campaign based on budget and competitiveness (2008 presidential election)

the fear of victimization effect

-heavy tv viewers -more fearful about becoming victims of violence -increases distrust of others -more likely to perceive the world as a dangerous place -generally occurs when people are evaluating unfamiliar environments (availability heuristic) -perceptions

Time spent online results in:

-increased social online video play was linked to smaller and lower quality offline social circles -time spent playing online games may result is social displacement effects (trade offs b/w offline connections for newly formed online connections)

digital explosion

-took several decades before technology diffused throughout society -in the late 1980s, only 1% of all stored info was digital

Political impact of news at the macro level

-indirect impact -news leads to public opinion leads to politics -democracy is an assumption of political impact of news (news media, will help bring a bottom-up democracy) but will also nurture nurture democracy

Presume Influence

-indirect influence -news -> perception of social norms -> opinion/behavior (opinions presented frequently are prominently in the news are likely interpreted as being majority opinions -news functions as a conduit of social influence as long as people perceive coverage to be an accurate depiction of society (perception effects our opinions and behaviors when it comes to social conformity)

The internet and political socialization

-informational and communicative - encourage community involvement and civi participation • earning, reinforcing social connections, and coordinating collective actions • Media use and social networks works together to produce civil engagement

transportation

-involvement w the story =coginitve, emotional and imaginary involvement in a naarative -read an engaging book-lose track of time, engrossed in a story/characters -wht is happnening in a book is more compelling than real world -just very involved -transported in a cognitive and emotional cognitive sense into the naarative

Electrical Innovations

-late 1870s - beginning of the 20th -small number of inventors, engineers, and scientists. -Thomas Edison

Political socialization

-lean about politics -engage in political discussions -participate in civic/political life

Liking

-liking does not equal credibility (can dislike someone as still see them as credible) -liked communicators are generally more effective than disliked communicators -liking is less potent than credibility -liking has little impact in high-involvement situations

News Selection - "News Gatekeeping"

-limited time and space for news coverage -audience attention is limited

Caveats of gendered communication

-magnitude of gender effects is small -context is extremely important

Third places

-massive online video games are akin to third places (or spaces that afford informal sociability) - individuals are free to come and go - outside pecking order do not matter - conversation is a main activity - accessible and accommodate large numbers - attract regular visitors - offer familiar and stable locations

consequences of gender based language

-men and women use language diff,, and there are two consequences: 1. judging others based on language use --make assessments of their charatcteristics (smart, kind, dom, etc) --if use, tentative language, they will think you are powerless, uncertain and uninteligent 2. social influence depends on gender based language use ---using certain language associated with one gender can increase your chances of changing someones mind/getting others to do things for you (ex: confident and assertive person=you think very positiviely of the person-smart, creative, powerful) -consequences are real, but they are not dramatically large differences, they are small effects

episodic framing

-more personal angle with specific cases more prevalent -more prevalent in news coverage because of audience interest and preference -represent political view

findings on sex differences

-nearly all boys selected same sex characters (1/2 girls did so) -girls reported more wishful identification and parasocial interaction with same sex characters -male characters: intelligence was the trait -girls rated female characters more intelligent than male characters -humor: more among girls with wishful identification

groups

-networks are often composed of subgroups -groups are sets of ndoes that communicate more with each other than with other ndoes in the network(often called cliques, factions, clusters or communities

Framing Effect

-news frame -> audience issue interpretation (how the audience thinks about the issue)

entertainment shapes our behavior

-not always fullly aware -by shaping attitudes ad beliefs, shapes behaviors -by activating existing thoughts (change behaviro) -by activating existing thoughts (more likely to eat if someone else is eating) -by changing arousal level 9more arousal=more aggressive) -entertainemt media are pretty influential

e-education

-open online courses -online news sources -countries can adopt/learn from other countries -educational software

Aging

-our healthcare system has communication-related problems with older patients -The next several decades will witness a substantial increase in older adults in the US

Para-social interaction

-para: beside or alongside -parasocial: not quite social, but a lot alike -parasocial relationships: a one-sided relationship w/ a media figure

Difficulties in studying nonverbal behaviors

-patient privacy concerns -logistics -resource intensive research

Uses and Gratifications: Assumptions

-people have rational reasons for entertainment choices (motivations are often not rational or conscious) -people can accurately identify and articulate why they do what they do (problematic, limited but still of value)

Episodic Framing

-personal angle w/ specific issues -more entertaining and appealing to the audience -more prevalent in news (especially broadcast news)

Horror movies and arousal

-personalities that drive them to seek stimulation (sensation seekers) -not just about fun, but understandable

Some Physician factors tha facilitate

-training in SDM -Positive attitude -Supportive of choice

more than mood management theory that shape our entertainment choices

-personality traits (introversion, sensation seeking) -psychological traits (self esteem) -mortality sailance (more awareness of his/her own mortality and imminent death=shames media choices

effects of helping behaviors

-playing pro social video games increases pro social behaviors

Effects of political discussion

-political understanding -group identity (partisanship) -political participation

Media Politics

-politicians and parties turn to news media b/c 1. population growth (FtF campaigning is more expensive and difficult) 2. weakening political parties (Primaries) 3. technologies (appealing to politicians b/c it makes it possible to efficiently reach out to voters and disseminate their messages)

Observing media choices: Angry

-positive programs -slow-paced -move in positive direction while calming

effects of advertising

-product placement -product placement recall those watching that did not like show=product placement workd for recall, even if it is subtle those watching who like the show=product placement works for recall, even if subtle product placement is positively related to recall: remember seeing weather obvi or not/if they like the show or not just bc they remember it does not mean that they like it

Overcoming resistance

-reactance -counter-arguing -selective avoidance -perceived vulnerability -Perceived norms -self efficacy -outcome expectations

Nonverbal Communication

-related to emotion; gender norms for men and women in terms of what is expected and allowed -context

Political communication research

-role of messages and communication in the interactions of politics and citizens ex. system of government policy making vs. citizen political actives such as voting -an interdisciplinary area: communication, political science, etc.

2. Observing the media choices: Depressed

-seek out up-beat programs comedies fast-paced programs content that will improve mood

Parasocial interaction

-sense of an intimate social relationship with a media character or personality -viewers feel as if they know the characters.

Rathenau description of Edison's accomplishment

-showed signs of astonishing skill and incomparable genius - beautifully conceived down to the very details

Liking

-similar to us -pay us compliments -cooperate with us towards mutual goals

Thematic Framing

-societal angle in a general context

gender varies across cultures

-some cultures have diff definitions of masc/femininity -gender norms in some cultures allow two heterosexual men to hold hands to show friendship publicly, but in ours it means they are gay/son and father

why do we chose non plesant media choices

-something about the negative media is positive -sad songs but have a story of sacrifice/selfelessness/ a good mesage behind it -no the sad stuff, but the elements of the mediacontent that accompany te sad -appretiation ant not enjoyment -not agreeable but provides an agreeable comparison -we all focus on stree, disappointment and suffering, but we have never been chased by zombies -compare my life to horror movies, my life looks pretty good -walking out of a horror movie: enjoyment comes from not being afraid anymore and i only enjoy bc i was afraid -sadmovies focus on character development more than any other movies -horror movies are arousing-we seek them to be aroused -those that seek out horror movies are those that drive them ri seek new and exciting stimulation=SENSATION SEEKERS= people for whom elevated levels of arousal is a good thing

Common elements of entertainment

-something positive -engaging or involving (diverting, occupation for the mind) -response (something that we experience in response to something outside of us)

Entertainment and evolution

-sort of accident of evolution; a number of traits that we as a species share each of which serves some purpose for survival, combined to produce a tendency for us to seek out entertainment -cognitive capacity -symbolic reasoning and communication ability

Production mechanism of political advertising

-strategic decisions (to persuade and mobilize)

computer simulations

-studies/simulations are used for safety -new features that never existed before modern technology -EX: weather tracking (hurricanes/storms), traffic visuals

the functions of communication in groups

-task oriented -socioemotional (negative and positive)

How are health campaigns taking advantage of new technology?

-technology + interactivity - Tailored messaging

1. Manipulating mood

-test manipulation; induces depression or angry

entertainment and the self

-the seof= my sense of who i am -multiple series (mother, sister, teacher, aunt) -identity is constrained (helps you act in a certain situation) -clear sense of sense=helpful//limiting -limited vs seeking freedom= sense of self is frustrating bc i want freedom to be different elves. not unhappy w self, but at some level dont want to be limited to who i am -frusteration from self=dont live up to standards I set for myself (failure as a father-sense of self is the source of the feelings of failure) -why we seek out entertainment= moving beyond the self-we get to temporarily move beyond who we are and connect with an alternative self/ a diff sense of self

physical well being and the media

-there is a link between viewing media content and disordered eating intentions and behaviors -females have disordered eating intensions and engage in disordered eating behaviors following exposure to media -media use predicted disordered eating among preadolescents girls, but not boys one year later -females internalize the thin ideal as a function of media exposure -boys and men are affected differently: exposure to media content related to lower body dissatisfaction and body esteem and excessive exercise

Gender in other contexts

-thought process about people (and how we process social information - men are favored) -families -leadership organizations -Glass Ceiling effect -CMC -Media

effects on morality

-tv shows include prosocial messages -preschool aged children do not comprehend these prosocial messages (but may have learned even though they cannot say that they did) -exposure to a message of fairness increased childrens perspective taking abilities (increased their moral judgements, engaged in moral reasoning) -watching tv with a parent helped the perspective taking process

medias effects on mental well being

-tv watching is linked to children's self esteem: increased self esteem for white boys and decreased for black boys and white and black girls (bc content in media white males have better money and jobs and females are more submissive and have less representation)\-self esteem is influenced by online communication too -adolescents use of social networking sites is related to self esteem: more use stimulates the number of friendships made on the sites and the # of feedback they receive on their profiles -positive feedback correlates with increased self esteem and well being. negative feedback relates to decreased self esteem. likes on IG: (others got more than I did=feel worse abt yourself, I got more likes than others=people dont feel better OR worse)

entertainment and evolution

-useful traits (purpose for survival that combine to give us tendancy to seek out entertainment) -cognitive capacity=used to help us survive, but now survival is not as hard bc of the environments we set up for ourselves, so we have massive excess capacity and nothing to do w it -symbolic reasoning and communication ability=ability to share and think abstact thoughts so we turned to our symbolic environment into a way to occupy our brains -seeking out entertainment is about addressing the fundemental mismatch between our coginitive capacity and the material conditions of our existance-then the demands that they place on they cognitive capacity

persuasion as an influence of behavioral responses

-want to affect another persons way of thinking to alter their behavior in some way -"to be persuaided". situations where behavior has been modified in some way 1. shaping anothers behavioral response -use of words, images to cultrate another person. patterns of behavior in a domination for which no prior pattern existed (ex-a parent teaching children=shaping their patterns of behavior -persuasion as a response shaping process= socialization 2. reinforcing anothers behavioral response -regulate your regular purchase of colgate-remind you why you keep buying it -goal of response reinforcing to make a person more resistant to the persuaisive efforts of another individual whose views might be counter to our norm 3. changing anothers behavioral response -neighbor might to decide to switch to colgate

involvement w entertainment

-we become very involved w what we are watching -involvement is inherent to the experience of entertainment -singing/crying eventhough we dont know the characters

gender changes over time

-work force used to be male majority. man=work to provide and woman=working at home/raise children/cook/clean -today men and women work-women still primarily domestic tasks, but in transition for men to me home and monetary providers. slow moving

What are the various arguments about the costs of inflated claims of gender differences?

1) Gilligan's (1982) argument that women speak in a different moral "voice" than men is a well-known example of the differences model. Women, according to Gilligan, speak in a moral voice of caring, whereas men speak in a voice of justice. Despite the fact that meta-analyses discon- firm her arguments for large gender differences (Jaffee & Hyde, 2000; Thoma, 1986; Walker, 1984), Gilligan's ideas September 2005 ● American Psychologist 589 have permeated American culture. One consequence of this overinflated claim of gender differences is that it reifies the stereotype of women as caring and nurturant and men as lacking in nurturance. One cost to men is that they may believe that they cannot be nurturant, even in their role as father. For women, the cost in the workplace can be enor- mous. Women who violate the stereotype of being nur- turant and nice can be penalized in hiring and evaluations. 2)Overall, women leaders were evaluated as positively as men leaders (d 0.05). However, women leaders por- trayed as uncaring autocrats were at a more substantial disadvantage than were men leaders portrayed similarly (d 0.30). Women who violated the caring stereotype paid for it in their evaluations. The persistence of the stereotype of women as nurturers leads to serious costs for women who violate this stereotype in the workplace. 3)The costs of overinflated claims of gender differences hit children as well. According to stereotypes, boys are better at math than girls are (Hyde, Fennema, Ryan, Frost, & Hopp, 1990). This stereotype is proclaimed in mass media headlines (Barnett & Rivers, 2004). Meta-analyses, however, indicate a pattern of gender similarities for math performance. 4)In the realm of intimate heterosexual relationships, women and men are told that they are as different as if they came from different planets and that they communicate in dramatically different ways (Gray, 1992; Tannen, 1991). When relationship conflicts occur, good communication is essential to resolving the conflict (Gottman, 1994). If, however, women and men believe what they have been told—that it is almost impossible for them to communicate with each other—they may simply give up on trying to resolve the conflict through better communication. Thera- pists will need to dispel erroneous beliefs in massive, unbridgeable gender differences.

learning

main effect of entertainment media

Fear appeals

1. - High-threat messages do not necessarily arouse fear •Must be believable to get fear response •Must be relevant to arouse fear •Must be novel (must be new news) 2. - The correlation b/w level of threat and level of arousal is positive but modest in size •Not easy to scare people - Efficacy reassurances are important 3. - People may be responsive to messages about their actions affect their loved ones •Ex. second hand smoke

Average american spends_________ hours watching TV and the average school aged child spends _______ hours playing video games and the average teenager spends _______ hours listening to music a weeek

1. 4.5 2. 1.25 3. 2.5 people watch a movie once a week when added up the average american spends 40-50 hours a week on entertainemt

Humor appeals

1. An effective attention-gaining evidence 2. Little consistent effect of message comprehension and retention 3. Relevant humor sometimes enhances communicator credibility 4. Humor in advertising can increase liking of advertisement

What are the traits examined in the study?

1. Attractiveness 2. Strength 3. Humor 4. Intelligence

Review the 10 items discussed in the article. You don't need to memorize them but should be able to recognize them. [Political Communication/Prior article]

1. Campaigning is expensive as **** and campaign managers have to handle all that money (CEO-worthy budgets) 2. Few campaign managers have a business background, and some admit that they could use some accounting training, but why get training when you move up the ranks based on who you know and how often you win? 3. Before the 2008 presidential campaign, 47% of Americans got a call about it, and before 2010 69% did. The Do Not Call Registry doesn't apply to them bc "free speech", even though with most other businesses, this kind of harassment is against the law 4. As a campaign gets more heated, campaign managers and senior staffers find it hard to stay out of the spotlight, even though they'd rather not discuss their pasts. "The more the news talks about the campaign, the less they're talking about why a candidate should be elected" 5. Saying a candidate is doing well in the polls can be biased because they "created the polls" with their research team. Even though what they're saying is true, they're only presenting the good information in order to get support and money from people 6. When the candidate wins, there's almost always a "win bonus", plus the candidate often picks up on the health insurance and phone bills of their manager 7. Donating to the cause doesn't always go to the right place. Donating to the campaign usually is spent on the campaign, but giving money to a leadership political action committee (PAC) mostly it just goes to other campaigns and politicians 8. Managers rarely jump from party to party but they will so some intraparty switching of support, because they will work for whoever they think is going to win 9. The job is a stepping stone to stardom (some kind of TV program with you), or as TV is dying out more people are ending up as political lobbyists or consultants instead. 10. The win-at-all-costs mentality of campaigns can wreak havoc with ethics. Even if saying something is legal, it might only have some truth to it.

Factors that increase campaign effectiveness

1. Conduct formative research 2. Grounded in theory 3. Segment audiences 4. Use a targeted message design approach 5. Use widely viewed channels 6. Conduct process evaluation 7. Conduct sensitive education research

Communicator characteristics that enhance persuasion

1. Credibility -competence and trustworthiness 2. Liking -less potent than credibility -little impact on high involvment situations 3. Attitudinal Similarity -Dissimilar= more persuasive than similar 4. Physical Attractiveness

Sex Appeals

1. Decorative model: model decorates model 2. Nudity 3. Suggestiveness: images implying sexual play 4. Double entendre 5. Sexual images are attention-gaining 6. Brand name recall may suffer 7. Images focus on an ad execution, not product evaluation 8. Credibility effects 9. Body image effects

Overall Process

1. Define problem and policy solution 2. Identify relevant policy makers 3. Determine how to reach policymakers with media 4. Determine what to say to policymakers 5. Determine how to attract journalists attention 6. Media Strategy

Types of Analysis

1. Demographic 2. Knowledge 3. Dispostion

Shaping News Content

1. Editing (digestible, easy to follow, shorter stories, more images + graphics, more news summaries) 2. Newsworthiness (lifestyle, human-interest stories, stories w/ compelling images) 3. Framing (episodic framing preferred over thematic frames)

Note the four developments that Smil compares to the iPad. [Digital Communication/Smil article]

1. Electricity 2. vaccination 3. hybrid crops 4. synthetic fertilizers

Interpersonal communication in online games

1. Encounters w/ unacquainted human players 2. Intergroup communication among players organized I stable groups or "clans" 3. Communication in social units existing within the game's narrative (elf faction, games version of NATO) 4. Online game interactions among people in preexisting relationships (e.g. family, friends, romantic partners)

3 effects of credibility

1. Enhances persuasion 2. Greatest impact where audience doesn't care much about issue 3. Can suppress thinking

Emotional Appeals

1. Fear 2. Guilt 3. Humor 4. Types of Sex Appeals 5. Patriotic Appeals

Guilt appeals

1. Guilt arises from our awareness that we have behaved in a way that violates the standards of conduct by which our society judge's us 2. We can also feel guilty based on the standards-violating actions of our social group •Ex. guilty over ancestors treated natives 3. A guilt appeal makes us aware of our violation of standards and offers a way out 4. Guilt appeals work b/c guilt challenges our view of self 5. Guilt appeals should be mild to moderate - not blaming.

What are the 3 important elements of what the author calls "the rough plan" for internet access? [Digital Communication/Zuckerberg "Connectivity" article]

1. Making internet access affordable by making it more efficient to deliver data 2. Using less data by improving the efficiency of the apps and experiences we use 3. Helping businesses drive internet access by developing new model to get people online

18. Effects on more primitive parts of the brain

Blood flow is directed towards the more primitive, deeper areas necessary for survival → impairment in functioning

3 elements for the "the rough plan" for internet access

1. Making internet access affordable by making it more efficient to deliver data; 2. Using less data by improving the efficiency of the apps and experiences we use; 3. Helping businesses drive internet access by developing a new model to get people online

What are the 3 main claims of the article (the 3 suggestions for using social media)? [Curry/Washington Post]

1. More and more people rely on social media for news and information 2. Despite its growing popularity, social media's influence on political participation remains unclear 3. Gathering political information via social media brings an increased risk of digesting information from questionable sources

What are the four arguments cited on the point about connectivity? [Digital Communication/Zuckerberg "Connectivity" article]

1. Most people don't have much disposable income to spend on data access 2. Global infrastructure required to deliver intern is extremely expensive and costs tens of billions each yr 3. Most people have never experienced the internet and don't know what a data plan is or if they'd want one 4. A lot of people don't have phones

What are the four arguments cited on the point about connectivity?

1. Most people in the world don't have much disposable income to spend on data access. 2. The global infrastructure required to deliver the internet is extremely expensive and costs tens of billions of dollars every year. 3. Even when they can afford it, many people who have never experienced the internet don't know what a data plan is or why they'd want one. 4. A lot of people don't have phones.

What are the four arguments cited on the point about connectivity?

1. Most people in the world don't have much disposable income to spend on data access. 2. The global infrastructure required to deliverer the internet is extremely expensive and cost tens of billions of dollars every year. 3. Even when they can afford it, many people who have never experienced the internet don't know what a data plan is or why they'd want one. 4. A lot of people don't have phones. Many are either very young or old, but many just cannot afford on.

Sending more messages and increased number of unique game partners was linked to loneliness. Though paradoxical, it is possible that:

1. Players were making shallow connections 2. Players w/ problematic psychosocial tendencies (shyness, depression) spent more time playing and making connections but ended up lonelier

Gaining Compliance

1. Pregiving- give target person something prior to making request 2. Legitimizing paltry contribution- Even a dime will help.. create shame/ guilt 3. Foot in the Door- small request than larger 4. Door in the face- Large request than smaller 5. Low balling- hide certain aspects until the end 6. That's not all- present request then before can respond, improve offer

Persuasion as influence of behavior

1. Shaping other's behavior 2. Reinforcing existing patterns of behavior 3. Changing another;s behavioral response

Nonverbal/Verbal Communication

1. Substitute (thumbs up) 2. Reinforce (shake head & say no) 3. Contradiction (sarcastic)

What is perceived when we say we have persuaded someone?

1. Successful influence 2. Goal 3. Freedom of choice 4. Communication- visual and verbal 5. Change in mental state

Review the 10 items discussed in the article. You don't need to memorize them but should be able to recognize them

1. We handle CEO worthy budgets 2. ...but we never took accounting 101 3. The Do Not Call Registry can't touch us 4. We'd rather not discuss our pasts 5. We did well in the polls? We made the polls 6. We like winning... cash bonuses 7. The money you send doesn't reach us 8. Well work for (almost) anyone 9. This job is a stepping stone - to stardom 10. Sometimes we play dirty, very dirty

Review the 10 items discussed in the article. You don't need to memorize them but should be able to recognize them.

1. We handle CEO-Worthy budgets: 2. But we never took accounting 101: the jobs about who you know and what you learn on the job so getting a financial training is not necessary. 3. The do not call registry can't touch us: the law of harassment over the phone does not apply to candidates. 4. We'd rather not discuss our pasts: Campaign manager's past 5. We did well in the polls? We made the polls: 10 percent of a campaign's budget goes to research, which includes public polling and digging up dirt on the competitor. 6. We like winning, cash bonuses: Winning gets manager's cash bonuses 7. The money you send doesn't reach us 8. We'll work for (almost) anyone: 9. This job is a stepping stone to stardom: To get to TV, or as a consultant 10. Sometimes we play dirty, very dirty:

predicting transportation

1. individual variation= an attribution of audience members-some are more prone to experiencing transportation than others 2. attitudional consistency=more likely to transport if we are viewing something that is consistent with out beliefs/attitudes-if you agree w perspectives 3. challenging but not overwhelming=unlikely to be trasported if media constne is overly simple/difficult

Motivations to play:

1. achievers (focus on levels up and acquiring game assets) 2. Explorers (focus on mapping the depth and breadth of the game world) 3. Socializers (focus on player relationships and role-playing) 4. Killers (players distressing other players)

message strategy

1. answer problem, solution, matter? 2. frame to support policy and frame "messenger is message" must be authentic, spokesperson training

Two Primary Effects of Good Organization

1. audience will be more likely to comprehend and remember your message 2. you will be perceived as a more credible communicator

5 Main criteria of newsworthiness

1. being timely or new 2. Conflict or controversy 3. Being unusual 4. Being relevant 5. Being significant

5 main criteria used when deciding whether or not something is newsworthy

1. being timely/new 2. conflict/controversy - draw human attention b/c they apply potential for change 3. Being unusual 4. Being relevant to community or society 5. Being significant by its nature

types of mass media effects

1. cognitions 2. attitudes 3. beliefs 4. affects 5. physiology 6. behavior

6 diff types of media effects

1. cognitions (thoughts) 2. attitudes (how you feel about something/someone) 3. beliefs (your beliefs on something) 4. Affects (emotion) 5. Physiology (ex violent vidoe games= physiological desensitization) 6. behavior (ex: tv watching=eating disorders)

categories of study in gender reading

1. cognitive variables 2. VC/NVC 3. social/personality 4. psychological well-being 5. motor skills 6. miscellaneous

Shaping news content

1. editing 2. newsworthiness 3. framing

market influence (3 ways) shaping news content

1. editing (digestible, easy to follow, shorter stories, more images & graphics, more summaries) 2. newsworthiness (lifestyle, human interest stories, compelling images) 3. framing (episodic frames preferred over thematic, crime story example)

effects of credibilty

1. enhances persuasion 2. increases impact when audience doesn't care 3. suppress thinking

why do we seek entertainment

1. entertainment and the self (limited vs seeking freedom, frusteration from the self, moving beyond the self) 2. entertainment and evolution (cognitive capacity, symbolic reasoning and communication ability)

access strategy

1. identify key people 2. build relationships 3. sell story 4. time approach

How did German inventor Rathenau describe Edison's accomplishment? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

Everything was well thought out and detailed

consequences of gender-based language

1. judging others based on use 2. social influence (effects are small)

caveats of gender

1. magnitude of gender effects is small 2. context is important, very dynamic

3 important elements of "the rough plan" for internet access

1. making internet access affordable by making it more efficient to deliver data 2. using less data by improving the efficiency of the apps and experiences we use 3. helping businesses drive internet access by developing a new model to get people online

mood management evidence

1. manipulate mood 2. osberve media choices --depressed mood more likely to seek up beat, happy programming-comedies-content that imporoves their mood --happy mood state more likely to chose something mellow, slower paced programs. do not have to have their mood lifted-so have a wider variety of movies to chose from --angry mood state more likely to chose media content that is positive, but also fairly low key, slow paced. want to move their mood in a pos direction, but also seek to calm themselves down

3 main claims of the Curry/Washington Post article

1. more and more people rely on social media for news and information 2. despite its growing popularity, social media's influence on political participation remains unclear 3. gathering political info via social media brings an increased risk of digesting info from questionable sources

4 arguments cited about connectivity

1. most people don't have much disposable income to spend on data access 2. the global infrastructure required to deliver the internet is extremely expensive 3. even when they can afford it, many people who have never experienced the internet don't know what a data plan is or why they'd want one 4. a lot of people don't have phones

Factors affecting the formation of new relationships in online video games:

1. motivations to play the game 2. time spent playing the game 3. nonverbal and verbal communication patterns among players

media strategy

1. needed? 2. goal = bring attention 3. personal persuasion then media 4. most effective channel

6 steps in social marketing

1. planning 2. formative research 3. strategizing 4. campaign development 5. campaign implementation 6. tracking and evaluation

2 activities for intervening & guiding social dynamics

1. positive feedback 2. negative feedback

Persuasion as influence of behavioral responses

1. shaping another behavioral response 'socialization' 2. reinforcing existing patters of behavior 4. changing another behavioral response

what types of people do we like?

1. similar to us 2. pay us compliments 3. cooperate with us

5 characteristics are present when we say we persuaided someone

1. successful influence -the notion of success is embedded in the concept of persuasion -a successful attempt to persuaide 2. goal -ersuasion is connected to the notion of success, so we have to have a goal -have an outcome we intend to bring about -without a goal we have no standard to judge weather we have been sucessful or not -goal we tend to achieve through persuasion 3. freedom of choice (free will) - we limit our use of term "persuasion" to situations in which the target of influence has the opportunity to say no -not persuasion if we intimidate/use threats (that= coersion) 4. communication -persuasion requires communication -persuasion is carried out through use of language-to present evidence and arguments -but limiteing the study of persuasion to verbal messages is too limiting -comm can be both visual and verbal components 5. change in mental state- involving an effort to influence another persons mental state-what they hold to be true, good, important, etc -persuasion=changin someones mind

effects of violent content

1. the aggressor effect 2. the fear of victimization effect 3. desensitization

newsworthy

1. timely or new 2. conflict/controversy 3. unusual 4. relevant 5. significant

10 items in political cmn article (don't need to memorize)

1. we handle CEO-worthy budgets... 2 ...but we never took Accounting 101 3. the Do Not Call Registry can't touch us 4. we'd rather not discuss our pasts 5. we did well in the polls? We made the polls. 6. we like winning... cash bonuses 7. the money you end doesn't reach us 8. we'll work for (almost) anyone 9. this job is a stepping stone, to stardom 10. sometimes we play dirty...very dirty

Evidence and Attitude Change

Evidence must be novel, relevant, and believable

what are the 2 examples of "technical saltations"?

1. when our hominine ancestors began using stones to fashion other stones into sharp tools 2. there has been no more fundamental, epoch-making modern innovation that the large-scale commercial generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electricity

(5) main criteria when deciding newsworthiness

1. whether it is timely or new 2. conflict or controversy 3. being unusual 4. being relevant 5. being significant

4 properties of natural systems

1. wholeness-- focus on the whole rather than the parts 2. self regulation-- components interactions constraints each other and it facilitates the coordination of behavior 3. adaption-- change over time due to changing environment 4. hierarchial embeddedness-- systems composed of individuals and systems embedded in suprasystems

various arguments about the costs of inflated claims of gender differences

1. women speak in a moral voice of caring, and men speak in a voice of justice (not confirmed in meta-analysis, it is true in American culture) 2. stereotype of women as nurtures (leads to serious costs for women who violate the stereotype in the workplace) 3. parents' expectations for children's mathematics success relate strongly to outcomes such as the child's mathematics self-confidence and performance, parents; expectations influence children (according to stereotypes, boys are better at math than girls → girls may be overlooked) 4. women and men are unable to communicate with each other 5. self-esteem is roughly as much a problem for adolescent boys as it is for adolescent girls

16. Polling data being strategically used by campaigns

10% of campaign budget goes to polling and spinning numbers to more positive Not inaccurate, but don't take it too seriously

point about polling data being used strategically by campaigns

10% of campaign's budget goes to research: public polling and digging up dirt on the competitor (opposition research). Polling data is often used to persuade voters to vote and to open wallets.

cell owners between the ages of 18 and 24 exchange an average of ________ messages per day

109.5

10.1 How did people ages 18-29 differ from those 30-49 in their thoughts about political campaign news?

18-29 believe social media is the most helpful source of info 30-49 ranked social media 3rd after TV and news

how do people ages 18-29 differ from those 30-49 in their thoughts about political campaign news?

18-29: 35% say that social media is the most helpful source of information about the presidential campaign 30-49: social media is ranked 3rd after cable TV and news websites

Electrical innovations were created when? By whom? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

1870s to early 1900s by a small number of inventors, engineers, and scientists

effects of morality

1999 - 1/20 top children tv included prosocial lesson (Woodard) 2008 - 75% of child TV included act of altruism (Wilson, Kunkel, Drogos) preschool children do not comprehend/transfer moral messages in prosocial TV (Mares & Acosta, 2008)

How do first-order innovations differ from second-order innovations? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

1st order are infrequent while 2nd order are the improvements and perfections of them

perceptual congruency

2 concepts that look similar, like a tiger and a carrot

How much of the world is connected to the net, and how fast is it growing? [Digital Communication/Zuckerberg "Connectivity" article]

2.7 billion people (a little more than 1/3 of the world) and it's growing by 9% each year (slow in comparison)

how much of the world is connected to the net, and how fast is it growing?

2.7 billion people (a little more than 1/3 of the worlds population) has internet access, and is increasing by less than 9% each year

how much of the world is connected to the net, and how fast is it growing

2.7 billion people (a little more than 1/3 of the worlds population) have internet access. Internet adoption is growing by less than 9% each year (considered slow)

How much of the world is connected to the net, and how fast is it growing?

2.7 billion people have internet access, and the internet adoption is growing by less than 9% each year. Slow considering how early we are in its development and that it is expected to slow further

17. How much of the world is connected to the net, and how fast is it growing?

2.7 billion people, about ⅓ of the world's population Growing by less than 9% a year

time spent online most and least

27% gaming/social networking; 4% news online

How long has health communication been a defined area of research?

30 years

What kind of innovations are Apple's products? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

3rd order innovations

entertainment time

4.5 hrs/day TV, 1.25 hours video games, 2.5 hours music 40-50 hours a week

Gender changes over time

50 - 60 years ago to be a man was to work, to be a woman was to be at home raising the children, cooking and cleaning.

communication through mobile devices is very popular

90% of American adults have a cellphone, 58% have a smartphone, 42% havea tablet computer

newsreaders

<50% read on facebook 10% go to facebook for news 3/20 = news

media content

=anything that causes enjoyment problematic bc diff people find diff things enjoyable and songs are not enjoyable all the time

How does the WHO define health, and what is the point about dynamic processes?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.Both health and disease are dynamic processes as opposed to stable entities. They are in a constant state of change.

relational commnunication

=how people in interpersonal relationships interact with eachother, how they precieve themselves/what they feel about their relationship partner and their thoughts about their reltionship as a whole -same sex friends (how people define relationship and how they interact) -social support (how men/women provide social support to eachother is didd) --social support happens when one is feeling sad/frusterated and another tries to make them feel better --women provide better support than men (can make people feel better and better listenetrs) --women listen and let friends vent by aknowledging friends problems and not making the friend think that the problem should not be a problem and elaborate on the problem and how the friend feels to allow the freind to think about the prob in positive ways --men are more likely to say "dont worry about it" or "its nothing, now lets drink." dont help others with prob and dealing w negative emotions --m&w find more comfort when they seek out support from women as opposed to men -

gender based language use

=when people communicate in ways that are related to their GI -when gender is activated/triggered for a communicator, they will be likely to use language according to gender norms and expectations -assertiveness (tentative language) -affiliation (emotional communication) -any given language feature will reside at a particular level of asertiveness and a particular level of affiliation

Credibility

A judgment made by a message recipient concerning the believability of a communicator In the eye of the beholder Topical Two Dimensions: perceived Competence & Trustworthiness

What does the test contend about a large portion of health campaigns ability to effect change in the U.S.?

A large portion of health campaigns have not led to substantial health behavior change.

17.4 Connectivity Argument

A lot of people don't have phones

What is a persuasion theory

A persuasion theory is a system of ideas intended to explain some aspect of persuasion - Persuasion researches use a variety of theories - More than on theory can be used in a single study - No unified theory of persuasion

News

A product of the junction between journalistic practices and strategic news management by politicians

what is the second area of large gender difference?

A second area in which large gender differences are found is some— but not all—measures of sexuality (Oliver & Hyde, 1993). Gender differences are strikingly large for incidences of masturbation and for attitudes about sex in a casual, uncommitted relationship. In contrast, the gender difference in reported sexual satisfaction is close to zero.

How does the WHO define health, and what is the point about dynamic processes?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. A dynamic process.

According to the author, what would the world be like without the iPhone or iPad?

A world without an iPhone or iPad would be perfectly fine

The lecture discusses three reasons why attack advertising is prevalent. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons? A. Attack ads are less expensive to produce than advocacy ads. B. Attacked candidates often counterattack. C. Attack ads, more often than advocacy ads, spark watercooler conversations and debate on social media. D. Attack ads draw more attention from the news media than advocacy ads.

A. Attack ads are less expensive to produce than advocacy ads.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Audience interests are reflected in newsworthiness. B. Agenda-setting function of news begins with framing. C. Newsworthiness is an unobservable concept in journalism. D. All of the above are true.

A. Audience interests are reflected in newsworthiness.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about political discussion? A. By nature, political discussion is always dialogic. B. Inequalities in social power and resources may create asymmetrical communication. C. Political discussion does not always represent rational, impartial deliberation. D. News often sets the basis for political discussion.

A. By nature, political discussion is always dialogic.

It is inappropriate to base an experimental study of persuasion on more than one theory of persuasion. A. False B. True

A. False

Which of the following statements about the field of Health Communication is TRUE? A. Health communication is an applied social science. B. Health communicators do not use theory. C. The health communication field is based in the field of Communication. D. Health communication research is concerned exclusively with developing health campaigns.

A. Health communication is an applied social science.

Which of the following statements is true about issue-specific framing? A. It sparks a debate about bias in political news. B. It does not represent a particular perspective on an issue. C. It is deeply grounded in the news production processes. D. It is subtle and implicit.

A. It sparks a debate about bias in political news.

Which of the following is one of the examples indicating that news media's marketing to its audience shapes news content? A. News is made with more images and graphics. B. There are less news summaries. C. News stories become longer. D. All of the above are true.

A. News is made with more images and graphics.

Which of the following is true about political advertising? A. Political advertising is mostly targeted toward undecided voters. B. Advocacy ads are more prevalent than attack ads when campaign is competitive. C. The general research conclusion is that negative ads harm the health of politics. D. All of the above are true.

A. Political advertising is mostly targeted toward undecided voters.

Compared to a non-tentative speaker, being tentative can result in people thinking a speaker is which of the following? A. Powerless B. Considerate C. Confused D. Ashamed E. Shy

A. Powerless

'Tweaking' the basic communication model includes what trait as its most important feature? A. The final model is no longer linear or one-directional B. The final model re-names 'encoding' as 'behaving' C. The final model is bigger and therefore better D. None of the above

A. The final model is no longer linear or one-directional

Which is not a determinant of a network's structure? A. They are all determinants of network structure. B. Language and cultural similarity C. Homophily D. The physical distance between nodes E. Individual's roles in society and organizations

A. They are all determinants of network structure.

Although it is different from THE linear model of communication, Berlo's SMCR model is linear or one-directional. A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following is a socially constructed system of symbols that a cultures uses to define men and women? A. gender B. societal norms C. sex D. sterotypes

A. gender

Feedback is A. information that flows from the receiver to the sender B. information that flows from the environment to the sender about the communication C. verbal D. none of the above

A. information that flows from the receiver to the sender

Which type of personal network has the highest density? A. interlocking B. wheel C. isolate D. radial network E. chain

A. interlocking

Which is the following best describes the frequency with which gender differences tend to emerge in communication? A. sometimes B. most of the time C. all of the time

A. sometimes

In contrast with the traditional health information campaign, the social marketing campaign A. uses exchange theory principles. B. begins with top-down planning. C. seeks to influence through increased awareness. D. is expert driven.

A. uses exchange theory principles.

The best way to study nonverbal behavior in doctor-patient visits is to A. videotape the visits using multiple cameras for later coding. B. reply on physicians' reports of their nonverbal behaviors, collected by questionnaire after the visit. C. reply on patients' reports of their nonverbal behaviors, collected by questionnaire after the visit. D. use real-time coding, focusing on just one nonverbal behavior.

A. videotape the visits using multiple cameras for later coding.

ACME Model for Health Communication

A: Audience, C: Channel of communication, M: Message, E: Evaluation

15. What is agenda-setting?

Ability of news media to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda

15. What is priming?

Ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individuals use to evaluate political figures Lots of terrorism coverage → foreign affairs importance

Belief

Accepting that something is true or that something exists

what does the study show about gender differences in aggression?

Across several meta-analyses, aggression has repeat- edly shown gender differences that are moderate in magnitude The gender difference in physical aggression is particularly reliable and is larger than the gender difference in verbal aggression. Much publicity has been given to gender differences in relational aggression, with girls scoring higher According to the Archer (2004) meta-analysis, indirect or relational ag- gression showed an effect size for gender differences of 0.45 when measured by direct observation, but it was only 0.19 for peer ratings, 0.02 for self-reports, and 0.13 for teacher reports. Therefore, the evidence is am- biguous regarding the magnitude of the gender difference in relational aggression.

Demographic Analysis

Age (average and range) Gender Race Ethnicity, language, and culture SES (socioeconomic status) Religious affiliations

how did people ages 18-29 differ from those 30-49 in their thoughts about political campaign news?

Age 18-29 said that 'social media' was the most helpful source of information about the presidential campaign. 30-49, social media ranked third behind cable tv and news websites.

Theoretical Foundations

Agenda Setting theory- examines how media sets policy agenda and defines the nature of the debate Framing- perspective presented or implied for extracting meaning from a message

What does Cialdini claim about understanding and explaining of decision making factors?

Most people can't explain why they made a particular decision

12. RQ2

Among boys and girls, will wishful identification differ for same and opposite sex characters?

How are older americans different?

Among voters 50+, social media is less popular. Depend primarily on TV and other traditional news outlets to learn about elections.

Humor

An effective attention-gaining device Has little consistent effect on message comprehensions and recall Relevant humor sometimes enhances communicator credibility Humor in advertising can increase liking of the advertisement

That's Not All

An offer is made Before the target person can response, the offer is improved The decision is made Offer is better

Social Marketing

Application of commercial marketing technologies to the analysis, planning, execution and evaluation of programs designed to influence the voluntary behavior of target audiences in order to improve their personal welfare and that of their society

Guilt

Arises from our awareness that we have behaved in a way that violates the standards of conduct by which we our society judges us Also based on the standards-violating actions of our social group ex: how our ancestors treated a certain group of people.

Diversity

As people from cultures that have very different perceptions of illness, health, and healthcare, immigrate to the US. Some cultural belief systems regarding health can be at odds with more mainstream conceptions of health, causing problems for both patients and providers. Many health communication scholars are researching ways that health communication problems based on intercultural differences can be improved as well as which health disparities can be reduced.

Exchange Theory

Asked to exchange something to obtain the benefits of a product/ service

Attitude- Behavior Relationship

Attitudes cause behavior? Yes and no, depends on people and situation

Functions of Attitudes

Attitudes= functional because they help us gratify our perceived needs - some attitudal functions= utilitarian, social adjustive, ego defensive, value expressive

12. What are the traits examined in the study?

Attractiveness, strength, humor, and intelligence

ACME Model for Health Communication Campaign

Audience Channel Message Evaluation

Soft news

Audience interest and preference

The concept of ________ suggest that people tend to consider issues and topics emphasized in news coverage as important to society. A. Framing B. Agenda setting C. Gatekeeping D. Newsworthiness

B. Agenda setting

Which of the following statements is true? A. In the news production process, framing decisions are made prior to gatekeeping decisions. B. As personal media or social media have become increasingly popular, the news media has been losing its power of gatekeeping. C. Gatekeeping is an example of how the government influences news production. D. Framing refers to news organizations' decisions about what to cover.

B. As personal media or social media have become increasingly popular, the news media has been losing its power of gatekeeping.

A system consists of independent components in which the sum of the parts is greater than the whole. A. True B. False

B. False

Consequences for using gender-based language use might not occur all the time, but when they do occur, they are strong or have a large magnitude. A. True B. False

B. False

Intentionality is a defining or necessary element of communication. A. True B. False

B. False

Language differences between men and women are large in magnitude. A. True B. False

B. False

One way to be sure I don't communicate with anyone is to not leave my house. A. True B. False

B. False

The two-step flow model views the two channels, mediated and interpersonal, as complimentary, not competing. That is, if one increases, then the other increases as well. As a result, the overall political impact of communication, media and social networks combined, increases. A. True B. False

B. False

When reporting hard issues such as politics, the economy, and war, news media primarily use thematic framing. A. True B. False

B. False

The view that news is not what happened but what someone says has happened is associated with ____________. A. The freedom of the press B. Norm of news objectivity C. Audience interest and preference D. The First Amendment

B. Norm of news objectivity

Which of the following statements does NOT describe self-regulation? A. Self-regulation facilitates the coordination of components' behavior to achieve the systems' goals B. Self-regulation refers to the process of components adapting over time due to the changing environment C. Self-regulation involves the various components of a system interacting to constrain each other's behavior. D. Self-regulation reduces uncertainty in other components' behavior.

B. Self-regulation refers to the process of components adapting over time due to the changing environment

What is a node? A. A mathematical function B. The unit of analysis in network analysis C. A channel of communication D. A discrete mass E. None of the above

B. The unit of analysis in network analysis

The primary goal of organizational communication A. To make friends with other workers B. To reduce uncertainty in future behavior C. To sanction lazy workers D. To make workers happy E. To make a profit

B. To reduce uncertainty in future behavior

Which of the following statements about argument order is true? A. If the person you are trying to persuade will have the opportunity to ask questions along the way, you will want to present your strongest arguments last. B. Your strongest arguments should be presented first if your audience is attempting to judge your character. C. Your strongest arguments should be presented last if your audience cares a great deal about the issue. D. All of the above statements are true.

B. Your strongest arguments should be presented first if your audience is attempting to judge your character.

Audience segmentation involves taking what we have learned through our audience analysis and A. dividing the audience into smaller, heterogenous audiences. B. dividing the audience into smaller, homogenous audiences. C. describing the audience's attitudes on the issue. D. preparing a separate persuasive message for each audience member. E. describing the audience's initial values.

B. dividing the audience into smaller, homogenous audiences.

17.1 Connectivity Argument

Most people don't have the disposable income to spend on data access

Polysemic messages are those that: A. produce only dominant meanings in audiences B. have multiple meanings C. produce only oppositional or negotiated meanings in audiences D. are clearly understood

B. have multiple meanings

When a person watches an entertainment program with health messages embedded in it, the person is ________ likely to counter-argue if they are transported into the story and identify with the characters. A. more B. less

B. less

Guilt appeals are most effective when the persuader attempts to arouse a ________ level of guilt in the message recipient. A. strong B. moderate C. weak

B. moderate

Nationalistic appeals are most effective when they are used to persuade people who tend to think of themselves as citizens of _________. A. the world B. the nation

B. the nation

According to the basic transmission model, when is communication effective? A. when the message is understood B. when the desired effect is reached C. when both communicators are satisfied D. when cows come home

B. when the desired effect is reached

What are the factors in the author's definition of basic internet services?

Basic services need to be non-data-intensive, which means primarily text-based services and very simple apps like weather. Data-intensive experiences like video, streaming music, high resolution photos, websites with media and large files or app downloads consume the vast majority of all data. For perspective, all of the text in this document is less than 0.1MB and a 30 second video can easily be 50-100MB. Basic services also need to be tools that people use to discover other content. These services should have the property that by making data for them free, people will discover more new content and use meaningfully more data than they would have if they didn't have access to these basic services.

Physical Attractiveness

Beauty is in the eye of the culture The effect has been weak and inconsistent in attitude change studies Can be a form of evidence for some topics

What is the article's zero sum point?

Before the internet and the knowledge economy, our economy was primarily industrial and resource-based. Many dynamics of resource-based economies are zero sum. For example, if you own an oil field, then I can't also own that same oil field. This incentivizes those with resources to hoard rather than share them. But a knowledge economy is different and encourages worldwide prosperity. It's not zero sum. If you know something, that doesn't stop me from knowing it too. In fact, the more things we all know, the better ideas, products and services we can all offer and the better all of our lives will be.

Gender identity can influence one's behavior and their communication specifically

Behave in ways that are masculine or feminine depending on the extent to which they identify w/ stereotypical man or woman

What is agenda-setting?

Bernard Cohen expressed the essence of agenda-setting when he claimed that the press "may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it's stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about.

17. Electrical innovations were created when? By whom?

Between the late 1870s-early 1900s Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, Joseph Swan, Charles Clarke, John Gibbs, etc

12. H1

Boys will choose same-sex favorite characters more often than girls will

Why does the author think the efficiency of delivering data is about to increase greatly? [Digital Communication/Zuckerberg "Connectivity" article]

Bringing down the underlying costs of delivering data using less data by building more efficient apps

17. Why does the author think the efficiency of delivering data is about to increase greatly?

Bringing down underlying costs of delivering data Using less data by building more efficient apps Begin to offer free basic services to those that can't afford it

Concorde EX (scarcity)

British Airways announced that they would no longer be operating the twice daily London-New York Concorde flight, sales the very next day took off because it became a scarce resource making people want it more

10. What does the article conclude about news vs. entertainment in the BuzzFeed top 20 most viral stories?

Buzzfeed has cracked the viral code on Facebook, and it isn't even really a news site, news isn't going viral

Changes in news content induced by the Telecommunications Act of 1996 include: A. More soft news. B. More news programming. C. All of the above D. None of the above

C. All of the above

Which environmental sectors must organizations keep track of in order to reduce environmental uncertainty? A. Political and legal B. Natural or Physical C. All of the above D. Values of society E. Economic

C. All of the above

On which of the following dimensions would interruptions and insults fall for gender-based language use? A. Antagonism B. Aggressiveness C. Assertiveness D. Admonishment

C. Assertiveness

Which is the following quote describing? "The evening news, as you know, works on elimination. We can't include everything." A. News framing B. Agenda setting C. Gatekeeping D. News bias

C. Gatekeeping

Which of the following statements is true about the news priming effect? A. When evaluating political candidates, we rely on our perception of how other people think. B. We evaluate political candidates mainly based on their party affiliation. C. How political candidates are evaluated is decided by media agenda. D. When evaluating political candidates, we consider their performance on all issues related to the office.

C. How political candidates are evaluated is decided by media agenda.

When reporting on the issue of poverty, news taking an episodic frame (compared with news taking a thematic frame) tends to... A. Increase the support for government policies designed to address the issue of poverty. B. Increase the likelihood of viewers criticizing the government for its inaction. C. Increase the likelihood of viewers blaming individuals in poverty for their misfortune. D. Be viewed as more objective and balanced.

C. Increase the likelihood of viewers blaming individuals in poverty for their misfortune.

What is the purpose of the Hollywood, Health, & Society program at the University of Southern California? A. Its purpose is to study the effects of violence in entertainment media on young children. B. Its purpose is to raise funds from Hollywood celebrities to run public service announcements on nutrition in the State of California. C. Its purpose is to provide entertainment industry professionals with free, expert information for storylines on health-related issues. D. Its purpose is to study the effects of violent video games on the behaviors of children, adolescents, and adults.

C. Its purpose is to provide entertainment industry professionals with free, expert information for storylines on health-related issues.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Thematic frames discuss issues from a more personal angle with specific events or instances. B. Episodic frames discuss issues in a more general context and from a societal standpoint. C. Television news tend to present social problems in episodic terms. D. All of the above are true.

C. Television news tend to present social problems in episodic terms.

The agenda-setting effect suggest that ___________. A. Less involved audience members tend to believe whatever they hear. B. The news media have a direct impact on individual behavior. C. The news media influence the way people prioritize public issues. D. Editorials have a stronger impact on individual behavior than straight news.

C. The news media influence the way people prioritize public issues.

Communication Network Analysis can be used to describe A. A method for comparing ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, TBS, CNN and the other television networks. B. A method for comparing the services provided by the various mobile telephone carriers. C. The structure of communication systems based on the relations of its components. D. A method for describing which shows appear on which television stations.

C. The structure of communication systems based on the relations of its components.

Which of the following can directly influence the way someone behaves or communicates? A. sex B. gender C. gender identity D. sexual orientation

C. gender identity

Gender identity resides at a(n) ________, whereas gender resides at a(n) ________. The blanks should be respectively filled with which pair of phrases? A. societal level, individual level B. cultural level, psychological level C. individual level, societal level D. none of the above are correct

C. individual level, societal level

Which of the following is NOT a type of individual communication network? A. radial B. interlocking C. pendant D. isolate

C. pendant

The informal communication network is an emergent property of A. the environment B. The formal organizational chart C. repetitive exchanges of messages among role occupants D. the content of organizational messages E. the organizational goals

C. repetitive exchanges of messages among role occupants

Theories are developed through A. comparison with other theories B. natural observation C. systematic observation D. critical thinking

C. systematic observation

In general, women's friendships with other women mostly revolve around ________, whereas mens' friendships with other men usually revolve around ________. The blanks should be filled with which of the following respective sets of phrases? A. agree with each other; disagreeing with each other B. helping each other; competing with each other C. talking with each other; doing things with each other D. complementing each other; teasing each other

C. talking with each other; doing things with each other

Information is A. the same as data B. expensive for organization C. that which reduces uncertainty D. involves only computers E. is the primary goal of organization

C. that which reduces uncertainty

We'd rather not discuss our pasts

Campaign managers are supposed to sty out of the spotlight because the more the news is talking about the campaign manager, the less they're talking about why a candidate should be elected

In #5, note the point about polling data being used strategically by campaigns [Political Communication/Prior article]

Campaign managers will spin the negative numbers and trumpet the positive numbers after setting up the polling.

Direct Pathways

Causal chain in which satisfying one or more communication funtion by itself brings about improved health

Indirect Pathway

Causal chain in whihc effects of communication on health are mediated proximal and/or intermediate outcomes

The first paragraph is the abstract of the study--read it closely (wishful identification, para-social interaction)

Children aged 7-12 were interviewed about their favorite TV character. Nearly all boys and about half of the girls selected same-sex favorites. For male characters, wishful identification was predicted by intelligence and (for girls only) humor; Para social interaction was predicted by intelligence, attractiveness, and (for boys only) strength. For female characters (chosen only by girls) attractiveness was the only significant predictor. Although girls rated female characters as more intelligent than male characters, this trait apparently was not an important determinant of attraction

Hoffner article

Children named their favorite TV character and answered questions regarding the character's traits and their wishful identification and parasocial interaction with the character.

Basic approach of the study

Children named their favorite TV character, and answered questions regarding the character's traits and their wishful identification and para-social interaction with the character

What was the basic approach of the study? [Entertainment/Hoffner article]

Children were asked to name their favorite TV character and answer questions regarding their traits, wishful identification, and parasocial interaction with the character. This was expected to give a different yield of answers than before

12. H2

Children will report greater wishful identification with same-sex characters than with opposite-sex characters

What does the article suggest about the relationship of news via social media and voter turnout?

Citizens less interested in news and politics became more politically engaged online after coming across news and political information on social media. Including activities such as emailing a political leader, signing an online petition, and encouraging friends to vote.

What does the author believe about the role of mass media in the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies?

Citizens tend to evaluate public figures on the basis of the issues that are emphasized in the mass media. It is but a short leap to assume that such evaluations are incorporated into individuals decisions about which candidates to vote for. Second, the nature of media coverage helps structure individuals beliefs about the appropriate policy responses of government.

Which of the following is not a medium of communication? A. television B. voice C. posture D. all of the above are communication media

D. all of the above are communication media

Commitment Explanation

Commitment: an engagement or obligation that restricts freedom of actions We are taught from an early age not to renege on our promises

Gender and other communicative behaviors

Communication is broader than language use

Difference b/w two step flow and communication mediation

Communication mediation: - Political discussion as a key intermediary in both ideas - Conversation is among ordinary citizens not from opinion leaders to public - But, the nature of discussion is viewed differently - Two channels, mediated and interpersonal, as complementary, not competing (If one increases, then the other increases as well)

• What kind of innovations are Apple's products?

Consequently, Apple's products are actually third-order innovations that use a variety of fundamental second-order innovations in the now vast realm of electronic components to assemble and to program devices whose greatest appeal has been due to their (choose your own adjective, or embrace all of them) sleek, unorthodox, elegant, streamlined, clean, functional interface design.

Distinctive Features

Consumer orientation commercial marketing technologies voluntary change in behavior targeting personal and societal welfare

10.2 What does the article suggest about the relationship of news via social media and voter turnout?

Consuming news and political info → more likely to vote

Smil offers two examples of first-order innovations or what he calls "technical saltations" (saltation is from the Latin word for "leap" and refers to a sudden change from one generation to the next, that is large, or very large, in comparison with the usual). What are the two saltations he describes? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

Creation of stone tools and the generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electricity

Four Well-Studied Characteristics of Communicators

Credibility Liking Attitudinal Similarity Physical Attractiveness

diversity

Cultural diversity will continue to have a major influence on our healthcare system as people from cultures that have very different perceptions of illness, health, and healthcare immigrate to the US. Some cultural belief systems regarding health can be at odds with more mainstream conceptions of health, causing problems for both patients and providers. In addition, within the US, there are many different co-cultures based on ethinicity, region, and socioeconomic status. Culture is often related to health disparities, acess to healthcare services, ad health literacy, which puts groups within the US at greater risk for health problems.

Which of the following is an example of an expression of a belief? A. "The President's performance in office has been excellent." B. "The Governor's position on corporate taxes is foolish." C. "The Mayor is a good person." D. "The city councilman is gay."

D. "The city councilman is gay."

In the future we can expect health communication campaigns to make greater use of A. the Internet B. gaming technologies C. electronic medical records D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is true about the pro-civic function of the Internet? A. Informational use of the Internet promotes civic engagement because it allows users to gain knowledge. B. Communicative use of the Internet facilitates civic engagement by allowing users to reinforce social linkages. C. E-mail allows users to coordinate their actions with great efficiency. D. All of the above are true.

D. All of the above are true.

Which of the following statements is true about news effects? A. The news priming effects is an extension of the agenda-setting effect. B. By depicting what others do and how they feel about social issues, news shapes individuals' perceptions of social norms. C. The news priming effect illustrates how news impacts the way that people make decisions. D. All of the above is true.

D. All of the above is true.

Why do we look at the network structure of small groups? A. Because they determine the profit for each of the networks. B. Because the communication in groups is interesting. C. Because they determine the television programs the various networks will show. D. Because of the structure of the group makes a difference in task performance and satisfaction.

D. Because of the structure of the group makes a difference in task performance and satisfaction.

In the analysis of small group networks, which type of group structure is the best for the completion of complex tasks? A. Wheel B. Chain C. Circle D. Comcom E. They all are equally effective.

D. Comcom

Which of the following is NOT a way that interpersonal discussion encourages citizen participation? A. Enhancing political knowledge and understanding. B. Developing and maintaining political identity. C. Putting peer group pressure on others to participate. D. Creating political skepticism.

D. Creating political skepticism.

A formal organizational chart shows A. Whether or not a person is a manager B. Where a person is physically located in an organization's physical plant (e.g., building, grounds, geographical location) C. Material or work flow D. Flows of authority and responsibility

D. Flows of authority and responsibility

Gender varies in which of the following ways? A. between different cultures B. from situation to situation C. from person to person D. all of the above are correct

D. all of the above are correct

The primary difference between transferring of information and exchange of information is A. The amount of feedback B. One involves sources and the other receivers C. One involves people and the other the media D. One is a one way flow and the other a two-way flow E. One involves messages and the other information

D. One is a one way flow and the other a two-way flow

Overall which small group performs the best on simple tasks? A. Comcom B. The circle C. They all perform about the same D. The wheel E. The chain

D. The wheel

According to Stuart Hall's Theory of Encoding and Decoding, which of the following modes of decoding results in a valid act of communication? A. dominant meaning B. negotiated meaning C. oppositional meaning D. all of the above are valid

D. all of the above are valid

Formative research should be conducted A. after the campaign is over to assess the campaign's effectiveness. B. while the campaign is running to assess what ideas are being formed in audience members' minds. C. during the summative phase of campaign activities. D. before the campaign is developed and launched.

D. before the campaign is developed and launched.

Which of the following is NOT a communication network role? A. bridge link B. liaison C. tree node D. chain

D. chain

Which of the following is not a component of the concept "persuasion"? A. successful influence B. influence goal C. communication D. coercion E. freedom of choice

D. coercion

The two dimensions of credibility are A. charisma and dynamism B. fidelity and competence C. beliefs and knowledge D. competence and trustworthiness E. attitudes and values

D. competence and trustworthiness

You want your neighbor to make a donation to a charity that supports wounded veterans. You first task the neighbor to sign a petition encouraging the Governor to support a new program to aid California's wounded veterans. Once she signs, you ask for the donation. Which compliance-gaining strategy are you using? A. door-in-the-face B. pregiving C. "that's not all" D. foot-in-the-door

D. foot-in-the-door

gender _______ = sex

DOES NOT

What is the point about the distinction between smart phone ownership and data access? [Digital Communication/Zuckerberg "Connectivity" article]

Data access costs much more than smartphones do

Sex Appeals

Decorative Model Nudity Suggestiveness: images implying sexual play Double Entendre: a word or phrase open to two interpretations, one of which is indecent Attention-gaining Brand name, credibility, product evaluation, and body image may suffer

Tailoring

Delivering adapted message to each group

Types of Analysis

Demographic Analysis Knowledge Analysis Disposition Analysis

What is framing?

Determines how individuals perceive the issue and therefore how new information about the issue is categorized and integrated into their prior beliefs and attitudes

Audience Segmentation

Different messages for different audiences Process of segmenting people into relatively homogeneous subgroups Segmentation based on demographics, psycho-graphics, media use, product use

Message Tailoring

Different messages for each audience member Tailoring: delivering a different, adapted message to each individual

what are the opportunities of ICT4D?

E-government, E-health, E-education, E-protest/revolution, E-business, E-research

Which of the following statements about values is false? A. Values are more general and long-lasting than attitudes. B. A value can support many different attitudes. C. The values you have today are probably the values you will have throughout your life. D. Values develop over time and are not easily changed. E. "Value" and "belief" are different words for the same thing.

E. "Value" and "belief" are different words for the same thing.

Organizational messages perform which of the following functions? A. Task B. Maintenance C. Innovation D. A & B E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which is not a property of natural systems? A. Wholeness B. Adaption C. Self-regulation D. Hierarchical embeddedness E. Complexity

E. Complexity

Which of the following statements about media advocacy campaigns is FALSE? A. Media advocates use science findings to advance their objectives. B. Media advocacy gives a high priority to primary prevention of threats to health. C. Media advocates are focused on policy change. D. Media advocacy campaigns seek to improve the social, political, and physical environments that shape our health. E. Media advocacy should not be used with traditional media campaigns that target individuals.

E. Media advocacy should not be used with traditional media campaigns that target individuals.

When conducting an analysis of an individual node, what questions should be asked? A. What are the characteristics of focal nodes (attributes)? B. What are the characteristics of ties between focal node & network members? C. How frequently do they communicate? D. What is their relationship? E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a quality of the interaction we would expect to find when a doctor practices shared decision making? A. information exchange B. partnership and mutual respect C. deliberation and negotiation D. high level of patient participation E. avoidance of compromise

E. avoidance of compromise

Proximal outcomes of doctor-patient communication include _____________. A. functional ability B. cure of remission C. survival D. pain control E. patient satisfaction

E. patient satisfaction

if we aren't looking for information then what are we looking for?

ENTERTAINEMT

entertainment TV is still knowledgable

EX: girls that watched the greys anatomy episode about emergency contraceptives are more knowledgable, even though they weren't seeking info they were informed

What was Edison's greatest contribution?

Edison's contribution was fundamentally far greater because he put in place, in a remarkably brief period between 1880 and 1882, the world's first commercial system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion. Edison's grandest achievement: an affordable and reliably available supply of electricity has opened doors to everything electrical,

Some Factors the Influence Credibility Judgments

Education, Occupation, and Experience Violations of Expectations Perceived Absence of Persuasive Intent Evidence Reputation

What does author believe about role of mass media in the choice of elected officials and the choice of public process?

Elected officials generally respond to citizens policy preferences by acting on issues that citizens believe government should act on

15. What does the author believe about the role of mass media in the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies?

Elected officials generally respond to the citizens' policy preferences Do this by acting on issues they want the govt to act on

Note the four developments that Smil compares to the iPad.

Electricity Vaccination Hybrid crops Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers

Note the four developments that Smil compares to the iPad.

Electricity, vaccination, hybrid crops, and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers

Entertainment overcoming resistance model

Ent. features --> Overcome resistance to change --> leading to story consistent attitudes, beliefs and behaviors

Entertainment Overcoming Resistance Model

Entertainment features > overcome resistance to change > leading to story-consistent attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

What does the article conclude about news vs. entertainment in the BuzzFeed top 20 most viral stories? (Thompson/Facebook)

Entertainment is what sells; it has always won against new and now more than ever · Based on the buzzfeed top 20, people care more about quizzes, celebrities, and astrology

10. The last page of the article makes the point that what's happening now is not new. Specifically, what is the author's claim?

Entertainment sells more than news

The last page of the article makes the point that what's happening now is not new. Specifically, what is the author's claim?

Entertainment was beating up news long before Facebook came long. People always outsold Time. Etc.

What is Consensus? Be familiar with examples in the article. [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

Especially when they are uncertain, people will look to the actions and behaviors of others to determine their own. The science is telling us that rather than relying on our own ability to persuade others, we can point to what many others are already doing, especially many similar others. example: said that 75% of our guests reuse their towels at some time during their stay, so please do so as well. It turns out that when we do this, towel reuse rises by 26%.

Involvement is normal

Everybody experiences transportation and parasocial relationships; Willing suspension of disbelief -Fundamental for enjoyment of fiction oWe choose to not be dismissive of things we know are not real -w/ out it enjoyment of media narratives may be impossible or heavily reduced -we become involved - and entertained

Disposition Analysis

Expectations Initial attitudes and beliefs Motivations Interests and goals Biases and prejudices Credibility attributed to the source, spokespersons, sponsor

Experienced players use of time

Experienced gamers sent more positive and fewer negative social and emotional text messages than inexperienced players, and used more emoticons, emotes, and abbreviations Spending time playing online games has intricate effects on interpersonal relationships

What is Commitment and Consistency as a persuasive principle? Be able to recognize examples.

Experiment conducted In 1987, social scientist Anthony Greenwald approached potential voters on election-day eve to ask whether they would vote and to provide reasons why or why not. 100% said they would vote. On election day, 86.7% of those asked went to the polls compared to 61.5% of those who were not asked. Those who publicly committed to voting on the previous day proved more likely to actually vote.

Extended Parallel Process Model- Kim Witte

External stimuli= message components Message processing= perceived efficacy & threat Outcomes= Protect or defense motivation Process=Danger or fear control process

what happened earlier this decade re: Facebook and google, concerning the sending of traffic to websites

Facebook grew with its outbound links to publishers growing from 62 million to 161 million in 2013. Two years ago FB and Google were equal powers in sending clicks to the Buzzfeed network's sites. Today FB send 3.5X more traffic.

Knowledge Analysis

Familiarity with topic and knowledge Basis of knowledge Level of direct experience with the issue

How does he describe the fundamental importance of electricity?

He asks what we would not have without it, and he said just about everything in the modern world

Emotional Appeals

Fear Appeals Guilt Appeals Humor Selling with Sex Appeals to Patriotism

What are the four arguments cited on the point about connectivity?

First, most people in the world don't have much disposable income to spend on data access. Any plan to make internet access broadly available will require making significant technology and business model improvements that enable some access to be either very cheap or free for people who can't otherwise afford it. Second, the global infrastructure required to deliver the internet is extremely expensive and costs tens of billions of dollars every year. This includes the cost of land and electricity to power cell sites, backhaul transport to carry data, licensing spectrum and all the underlying equipment. All of the companies involved need to make a profit to continue building out these networks, so it's important to decrease these costs to pass along savings. Third, even when they can afford it, many people who have never experienced the internet don't know what a data plan is or why they'd want one. However, most people have heard of services like Facebook and messaging and they want access to them. If we can provide people with access to these services, then they'll discover other content they want and begin to use and understand the broader internet. Fourth, a lot of people don't have phones. Many are either very young or old, but many just cannot afford one. Over time we'll need to connect them too, but for now we don't yet have a plan for delivering internet to people who don't have phones or computers, so we're not covering that here.

17. How do first-order innovations differ from second-order innovations?

First: take place infrequently and unpredictably Second: the improvements and perfections of the original breakthroughs and advancements

Tension between approaches to healthcare

For example, physicians have been trained to follow the biomedical model of medicine, this is an evidence-based approach to medicine that relies on scientific methods and procedures for verifying diseases. The biomedical approach does not take into account psychosocial aspects of illness, such as cultural norms, coping abilities, and life events that may interact with physical health problems. Curative approach, things like chemotherapy

Agenda-setting effects are strongest for whom?

For individuals with alternative sources of information or high levels of political involvement, media coverage is less relevant in determining issue priorities and political evaluations. Agenda setting effects are thus strongest for those least involved in the political system.

What is framing?

Framing effects result from the media's description of an event or issue that emphasizes "a subset of potentially relevant considerations that causes individuals to focus on these considerations when constructing their opinions. The media frames thus help individuals make sense of the issue. That is, the way the media frame an issue determines how individuals perceive the issue and therefore how new information about the issue is categorized and integrated into their prior beliefs and attitudes.

Funding

Funding for a variety of healthcare initiatives has been reallocated to the war on terror

funding

Funding is important in order to gain a better understanding of health problems and develop healthcare interventions for important undeserved populations within the US. The threat of terrorism will likely continue to impact funding for healthcare research in the future. Health communication scholars play an important role as advocates for health research funding and in providing scientific evidence for key role of communication in improving health outcomes.

gender identity----> behavior

GI can influence ones behavior, generally an it can influence their communication specifically -people behave in ways that are masc/fem depending on the extent to which they identify with being a stereotypical man/woman -act and communicate in ways that are masc/feminine

trait vs state

GI usually conceptualized as a trait= a stable characteristic that does not change -GI can change from situation to situation or moment to moment -GI is an individual difference or stable disposition of someone, but at the same time it can be activated/triggered depending on the situation

12. What was the basic approach of the study?

Gain insight into the process of identification Children name favorite character and answer questions about them

How it framing different from Gatekeeping

Gatekeeping: what to report Framing: how to report (how to approach an issue), what to emphasize and what issues to take

Gender

Gender - Socially constructed system of symbols that a culture uses to define what it means to be a man or a woman -Socially constructed (defined by society) -System of symbols -Definition of being a man or a woman -Masculinity vs. femininity -A product of culture - very little to do with biology

soft news

General entertainment programming that often includes discussions of political affairs. result of a drive for profits

3 Effects of Credibility

Generally enhances persuasion Has its greatest impact when the audience does not care that much about the issue Can suppress thinking

Aging

Geriatrics is still only a subspecialty, negative stereotypes of older patients, misunderstandings about the aging process, and health insurance needs of older people

10. Claim 3

Getting political info from social media increases the likelihood of using questionable sources

17.2 Connectivity Argument

Global infrastructure required to deliver internet services is extremely expensive

Political influence on news making

Government policy Media politics

What were the hypothesis of the Entertainment/Hoffner article?

H1: Boys will choose samesex favorite characters more often than girls will. H2: Children will report greater wishful identification with samesex characters than with opposite sex characters.

The do not call registry can't touch us

Harassment via phone calls does not apply to candidates

What was Edison's greatest contribution? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

He put in place the world's first commercial system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion

What does the chapter claim about health communication research and contexts of communication?

Health communication research encompasses many different contexts of communication. For ex, researches who study health communication from an intrapersonal communication perspective trend to focus on people's attitudes, beliefs, values, and feelings about health-related concepts and messages.

what does chapter claim about health communication research

Health communication researchers are working to better understand these issues so that they can offer suggestions for improvement - a better understanding can help reduce these factors

Fear Appeal

High-threat messages do not necessarily arouse fear Must be believable, relevant, novel The correlation between level of threat and level of arousal is positive but modest in size Efficacy reassurances are important People may be responsive to messages about how their actions affect their loved ones

News Framing

How to approach an issue/ what to emphasize How to report -angle, image, wording etc -shaping the way the audience interprets the issue

Why does the author think the efficiency of delivering data is about to increase greatly?

However, with an organized effort, we think it is reasonable to expect the overall efficiency of delivering data to increase by 100x in the next 5-10 years. This will come from two types of innovation: bringing down the underlying costs of delivering data, and using less data by building more efficient apps. If the industry can achieve a 10x improvement in each of these areas, which we believe is possible, then it becomes economically reasonable to offer free basic services to those who cannot afford them and start to sustainably deliver on the promise of connectivity as a human right.

According to the author, what would the world be like without the iPhone or iPad?

I bet that 130 years from now our successors will not be able to say the same about Apple's sleek electronic devices assembled from somebody else's components and providing services that are not fundamentally different from those offered by competitors. I have no doubt that the world without iPhone or iPad would be perfectly fine.

digital age

ICT= Info + Communication Technology -information society/network society: our day and age is characterized by technology

What is Scarcity? What are marketing applications?

In fundamental economic theory, scarcity relates to supply and demand. Basically, the less there is of something, the more valuable it is. The more rare and uncommon a thing, the more people want it. Familiar examples are frenzies over the latest holiday toy or urban campers waiting overnight to pounce on the latest iPhone. Application for marketers Say the authors: "The tendency to be more sensitive to possible losses than to possible gains is one of the best-supported findings in social science." Therefore, it may be worthwhile to switch your advertising campaign's message from your product's benefits to emphasizing the potential for a wasted opportunity:

• What does Smil note about German cars relative to Toyotas and Hondas? . . . and how does this point relate to Apple?

In its quotidian extremes this loyalty has been manifested by people willing to pay high premiums for German engineering even after decades of Consumer Reports evaluations have failed to demonstrate any stunning superiority of German cars over Hondas and Toyotas.

impact of new technologies

In recent years, the widespread adoption of computers, new software programs, the Internet, and other new technologies has led to a variety of changes in communication within healthcare system, the ways in which people obtain health information, and the ways in which they communicate about health in daily life. It will likely continue to develop and significantly impact the ways in which we communicate about health. However, not all people have access to this technology, the skills to use it, or the ability to interpret the available health information. The internet has also become an important channel for providers to communicate with other providers, as a source of social support for patients, and as a means for health campaign desginers to reach large numbers of individuals with unique health-oriented messages due to the features of this new medium.

What does the test contend about a large portion of health campaigns ability to effect change in the U.S.?

In terms of health promotion, a large portion of health campaigns have not led to substantial health behavior change among members of the US population. For ex, health campaign designers spent millions of dollars on California's 5 a day campaign, which was designed to raise people's awareness of the benefits of eating more fruits and vegetables.

What was the basic approach of the study in the Entertainment/Hoffner article?

In the 1970s, Reeves and his colleagues (Reeves & Greenberg, 1977; Reeves & Lometti, 1979; Reeves & Miller, 1978) examined character attributes that predict children's wishful identification with TV characters. These researchers used multidimensional scaling to examine the traits used by children to differentiate popular characters (named by researchers), and the extent to which the resulting dimensions predicted children[a]s desire to be like the characters.

Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article What does Cialdini claim about understanding and explaining of decision making factors?

In the increasingly overloaded lives we lead, more than ever we need shortcuts or rules of thumb to guide out decision-making.

why does the author think the efficiency of delivering data is about to increase greatly?

Increase by 100x in the next 5-10 years from 1. bringing down underlying costs of delivering data 2. using less data by using more efficient apps If the industry can achieve a 10x improvement in each area = economically reasonable to offer free basic services to those who can't afford them

priming

Individuals base their vote choice more on issues covered by the media than on issues not covered by the media

framing

Individuals view policy issues consistent with how they are portrayed by the media

ICT4D

Information + communication technology for development

Normative Perspective

Information about important issues and problems citizens should know about - informing citizens of important issues -the freedom of the press, first amendment, etc.

What is the concluding point about inspection of effect sizes when examining the evidence of the article?

Inspection of the effect sizes shown in the rightmost column of Table 1 reveals strong evidence for the gender similarities hypothesis. These effect sizes are summarized in Table 2.

12. Findings on sex differences

Intelligence was the only trait for males that predicted wishful identification and parasocial interaction Attractiveness was the only predictor of wishful identification and parasocial interaction

ENT. Education

Intended outcomes -Increase knowledge about the topic -Cultivate beliefs that support health promoting behaviors -Model appropriate behaviors -Bring together people with needs and health professionals

What is the public agenda?

Is what citizens as a group believe to be important. Hence, measures of the public agenda reflect the relative importance of issues to the public as a whole- to citizens nationwide or citizens of a particular state or city.

What does the chapter claim about health communication research and contexts of communication?

It can be studied from many points of view

Motivation (EPPM)

Maladaptive Changes Process: Danger Control Process & Fear Control Process

How does its size compare to other sectors?

It is the leading sector of the U.S. economy

What does the test contend about a large portion of health campaigns ability to effect change in the U.S.?

It raised awareness of the issues but relatively few people followed through with what it said to do.

What is the point about the distinction between smart phone ownership and data access?

It's easy to assume that when people get smartphones they'll also have data access. It's hard to even think of what it means to have a smartphone without data. But it's not a given. Even though projections show most people may soon have smartphones, the majority of them still won't have data access.

What is the point about the distinction between smart phone ownership and data access?

It's easy to assume that when people get smartphones they'll also have data access. It's hard to even think of what it means to have a smartphone without data. But it's not a given. Even though projections show most people may soon have smartphones, the majority of them still won't have data access. In many countries, the cost of a data plan is vastly more expensive than the price of a smartphone. In the US, for example, an iPhone with a typical two-year data plan costs about $2,000, where about $500-600 of that is the phone and ~$1,500 is the data.

What does the author claim about active and passive audience?

It's important to not that a major substantive conclusion of this chapter is that the audience appears to be active, not passive. This suggests that whether reporters or political elites of various stripes are setting the media agenda, at least some citizens have alternative information sources with which to counter the media messages that are intended to structure public opinion.

What does the article suggest about social pressure via social media and voting

Knowing whether your friends voted makes a different/Turnout by people who saw an "I Voted" message from friends was .39% more than those who did not receive the message. Shows that social pressure via social media motivates others to vote.

Factors that affect the importance of evidence

Knowledge of topic Quality of message Attitude of topic

11.E What does the study show about gender differences in aggression?

Larger difference in physical aggression than verbal aggression Girls higher in relational aggression

10.1 How are older Americans different?

Less popular among 50+, depend on TV and other traditional news outlets

Liking

Liking does not equal credibility Generally more effective than disliked communicators Less potent than credibility Has little impact in high-involvement situations

13. Consensus

Look to actions or behaviors of others to determine their own Hotel towels: saying that other guests reuse their towels

Legitimizing Paltry Contributions

Lowering of the perception of the minimum acceptable contribution Shame/guilt

Mud players use of time

MUD players used more paralanguage over time (emoticons), and paralanguage use was linked to making MUD friendships

Political impact of news

Macro level- indirect impact> news>public opinions>politics democracy is an assumption of political impact of news news media can also nurture democracy Individual level- agenda setting, priming, framing, and presumed influence

17. What are the 3 important elements of what the author calls "the rough plan" for internet access?

Making internet access affordable by making it efficient to deliver data Using less data by improving the efficiency of the apps and experiences used Helping businesses drive internet access by developing new models to get people online

What are the 3 important elements of what the author calls "the rough plan" for internet access?

Making internet access affordable by making it more efficient to deliver data. Using less data by improving the efficiency of the apps and experiences we use. Helping businesses drive internet access by developing a new model to get people online.

What is framing? The material following the definition deals with attribution theory, and it will make framing easier to understand.

Media frames help individuals make sense of the issue. The way media frame an issue determines how individuals perceive the issue and therefore how new information about the issue is categorized and integrated into their prior beliefs and attitudes.

15. What is the main finding/claim, summarized in the first sentence of the Conclusion?

Media has a large effect on public opinion

2 channels

Mediate and Interpersonal

What is statistical meta-analysis? How is it applied for the purposes of this article?

Meta-analysis is a statistical method for aggregating research findings across many studies of the same question (Hedges & Becker, 1986). It is ideal for synthesizing re- search on gender differences, an area in which often dozens or even hundreds of studies of a particular question have been conducted.

What is statistical meta-analysis? How is it applied for the purposes of this article? [Gender & Communication/Hyde article]

Meta-analysis is a statistical method for aggregating research findings across many studies of the same question (Hedges & Becker, 1986). It is ideal for synthesizing research on gender differences, an area in which often dozens or even hundreds of studies of a particular question have been conducted.

Statistical meta-analysis and how was it used for article

Method for aggregating research findings across many studies for the same question. Used for synthesizing research on gender differences

18. What is the effect of video games?

Mimics sensory assaults associated with danger → fight or flight response State of hyperarousal, even if the threat is just perceived

Political Ad Effects

Mobilizing their political base while demobilizing the opponents

What does the study show about gender differences in aggression?

Moderate gender differences. The gender difference in physical aggression is reliable and larger than verbal aggression.

10. Claim 1

More and more people rely on social media for news and info

What does the author claim about active and passive audience?

Most appear to be active, at least some citizens have alternative information sources for which to counter media messages intended to structure public opinion.

Electrical innovations were created when? By whom?

Most of it between the late 1870s and the beginning of the 20th century—by a surprisingly small number of inventors, engineers, and scientists. Charles Clarke, Sebastian Ferranti, Lucien Gaulard, John Gibbs, Zénobe-Théophile Gramme, Edward Johnson, Irving Langmuir, Charles Parsons, Emil Rathenau, Werner Siemens, William Stanley, Charles Steinmetz, Joseph Swan, Nikola Tesla, Elihu Thomson, Francis Upton, George Westinghouse, and Edison.

We like winning... cash bonuses

Most talk about wanting their candidates to win for the sake of the public good, but they mostly want more cash. Also competitiveness sets in, and people want to win for the sake of winning

what is the first area of large gender difference?

Motor performance particularly for measures such as throwing velocity and throwing difference largely after puberty, when the gender gap in muscle mass and bon size widens

11.E What is the first area of large gender difference?

Motor performance: throwing velocity and distance

What is the first area of large gender difference?

Motor performance: throwing velocity and distance

calculation for small group density

N= number of possible links (N*(N-1))/2

proximal outcomes

Near the point of origin Understanding, satisfaction, agreement, trust, known, involved, rapport, motivation

Findings on sex differences

Nearly all boys selected same-sex characters, but only about half of the girls did so. Even today, this finding may reflect the nature of male and female TV portrayals, with males presented more often and in more diverse, less conventional roles than females. Overall girls reported more wishful identification and para-social interaction with same-sex characters. For male characters, , intelligence was the one trait that predicted both wishful identification and para-social interaction, although more attractive males were also more likely to be considered pseudo-friends. Attractiveness was the only predictor of wishful identification and para-social interaction with female favorites.

12. Findings on sex differences

Nearly all boys selected same-sex characters, only half the girls did Overall girls reported more wishful identification and parasocial interaction with same sex characters

What are the factors in the author's definition of basic internet services? [Digital Communication/Zuckerberg "Connectivity" article]

Need to be non-data intensive (primarily text based services and simple apps, like weather) Need to be tools that people use to discover other content: Messaging, social networks, search engines, and Wikipedia

Impact of new technologies

New technology has led to a variety of changes in communication within the healthcare system, the ways in which people obtain health information, and ways in which they communication health in daily life.

key difference between the old forms of news and entertainment and facebook?

News Feed is entirely our creation

News Priming Effect

News emphasis influences the way people evaluate president and politicians Tendency to evaluate the president on the issues presented in the news

10. What does the author site as a "key difference between the old forms of news and entertainment and Facebook?

News feed is our creation, based on our past behaviors, likes, people we follow All curated by Facebook, but we essentially choose our own news feed

Framing Effect

News frame --> audience issue interpretation

What is news?

News is what newsmakers (politicians) promote as timely, important, or interesting, from which news organizations select, narrate, and package for transmission via communication technologies to people who consume it at a given time in history (Focuses more on production processes of news)

News Gatekeeping

News selection What to report * comes first then framing

Will boys (girls) report greater parasocial interaction with same sex or opposite sex characters?

No difference for boys, but greater parasocial interactions with same sex characters for girls. Findings for boys were inconclusive because so few boy chose female characters.

H1: Boys will choose samesex favorite characters more often than girls will. H2: Children will report greater wishful identification with samesex characters than with oppositesex characters

Noble (1975) contended that this process was more characteristic of girls. He argued that girls prefer to "play opposite" performers (usually male), whereas boys prefer to share characters' experiences through identification. In contrast, Maccoby, Wilson, and Burton (1958) speculated that male viewers are more inclined to concentrate on oppositesex characters with whom they would like to interact, whereas females prefer to focus on characters with whom they identify. These ideas suggest that parasocial interaction with same and oppositesex characters may differ for boys and girls, and that the relative tendency to wishfully identify and interact parasocially may also differ.

17. What are the factors in the author's definition of basic internet services?

Non-data intensive: primarily text based services and simple apps like weather Tools used to discover other content Use their data more meaningfully than they would have if they don't have access to these basic services

What is news?

Normative perspective- about important info/problems in society Economic perspective- product made of information, opinions and entertainment Political perspective- What officials say

10.2 What does the article suggest about social pressure via social media and voting?

Not a dramatic increase, but some social pressure can motivate others to vote

Downside of political Discussion

Not a panacea cmn inequality not always rational, logical, impartial Uncivil discourse generates negative outcomes

what are evergreen stories

Not new-pegged, not about recent or up-coming events. Essays about diets, millennials, and happiness, studies on coffee and decision-making, or beautiful photos.

Downsides of political discussion

Not panacea -communication inequality -not always rational, logical, impartial deliberation -uncivil discussion generates negative outcomes (cynical and disconnected)

what does the article conclude about news vs. entertainment in the Buzzed top 20 most viral stories

Of the top 20 most viral stories, only seven deal w/ recent events. Only three deal with national news stories: Miss America Pageant, Netflix technology, and the VMA's.

How are older Americans different? [Curry/Washington Post]

Older Americans are different in that they trust and depend on television and other tradition new outlets to learn about elections where younger Americans depend on social media and their social group

Review the section on higher thinking and more primitive parts of the brain

Once chronic stress sets in, blood flow is directed away from the higher thinking part of the brain (the frontal lobe) and toward the more primitive deeper areas necessary for survival, causing impairment in functioning.

Types of Message structure

Organization Number of Arguments - quality of argument is most important Argument Order Message Sidedness - one-sided or Refutational two-sided Repetition Conclusion Drawing

Health communication campaign

Organized set of planned communication activities to generate specific health outcomes in large # of individual and in a specified period of time

Para-social interactions:

Para-social interaction involves coming to know and imaginatively interacting with characters. Hotton and Wohl coined the term "para-social interaction" to refer to the sense of an intimate social relationship with a media character or personality. The process of developing para-social relationships has been likened to the process by which people come to know each other in real life. Evidence suggests that para-social interaction provides social and emotional gratifications for viewers and motivates continued viewing of programs. Little is known about the character traits that contribute to para-social interaction.

Parasocial interaction

Parasocial interaction involves the sense of a close personal relationship with a character. There is anecdotal evidence that both male and female viewers are drawn to and imagine themselves interacting with oppositesex characters.

Among boys (girls), will wishful identification and parasocial interaction differ for same and opposite sex characters?

Parasocial interaction was higher than wishful identification for male characters, but did not differ significantly for female characters

What is Reciprocity? [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

People are obligated to give back to others the form of a behavior, gift, or service that they received first -In the context of social obligation, people are more likely to say yes to those who they owe

Reciprocity

People are obliged to give back to others the form of a behavior, gift, or service that they have received first

17. What does Smil note about German cars relative to Toyotas and Hondas? . . . and how does this point relate to Apple?

People are willing to pay a lot of money for German cars even though they've never been proved to be any better than Hondas or Toyotas People are willing to do the same with Apple in relation to Samsung

What does Smil note about German cars relative to Toyotas and Hondas? . . . and how does this point relate to Apple? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

People are willing to pay high prices for German cars even when they are not better than Toyotas and Hondas simply out of loyalty (group infatuation)

We'll work for almost anyone

People don't jump party to party, but its not uncommon to see some switching of support. It comes down to who has the best chance of winning

What is commitment and consistency as a persuasive principle?

People don't like to back out of deals, they are more likely to do something after they've agreed to it verbally or in writing

13. Reciprocity

People feel obliged to give back if they have received something first Giving a mint at the end of the meal → increase tip 3% 2 mints → 14% Be the first to give and give something personalized and unexpected

13. Authority

People follow the lead of credible, knowledgeable experts Displaying a diploma on the wall or wearing a uniform -- more likely to persuade

The job is a stepping stone - to stardom

People in politics leave to get into TV, and then to be highly paid political consultants or lobbyists, or leave politics all together

What is Consistency as a persuasive principle? Be able to recognize examples. [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

People like to be consistent with the things they have previously said or done. Consistency is activated by looking for, and asking for, small initial commitments that can be made.

13. Consistency

People like to be consistent with the things they've previously said or done Starting with small simple commitments

What is Liking? How does it relate to making a connection with audience?

People prefer to say 'yes' to those they know and like," Cialdini says. People are also more likely to favor those who are physically attractive, similar to themselves, or who give them compliments. Even something as 'random' as having the same name as your prospects can increase your chances of making a sale. Experiment conducted In 2005, Randy Garner mailed out surveys to strangers with a request to return them. The request was signed by a person whose name was either similar or dissimilar to the recipient's. For example, Robert James might receive a survey request from the similarly-named Bob Ames. (See hotlinks below.) According to a study reported in Yes!, "Those who received the survey from someone with a similar-sounding name were nearly twice as likely to fill out and return the packet as those who received the surveys from dissimilar sounding names (56% compared to 30%)." One of the things that marketers can do is honestly report on the extent to which the product or service - or the people who are providing the product or service - are similar to the audience and know the audience's challenges, preferences and so on," Cialdini says.

What is Liking? What types of people do we like? [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

People prefer to say yes to those that they like. We like people who are similar to us We like people who pay us compliments We like people who cooperate with us towards mutual goals.

What is liking? How does it relate to making a connection with audience?

People prefer to say yes to those they know or like. Also more to do favors to those you are attractive, similar to them, or compliment them.

13. Liking

People prefer to say yes to those they like We like people that are similar to us, give us compliments, and cooperate towards mutual goals

The money you send doesn't reach us

Some of the money sent goes to the candidates party or to other candidates

What is the persuasive principle of Authority? Note the Milgram study as well as the applications for marketers discussed by the authors.

People respect authority. They want to follow the lead of real experts. Business titles, impressive clothing, and even driving an expensive, high-performing automobile are proven factors in lending credibility to any individual. Giving the appearance of authority actually increases the likelihood that others will comply with requests - even if their authority is illegitimate According to Milgram, the real culprit in the experiments was the [participants'] inability to defy the wishes of the boss, the lab-coated researcher who urged and, if necessary, directed them to perform their duties, despite the emotional and physical mayhem they were causing."

What is the persuasive principle of authority?

People respect authority. They want to follow the leads of real experts, and people with credibility.

15. Who is unsusceptible to agenda-setting effects?

People that already have established beliefs and attitudes → strong set of political priorities, regardless of what the news says

13. What does Cialdini claim about the process of human decision making?

People use shortcuts to guide decision making

13. Scarcity

People want more of limited things Concorde: British Airways announced they'd be canceling this flight Sales took off the next day bc it was a scarce resource

Scarcity

People want more of things they can have less of

Who is unsusceptible to agenda-setting effects?

People whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide them with a strong set of political priorities

Who is insusceptible to agenda-setting effects?

People whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide them with a strong set of political priorities and conceptualizations of problems

Who is unsusceptible to agenda-setting effects?

People whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide them with a strong set of political priorities and conceptualizations of problems-independent of the marginal amount of information provided by news outlets.

Consensus

People will look to the actions and behaviors of others to determine their own (towels in hotels)

Message Processing (EPPM)

Perceived Efficacy (Self-efficacy, Response efficacy) Perceived Threat (Susceptibility, Severity) No Threat (No response)

According to the author, what would the world be like without the iPhone or iPad? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

Perfectly fine

Value

Person's principle/ standards of behavior, one's judgment on what is important in life (not easily changed) *more general and enduring than attitudes

Episodic Frames

Personal angle with specific cases

Definition of persuasion

Persuasion is a successful, intentional (goal-directed) effort to influence another person's mental state through communication in a circumstance in which the target person has some measure of freedom.

Use of Persuasion Theories

Persuasion researchers use a variety of theories -must be logically consistent with one another More than one theory can be used in a single study No unified theory of persuasion

What improves health?

Physical -Chemical therapeutic regimes (meds) -Mechanical therapeutic regimes (surgery) -Behavioral Regimes (diet) -Psychological Regimens (meditation) Psychological -Positive psychological outlook -Strong social support network -Financial Resources -Self-efficacy

Tension between approaches to healthcare

Physicians and other health care providers have traditionally been trained to follow the biomedical model of healthcare, which does not consider psycho-social aspects of illness.

Note the point in #3 about the legality of political phone calls. [Political Communication/Prior article]

Political phone calls do not fall under what is considered harassment because lawmakers say to do so would violate their free speech.

Non- news content

Political socialization through entertainment Controversial issue discussed in an experimental mode

Effects of Political Discussion

Political understanding Group identity Political participation

social context

changes gender based language

We did well in the polls? We made the polls

Polling data is used strategically by campaigns. Most polls are found by the own candidates campaign and they always try to make it look favorable or positive even if it is negative. It is often used to persuade voters for money.

improve psychosocial health

Positive psychological Outlook, strong social network, financial Resources, self-efficacy

News management by politicians

Press releases, press conferences, political events to control news coverage Bad news on weekends is an attempt to minimize news coverage Vice-presidential candidate nomination announcement made before convention to capitalize coverage

Segmentation

Process of grouping people into homogeneous subgroups

Shared decision making

Process of interacting with patients who wish to be involved in arriving at informed, values-based choice among 2 or more medically reasonable alternatives

Entertainment Education

Process of putting educational content in entertaining formats to incidentally educate audience members while they are being entertained

Outcomes (EPPM)

Protection Motivation - Adaptive Changes & Defensive

Audience Analysis

Purpose: to know one's audience Definition: The process of gathering information (through surveys, focus groups, informal queries, existing data) about audience members through research and informal means and interpreting that information

What was Edison's greatest contribution?

Putting into place the world's first system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion

Party-to-party and intraparty switching of support

Rarely jump party to party, but intra-party switching is common Usually try to latch themselves to who's more likely to win

What is reciprocation? What does it suggest for marketers?

Reciprocation recognizes that people feel indebted to those who do something for them or give them a gift

What is Reciprocation? What does it suggest, for instance, for marketers?

Reciprocation recognizes that people feel indebted to those who do something for them or give them a gift. For marketers, Cialdini says: "The implication is you have to go first. Give something: give information, give free samples, give a positive experience to people and they will want to give you something in return."

What is priming?

Refers to the ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individuals use to evaluate political figures. For example, continued media coverage of terrorism might increase the importance that individuals attach to foreign affairs when evaluating the sitting president.

What is scarcity?

Relates to supply and demand.

What is the main finding/claim, summarized in the first sentence of the Conclusion?

Research on agenda-setting, priming, and framing provides substantial evidence that the media have more than a minimal effect on public opinion.

concluding point about inspection of effect sizes when examining evidence of the article?

Reveals strong evidence for the gender similarities hypothesis

Review the diagram about stress triggers in the article

Reward/addiction pathways, intense sensory stimulation, bright and blue-toned light, media-multitasking, interactivity and rapid pace, electro-magnetic radiation

insurance and managed care

Rising of cost of health insurance and health services will likely continue to have an impact on consumers in the coming years. Healthcare organizations are trying to fid innovative ways to reduce the cost of healthcare services. Health communication researchers have discovered that many costly problems, such as high provider turnover rates, are often related to communication problems. Health communication researchers have developed interventions designed to ameliorate these problems and reduce costs that are ultimately passed along to consumers.

16. The legality of political phone calls

Robocalls from most businesses = harassment under the law But doesn't apply to candidates, exempted in National Do Not Call registry -- right to freedom of speech The law only benefits lawmakers

Political communication research

Role of messages and communication in intersection of politics and citizens An interdisciplinary area

In #5, note the point about polling data being used strategically by campaigns.

Roughly 10 percent of a campaign's budget goes to research, which includes public polling and digging up dirt on the competitor ("opposition research"), and if the numbers come back in the candidates' favor, campaign managers will trumpet them, or find a way to spin negative numbers into something more positive.

What is Scarcity? What are marketing applications?

Scarcity relates to supply and demand. Basically, the less there is of something, the more valuable it is. The more rare and uncommon a thing, the more people want it. Familiar examples are frenzies over the latest holiday toy or urban campers waiting overnight to pounce on the latest iPhone. It may be worthwhile to switch your advertising campaign's message from your product's benefits to emphasizing the potential for a wasted opportunity.

What does the article claim about effects on sleep?

Screen time disrupts the bodies clock and hinders deep sleep. Effects of sleep alone can explain many of the mood, cognitive and behavior issues associated w/ screen, and also explains how screen effects can build over time (making them easy to miss)

18. What does the article claim about effects on sleep?

Screen time disrupts the body clock and hinders deep sleep

Door-in-the-Face

Sequential request strategy First request: large request - must be large enough to get rejected, but must not cause resentment Second request: target request - must be unquestionably smaller than first request so concession will be perceived The other person may feel obligated to reciprocate the concession by granting the second request No time delays between requests

Foot-in-the-Door

Sequential request strategy First request: small request that requires limited sacrifice Second request: target request

From Theory to Practice

Severity: threat is severe Susceptibility: vulnerabile to threat Response Efficacy: recommendation works Self-Efficacy: adopt recommendation

From theory to practice

Severity= is this a sever threat? Susceptibility= You are vulnerable to this threat Response efficacy= my recommendation works Self efficacy- Able to adopt recommendation

Political Discussion

Spontaneous/ casual nature Informal voluntary discussion among ordinary citizens

Persuasion and entertainment

Shifting attitudes and evaluations Conscious, thoughtful reflection Powerful media content -Automatic process (making some attitudes more salient for awhile, providing more evidence, examples supportive of perspective)

Media Bites

Simple statement about problem

What is Scarcity? Note the Concorde example. [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

Simply put, people want more of those things they can have less of. When British Airways announced in 2003 that they would no longer be operating the twice daily London—New York Concorde flight because it had become uneconomical to run, sales the very next day took off.

10.3 What is the point here about voters' knowledge of sources of political information?

Social media can make it easier to manipulate voters and spread false info

relationship between social pressure via social media and voting

Social media motivates others to vote i.e. "I Voted" messages increased voter turnout by 0.39% more than those who didn't receive the Facebook message

10. Claim 2

Social media's influence on political participation is unclear

What does the article suggest about social pressure via social media and voting? [Curry/Washington Post]

Social pressure via social media motivates other to vote

Thematic Frames

Societal angle in general context

11. What are the various arguments about the costs of inflated claims of gender differences?

Solidifies certain stereotypes about men and women Unwarranted validation for the stereotype Impacts children's' performance in school Impacts relationships and self-esteem

Diversity

Some cultural belief systems regarding health can be at odds with more mainstream conceptions of health, causing problems for both patients and providers.

11.E What is the second area of large gender difference?

Some measures of sexuality: masturbation, attitudes about sex, casual sex, uncommitted relationships

"The Exceptions" to the overall findings

Some motor behaviors (e.g., throwing distance) and some aspects of sexuality, which show large gender differences. Aggression shows a gender difference that is moderate in magnitude.

Health

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Mental Health

State of well being in which every individual realizes his/her own potential, can cope with normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to society

11. What is statistical meta-analysis? How is it applied for the purposes of this article?

Statistical analysis that compiles research findings from multiple studies to answer one question Measures the magnitude of an effect Reviewed a variety of domains (abilities, personalities, social behavior, memory) looking for differences

Types of Evidence

Statistics Examples Testimonials

Types of evidence

Stats, examples, demonstrations

10. What are "evergreen" stories?

Stories that aren't news pegged; ex: diet, happiness, millennials, color, photos

Media Advocacy

Strategic use of media to support community organizing and advance policies that make environments healthier

11. What is the concluding point about inspection of effect sizes when examining the evidence of the article?

Strong evidence for gender similarities hypothesis 30% of the effect sizes are in the close-to-zero range 48% are in the small range 78% of gender differences are small or close to zero

15. Agenda-setting effects are strongest for whom?

Strongest for the least involved in the political system

Low Balling

Structure of the strategy: Target person is given a great offer. Target person commits. Cost is increased Sequential-message strategy Offer is worsened

Health Communication

Study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual decisions that enhance health (Not only individuals, groups as well)

Persuasion

Successful, intentional effort to influence another person's mental state through communication

What is agenda-setting?

The press' ability to tell the readers what to think about

Theory

System of ideas brought together to explain something -Abstract -Testable

Campaign

Systematic course of aggressive activities for some specific purpose

How did German inventor Rathenau describe Edison's accomplishment?

T.P. Hughes put it best when he concluded that "Edison was a holistic conceptualizer and determined solver of the problems associated with the growth of systems."2

What is news?

Taken all together, news is what newsmakers (politicians) promote as timely, important, or interesting, from which news organizations select, narrate, and package for transmission via communication technologies to people who consume it at a given time in history.

Pregiving

Target: person from who you want compliance Strategy: you give the target something prior to making request Thing thing can be tangible or an intangible favor or service Increases compliance Does not work on family and close friends Strategy can be circumvented by the target by not accepting or returning the pre-gift Works through the norm of reciprocity

Agenda setting by news

Tendency to consider issues emphasized in news as important

tension between approaches to healthcare

Tension between advocates of these approaches and people who favor new ways of thinking about healthcare will likely continue in the future. While most people would agree that using available medications and procedures that can save a person from suffering or death are beneficial, the nature of illness makes this a more a complicated issue.

gender similarities hypothesis

That males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables, more alike than different.

reciprocity

The principle states that people are obliged to give back to others the form of behavior, gift, or service that they have received first

impact of new technologies (health communication)

The Internet allows providers to communicate with other providers, social support for patients, and the creation of health oriented messages to a mass audience

How does the WHO define health, and what is the point about dynamic processes?

The World Health Organization (WHO) defies health as a "state of complete physical, mental and social well being". The WHO definition conceptualizes health and disease as dynamic processes as opposed to stable entities. In other words, both health and disease are seen as being in constant state of change. This definition also recognizes that health goes beyond physical and psychological health to include aspects such as a persons quality of life.

What does the author claim about active and passive audience? [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

The audience is active, not passive. Although these three models (agenda setting, priming, and framing) don't seem to be the most democratic, the public isn't merely the victim because there is a good enough amount of people who have other sources of info and counteract their messages that are meant to structure public opinion.

identification (entertainment/Hoffner article)

The process by which a viewer shares a character's perspective and vicariously participates in his/her experiences during the program, "wishful identification"

communication functions

The purpose for which something is designed, used, or exists, multifunctional, exchange info, respond emotionally, uncertainty, foster relationships, make decisions, enable self-management

Competence

The belief that the communicator has knowledge or expertise on the topic

Trustworthiness

The belief that the communicator tells the truth, as he/she sees it

17. What is the point about the distinction between smart phone ownership and data access?

The cost of a data plan is significantly more expensive than the cost of a smartphone

What is the gender similarities hypothesis

The gender similarities hypothesis holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. That is, men and women, as well as boys and girls, are more alike than they are different. In terms of effect sizes, the gender similarities hypothesis states that most psychological gender differences are in the close-to- zero

persuasive principle of Authority

The idea that people follow the lead of credible, knowledgeable experts (displaying diplomas; wearing uniforms)

17. What is the article's zero sum point?

The internet connects us to family, friends, and communities It is also the foundation of the global economy

What is the article's zero sum point? [Digital Communication/Zuckerberg "Connectivity" article]

The internet is a knowledge economy (me having it doesn't prevent you from having it) and it allows us all to live better lives.

what is the first area of large gender difference?

The largest gender differences in Table 1 are in the domain of motor performance, particularly for measures such as throwing velocity (d 2.18) and throwing distance (d 1.98) These differences Table 2 are particularly large after puberty, when the gender gap in muscle mass and bone size widens.

Note the point in #3 about the legality of political phone calls.

The law doesn't apply to candidates - when created in 2003, law makers exempted them arguing the right to free speech.

Continual Media Effects

The link of media and civic life is contingent on content

15. What is framing?

The media's description of an event, focusing on certain aspects more than others Determines how individuals perceive an issue

What does the author site as a "key difference between the old forms of news and entertainment and Facebook?

The news feed is entirely our creation, even if it reveals itself as an idiosyncratic and surprising list.

Sometimes we play dirty

The win at all costs mentality of campaigns can wreak havoc on ethics

what would the world be like without the iPhone or iPad? (Smil)

The world would be perfectly fine without the iPhone or iPad

What is the point about the distinction between smart phone ownership and data access?

There are more than 5 billion mobile phones in the world, with almost 4 billion feature phones and more than 1 billion smartphones. As smartphone prices come down, many people who currently have feature phones will be able to afford smartphones over the next 5 years. This is because, in many countries, the cost of a data plan is vastly more expensive than the price of a smartphone. In the US, for example, an iPhone with a typical two-year data plan costs about $2,000, where about $500-600 of that is the phone and ~$1,500 is the data.

17. How did German inventor Rathenau describe Edison's accomplishment?

There has been no more fundamental innovation than the large-scale generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electricity

What are the various arguments about the costs of inflated claims of gender differences?

They cause harm in numerous realms, including women's opportunities in the workplace, couple conflict and communication, and analyses of self-esteem problems among adolescents. Most important, these claims are not consistent with the scientific data.

Claim #1: —How did people ages 18-29 differ from those 30-49 in their thoughts about political campaign news? [Curry/Washington Post]

They said that social media was the most helpful source of information about the presidential campaign where those aged 30 to 49 said cable tv and news websites were

What is the persuasive principle of Authority? Note the Milgram study as well as the applications for marketers discussed by the authors.

They want to follow the lead of real experts. Business titles, impressive clothing, and even driving an expensive, high-performing automobile are proven factors in lending credibility to any individual

• Electrical innovations were created when? By whom?

This fundamental innovation was created during a remarkably short period of time—most of it between the late 1870s and the beginning of the 20th century—by a surprisingly small number of inventors, engineers, and scientists pioneering creators of electric systems must include the names of Charles Clarke, Sebastian Ferranti, Lucien Gaulard, John Gibbs, Zénobe-Théophile Gramme, Edward Johnson, and more

What is the persuasive principle of Authority? Note the various examples including uniforms, diplomas, etc. [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

This is the idea that people follow the lead of credible, knowledgeable experts. Physiotherapists, for example, are able to persuade more of their patients to comply with recommended exercise programs if they display their medical diplomas on the walls of their consulting rooms. People are more likely to give change for a parking meter to a complete stranger if that requester wears a uniform rather than casual clothes.

Agenda-setting effects are strongest for whom?

Those least involved in the political system

How much of the world is connected to the net, and how fast is it growing?

Today, only 2.7 billion people — a little more than one third of the world's population — have internet access. Even more surprising, internet adoption is growing by less than 9% each year, which is slow considering how early we are in its development and that it is expected to slow further.

10. What happened earlier this decade re: Facebook and Google, concerning the sending of traffic to websites?

Traffic from home pages has dropped while social media has doubled

What happened earlier this decade re: Facebook and Google, concerning the sending of traffic to websites? (Thompson/Facebook)

Traffic from homepages (google) have dropped significantly, meanwhile social media's share of clicks has more than doubled · Outbound links to publishers grew from 62 million to 161 million in 2013 on Facebook

Gender is usually conceptualized as a trait

Trait - stable characteristic that doesn't change -gender identity is an individual different or stable disposition of someone, at the same time, it can be activated or triggered depending on the situation -Degree to which it is activated or triggered in one's mind changes across situations, which has implications for how people behave. When gender identity is triggered people are more likely to behave and communicate in ways according to their gender identity

Primary Prevention

Tries to fix what's wrong upstream so problems at individual/ behavioral level don't occur

Using media to change mood

U & G "I watch to relax / b/c its exciting"

13. What is his point about the universal nature of the shortcuts he describes?

Understanding and using these in an ethical manner can persuade anyone

segmentation

dividing people into relatively homogeneous subgroups by demographic, psychographics, media/product use

Political role of communication

Understanding the complex intersections of news, campaigns and social networks

what is his point about the universal nature of the shortcuts he describes

Understanding these shortcuts and employing them in an ethical manner can significantly increase the chances that someone will be persuaded by your request

Stem Metaphor

Upstream= social, political and physical environments that shape our health Downstream= individual person

17. What are the two saltations he describes?

Use of stones to fashion other stones into sharp tools Large-scale generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electricity

How does he describe the fundamental importance of electricity? [Digital Communication/Smil article]

We could not have modern civilization without it

How large is the healthcare sector of the U.S. economy? How does its size compare to other sectors? Right below the chapter's addressing these questions, note the observations about both the U.S. and the world and their health issues. The point of these observations might be called "rationale"--they explain why health communication research is important.

We currently spend over 1 trillion dollars/year on healthcare services, making it the leading sector of the US economy.

How large is the healthcare sector of the U.S. economy?

We currently spend over one trillion dollars a year on health care

Cialdini on human decision making

We don't often look at all the information available when making decisions - we use shortcuts to guide our decision making=

The last page of the article makes the point that what's happening now is not new. Specifically, what is the author's claim? (Thompson/Facebook)

We simply prefer new over entertainment; our own "news feeds" are actually entirely curated by our own preferences so if it is entertainment based it is because we prefer to see entertainment on our news feed · We prefer stories that show us a reflection of the person we'd like to be, to make us feel, to make us smile, ro remind us of ourselves

Key Ideas about Attitudinal Similarity

We tend to like people more if we think their attitudes are similar to our attitudes Dissimilar communicator can be more persuasive than an attitudinally similar

17. How does he describe the fundamental importance of electricity?

We wouldn't have anything in the modern world without electricity

What is public agenda?

What citizens as a group believe to be important

What is the public agenda?

What citizens as a group believe to be important

public agenda

What citizens as a group believe to be important

15. What is the public agenda?

What citizens as a group believe to be important Measures of the public agenda reflect the relative importance of issues to the public as a whole

What does Cialdini claim about the process of human decision making? [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

When making a decision, it would be nice to think that people consider all the available information in order to guide their thinking. But the reality is very often different.

What is social proof?

When people are uncertain about a course of action, they tend to look to those around them to guide their decisions and actions.

• What is Social Proof? When is it important? What would be an example of its usefulness for marketers?

When people are uncertain about a course of action, they tend to look to those around them to guide their decisions and actions. They especially want to know what everyone else is doing - especially their peers. Testimonials from satisfied customers show your target audience that people who are similar to them have enjoyed your product or service. They'll be more likely to become customers themselves. A similar principle applies to television commercials that say: "If our lines are busy, please call again." Instead of saying "Operators are standing by." The first response implies that other people like your offer so much that the phone lines are busy, which may persuade others to act similarly.

what is the effect of video games

When the brain senses danger, primitive survival mechanisms swiftly kick in to provide protection from harm. It is an instantaneous response that is hardwired in our genes and necessary for survival. When the instinct is triggered, our nervous system and hormones influence our state of arousal, jumping to a state of hyperarousal - flight or fight response. If fight or flight occurs too often, the brain and body have trouble regulating themselves back to a calm state, leading to a state of chronic stress.

aging

While age by itself is not necessarily predictive of illness, health problems do tend to occur ore frequently as we age. Unfortunately, our healthcare system suffers from a number of communication related problems when it comes to providing care to older patients. There is a need for health communication researchers to gain a better understanding of health issues associated with our aging population and for the development of interventions that can make a positive impact on this situation.

Health communication as a defined area of research, the U.S. history of addressing health issues, and the need for health communication research.

While health communication has been a defied area of academic research for only about 30 years, the US has had a rich history of addressing public health issues. However,statistics dealing with disease incident rates, patient dissatisfaction with healthcare and the failure of many health campaigns to significantly impact health outcomes point to the need for health communication research in the future. Despite advances in health communication over the last three decades, there are a number of current issues that will likely pose problems for the healthcare system in the future Health communication researchers are in a unique position to fid ways to confront these issues and ultimately make improvements to the healthcare system and outcomes.

In #8, note the point about party-to-party and intraparty switching of support by campaign managers.

While managers rarely jump from party to party, it's not uncommon to see some intraparty switching of support

In #8, note the point about party-to-party and intraparty switching of support by campaign managers.

While managers rarely jump from party to party, it's not uncommon to see some intraparty switching of support.

12. RQ1

Will boys or girls report greater parasocial interaction with same-sex or opposite sex characters?

RQ1: Will boys (girls) report greater parasocial interaction with samesex or oppositesex characters? RQ2: Among boys (girls), will wishful identification and parasocial interaction differ for same and oppositesex characters?

Williams et al.'s (1981) findings suggest that some of the differences between boys and girls in previous studies (e.g., Reeves & Greenberg, 1977) may have been due partially to the sex of the characters with whom children identified. There is much evidence that females are still underrepresented on television; when females appear, they tend to be portrayed as more attractive and nurturing than males, but also lower in status, less powerful, less productive at work, and in less diverse roles (Signorielli, 1993; Vanden Berg & Streckfuss, 1992). Because girls identify with female characters more than males do, predictors of girls' identification should be determined partly by how female characters are portrayed. There is also little research on the characteristics of portrayals that contribute to parasocial interaction (Turner, 1993).

12. Note the examination of predictors.

Wishful identification and parasocial interaction

Which perceived character traits will predict wishful identification or parasocial interaction with male and female characters?

Wishful identification and parasocial interaction were higher for characters regarded as kinder, more helpful, more caring, less mean, and less selfish

How large is the healthcare sector of the U.S. economy? How does its size compare to other sectors?

Within the US economy, we spend over 1 trillion dollars a year on healthcare services, making it the leader sector of the US economy.

Zero Sum

You win I lose (or vice versa)

how are older Americans different

adults from 18-49 trust news and political info shared from friends more than news delivered from other sources. Social media is also less popular, depending primarily on TV or other traditional news outlets

what is the relationship of news via social media and voter turnout

after a study conducted during the 2014 European Parliament, it was found that citizens who were less interested in news and politics became more politically engaged online after coming across news and political info on social media

demographic

age, gender, race, ethnicity, language, culture, social economic status, religion

doctor-centered

agenda setting - based on biomedical issues info solicitation - assumes patient will volunteer thoughts if important emotions - focuses on the physical not socioemotional SDM - decisions based on physician expert judgment

patient-centered

agenda setting - doctor solicits patients concerns and uses them to build agenda info solicitation - asks for patients thoughts emotions - encourages patients to express feelings SDM - solicits patient involvement in decisions

individual level of political communication

agenda setting, priming, framing, presumed influence

accessibility theory

agenda-setting and priming have psychological foundation attitudes reflect what is most accessible in the mind

current challenges to health system

aging population, cultural diversity and health care, traditional vs new approach, funding for health research, changes to health insurance and managed care, impact of new technology

value expressive

allow us to express selves

Value expressive

allows us to express our values (true self-value)

boys wishful identification

almost all boys chose same sex characters

Doom

also an online gaming milestone as it featured competitive networked play and also allowed players to modify the game and create new game content -facilitated the rise of network players and network communities of gamers dedicated to modifying the game and creating new maps -people also play online real-time strategy games that are competitive in nature (league of legends)

biomedical model of medicine

always a physical problem for something instead of it being mental or socially fueled

entertainment

amusement or pleasure provided by performers, agreeable occupation for the mind, causes enjoyment positive, engaging/involving, response/"thing" goal of most programs and internet

entertainment

amusement/pleasure provided by performers (diverting/engaging as a public performance of light/comic adventure novel) -agreeable occupation for the mind (diversion, amusement) -anything that causes enjoyment

belief

an acceptance that something is true or that something exists - values are more general and enduring than attitudes -beliefs are NOT attitudes -believe in ghosts-but idk if your attitudes towards them are good/bad -we cannot infer a persons attitudes from their beliefs

belief

an acceptance that something is true/exists

research question 3 (entertainment/Hoffner)

answered by comparing the trait perceptions of male and female characters

selling sex

appearance and social acceptance products decorative model, nudity, suggestiveness, double entendre attention gaining, brand name recall may suffer, focus on attention and execution, not product evaluation good credibility if used appropriately, body image effects

general (structural) frames

applicable to most issues Not representing a particular perspective Grounded in news production processes, not driven by political decision Subtle, implicit

task-oriented questions

ask/give commands, opinions, info, etc.

Uses and Gratification

asking people (why we watch what we watch) -common answers: escape, emotions, company, relaxation

stereotyped gender based language

assertiveness=masc-more direct affiliation=fem-more tentatitve -gender norms expect men/women to use one more than the other -stereotypes=norms and expectations about a group of people--gender groups -not necc true--can be true aspects, but also exaggerated/false aspects -mix of accurate and inaccurate generalizations abt how men/women communicate -in gender language, not every stereotyped expectation is met in convos

affiliation

associated w femnininty and women (closeness) -connecting to others, rapport, intimacy (closeness) -compliments, support, praise -emotional communication

affiliation

associated with femininity, closeness connecting to others, rapport, intimacy, compliments, support, praise

assertiveness

associated with masculinity, controlling, power, independence, dominance, interruptions, disagreeing, criticizing behavioral or attitudinal

Gender identity

at the individual level self-perception as a man or woman -views him or herself as masculine or feminine -people vary in their gender identity

the extended parallel process model

attempts to predict how individuals will react when confronted with fear inducing stimuli

Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)

attempts to predict how individuals will react when confronted with fear inducing stimuli External Stimuli --> Message Processing --> Outcomes --> Process

organization

attention and thesis introduction, key points, transitions effects - more likely to comprehend, more credibility

functions of attitudes

attitudes are functional bc they help us to gratify our percieved needs -some attitude functions: utilitarian, ocial adjustive, ego defensive, value expressive

Under what conditions

attitudes are less likely to be related to your behavior when you feel social pressure to behave in a particular way

social adjustive

attitudes can help us fit in with others -change attitude/decsribe your attitude inaccurately ot another person to gain thei approval -ex vegan became vegan bc all of his friends did and wanted to fit in

ego defensive

attitudes help ut maintain our self esteem (aka our overall sense of self worth) -ex the insecure male who diminishes the competence and value of women to evaluate his own self worth -does not last long=attitudes can be dysfunctional too

value expressive

attitudes that allow us to express our true self -ex vegans are so be they believe eating meat is cruel and it contributes to global warming -attitudes can be multifunctional= an attitude that serves two or more functions

the traits examined in the entertainment/Hoffner study?

attractiveness, strength, humor, and intelligence

ACME model

audience, channel, message, evaluation

fixed-action patterns

automatic responses to situations can be manipulated by marketers generally, people will do things if they are given a reason

effective HC campaign

backed by law increases 1. conduct formative research 2. ground in theory 3. segment audience 4. targeted message 5. widely used channels 6. conduct process evaluation 7. conduct outcome evaluation research

critical consumers' perceptions

barriers, benefits, social norms, self-efficacy

how did German inventor Rathenau describe Edison's accomplishment?

beautifully conceived, and worked as though it has been tested for decades in various towns: "astonishing skill and incomparable genius"

age 9-10

begin to recognize ads

competence

belief communicator has knowledge/expertise on topic

trustworthiness

belief that communicator tells truth as they see it factors: education, occupation, experience, violates expectations, perceived absence of persuasive intent, evidence, reputation

digital media

binary info, bits, such info is easily reproduced with no cost at all, everyone can read everything at the same time, can send a message in a split second

stereotype: who is better at math

boys

results of child TV identify study

boys chose same-sex more than girls girls chose same-sex for wishful identification and parasocial more parasocial more than wishful identification for male characters females were more engaging and positive than males

hypotheses of child TV identify study

boys will choose same-sex favorites more than girls greater wishful identification with same-sex than opposite sex male focus on opposite interactions, female on identification

hypothesis 1 (entertainment/Hoffner)

boys would name favorite characters of the same sex more often than girls

multidimensional sealing

by Reeves 1970s predicted wishful identification boys = physical strength and activity level girls = physical attractiveness both identify less with funny "buffoons" imitate/identify with successful characters (boys with violent characters)

self-deviation

can cause frustration, leads to moving beyond the self to entertainment

competition

can go/do something else

ICT

can help us help others across the world -health, vaccination access + use of ICT increases with level of education & higher income

why do we like sad songs?

can speak about sacrifice or enduring love

Patriotic Appeals

car makers, politicians. etc. often try to associate their corporate identities and products with patriotic images. Pre giving Legitimizing Paltry Contributions Foot-in-the-Door (FITD) Door-in-the-Face (DITF) Low Balling That's Not All

direct pathway

causal chain in which satisfying one or more communication functions by itself brings improved health

indirect pathway

causal chain in which the effect of communication on health are mediated through proximal/intermediate outcomes

differential susceptibility

cause mass media effects to be not uniform due to individual's: 1. disposition 2. developmental 3. social

Health Communication and Journal of HC

caused more health program funding

"drench" hypothesis

certain salient characters and programs may have more intense and significant influence than long-term exposure to total pattern of images on TV can cause positive/negative effects

statistical network attributes

connectedness or degree- number of links or the total amount of communication integration or density- percentage of node's links that are linked to one another centrality- average distance of a node to all other nodes (# of nodes required to reach all others)

promotion

creation of education, persuasive, memorable

characteristics of communicator and their persuasion

credibility (most important), liking, attitudinal similarity, attractiveness

non verbal comm

crying, laughing, hugging, shaking hands -related to emotion and accordingly plays out in a simliar manner -gender norms for men and womenin terms of what non verbal forms of comm are expected and allowed -women smile more than men -patting guys on butt is not acceptable, but on bball court

point about the distinction between smart phone ownership and data access

data shows that most people may soon have smartphones, but the majority still will not have data access b/c in many countries, the cost of data is more expensive than a smartphone

need for health communication research

deal with disease incident rates, patient dissatisfaction with healthcare, and the failure of health campaigns to impact health outcomes.

Message Structure

decisions we make as we put together the various pieces of a message to create a coherent persuasive message. must be assembled in an orderly fashion

TV exposure to white girls and black boys/girls

decrease self-esteem

measure of centrality

degree- # of ties or sum of tie strengths ------- in-degree- #of ties received --------- out-degree- # of ties initiated indegree= outdegree for non directional data betweenness- proportion of all paths linking A&C that pass through B, sum for all nodes closeness- reciprocal of sum of the lengths of shortest paths to or from all other nodes *** tbh idk what any of this is

tailoring

delivering a different, adapted message to each individual difficult with mass media, do with friends and family daily direct mail, websites, computer kiosks, smartphones, micro-targeting in politics, internet advertising future - cable

choice of role models

depends on rewards of characters intelligent and capable females have hard time with relationships or are ridiculed humor valued as long as not unintelligent violence likely to yield rewards

Telecommunications Act of 1996

deregulation, open competition, more soft new and local programming

horror movies

designed for suspense, surprise, fear, horror -thats not the same as pleasure -our fear is real-body reacts the same as to real life threats

Utilitarian attitude

develop a favorable attitude toward those things in the world that bring us satisfaction

essential elements of SDM

dialogue to define/explain the problem, review of options, preferences and values, abilities/self-efficacy, knowledge/recommendations, checkin understanding, treatment decision, follow-up

What is being observed in the tables????

differences between both genders such as physical and emotional, and behavioral attributes

Evidence

different kinds of support brought forth to support the veracity of claims made

Emotion

different standards for experience and standards of emotion/expressions - with women generally having more leeway

infrastructure

diffuses through social structure and society

e-governments

digitization of state executive powers EX: DMV website, USA.gov -cheaper -more transparency -can see where money is spent/allocated -requires infrastructure

entertainment education

educational content in entertaining formats, tv, music to educate audience with entertaining, less resistant when embedded want to increase knowledge, health promote, favorable attitudes, model behaviors, bring people to professionals ex. parables, radio, telenovela, afterschool specials

gender in families

effect chores, interactions, patterns

belief importance

effect of framing

social networks

effected self-esteem in adolescents (Valkenburg 2006) increase use stimulate number of friends and positive feedback + feedback = increase self-esteem and well-being - feedback = decrease self-esteem

humor

effective attention-gaining device little effect on comprehension and retention sometimes enhances if credible, increases liking of ad

media effects on mental well-being

effects child self-esteem (Martins & Harrison, 2011) due to type of content, representation, and roles

theory of variable news media influence

effects depend on public opinion vary on how new and type of issue direct obtrusive issue - less reliance on media unobtrusive issue - rely more on media

4 developments Smil compares to iPad

electricity, vaccination, hybrid crops, synthetic nitrogen fertilizers

political perspective

elites, politics, government channel to citizens use news to reach the public

collaberative technology

email, calendars, todo lists, contact managements, discussion forums, microblogging -- microsoft outlook -- wiki-- hawaiian word meaning quick, everyone can edit it

what makes up for lack of nonverbal ques in CMC

emoticons and emojis

factors in the author's definition of basic internet services

enabling everyone w a phone to get internet access and join the knowledge economy while also enabling the industry to continue growing profits and building out this infrastructure. Define which basic internet services should have free data, and which require a data plan

common elements

entertainment is something: positive (agreeable or pleasure),/engaging or involving (diverting an occupation for the mind)/we experience in response to something outside of us (public performance/adventure novel)

newsfeed

entirely our creation, share evocative, high arousal most sophisticated mirror of readers' preferences, remind us of ourselves

episodic frames

episodic events that occur in individual instances

uses and gratifications of entertainment

escape, emotions, company, relax, enjoy

pocketbook voting

evaluations of personal affect evaluation of incumbents

COMCOM/chain sociomatrice

every one of the nodes is tied together **best when you need everyone's opinion i.e. longterm planning

cliques

everyone communicates with each other

agenda-setting theory

examines how media/news sets the policy agenda and defines nature of debate news tells us what to think about

the aggressor effect

exposure to violence makes people more aggressive males and children more susceptible

the aggressor effect

exposure to violence makes people more aggressive -males are more likely to be neg affected -children playing video games -longitudional study (long term)=exposure to violent media as a child increases violent behavior later in life -watching violent stuff as a kid makes you more likely to abuse your spouse -children are more susceptible to what they see on tv -thoughts and behaviors

argument order

face to face stronger first, last if audience doesn't care

what overtook myspace

facebook

what happened concerning the sending of traffic to websites (facebook and google)

facebook and google were equal power, but now facebook sends 3.5x more traffic

truth squatting

fact checking people got upset at the media for fact checking so they stopped and left it up to the other side to challenge the accuracy of what was said

knowledge

familiarity with topic, basis of knowledge, level of direct experience with issue

entertainment outcomes

favor attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, behavior

utilitarian

favorable toward satisfaction

Massive Multiplayer online games (MMO's)

feature large graphical worlds populated by plater avatars and computer-controlled agents (provide guests to gamers and information about the games back narrative) (world of warcraft)

rule of reciprocation

feel debt after receiving something

How do first-order innovations differ from second-order innovations?

first-order innovations that take place only infrequently and at unpredictable times and the myriad of subsequent second-order inventions, improvements, and perfections that could not have taken place without such a breakthrough and that both accompany and follow (sometimes with great rapidity, often rather tardily) the commercial maturation of that fundamental enabling advance.

how do first-order innovations differ from second-order innovations?

first-order innovations: take place infrequently and at unpredictable times second-order innovations: improvements and perfections that couldn't have taken place without such a breakthrough and that both accompany and follow the commercial maturation of that fundamental enabling advance

strength

for identification boy with male

good looks

for identification girls+boys with female, friendship

willing suspension of disbelief

fundamental for enjoyment of fiction, choose not to dismiss unreal

Funding

funding for healthcare has been reallocated to the War on Terror.

MUD multi user dungeon

games, fiction, online chats, players typically interact with each other by using chats and interactions

gender identity/sex

gender can match sex or GI can be inconsistent w sex -many identify w fem more than masc -androgenous

gender

gender-- socially constructed system of symbols-- definition of being a man or woman --gender changes over time --masculinity vs. femininity -- varies across culture i.e. in some countries it is acceptable for two males to hold hands whereas in our country it would mean you are gay --

newsworthiness

general norm markets being served specific consideration based on the audience ans news media's mission/philosophy

Intersex conditions

genetic conditions that can result in genetic females having male-looking genitalia and genetic males having female-looking genitalia

intersexual conditions

genetic conditions that can result in genetic females to have male looking genitals and vise versa

intersex conditions

genetic females having male looping genetalia and males having female looping genetalia

sex

genetically and biologically determined --sex does not vary across time or culture GENDER AND SEX ARE NOT THE SAME

sex

genetically and biologically determined, can be ambiguous

stereotype: who takes a nose-dive in self esteem at the beginning of adolescence

girls

Social life of guilds is affected by:

goals size formal practices member turnover leadership dynamics

doctor-patient communication

good communication associated with better health outcomes

computer supported cooperative work

group work collaberation performed by computer functions

girls and wishful identification

half of girls chose same sex characters

Telecommunications Act of 1996

has had a far-reaching impact on news content. Research suggests that the changes in this policy alone have resulted in more soft news and more local news programming. allowed for De-regulation and open competition one explanation is that de-regulation and open competition made the economic imperatives more important in the news industry. in this environment, making profit becomes the top priority shows that government policy directly influences news making

how does Smil describe the fundamental importance of electricity?

he asks what we would not have without electricity

Diversity

health disparities, access to healthcare services, and health literacy

the fear of victimization effect

heavy tv viewers have higher fear of becoming victim of violence, higher distrust in others, higher perception of world as dangerous, mean and hostile occurs when evaluating unfamiliar environments

Social adjustive attitude

help us to fit in w/ other people

social adjustive

help us to fit in, approval

fear appeals

high threat message needs to be believable to be feared, as well as relevant and novel more threat means more fear, efficacy reassurances to solve fear, responsive if fear affects loved ones

Framing

how to report - make series of decisions about what wording and images to use - setting the tone of their coverage

sex (entertainment/Hoffner article)

identify more with characters of the same sex. Male characters were chosen as role models by girls more often than female characters were chosen by boys (they had more exciting roles and b/c it's more socially acceptable for females than males to be associated with other sex)

contrast principle

if difference of two stimuli is great, perceptions of difference is highly exaggerated

increase parasocial interaction

if kinder, helpful, caring, not mean or selfish

attitude change with message structure

if novel, relevant, believable

people use media to change or alter mood

if you are_______ you watch _______ • depressed first: comedies, fast-paced programs • happy first: slower-paced programs • angry people: positive programs, slow-paced • mood shapes out entertainment choices

health outcome

immediate/eventual effects of communication on health survival, cure, less suffering, emotional well-being, pain control, functional ability, vitality

Note the four developments that Smil compares to the iPad.

impartial observer describe the iPad as just a small laptop computer without a keyboard and a cover (a boon for the makers of covers that people buy to protect the device) rather than an epoch-making innovation on par with electricity, vaccination, hybrid crops, or synthetic nitrogen fertilizers?

entertainment costs

importance of entertainment in our lives is resulted in the material resources we devote to it -movies: costs of ticket+popcorn= $18/movie= $936/year= 2500tacos at deltacos on tuesday -spending so much feels worth it bc entertainment is important -adults spend $ on the media entertainment too -tv ave cabel= $75/mo ave tv purchased= $1224 (can be cheaper but we chose to pay a lot for entertainment) -ave american spends $3000/ year on entertainment--per INDIVIDUAL

zero sum point

incentivizing those with resources to hoard rather than share them → industrial and resource-based economies

social factors of watching prosocial TV

inclusion/exclusion had no effect when watched with other children (Mares & Acosta, 2010) watching with BFF increased exclusion (Cingel & Sumter)

exposure to fairness

increase perspective-taking abilities (Cingel, Kremar, Olsen, Pictrantonio, 2016) influenced moral judgements and reasoning watching with parent helped the process influenced by social factors

TV exposure to white boys

increase self-esteem

outcomes of SDM

increased adherence to treatment plans especially with chronic, increased reliance on preventative behaviors, decreased problem of ER/hospitalization

increased exposure

increased liking

e-development

increased productivity cost reduction

increased authority

increased trust, decreased responsibility

attitudinal similarity

increases persuasion (weakly), like those with similar attitudes, dissimilar can often be more persuasive, reassuring

macro level of political communication

indirect impact, democracy is an assumption of political impact of new, but news media can also nurture democracy

episodic

individual event report, more prevalent

downstream

individual person, campaigns

predicting transportation

individual variation, attitudinal consistency, challenging but not overwhelming

attribution theory

individuals seek to understand info as they process it/social psychological foundation of framing effects. People tend to attribute responsibility for social events and behaviors to either individual or societal factors

occulus rift

individuals wearing the device will be able to experience a simulated world

normative perspective

info about issues of society we should be aware of view that news serves us

economic perspective

info, opinions, entertainment to make money view that news is soft issues

Ego defensive attitude

maintain our self-esteem, overall sense of self worth

ego defensive

maintain self-esteem

News Making

interacting among journalism, the market, and politics

study of health communication

interdisciplinary field, implied social science, ideally theory driven contexts - healthcare, public health, interpersonal, commercial ads

eHealth channels

internet, kiosk, medical records, serious games, tech and interactivity, tailored message

involvement (transporation/paracosial relationships)

is normal everyone expereinces bc of phenomenon: the willing suspension of sidbelief

Principle of Reciprocity [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

is to be the first to give and to ensure that what you give is personalized and unexpected.

communication network roles

isolate-- no links in the network attached isolate (pendant)-- only one link isolated dyad-- a pair of nodes linked together but isolated from the rest of the network tree node-- a subset of nodes with minimal connections to the network. If any single node is removed the result will separate the tree structure in two parts creating isolates group member-- node with more than 50% of its linkages with other members of the same group bridge link-- a group member with a link to another group liasion-- node that fails to meet the criteria for group membership but has links with other nodes who may be group members

different types of framing

issue- specific general thematic episodic

point about party-to-party and intraparty switching of support by campaign managers

it's not uncommon to see intraparty switching for support, it comes down to who has the best chance of winning

credibility

judgement made by a message recipient concerning the believability of communicator, in eye of the beholder, topical

fundamental importance of electricity (Smil)

just about everything in our modern world has to do with electricity

number of arguments

key arguments, audience not involved more arguments important, audience cares more quality important

faction

majority of communication with others in the groups

entertainment is important (objective observation)

know it is important bc people spend a lot of time and resources seeking to be entertained

advertising to children

lack ad competencies, more susceptible, do not understand intent of ads

results of gender study

large difference in motor skills and sexuality physical aggression bigger difference than verbal

How large is the healthcare sector of the U.S. economy?

leading sector of the US economy

media effects on physical well-being

leads to disordered eating can predict in preadolescent girls not boys (until college aged) (Moriarty & Harrison) females internalize thin ideal because of media exposure (Grabe)

female body dissatisfaction

leads to lower self esteem and bad eating to get thinner (Bartlett)

male body dissatisfaction

leads to lower self esteem and more exercise for muscles (Bartlett)

scarcity principle

less available increases attraction off limits, taboo, inappropriate

how fast is the net growing

less than 9% each year

circle sociomatrice

like chain but with link between nodes 1 and 5

Consistency

looking and asking for small initial commitments that can be made (notecards -> signs)

consistency as a persuasive principle

looking for, and asking for commitments that can be made. The detective of influence looks for voluntary, active, and public commitments and ideally gets these commitments in writing i.e. campaigning can grow with signs and such if you start of small OR patients writing own appointments rather than the care taker

tentative language

low assertive extent to which someone displays uncertainty in communication

patriotic appeals

made in US, sponsor US team, colors, images, monuments, differ individual response global appeal, wartime appeals to hate enemies

effect size

magnitude of effect d = (Mm-Mf)/Sw

1. external stimulous

makes us aware of a threat

external stimulus (EPPM)

makes us aware of a threat Message Components - Self-efficacy; Response efficacy; Susceptibility; Severity

automatic process

making some attitudes more salient for a while, providing more evidence

interruptions

male decreases satisfaction female increases satisfaction

gender similarities hypothesis

males and females are similar on most, but not all psychological variables

gender similarities hypothesis

males and females are similar on most, not all psychological variables

gender differences hypothesis

males and females are vastly different 1. verbal ability 2. visual-spatial 3. math 4. aggression inflation is bad because of work opportunity, couple communication, teen self-esteem

Differences model

males and females are very different psychologically.

androgenous

masculinity + femininity

immersive virtual environments

massive multipalyer online games- world of warcraft, mindcraft, league of legends --interacting in virtual world with real people -- virtual reality can represent sensory things such as sight smell touch and sound

areas for gender differences

mathematics computation, vocabulary, science, perceptual speed, spatial perception, attribution of success to ability, aggression, smiling, and leadership styles.

what is the second area of large gender difference?

measures of sexuality, incidences of masturbation and for attitudes about sex in casual relationships

effect size & its purpose in the article

measures the magnitude of an effect the magnitude of gender difference (from the article)

thematic frames

media advocacy seeks to frame issues thematically (reports on broader issues)

primary prevention

media advocacy tries to fix upstream

HC environmental influences

media environment, social environment/networks, physical environment, policy environment

Entertainment media

media primarily intended or used for entertainment

entertainment media (REAL DEF)

media primarily intended or used for entertainment/to enduce entertainment

entertainment media

media primarily used for entertainment

gender in CMC

medium dependent, perceptions, group interaction

gender in leadership

men

voice of justice

men

caveats

men and women are not drastically different but mostly similar

stereotyped gender based language

men are more assertive, women are more emotional

men and women prtrayed in the media

men as the hero, women as those to be rescued, men play video games more tha women, self image, slimmer models ect

glass ceiling effect

men make more money and are more often promoted

glass ceiling effect

men make more money and gender is the only factor

Refutational two-sided message

mention the arguments made by people who disagree with you and then try to refute those arguments more effective than one-sided message can inoculate your audience against the arguments that your opponents might use against your position

statistical meta-analysis

method for aggregating research findings across many studies of the same question. Ideal for synthesizing research on gender differences, an area which often dozens or hundreds of studies of a particular question have been conducted.

what does the study show about gender differences in aggression?

moderate in magnitude, although physical aggression has a larger gender difference than verbal aggression. In relational aggression, girls score higher. The evidence is ambiguous regarding the relational aggression gender difference.

Why we watch what we watch

mood ( change/ alter) -we have a non conscious drive to generally seek to be in a positive mood -we avoid negatives automatically and seek positives automatically -mood management theory

social in/exclusion

moral concern -preschool aged children struggle with -evidence suggests that tv messages abt including others do not work among young children -AND watching tv with one's BFF= makes children MORE EXclusive

presidential campaigns

more and more people get their news via social media consuming news makes people more likely to vote 1. more people rely on social media for news and info (18-29 especially, trust when shared by friends; 30-49 trust tv, websites, then social media) 2. social media influence on participation unclear, depends on traditional factors or exposure, may help younger turnout, depends on view of conflict, contagious 3. increased risk of questionable sources

thematic

more general societal angle in a general context

conceptual congruency

more important two concepts that go together ex. rabbit and carrot

what are the requisites of ICT4D?

more income, more access. greater connectivity.

factors with message structure

more influence if novel,increase quality when audience cares

conclusion drawing

more influenced by own ideas, explicit if can't trust audience to draw correct conclusion

bystander effect

more likely to help when less people look to others to judge appropriate reaction due to uncertainty identify one person as responsible and others will follow

desensitization effect

more violent media causes less sympathy to victims perceive people to be less injured, less willing to help those in need (Drabman & Thomas, 1976) overall effect is small but depends on many factors (gender, age, level of aggression)

what is being observed from the data in the gender & cmn/Hyde article?

most gender differences are small or close to zero

But we never took accounting 101

most have no business background since it is not required as a political science major.

shannon weaver model of communication

mother of all models sender- originator of the message encoder- transmitter- converts message into signals and travels through communication chanel channel- the medium decoder- reverses encoding process and puts message into original format receiver- receives message (sender -->encoder-->channel-->decoder-->receiver)

largest gender difference

motor performance (particularly for throwing velocity and throwing distance)

the self

my sense of who i am, clear sense but can be limiting, can be multiple

features

narrative structure, parasocial interaction, liking, similarity, identification, transportation, enjoyment

digital regulations

necessary to protect privacy -privacy regulation is important across all e-sectors

Conditional nature of news effects

news effects differ depending on contexts - characteristics of audience and message

News-Priming Effect

news emphasis influences the way people evaluate the president and politicians

Agenda setting effect

news influences the way people prioritize public issues Managing public attention/ allocating resources news emphasis --> audience perception of issue importancw

normative perspective

news is info about important issues and problems in society that citizens should be aware of free from political influences and pressures concepts like the right to know, the freedom of the press, watchdog journalism, and the First Amendment

objectivity

news media tend to transmit what sources, especially official sources, say about issues. so called "he said/she said" coverage not fact checking

economic perspective

news product made of info, opinions, and entertainment through which news organizations make money

news gatekeeping

news selection of what is newsworthy

what is the rule used in gatekeeping?

newsworthiness what to use there seems to be a common set of newsworthiness criteria that most news media use

agreeable comparison

nice to not be afraid after

positive network externalities

no law of scarcity in digital age -more members in network are better

wheel sociomatrice

node three is connected to all --- node three is a hib/center of a series of spokes ** best for simpler tasks i.e. adding up a series of numbers **whoever is the hub is the most satisfied and spokes are less satisfied/ node three controls the info in his group

Three perspectives of what news is

normative economic political

nonverbal communication

norms, related to emotion, social context

learn about world from entertainment media

not always accurate ex. CA teens and cigarettes

stereotypes

not necessarily true, but sometimes norm/expectation about a group of people can come from media depiction, stronger if low in real life contact

what was Edison's greatest contribution

not to invent the light bulb: other inventors beat him to it, share the success with Joseph Swan

Represntative Democracy

notion that people govern the society indirectly by electing people who can do the job of governing on their behalf In this process, the public and the political system constantly interact. Politicians and parties try to get their messages across to the public and gain public support for their policies while citizens provide feedback and try to get their voices heard in the policy making process.

how does WHO define health

o "a state of complete physical mental and social wellbeing"

agenda setting

o 'telling the audiences what to think about' o Setting the conversation

efficiency of delivering data

o 2 types of innovation: ♣ bringing down underlying costs of delivering data ♣ using less data by building more efficient apps

how much of world is connected/growth

o 2.7 billion (a little over 1/3) have access to net o internet adoption is growing by less than 9% each year (slow considering its early development)

priming

o Ability of media to affect which issues/traits individuals use to evaluate political figures

effect size of tables in gender/com article

o All of the effect sizes are noticeably small o With a few exceptions obviously but mainly small effects

distinction between ownership/data access

o As smartphone prices decrease more people will have access to afford o But having smartphone doesn't = data access, the majority of those who will get smartphone in projections wont have data o That's because... cost of a data is so much more expensive than the phone o In turn, the majority of prices people play for data go directly towards covering the money spent to deliver the internet - until this becomes efficient - industry cannot serve everyone.

what traits examined in entertainment article?

o Attractiveness, strength, humor, intelligence present studied examined more ♣ Each trait measured with multiple items

define basic internet services

o Basic services need to be non-data-intensive (text based services and simple apps like weather) ♣ Data intensive experiences like streaming music, etc. consume data o Basic services also need to be tools that people use to discover other content - these services should have the property that by making data free for them people will discover more content and use more meaningful data o Not prescribing any specific set of internet services, the more efficient the model the more access the internet can provide to basic services.

zero sum point

o Before internet our economy was primarily industrial and resource, now it is knowledge economy - many dynamics are zero sum (if you own a field I cant also own a field) which incentivizes those with resources to hoard o But its not like that now - we encourage worldwide prosperity - not zero sum, if you know something I can also know it on - the more we know the better products, ideas, for everyone

reduced social context cues

o CMC lacks cues to status, social norms, and etiquette in comparison to face to face

abstract of children/entertainment article

o Children age 7-12 interviewed about favorite tv character, all boys and about ½ of girls selected same sex favorites o Regression analyses perceived character traits to predict wishful identification and para-social interaction o For males: wishful identification predicted by intelligence and for girls: humor, para-social interaction: predicted by intelligence, attractiveness, and for boys: strength o For female characters: (chosen by girls) attractiveness was only significant predictor

what are the areas of large gender differences?

o Domain of motor performance, specifically throwing velocity/distance o Particularly after puberty o Measures of sexuality o Difference in masturbation/attitudes about sex in casual relationships. But differences for sexual satisfaction are close to zero

4 developments compared to ipad

o Electricity o Vaccination o Hybrid crops o Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers

2 technical saltations

o Ex: when our hominin ancestors began using stones to fashion other stones into sharp tools. o Ex: the large scale commercial generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electricity.

first order innovations vs second

o First order innovations: take place only infrequently and at unpredictable times o Second order inventions: myriad of them, that could not have take place without such a breakthrough as first and accompany and follow the commercial maturation of that fundamental enabling advance.

legality of phone calls

o For most businesses this harassment is against the law. The creation National DO Not Call Registry, lawmakers exempted them, but the law only benefits lawmakers - every campaign can use robo-calls.

Edisons greatest contribution

o He put in place the worlds first commercial system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion.

health campaigns ability to effect change in US

o Health communication can help us better understand these issues, work to change them, and then affect change through communication o A large number of health campaigns have not led to substantial health behavior change among members of the US population o Raises awareness but doesn't help change their behavior

polling data use

o If an ad says a candidate is doing well in polls there's a high chance the number came from their campaign - polling data isn't inaccurate, but needs to be taken with a grain of salt, used to persuade and to gain money.

role of media in elected officials

o If elected officials respond to citizen's preferences on issues and what is important - yet media decides what is important than they have a huge effect o Mass media helps public evaluate public figures in specific ways and the nature of coverage frames beliefs about policy responses

Gender similarities hypothesis

o It holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. o Men and women are more alike than they are different, believes most differences are less than .10 or in between .11 and .35

consistency

o It says that people like to be consistent with the things they have previously said or done o Ex: ♣ A neighborhood was unlikely to erect small wooden drive safe signs out front ♣ But a different neighborhood was down because they had agreed to place small postcards in their windows that said drive safe - lead to a 400% increase in consistency

3 elements of rough plan for internet success

o Making internet access affordable by making it more efficient to deliver data o Using less data by improving the efficiency of apps and experiences we use o Helping businesses drive internet access by developing a new model to get people online

party switching

o Managers rarely jump from party to party Its not uncommon to see switching party support - intraparty switching o There are some tests managers use in picking candidates o But ultimately it comes down to who has the best chance of winning

gender differences in aggression

o Moderate gender differences in aggression o Gender differences in physical aggression is larger than verbal aggression o Women have been 'notably made' higher in relational aggression but this is ambiguous

electronic innovations created when/by

o Most of it between late 1870s and beginning of 20th by a small number of people o One name stands above them all (Thomas Edison)

4 arguments about connectivity

o Most people in world don't have disposable income to spend on data - any plan to make internet broadly available will require improvements that let some access it for cheap/free o The global infrastructure required to deliver the internet is expensive - all companies involved need to make a profit to continue building these networks so we need to decrease these costs to pass along savings. o Even when they can afford it, many people who have never experienced the internet don't know what data is or why they would want it. But those who have heard of it want it - if we can provide people access we can find other content they want and and they will begin to use/understand broader o Many people don't have phones - over time we have to connect these people, but for now we don't have a plan to deliver internet to those without phones

persuasion: liking

o People prefer to say yes to those they like o There are 3 factors to why people like others: ♣ We like those similar to us ♣ We like people who pay us compliments ♣ We like people who cooperate with us towards mutual goals

who is unsusceptible to agenda setting

o People whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide them with a strong set of political priorities and conceptualizations of problems

consensus

o People will look to the actions and behaviors of others to determine their own o Ex: ♣ Hotels place small cards in bathrooms that attempt guests to reuse towels - but most effective way: is to write that 75% of people will reuse towels - people will follow consensus and reuse towels We look at others especially similar other

framing + attribution theory

o Results from medias description of an event or issue that emphasizes a 'subset of potentially relevant considerations' that cause individuals to focus on these considerations when constructing their opinions o The way the media frame an issue determines how individuals perceive the issue and therefore how new information bout the issue is categorized and integrated into prior beliefs and attitudes o Attribution theory: individuals seek to understand information as they process it - foundation of framing effects

findings on entertainment sex differences

o Sex differences in choice of fav characters consistent with previous research ♣ Nearly all boys selected same sex but only half of girls o Overall girls reported more wishful identification and para-social identification with same sex o For male characters intelligence was the one that predicted identification/parasocial o Attractiveness was only predictor when chosen by girls Girls rated female characters as being more intelligen

scarcity

o States that people want more of those things they can have less of o Concord example: British airways announced they would not be operating the twice daily London-NY Concorde flight, and the next day sales took off - nothing had actually changed but it had simply become more scarce

statistical meta analyses and use

o Statistical method for aggregating research findings across many studies of the same question ♣ Effect size is crucial, measures magnitude of an effect o It was used to synthesize many dozens of research on gender differences o 4 steps: ♣ researcher locates all studies ♣ statistics are extracted and effect size done for each study ♣ weighted average of effect size is computed ♣ homogeneity analyses are conducted to determine whether group of effect sizes is relatively homogenous

agenda setting effects strongest for

o Strongest for those least involved in political system

apple in relation to german cars

o That apples devices benefit from group infatuation ( people favor a product based on allegiance that they cant define) ♣ Ex: people were willing to pay high premiums for German engineering even decades later evaluations failed to demonstrate any superiority of German cars over anything.

rathenau describes edisons accomplishments

o The Edison system of lighting was as beautifully conceived down to the very details and as thoroughly worked out as if it had been tested for decades in various towns. Neither sockets, switches, fuses, lamp-holders, nor any of the other accessories necessary to complete the installation were wanting and the generation of the current, the regulation, the wiring with distribution boxes, house connections, meters, etc all showed signs of astonishing skills and incomparable genius.

what does author claim about passive/active audiences

o The audience appears to be active not passive, at least some citizens have alternate information sources with which to counter the media messages that intend to structure public opinion

main finding on news/agenda setting

o The media has more than a minimal effect on public opinion o The medias choices of which issues to cover and how to present them help structure individuals beliefs about what issues are important, their evaluations of public figures and their preferences about appropriate policy responses to social problems

concluding point about inspection of effect sizes

o The small magnitude of these effects is striking giving that the meta-analyses addressed questions in which women/men were noticeably different. o Effect sizes shows strong evidence for gender similarity hypothesis o Gender differences in most aspects of communication are small

6 universal shortcuts

o They are universals that guide human behavior o There are 6 shortcuts that guide human behavior: ♣ Reciprocity ♣ Scarcity ♣ Authority ♣ Consistency ♣ Liking Consensus

apple product as innovations

o Third-order innovations - that use second order innovations to assemble and program devices whose greatest appeal has been due to their sleek elegant streamlined interface.

10 items discussed in political cmn

o We handle CEO-worthy budgets o But we never took accounting 101 o The do not call registry can't touch us - doesn't apply to them o Wed rather not discuss our pasts o We did well in the polls? We made the polls o We like winning...cash bonuses o The money you send doesn't reach us o We'll work for (almost) anyone this job is a stepping stone to stardom we play dirty

how large is healthcare sector of US economy?

o We spend over 1 trillion dollars a year on health care services - leading sector of US economy o ½ of deaths in US are due to preventable behavioral and social factors o cancer is one of the most significant health challenges o worldwide: global issues such as lack of access to inadequate healthcare, war, poverty ♣ health communication work to better understand these issues better understanding of health communication can help solve these issues

importance of electricity

o We would have nothing in the current modern world without electricity ♣ Electronic devices ♣ Trains ♣ Medicine ♣ Food

public agenda

o What citizens as a group believe to be important ♣ Measures of public agenda reflect relative importance of issues to the public as a whole

abstract of gender/communication article

o While society mainly believes that males/females are vastly different psychologically the author takes a different view o Author believes in gender similarities hypothesis, and results from meta-analyses support this. o Gender differences can vary substantially at different ages and depend on context, but this overinflated claim of gender differences has substantial costs in workplace/relationships

para-social interaction

o coming to know and imaginatively interact with characters ♣ Provides emotional gratification for viewers and motivates continued watching May increase willingness to accept information

Entertainment article hypothesis/research questions

o expected that: ♣ boys will choose same-sex favorite characters more often than girls ♣ children will report greater wishful identification with same -sex characters than with opposite sex characters o research questions: ♣ will boys report greater para-social interaction with same sex or opposite characters? ♣ Among boys will wishful identification and para-social interaction differ for same and opposite sex characters?

identification

o process by which a viewer shares a character's perspective and vicariously participates in his/her experiences during program ♣ Reeves: analyzed that kids (both genders) identified less with funny characters ♣ People identify with successful characters even if they disapprove of their behavior ♣ Viewers readily identify with characters of the same sex but other studies said that male characters more often chosen as role models than girls

principle on authority

o the idea that people follow the lead of credible knowledgeable experts o ex: ♣ people are more likely to give change for a parking meter to a complete stranger if that requester wears a uniform a group interested in selling house were told to speak t peter "he has over 20 years experience and a diploma" and led to a 20% rise in appointment

reciprocity

obligation to give when you receive. People are more likely to say yes to those that they owe. The best way is to be the first to give and have it be personalized and unexpected (i.e. waiter giving mints)

news gatekeeping

occurs at all level of news making : news selection deciding what news is included what to report

message sidedness

one-sided, more effective refutational two-sided

gender identity

ones self perception as a male/female -individual level -extent to which someone views him/herself as masc or feminine -people vary in gender identity-not everyone has same gender identity- some men consider to be fem inline w being male, or some only moderately have masc gender identity, and visa versa w women

definition of organization

open systems that import energy and materials(and information) from the environment, transform these inputs into products or services or information characteristics of the system, export these into the environment and reenergize the system from energy sources found in the environment

message structure

organization, number of arguments, order, sidedness, repetition, conclusion drawing

approx. how many emails are sent and received per day

over 100 billion

moral messages in prosocial TV

over reliance on verbal messages (no parents included) children might learn, even if they can't express it

parasocial interaction

para social=not quite social, but a lot like -para social relationship= a one sided relationship w a media figure -chaacter/actor of show one watches seems familear like real life aquaintances do -are abt what happens to charcters like how i care about what happens to people that i know in real lie but not as strongly -relationship bc on goiing -para social interaction= same thing as it is being experienced in a transitive way

research question 5 (entertainment/Hoffner)

parasocial interaction with male and female favorite characters

increased qualities with SDM

patient participation, mutual respect, info exchange, patient education, negotiation/deliberation, compromise, individualized

what does Smil note about German cars relative to Toyotas and Hondas? + how it relate to Apple?

people are wiling to pay high premiums for German cars than Hondas and Toyotas → relates to Apple b/c he created "awesome technologies" that may not seem like much (less is more)

principle of authority + examples

people follow the lead of credible knowledgeable experts -- show people before you make your influence attempt i.e. diplomas hanging in waiting room and uniforms

assumptions of entertainment research

people have rational reasons for choices, and people can accurately identify and articulate why they do what they do

consensus as a persuasive principle

people look to the actions and behaviors of others to determine their own i.e. hotel towel example (adding stats of what previous people had done)

liking as a persuasive principle

people prefer to say yes to those that they like and genuine compliments before business

social information processing theory

people reduce uncertainty when meeting strangers online by developing and testing impressions

androgenous

people that strongly identify with both masc and femininity

desensitization effect

people who watch a lot of violent media become less sympathetic to victims of violence -they also perceive people to be less injured -due to desensitization, people are less willing to help someone in need

Who is insusceptible to agenda-setting effects?

people whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide them with a strong set of political priorities and conceptualizations of problems

who is unsusceptible to agenda-setting effects?

people whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide them with a strong set of political priorities and conceptualizations of problems, independent of the marginal amount of info provided by news outlets

message processing

perceived efficacy, self + response perceived threat, susceptibility, severity no threat = no response causes fear

other than mood management, reasons we watch certain things

personality traits, psychological states, mortality salience we don't understand our own reasons

framing

perspective presented/implied for extracting meaning how we think about issues on agenda, emphasis on what is important, what to make of the issues

political ads vs. news... goal?

persuasion vs. information, production mechanism, message distribution, & ad exposure

gender differences in aggression

physical aggression is larger than the gender difference in verbal aggression

most important determinants of identification for girls

physical attractiveness

antecedents

physical location, technology/media, role of individual in society or organization, culture/language, socioeconomic status, demographics

most important determinants of identification for boys

physical strength activity level

fast thinking

pick up ideas without knowing source

outcomes of political discussion

political understanding, group identity, and/or political participation

why media politics?

politics and campaigns are heavily dependent on news media. Interest in shaping media content. three factors: 1. population growth (FtF rallies more expensive) 2. weakening political parties (candidates try to impress voters, not primary leaders) 3. technologies (more possible to reach voters and get message across)

emotional appeals

politics, appeal to fear, humor, guilt

evergreen/upworthy

popular stories not always most important not newfeed, entertainment portal

advertising to children

pos and negatives -children lack basic advertising competencies -children do not understand the persuasive intent of advertising age 9-10 begin to recognize advertisement age 12: children begin to understand persuasive intent of advertisements -children are susceptible to advertising -we can craft advertisements that enhances children's consumption of healthy food products -children do not focus on the advertising intent, so we can use it as an advantage to construct advertisements to encourage healthy behavior: conceptual congruency AND perceptual congruency

halo effect

positive visible trait increases perception of positive traits

angry first

positive, calming programs, slow-paced

socioemotional questions

positive/negative questioning

character attributes (entertainment/Hoffner article)

predict children's wishful identification with TV characters boys: physical strength and activity level girls: physical attractiveness both: successful characters, less with funny characters

Predict what kinds of behaviors

predict some kinds of behaviors more so than others

Attitude

predisposition to evaluate an object, issue or person judgment about goodness or badness of something/someone positive/negative attitude toward the object of that judgment changed attitude make stronger reinforced behavior

playing games with preexisting relationships?

preexisting personal relationships are linked to media multiplexity theory and user attitudes toward relating via online games

One-sided message

present only your side of the message

compelling visuals

press conference, press to memory

1/2 of all deaths in the US

preventable behavioral and social factors (unhealthy diets, smoking, alcohol use, and inadequate exercise)

entertainment media

primarily used/intended for entertainment

prosocial effects of media

pro social behaviors= voluntary acts that are for the benefit of others -media can have positive, prosocial influence on individuals

Definition of audience analysis

process of gathering information about audience members through research and informal means and interpreting that information • Surveys • Focus groups • Informal queries • Existing date

shared decision making

process of interacting with patients who wish to be involved at arriving at an informed, vale based choice among two or more medically reasonable alternatives (Oconner, 2004)

differential susceptibility

prop 1: media effects depend on 3 diff types of differential susceptibility varibles prop 2: 3 media response states mediate the relationship btwn media use and effects prop 3: the differential susceptability variables have 2 roles: they act as PREDICTORS and MODERATORS prop 4: media effects are transactional -some people are more susceptible to certain media effecs based on dispositional, developmental, and social factors

media effects on helping behaviors

prosocial video games increase prosocial behaviors over time (Gentile 2009) 50% prosocial gamers intervened in confrontation, 20% of neutral (Greitemayer, 2011)

outcomes

protection motivation -> adaptive changes = danger control process defensive motivation -> maladaptive changes = fear control process, threat remains

story elements

put together to make story, images, quotes, statistics, advocate can provide

framing

refers to the decision made by journalists about how to present a news story always comes after gatekeeping how to report what wording and images to use sets the tone of the coverage

links

relationship between nodes other terms: tie, lines, edges, or geodesics(graph theory) may be directional

traditional analog medium

rely on a physical form or atoms, can't read the newspaper until your roommate is done with it

what is the main claim in the first sentence of the conclusion of the agenda-setting article?

research on agenda-setting, priming, and framing provides substantial evidence that the media have more than a minimal effect on public opinion *media has a big effect on public opinion*

sociotropic voting

retrospective judgments about economy changes evaluation of incumbents

example of health campaign

road crew ride service to bars

Political Communication Research

role of messages and communication in the interaction of politics and citizens Ex: the systems of government and policy making on one hand, and citizen political activities such as voting, participation, and lobbying on the other hand. examines the role of messages and communication in the interaction of politics and citizens. interdisciplinary area: communication, political science, etc Looks at role messages and communicative behaviors play in governing process

seeking unexpected entertaiment

sad songs and horror movies

relational communications

same sex friends, social superiors o Two male friends engañe in their relationship by doing thingss whereas women wil ltalk about things to further their friendship

scarcity

scarcity: people want more of those things they can have less of. talk about benefits of product, what's unique about your proposition, and what they stand to lose if they don't take your offer

depressed first

seek comedies, fast-paced programs

attribution theory

seek to understand while processing foundation of framing

gender identity

self perception as a mano r a woman (masculine or feminine) -- individual level -- not always consistent with sex

social marketing

the application of commercial marketing tech to analysis, planning, execution, and evaluation of programs designed to influence voluntary behavior of target audiences in order to improve their personal welfare and society begins with consumer research, customer is always right, influence through exchange, "what's wrong with us", "buy into" new behavior

What does author claim about active and passive audience? (AA)

the audience is an active audience

• How does he describe the fundamental importance of electricity?

the best way to illustrate the importance of electricity in modern civilization was to ask what we would not have without it:1 The answer is just about everything in the modern world. We use electricity to power our lights, a universe of electronic devices (from cell phones to supercomputers), a panoply of converters ranging from hand-held hair dryers to the world's fastest trains, and almost every life saver (modern synthesis and production of pharmaceuticals is unthinkable without electricity: vaccines need refrigeration, hearts are checked by electrocardiograms, and during operations are bypassed by electric pumps), and most of our food is produced, processed, distributed, and cooked with the help of electric machines and devices.

What are the influences outside of journalism?

the characteristics of the audience in the market that each news company serves is one. other examples are government policies, the political culture of the society, and industry structure, like the patterns of ownership and competition. generally reflects what the audience wants

Newsworthiness

the degree to which a news story is important enough to be covered in the mass media - Different companies might have different newsworthiness criteria on their journalistic and philosophy, but research suggests that there tends to be a common set of newsworthiness criteria (Found this by analyzing news contents, interviewing journalists, and directly participating in the news room.)

governmental e-procurement

the digitization of public acquisitions -more accessible, less transaction costs

networks

the exchange of messages among individual role occupants develops a set of predictable relationships

tentative language

the extent to which someone displays uncertainty when communicating -low end of the spectrum for the dissertiveness dimension -the absence of tentative language= high on the assertiveness dimension -assertive state beomes the most tentative w additional language added

Conditional media effects

the link of media and civic life is contingent and on content -excessive negativism, uncivil disclosure and strategic political maneuvering turn citizens away from politics

framing

the media's description of an event or issue that emphasizes a subset of potentially relevant considerations that cause individuals to focus on these considerations when constructing their opinions. The media frames an issue to determine how individuals make sense of an issue

environment

the physical and social factors that are considered in organizational decision making

wishful identification

the process by which a viewer shares a character's perspective and vicariously participates in his/her experiences during the program (Maccoby & Wilson 1957)

Insurance and managed care

the rising cost of health care will have an impact on consumers. The healthcare organizations are trying to reduce the cost.

Insurance and managed care:

the rising cost of health insurance and health services will likely continue to have a substantial impact on consumers in the coming years. Health communication researchers have discovered that many costly problems such as high provider turnover rate, are often related to communication problems.

news gatekeeping

the selection of events presented (dependent on "newsworthiness")

authors claim in media effects article (thompson/facebook)

the stories and videos we share aren't necessarily the newest stories, but they are the most evocative; "high arousal emotions"

news vs. entertainment in the BuzzFeed top 20 most viral stories

the stories are entertainment, they are not about real important public issues

persuasion

the successful, intentional (goal-directed0 effort to influence another person's mental state through communication in a circumstance in which the target person has some measure of freedom

audience analysis

to know audience, process of gathering info about audience members through research and informal means surveys, focus groups, informal queries, existing data demographic, knowledge, dispositions

Purpose of audience analysis

to knows ones audience

Internet relay chat IRC

transfers messages in form of texts- made for group discussion in forum chnnels, file sharing, used to be very popular, declined 60% from 2003 went from 1000000 to 400000 *** a medium****

parasocial interaction

transitory, not quite social but a lot like it (Horton & Wohl, 1956) - sense of intimate social relationship with a media character/personality, social and emotional gratification

assertiveness

trying to influence others -about: power, independence, dominance -how people comm: interruptions, disagreeing, criticizing --behavioral (do something for me) --attitudinal (agree with me) - associated with masculinity-what it means to be a man (ex: interruptions, dissagreeing, giving suggestions, and critizising) -tentative language

conceptual congruency

two concepts that go together, like carrots and rabbits -children tend to be more influenced in terms of food choice when sales character is conceptually similar -and if they look like the item they are selling..even better! (ex: orange rabbit selling orange carrot)

perceptual congruency

two concepts that look similar ex. tiger and carrot

the attitude-behavior relationship

under what conditions do what kinds of attitudes held by what kinds of people predict what kind of behavior

age 12

understand intent of ads

universal nature of the shortcuts

understanding these shortcuts and employing them in an ethical manner, can significantly increase the chances that someone will be persuaded by your request

nodes

unit of analysis -- doesnt need to be people, words(semantic networks) or nonhuman systems that people use(computers,websites)

persuasion is pervasive

unwelcome influence/effect sperading widely throughout an area/through a group of people

activated

use language according to gender norms and expectations

media and info

use media for info -top tv shows have nothing to do with learning stuff -not info programs, but people learn anyways -"morning after pill knowledge" -medical shows and people learning -you can learn BUT it is not what the shows are for--entertainent

media advocacy

use of media to support community organizing and advance policies that makes environment healthier, targets policymakers to change policies, laws and regulations

emotional communication

used by women more

HC campaign

uses an organized set of planned communication acts to generate specific health outcomes in large number of individuals in specific time

functions of attitude

utilitarianism, social adjustive, ego defensive, value expressive can be multifunctional

social context changes gender based language

variations to stereotype occur bc of the situation -some situations make gender more apparent/relevant to the people in the convo and other situations make other aspects more relevant, and not gender -when gender is relevant, you get gender based language, but when not, gender based language is less likely -language men and women use is very dynamic and constantly changing -men and women communicate different all the time/most of the time wrong (the differences are not stable-they get bigger and smaller, the differences do not always occur in the same manner)

What is online gaming

video games played over a computer network

Sex:

viewers identify more readily with characters of the same sex. Several studies found that male characters were chosen as role models by girls more often than female characters were chosen by boys. This may be due to that fact that male characters are more plentiful and had more exciting and interesting roles.

prosocial effects of media

voluntary acts that are for the benefit of others

claim about voters' knowledge of sources of political information

voters collect info but forget where it comes from (voters are compared to "pack rats", gathering bits and pieces of info here and there, without remembering sources)

mood

want or need to change mood, want to be happy, avoid negatives automatically, seek positives

utilitarian

we develop for the favorable attitudes towards those things in the world that bring satisfaction and visa versa -ex: vegan=utilitarian bc it helps him t live longer by reducing the risk of developing health probs

gender at a societal level

we dont have our own system of symbols--resides at a societal level, so the systems, a sociological one, NOT an individual one

Managing moods

we have a non conscious drive to generally seek to be in a positive mood - tend to avoid unpleasant things

Mood management theory

we often choose entertainment content to non-consciously manage our mood

mood management theory

we often choose entertainment content to non-consciously manage our mood -dont know why we chose one show over another--non consciously managing our mood -shape what entertainment we chose

mood management theory

we often choose entertainment content to nonconsciously manage our mood 1. manipulate mood (+/- feedback) 2. observe media choices

there will be explosive growth in ________

wearabel technology

why do people sek entertainment

wee dont really know but.... people dont want to be limited to who they are, they use it as an escape, --escape, emotion, company, relaxation

public agenda

what citizens as a group believe to be important, measures reflect the relative importance of issues to the public as a whole

public agenda

what citizens see as important

political perspective

what elites who have political powers (politicians) have to say

Final definition of NEWS

what news makers promote as timely important or interesting from which news organizations select narrate and package for transmission via communication technology to people who consume it at a given time in history

objectivity

what sources say about issues

product

what's offered

Concorde example with scarcity

when British air flight of the Concord was "uneconomical" then sales exploded b/c scarcity, not b/c the prices lowered or anything else

gender based language

when people communicate in ways that are related to their gender identity --assertiveness(masculine) -- affiliation(feminine)

agenda-setting

when the press tells people what to think and what to think about

placement

where purchased, distributed, provided

research question 1 (entertainment/Hoffner)

whether parasocial interaction would differ for same- and opposite-sex characters

claim about active and passive audiences

whether reporters or political elites are setting the media agenda, some citizens have alternative info sources which to counter the media messages that are intended to structure public opinion (active audience) passive audience: doesn't question the media message

research question 2 (entertainment/Hoffner)

whether wishful identification and parasocial interaction would differ for same- and opposite-sex characters

hypothesis 2 (entertainment/Hoffner)

wishful identification would be higher for same-sex than opposite-sex characters

Moral Voice of Caring

women

relational communication

women - talk men - activity same-sex friends, social support (women better listening)

Edison's greatest contribution

world's first commercial system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion

What is the concluding point about inspection of effect sizes when examining the evidence of the article? [Gender & Communication/Hyde article]

· 78% of the effect sizes were close to 0 or small · The small magnitude of these effects reveal that these gender differences are actually not that significant, favoring the gender similarities hypothesis

Claim #2: —What does the article suggest about the relationship of news via social media and voter turnout? [Curry/Washington Post]

· Although there has not been a concrete conclusion that news via social media increases voter turnout, there is evidence that would lead one to believe so · That is, if they are even open to politics on their news feeds; which young voters usually are as long as it is presented in a civil manner

what does the study show about gender differences in aggression? [Gender & Communication/Hyde article]

· Gender differences in aggression are moderate in magnitude · Differences in physical aggression are much larger than verbal aggression

what is the second area of large gender difference? [Gender & Communication/Hyde article]

· Measures of sexuality · Differences are strikingly large for incidences of masturbation and attitudes about sex in casual, uncommitted relationships

what is the first area of large gender difference? [Gender & Communication/Hyde article]

· Motor performance: throwing velocity and throwing distance · Differences are particularly large after puberty

What are the various arguments about the costs of inflated claims of gender differences? [Gender & Communication/Hyde article]

· One consequence of this over inflated claim of gender differences is that it reifies the stereotype of women as caring and nurturant and men as lacking in nurturance. · One cost to men is that they may believe that they cannot be nurturant, even in their role as father. For women, the cost in the workplace can be enormous. Women who violate the stereotype of being nurturant and nice can be penalized in hiring and evaluations. · One cost to children is that mathematically talented girls may be overlooked by parents and teachers because these adults do not expect to find mathematical talent among girls. Parents have lower expectations for their daughters' math success than for their sons' · , self-esteem is roughly as much a problem for adolescent boys as it is for adolescent girls. The popular media's focus on girls as the ones with self esteem problems may carry a huge cost in leading parents, teachers, and other professionals to overlook boys' self esteem problems, so that boys do not receive the interventions they need.

What does the author site as a "key difference between the old forms of news and entertainment and Facebook? (Thompson/Facebook)

· Our news feed is entirely our creation; a machine learning algorithm that studies our past behavior predicts what stories should appear based on OUR preferences

What is his point about the universal nature of the shortcuts he describes? [Persuasion/Robert Cialdini article]

· Shortcuts or rules of thumb can guide our decision making · Understanding and employing these shortcuts in an ethical manner can increase the chances that someone will be persuaded by your request

Why does the author think the efficiency of delivering data is about to increase greatly?

• Efficiency from two types of innovation: bringing down the underlying costs of delivering data, and using less data by building more efficient apps.

Claim #3: —What is the point here about voters' knowledge of sources of political information? [Curry/Washington Post]

· Social media makes it easier to spread false information and manipulate voters because users often do not bother to check the source of new content shared on their timeline · This is often because social media platforms and mostly used for the intentions of communicating with friends and family therefore we are not accustomed to source checking posts

What is the gender similarities hypothesis? [Gender & Communication/Hyde article]

· This hypothesis holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables · Men and women and boys and girls are more alike than they are different

What is Liking? How does it relate to making a connection with audience?

• "people prefer to say 'yes' to those they know and like" Cialdini says. People are also more likely to favor those who are physically attractive, similar to themselves, or who give them compliments. Even something as random as having the same name as your prospects can increase your chances of making a sale. • For instance, sales people could improve their chances of making a sale by becoming more knowledgeable about their prospects' existing preferences.

What is the persuasive principle of Authority? Note the Milgram study as well as the applications for marketers discussed by the authors

• - People respect authority, they want to follow the lead of real experts, business titles, impressive clothing, and even driving an expensive, high-performing car are proven factors in lending credibility to any individual. Giving the appearance of authority increases the likelihood that others will comply with requests. •- Milgram study: In the study, researchers dressed as authority figures told people to shock the person they could not see if they got an answer wrong, as participants continued to shock their victims, even when the other person asked to be released, about 2/3 of participants ignored their cries and inflicted full does of 450 volts. •- For marketers: When people are uncertain, they look outside themselves for information to guide their decisions. Given the incredible influence of authority figures, it would be wise to incorporate testimonials from legitimate, recognized authorities to help persuade prospects to respond or make purchases.

Agenda-setting is strongest for whom?

• Agenda setting is strongest for those least involved in the political system

what does the study show about gender differences in aggression?

• Aggression has repeatedly shown gender differences that are moderate in magnitude. • The gender difference in physical aggression is particularly reliable and is larger than the gender difference in verbal aggression. • The evidence is ambiguous regarding the magnitude of the gender difference in relational aggression

What kind of innovations are Apple's products?

• Apple's products are actually third-order innovations that use a variety of fundamental second-order innovations in the now vast realm of electronic components to assemble and to program devices whose greatest appeal has been due to their sleep, unorthodox, elegant, streamlined, clean, functional interface design.

• What are the factors in the author's definition of basic internet services?

• Basic services need to be non-data-intensive, which means primarily text-based services and very simple apps like weather. • Basic services also need to be tools that people use to discover other content • Services like messaging, social networks, search engines and Wikipedia fit this definition well, but we're not prescribing any specific set of basic internet services. Instead we believe that the more efficient we can make this model, the more access the industry can collectively provide to basic services

What is the article's zero sum point?

• Before the internet and the knowledge economy, our economy was primarily industrial and resource-based. Many dynamics of resource-based economies are zero sum. For example, if you own an oil field, then I can't also own that same oil field. This incentivizes those with recourses to hoard rather than share them. It's not zero sum if you know something that doesn't stop me from knowing it too. In fact, the more things we all know the better ideas, products, and services we can all offer and the better all our lives will be

the hyperpersonal model argues that:

• CMC alloes people to strategically present the self, allows people to reallocate cognitive resources to composing messages(take your time to respond), fosters behavioral confirmation processes(self-fulfilling prophecy) --CMC use can lead to more exaggerated impressions in comparison to FtF encounters

The first paragraph is the abstract of the study--read it closely. [Entertainment/Hoffner article]

• Children aged 7-12 were interviewed about their favorite TV character. • Almost all boys and about half girls selected same-sex favorites • Used character traits (attractiveness, strength, humor, intelligence, social behavior) to predict wishful identification (the desire to want to be the character) and parasocial interactions w/ characters • Male characters: wishful identification - intelligence (and for girls, humor); parasocial interaction - intelligence, attractiveness (and for boys, strength) • Female characters: (chosen only by girls), attractiveness was the only significant predictor, although girls rated females characters as more intelligent than male characters

What does the author believe about the role of mass media in the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies?

• Citizens tend to evaluate public figures on the basis of the issues that are emphasized in the mass media. We can assume that such evaluations are incorporated into individual's decisions about which candidates to vote for. Second the nature of media coverage helps structure individual's beliefs about the appropriate policy responses of government. Hence, the mass media play an important role in both the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies

Note the point in #3 about the legality of political phone calls.

• Coming from most businesses this kind of harassment is against the law, but the law doesn't apply to candidates. When the National Do Not Call Registry was created in 2003, lawmakers exempted them, arguing a right to free speech.

What was Edison's greatest contribution?

• Edison's contribution was fundamentally greater because he put in place, the world's first commercial system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion. (first order invention)

Note the four developments that Smil compares to the iPad

• Electricity, vaccination, hybrid drops, or synthetic nitrogen fertilizers

How do first-order innovations differ from second-order innovations?

• First order innovations take place only infrequently and at unpredictable times, second order inventions, improvements and perfections that could not have taken place without such a breakthrough and that both accompany and follow the commercial maturation of that fundamental enabling advance

What is framing? (and attribution theory)

• Framing effects result from the media's description of an event or issue that emphasizes "a subset of potentially relevant considerations" that "cause individuals to focus on these considerations when constructing their opinions." Media frames help individuals make sense of the issue. That is, the way the media frames an issue determines how individuals perceive the issue. Attribution theory is the psychological foundation for the framing effect. When a certain frame makes a news story more accessible to individuals, at the same time it makes it more influential in changing policy responses.

funding

• Funding has been reallocated to war on terror from healthcare initiatives - so money that used top provide money for research has been diverted • We need this funding to gain a better understanding of health problems - so the threat of terrorism will likely cause future issues

Note the examination of predictors.

• Good looks were an important predictor of identification for both boys and girls rating female characters, and for girls rating male characters. (wishful identification) • Strength predicted identification only for boys rating male characters (wishful identification) • Good looks predicted desired friendships for all four groups (para-social interaction) • Strength was not a predictor for any group (para-social interaction)

Examine the hypothesis and research questions?

• H1: boys will choose same-sex favorite characters more often than girls will • H2: Children will report greater wishful identification with same-sex characters than with opposite sex characters • RQ1: Will boys (girls) report greater para-social interaction with same-sex or opposite sex characters? • RQ2: among boys (girls) will wishful identification and para-social interaction differ for same and opposite sex characters? • RQ3: will children's perceptions of male and female character traits differ? • RQ4: Which perceived character traits will predict wishful identification with male and female characters? • RQ5: Which perceived character traits will predict para-social interaction with male and female characters?

According to the author, what would the world be like without the iPhone or iPad?

• He thinks that a world without Iphone's or IPad would be perfectly fine.

What does the chapter claim about health communication research and contexts of communication?

• Health communication research encompasses many different forms of communication, Ex: interpersonal, Mass • They tend to focus on how these factors impact our health

Examine the hypotheses and research questions. [Entertainment/Hoffner article]

• Hypothesis 1: Boys will choose same-sex favorite characters more often than girls will. • Hypothesis 2: Children will report greater wishful identification with same-sex characters than with opposite-sex characters. • RQ1: Will boys/girls report greater parasocial interaction with same-sex or opposite-sex characters? • RQ2: Among boys/girls, will wishful identification and parasocial interaction differ for same- and opposite-sex characters? • RQ3: Will children's perceptions of male and female characters' traits differ? • RQ4: Which perceived character traits will predict wishful identification with male and female characters? • RQ5: Which perceived character traits will predict parasocial interaction with male or female characters?

What does Smil note about German cars relative to Toyotas and Hondas? . . . and how does this point relate to Apple?

• In its quotidian extremes this loyalty has been manifested by people willing to pay high premiums for German engineering even after decades of consumer reports evaluations have failed to demonstrate any stunning superiority of German cars over Hondas and Toyotas. Like Apple German cars benefit from a group infatuation. Based on a allegiance that the devotees themselves have difficulty defining in coherent terms.

What was the basic approach of the study?

• In the present study, children named their favorite TV character, and answered questions regarding the character's traits and their wishful identification and para-social interaction with the character

What is the concluding point about inspection of effect sizes when examining the evidence of the article?

• Inspection of the effect sizes shown reveals strong evidence for the gender similarities hypothesis. • Of the 128 effect sizes, 4 were unclassifiable because the meta-analysis provided such a wide range for the estimate. • The remaining 124 effect sizes were classified into the categories noted earlier, close to zero. • The striking results is that 30% of the effect sizes are in the close to zero range, and the additional 48% are in the small range, that is, 78% of gender differences are small or close to zero.

What is Social Proof? When is it important? What would be an example of its usefulness for marketers?

• Is when people are uncertain about a course of action, they tend to look to those around them to guide their decisions and actions. • Usefulness for marketers: testimonials from satisfied customers show your target audience that people who are similar to them have enjoyed product or service, they'll be more likely to become customers themselves

• How it is applied to this article

• It is ideal for synthesizing research on gender differences, an area in which often dozens or even hundreds of studies of a particular question have been conducted. • Crucial to meta-analysis is the concept of effect size, which measures the magnitude of an effect, in this case the magnitude of gender difference. • Gender meta-analyses generally proceed in four steps 1. The researcher located all studies on the topic being reviewed, typically using databases such as psycINFO and carefully chosen search terms 2. Statistics are extracted from each report and an effect size is computed for each study 3. A weighted average of the effect sizes is computed to obtain an overall assessment of the direction and magnitude of the gender differences when all studies were combined 4. Homogeneity analyses are conducted to determine whether the group of effect sizes is relatively homogenous.

what is the first area of large gender difference?

• The first area of large gender differences was in the domain of motor performance, particularly for measures such as throwing velocity, and throwing distance. These differences are particularly large after puberty when the gender gap in muscle mass and bone size widens

What are the 3 important elements of what the author calls "the rough plan" for internet access?

• Making internet access affordable by making it more efficient to deliver data • Using less data by improving the efficiency of the apps and experiences we use • Helping businesses drive internet access by developing a new model to get people online

media richness theory

• Media richness is defined as a medium's ability to reproduce the info sent over it • Ability to handle multiple information cues simultaneously • Ability to faciltate rapid feedback • Ability to establish a personal focus • Ability to utilize natural language • Messages: low to high equivocality, and low to high uncertainty • LOW means clear well defined situation • HIGH means ambiguous events that need clarification • A richer medium is needed for equivocal and uncertain messages

Electrical innovations were created when? By whom?

• Most of it was created between the late 1870's and the beginning of the 20th century. Charles Clarke, Sebastian Ferranti, Lucien Gaulard, John Gibbs, Zeonbe Theophile Gramme, Edward Johnson, Irving Langmuir, Charles Parsons, Emil Rathenau, Werner Simens, William Stanley, Charles Steinmetz, Joseph Swan, Nikola Tesla, Elihu Thomson, Francis Upton, and George Westinghouse and Thomas Edison.

Read the discussion, note the findings on sex differences. [Entertainment/Hoffner article]

• Nearly all boys selected same-sex characters, but only about half of the girls did so; girls who named male favorites looked more on them as pseudo-friends rather than as role models, whereas females were both; overall girls reported more wishful identification and parasocial interaction with same-sex characters • For male character's, intelligence was the one trait that predicted both WI and PSI, although more attractive males were thought to be better "pseudo friends". With females, the only thing that was significant was attractiveness. Since girls have a greater WI with female characters, it shows that TV is showing that appearance is of primary importance. • Although things have changed, male portrayals may often emphasize more the value of intelligence and achievement, while females receive less positive feedback on this. • The "drench" hypothesis holds that certain important characters and programs may have a more intense and significant influence than long-term exposure to the total pattern of images on TV. • To some extent, traits that determine a child's favorite character may reflect cultural norms and expectations for males and females. So if a girl were to favorite a male character, that could suggest that she values competence, achievement, and other traditionally masculine traits. • Humor appears to be a valued trait as long as the character is not perceived as unintelligent.

impact of new technologies

• New technology has led to a variety of changes in how people obtain health information • Communication will continue to develop and impact our communication, its most accessible rn because of the internet but because of sociological issues not all people have access to them

In #8, note the point about party-to-party and intraparty switching of support by campaign managers

• Often there are some litmus tests that managers use in picking candidates, it is not uncommon to see come intraparty switching of support. If the campaign manager feels like another candidate has a better chance they can and will switch support.

What are the various arguments about the costs of inflated claims of gender differences?

• One consequence of this overinflated claim of gender differences is that it reifies the stereotype of women as caring men as lacking nurturance. • Overall women leaders were evaluated as positively as men, however, women leaders were portrayed as uncaring autocrats were at a more substantial disadvantage then men portrayed similarly. • The persistence of stereotypes of women as nurturers leads to serious costs for women who violate this stereotype in the workplace • This cost of overinflated claims of gender differences hit children as well, according to stereotypes, boys are better at math than girls are. But meta-analyses show math performance to be similar • When this happens girls talented in math are overlooked by their parents, parents have lower expectations for their daughters. • Inflated claims about psychological gender differences can hurt boys as well, girls self-esteem is purported to take a nose dive as the beginning of adolescence, with the implication that boys self-esteem do not. But meta-analysis shows that self-esteem is roughly as much of a problem for adolescent boys as it is for adolescent girls.

note the observations about both the U.S. and the world and their health issues. The point of these observations might be called "rationale"--they explain why health communication research is important.

• One half of all deaths in the US can be attributed to preventable behavioral and social factors such as unhealthy diets, smoking, alcohol use, and inadequate exercise • Over 60% of Americans are overweight • And only 24% engage in moderate physical exercise on a regular basis • Cancer mortality rates alone could be reduced by 60% if people were to follow early detection recommendations. • Global issues such as lack of access to adequate healthcare, war, poverty, hunger, environmental injustices and lack of education about health issues continue to pose problems for people around the world.

What is Commitment and Consistency as a persuasive principle? Be able to recognize examples.

• People do not like to back out of deals, we're more likely to do something after we've agreed to it verbally or in writing, Cialdini says. People strive for consistency in their commitments, they also prefer to follow pre-existing attitudes, values and actions. • Examples: people want to be both consistent and true to their word, getting customers or co-workers to publicly commit to something makes the more likely to follow through with an action or a purchase. • Also the older we get the more we value consistency, and that makes it harder for older people to make a change

diversity

• People from different cultures have different perceptions of illness, health, and healthcare • If their beliefs are at odd with healthcare systems causes problems

Who is unsusceptible to agenda-setting effects?

• People whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide them with a strong set of political priorities and conceptualization of problems independent of marginal amount of information provided by news outlets appear to be unsusceptible to agenda setting effects.

What is priming

• Priming refers to the ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individuals use to evaluate political figures. For example: continued media coverage of terrorism might increase the importance that individuals attach to foreign affairs when evaluating the sitting president. Perhaps republicans, who are typically viewed as "more supportive" of domestic security, will be evaluated more positively in the next congressional elections because a large amount of media attention has enhanced the importance of security against international terrorism

What is the public agenda?

• Public agenda is what citizens as a group believe to be important. Hence, measures of the public agenda reflect the relative importance of issues of the public as a whole. Public agenda is determined by sampling a population.

What is Reciprocation? What does it suggest, for instance, for marketers?

• Recognizes that people feel indebted to those who do something for them or give them a gift. - For marketer, the reciprocation principle explains why free samples can be so effective. People who receive a free, unexpected gift are more likely to listen to a product's features, donate to a cause, or tip a waitress more money.; the gifts do not have to be expensive or even material, information and favors can work.

• What is the main finding/claim, summarized in the first sentence of the Conclusion? [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

• Research on agenda-setting, priming, and framing provides substantial evidence that the media have more than a minimal effect on public opinion

insurance and managed care

• Rising cost of health insurance and health services will have an impact • Organizations trying to find ways to reduce cost, discovered that many costly problems are related to communication problems. Health communication researchers have developed interventions to reduce costs but more research is needed to make healthcare more possible for them.

In #5, note the point about polling data being used strategically by campaigns.

• Roughly 10 percent of a campaigns budget foes to research, which includes public polling and digging up dirt on the competitor. And if the number come back in the candidate's favor, campaign manager's will trumpet them or find a way to spin negative numbers into something positive.

What is Scarcity? What are the marketing applications?

• Scarcity relates to supply and demand, the less there is of something, the more valuable it is. • For marketers: it may be worthwhile to switch your advertising campaign's message from your products benefits to emphasizing the potential for a wasted opportunity. And if your product is genuinely unique, emphasize its unique qualities to increase the perception of its scarcity

aging points

• See an increase in older adults within US • Healthcare system suffers from communication-related problems to providing care to older patients • Need for health communication to gain a better understanding of health issues associated with aging populations

• Read the discussion, note the findings on sex differences.

• Sex differences in choice of favorite characters were consistent with previous research, nearly all boys selected same-sex characters, but only half of the girls did so. Girls who named male favorites looked on them more as pseudo friends than as role models, whereas female favorites were regarded as both. This suggests that a substantial subgroup of girls prefer male characters whom they "play opposites" rather than identify with. However, overall girls reported more wishful identification and para-social interaction with same-sex characters. For male characters (chosen by both boys and girls) intelligence was on trait that predicted both wishful identification and para-social interaction, more attractive males were also more likely to be considered pseudo -friends. For female characters (only chosen by girls) attractiveness was the only predictor of wishful identification and para-social interaction with female favorites. Male portrayals may often emphasize the value of intelligence and achievements, whereas female characters who display such traits receive less positive feedback. Perhaps girls learn from their TV counterparts that intelligence and achievements often yield unfavorable social outcomes.

What is statistical meta-analysis?

• Statistical meta-analysis: this method revolutionized the study of psychological gender differences. Meta-analysis is a statistical method for aggregating research findings across many studies of the same question.

tension between health care approaches

• Tension between advocates for different approaches • Different approaches: o Biomedical model of medicine (evidence based that relies on scientific method) o Curative approach: medicine can only temporarily fight the disease, leading to homeopathic medicines that lead to fewer side effects and less in bed sick time o Tensions between multiple approaches as people do other things

How did German inventor Rathenau describe Edison's accomplishment?

• The Edison system of lighting was as beautifully conceived down to the very detail, and as thoroughly worked out as if it had been tested for decades in various towns. Neither sockets, switches, fuses, lamp-holders, nor any of the other accessories necessary to complete the installation were wanting; and the generating of the current, the regulation, the wiring with distribution boxes, house connections, meters. Al showed signs of astonishing skill and incomparable genius.

What is the gender similarities hypothesis?

• The Gender similarities hypothesis holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variable • That is, men and women, as well as boys and girls, are more alike than they are different. • In terms of effect sizes, the gender similarities hypothesis states that most psychological gender differences are in the close to zero, or small range, a few in the moderate range, and very few are large.

How does the WHO define health, and what is the point about dynamic processes?

• The WHO defines health as a "state of complete physical, mental and social well-being" • Dynamic processes: both health and disease are seen as being in a constant state of change

What does the author claim about active and passive audience?

• The conclusion is that the audience appears to be active not passive. This suggest that whether reporters or political elites or various stripes are setting the media agenda, at least some citizens have alternative information sources with which to counter the media messages that are intended to structure public opinion.

Smil offers two examples of first-order innovations or what he calls "technical saltation's" (saltation is from the Latin word for "leap" and refers to a sudden change from one generation to the next, that is large, or very large, in comparison with the usual). What are the two saltation's he describes?

• The first technical saltation was when our hominin ancestors began using stones to fashion other stones into sharp tools, and the large scale commercial generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electricity.

What is the main finding/claim, summarized in the first sentence of the Conclusion?

• The main finding is that agenda setting, priming, and framing provides substantial evidence that the media have more than a minimal effect on public opinion.

What is agenda-settting?

• The press "may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about"

What is the public agenda? [This is found on p. 181 in the Types of Agenda-Setting section.] [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

• The public agenda is what citizens as a group believe to be important, to citizens nationwide or citizens of a particular state or city • Typically derived from representative sample surveys; "what is the most important problem facing the country (state,city) today?" asked at different times gets a good judge of public agenda across years

what is the second area of large gender difference?

• The second area was found in some measures of sexuality. • Gender differences are strikingly large for incidences of masturbation and for attitudes about sex in a casual, uncommitted relationship. • In contrast, the gender difference in reported sexual satisfaction is close to zero

Agenda-setting effects are strongest for whom? [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

• Those least involved in the political system

In the summary, make note of health communication as a defined area of research, the U.S. history of addressing health issues, and the need for health communication research.

• While health communication has only been a defined area of academic research for about 30 years, the US has had a rich history of addressing public health issues. However, statistics dealing with disease incident rate, patient dissatisfaction with healthcare, and the failure of many health campaigns impact health outcomes point to the need for health communication research in the future.

Factors that affect the importance of evidence

•A person will be more influenced by you evidence if you are attempting persuasion on topic about which they know little (novel) •Quality matters most when they care about the issue •Well evidenced message is more likely to lead to persistent attitude change - that lasts •Quality evidence can strengthen audience perception of own communicator credibility

What are the traits examined in the study? [Entertainment/Hoffner article]

•Attractiveness, strength, humor, and intelligence; also examined predictors of wishful identification and parasocial interaction for male and female characters separately

Message Tailoring

•Delivering a different, adapted message to each individual (a segment of one) •We tailor every day when talking w/ friends and family •Difficulties of tailoring through mass media channels •Direct mail tailoring

• What does the author believe about the role of mass media in the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies? [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

•Elected officials generally respond to citizen's policy preferences -- perhaps most importantly by acting on issues that citizens believe government should act on •Citizens tend to evaluate public figures on the basis of the issues that are emphasized in the mass media, and the nature of media coverage helps structure individuals' beliefs about the appropriate policy responses of government; the mass media plays a role in shaping the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies

Note the examination of predictors. [Entertainment/Hoffner article]

•Good looks was an important predictor of identification for both boys and girls rating female characters and for girls rating male characters. Strength predicted identification only for boys with male characters. •Good looks predicted desired friendship for all four groups, but strength didn't predict this at all

• What is framing? The material following the definition deals with attribution theory, and it will make framing easier to understand. [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

•How information is presented; shapes how readers view issues; individuals view policy issues consistent with how they are portrayed in the media •The attribution theory refers to the fact that individuals seek to understand information as they process it, and people tend to attribute responsibility to either the individual or the society (ie. are crime rates due to a lack of responsibility in the individual or due to the high rates of unemployment in the area?) •Attribution theory suggests that the frame that is used makes such information more accessible for individuals, and therefore is more influential in determining their attitudes on policy responses

Who is unsusceptible to agenda-setting effects? [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

•People whose prior beliefs and attitudes provide then with a strong set of political priorities and conceptualizations of problems

Segmenting

•Process of dividing people in homogenous (similar) subgroups •Can be based on a variety of criteria: o Demographics o Psychographics o Media use o Product use

After the first paragraph, the paper is a literature review of prior studies. As you read it, pay attention to the observations about TV and socialization, identification, character attributes, sex, and parasocial interaction. [Entertainment/Hoffner article]

•Socialization: TV plays a significant role in the socialization of American children •Identification: There's evidence that children and adults form affective attachments toward TV characters and their personalities. Identification with selected characters is one outcome of television viewing that is believed to mediate the socialization process. Identification is the process in which a viewer shares a character's perspective and "participates" in his/her experiences •Character attributes: Physical strength and activity level were the most important determinants of identification for boys, and attractiveness for girls; not as much humor/the "buffoons" of the TV show; children identify more with successful characters, characters with keen physical and social abilities, and some boys identified with violent characters •Sex: Views identify more readily with characters of the same sex. Several studies found that male characters were chosen as role models by girls more often than female characters were chosen by boys. May be due to the fact that male characters have more plentiful and exciting roles. •Parasocial Interaction: The sense of an intimate social relationship with a media character or personality. Provides social and emotional gratification for viewers and motivates continued viewing of programs.

Tailoring and persuasive technologies

•Tailoring via websites, computer-equipped kiosks and smartphones •Micro-targeting in politics •Tailored internet advertising •The future of tailoring through cable television

Why do campaigns go so negative?

•Targeting undecided voters •Psychologically engaging (And memorable In voters mind) •Draws news attention and spark public debate - More prevalent in the news - go farther through media and social networks (what candidate wants) •Attack-counter attack spiral (Spiral of negativity)

What is agenda-setting? [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

•Telling readers "what to think about"; deciding which information should be put out there in order to focus the people's attention on specific things

What is priming? [Psychological Foundations and Conclusion]

•The ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individual use to evaluate political figures

Evidence and attitude change

•Well evidenced messages are more persuasive •Novel (already registered in current attitude) •Relevant •Believable

costs of inflated claims of gender differences

♣ Women speak in a moral voice of caring ♣ Men speak in a voice of justice This has been disconfirmed by analysis but it permeates American culture ♣ Overall women evaluated as positively as men ♣ But women leaders portrayed as uncaring autocrats were at a bigger disadvantage than male in similar portrayals ♣ Well-known stereotype ♣ Meta-analysis indicates a pattern of gender similarity ♣ Mathematically talented girls overlooked by parents ♣ Parents have lower expectations for girls about math - which has a strong relation to the outcomes of children's performance ♣ Girls can find confidence in abilities undermined by parents ♣ If men/women believe stereotypes regarding relationships its impossibly to communicate with one another ♣ Girls self-esteem takes a nosedive at adolescence, with the belief that males does not ♣ But there is gender similarity here, self-esteem is just as much a problem for males - but girls are the only ones focused upon

gender

socially constructed, system of symbols, defined by masculine and feminine symbols (social level)

Aggressor Effect

where an individual becomes more aggressive after being exposed to violent content

What is Liking? How does it relate to making a connection with audience?

"People prefer to say 'yes' to those they know and like," Cialdini says. People are also more likely to favor those who are physically attractive, similar to themselves, or who give them compliments. Even something as 'random' as having the same name as your prospects can increase your chances of making a sale. "One of the things that marketers can do is honestly report on the extent to which the product or service - or the people who are providing the product or service - are similar to the audience and know the audience's challenges, preferences and so on."

What does Cialdini claim about understanding and explaining of decision making factors?

"People's ability to understand the factors that affect their behavior is surprisingly poor."

What are the 3 important elements of what the author calls "the rough plan" for internet access?

1. Making internet access affordable by making it more efficient to deliver data. 2. Using less data by improving the efficiency of the apps and experiences we use. 3. Helping businesses drive internet access by developing a new model to get people online.

Review the 10 items discussed in the article. You don't need to memorize them but should be able to recognize them.

1. We handle CEO-worthy budgets... 2. ...but we never took Accounting 101. 3. The Do Not Call Registry can't touch us. 4. We'd rather not discuss our pasts. 5. We did well in the polls? We made the polls. 6. We like winning...cash bonuses. 7. The money you send doesn't reach us. 8. We'll work for (almost) anyone. 9. This job is a stepping-stone -- to stardom. 10. Sometimes we play dirty...very dirty.

How much of the world is connected to the net, and how fast is it growing?

2.7 billion people. It grows less than 9% a year.

How does the WHO define health, and what is the point about dynamic processes?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Both health and disease are dynamic processes as opposed to stable entities. They are in a constant state of change.

Funding

Much of the money used for healthcare research has been reallocated to help fund the war of terror.

Findings on sex differences

Nearly all boys selected same-sex characters, but only about half of the girls did so. Even today, this finding may reflect the nature of male and female TV portrayals, with males presented more often and in more diverse, less conventional roles than females. Overall girls reported more wishful identification and para-social interaction with same-sex characters. For male characters, intelligence was the one trait that predicted both wishful identification and para-social interaction, although more attractive males were also more likely to be considered pseudo-friends. Attractiveness was the only predictor of wishful identification and para-social interaction with female favorites.

Impact of new technologies

Not all people have access to technology or the skill to use it.

what is media advocacy?

the strategic use of media to support community organizing and advance policies that make environments healthier

Attitude-Behavior Relationship

under what conditions, do what kinds of attitudes, held by what kinds of people, predict what kinds of behaviors?

attitude functions

utilitarian, social adjustive, ego defensive, value expressive

According to the author, what would the world be like without the iPhone or iPad?

I have no doubt that the world without iPhone or iPad would be perfectly fine.

what improves health?

physical health and psychosocial health

Traits examined by the study

Attractiveness, strength, humor, and intelligence

What are the factors in the author's definition of basic internet services?

Basic services need to be non-data-intensive, which means primarily text-based services and very simple apps like weather. Basic services also need to be tools that people use to discover other content.

Examination of predictors

Boys and girls viewed short scenes of performers auditioning for the PBS series Freestyle. Children rated several traits for each character, including strength and "good looks," and indicated their identification

What does the author believe about the role of mass media in the choice of elected officials and the choice of public policies?

Citizens tend to evaluate public figures on the basis of issues that are emphasized in the mass media. Also, the nature of media coverage helps structure individuals' beliefs about the appropriate policy responses of the government.

How do first-order innovations differ from second-order innovations?

First-order innovations take place only infrequently and at unpredictable times. Second-order inventions, improvements, and perfections could not have taken place without such a breakthrough and that both accompany and follow (sometimes with great rapidity, often rather tardily) the commercial maturation of that fundamental enabling advance.

Statistical meta-analysis

Four steps: (a) The researcher locates all studies on the topic being reviewed, typically using databases such as PsycINFO and carefully chosen search terms. (b) Statistics are extracted from each report, and an effect size is computed for each study. (c) A weighted average of the effect sizes is computed (weighting by sample size) to obtain an overall assessment of the direction and magnitude of the gender difference when all studies are combined. (d) Homogeneity analyses are conducted to determine whether the group of effect sizes is relatively homogeneous.

Hypothesis and research questions

H1: Boys will choose same-sex favorite characters more often than girls will. H2: Children will report greater wishful identification with same-sex characters than with opposite-sex characters RQ1: Will boys (girls) report greater para-social interaction with same-sex or opposite-sex characters? RQ2: Among boys (girls), will wishful identification and para-social interaction differ for same and opposite-sex characters? RQ3: Will children's perceptions of male and female characters' traits differ? RQ4: Which perceived character traits will predict wishful identification with male and female characters? RQ5: Which perceived character traits will predict para-social interaction with male and female characters?

What does the chapter claim about health communication research and contexts of communication?

Health communication research encompasses many different contexts of communication. Researchers from an intrapersonal communication perspective tend to focus on people's attitudes, beliefs, values, and feelings about health-related concepts and messages.

In #5, note the point about polling data being used strategically by campaigns.

If the numbers come back in the candidates' favor, campaign managers will trumpet them, or find a way to spin negative numbers into something more positive. That's not to say that polling data isn't accurate, say experts, but voters should always take numbers with a grain of salt. Polling data is often used to persuade voters to not just vote for a candidate, but to also open up their wallets.

What does Smil note about German cars relative to Toyotas and Hondas? . . . and how does this point relate to Apple?

In its quotidian extremes this loyalty has been manifested by people willing to pay high premiums for German engineering even after decades of Consumer Reports evaluations have failed to demonstrate any stunning superiority of German cars over Hondas and Toyotas. People are willing to pay high prices because they are loyal to Apple products.

What is agenda-setting?

Individuals' issue priorities reflect the attention devoted to issues by the media. The public's demand for government action on issues is determined by the media's choice of which issues to cover.

Aging

Our healthcare system suffers from a number of communication-related problems wen it comes to providing care to older patients. There is a substantial need for health communication researchers to gain a better understanding of health issues associated with our aging population and for the development of interventions that can make a positive impact on this situation.

Diversity

People from different cultures have different perceptions of illness, health, and health care. Some cultural belief systems regarding health can be at odds with the more mainstream conceptions of health, causing problems for both patients and providers.

Read Entertainment-Hoffer abstract carefully

Presents a study of children's wishful identification and para-social interaction with favorite television characters. Sex differences; Perception of character traits; Implications for socialization effects.

What is Reciprocation? What does it suggest, for instance, for marketers?

Reciprocation recognizes that people feel indebted to those who do something for them or give them a gift. "The implication is you have to go first. Give something: give information, give free samples, give a positive experience to people and they will want to give you something in return."

"The Exceptions" to the overall findings

Some motor behaviors (e.g., throwing distance) and some aspects of sexuality, which show large gender differences. Aggression shows a gender difference that is moderate in magnitude.

How did German inventor Rathenau describe Edison's accomplishment?

The Edison system of lighting was as beautifully conceived down to the very details, and as thoroughly worked out as if it had been tested for decades in various towns. Neither sockets, switches, fuses, lamp-holders, nor any of the other accessories necessary to complete the installation were wanting; and the generating of the current, the regulation, the wiring with distribution boxes, house connections, meters, etc., all showed signs of astonishing skill and incomparable genius.

What is priming?

The ability of the media to affect which issues or traits individuals use to evaluate political figures.

Read Gender-Hyde abstract carefully

The differences model, which argues that males and females are vastly different psychologically, dominates the popular media. Here, the author advances a very different view, the gender similarities hypothesis, which holds that males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables. Results from a review of 46 meta-analyses support the gender similarities hypothesis. Gender differences can vary substantially in magnitude at different ages and depend on the context in which measurement occurs. Over-inflated claims of gender differences carry substantial costs in areas such as the workplace and relationships.

Smil offers two examples of first-order innovations or what he calls "technical saltations" (saltation is from the Latin word for "leap" and refers to a sudden change from one generation to the next, that is large, or very large, in comparison with the usual). What are the two saltations he describes?

The oldest example of such a technical saltation was when our hominin ancestors began using stones to fashion other stones into sharp tools (axes, knives, and arrows). And there has been no more fundamental, epoch-making modern innovation than the large-scale commercial generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electricity.

What was Edison's greatest contribution?

The world's first commercial system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion.

Tension between approaches to healthcare

There are differences of opinion on what is best for patients when dealing with these issues. Health communication researchers will continue to play an important role in examining how people often view illness and treatment differently, in providing evidence for the benefits of alternative approaches to medicine, and as advocates for alternative ways of understanding illness and treatment.

What are the various arguments about the costs of inflated claims of gender differences?

They cause harm in numerous realms, including women's opportunities in the workplace, couple conflict and communication, and analyses of self-esteem problems among adolescents. Most important, these claims are not consistent with the scientific data.

What is the persuasive principle of Authority? Note the Milgram study as well as the applications for marketers discussed by the authors.

They want to follow the lead of real experts. Business titles, impressive clothing, and even driving an expensive, high-performing automobile are proven factors in lending credibility to any individual

What kind of innovations are Apple's products?

Third-order innovations that use a variety of fundamental second-order innovations in the now vast realm of electronic components to assemble and to program devices whose greatest appeal has been due to their (choose your own adjective, or embrace all of them) sleek, unorthodox, elegant, streamlined, clean, functional interface design.

Note the point in #3 about the legality of political phone calls.

This kind of harassment is against the law -- but the law doesn't apply to candidates. When the National Do Not Call Registry was created in 2003, lawmakers exempted them, arguing a right to free speech. But critics like Shaun Dakin, founder of the nonprofit Citizens for Civil Discourse, say the law only benefits lawmakers. Now, every campaign "from dogcatcher to president" uses robocalls.

Why does the author think the efficiency of delivering data is about to increase greatly?

This will come from two types of innovation: bringing down the underlying costs of delivering data, and using less data by building more efficient apps.

How does he describe the fundamental importance of electricity?

To ask what we would not have without it. The answer is just about everything in the modern world.

What is Commitment and Consistency as a persuasive principle? Be able to recognize examples.

We're more likely to do something after we've agreed to it verbally or in writing, Cialdini says. People strive for consistency in their commitments. They also prefer to follow pre-existing attitudes, values and actions.

What is Social Proof? When is it important? What would be an example of its usefulness for marketers?

When people are uncertain about a course of action, they tend to look to those around them to guide their decisions and actions. They especially want to know what everyone else is doing - especially their peers. Testimonials from satisfied customers show your target audience that people who are similar to them have enjoyed your product or service. They'll be more likely to become customers themselves.

What is the concluding point about inspection of effect sizes when examining the evidence of the article?

Whether males or females are more variable depends on the domain under consideration. Moreover, most VR estimates are close to 1.00, indicating similar variances for males and females. Nonetheless, this issue of possible gender differences in variability merits continued investigation.

what are media effects?

a change in an outcome within a person or social entity that is due to a mass media influence

credibility

a judgement made by a message recipient concerning the believability of a communicator

assertiveness

associated with masculinity/feminity (power, dominance, etc.)

attitudinal similarity

the extent to which a message recipient perceives the communicator to share certain attitudes

what is a health communication campaign?

campaign that uses an organized set of planned communication activities to generate specific health outcomes in a large number of individuals

communicator characteristics

credibility, liking, attitudinal similarity, and physical attractiveness

tailored messages

delivering a different, adapted message to each individual (we 'tailor' our messages every day)

types of audience analysis

demographic analysis, knowledge analysis, disposition analysis

environmental health influences

media environment, social environment, physical environment, policy environment

agenda-setting theory

examines how the media, especially news, sets the policy agenda and defines the nature of debate

emotional appeals

fear appeals, guilt appeals, humor, sexual appeals, patriotic effects

sex

genetically and biologically constructed (biological level)

complementary

greater dominant behaviors in physicians associated with less dominant behaviors in patients

liking

how much a communicator is liked

health outcomes

immediate or eventual effects of communication between doctor and patient

affiliation

increasing closeness with others

Fear of Victimization Effect

individual becomes more afraid that something bad will happen to them because the world is a less safer place

Desensitization Effect

individual does not quite respond to violence and gore like they used to

proximal outcomes

near the point of origin, closest to outcome

exchange theory

people are asked to exchange something (time money, pleasure, etc.) to obtain the benefits of a product or service

reciprocity

physicians that practice more eye contact have more eye contact in patients

communication functions

purpose for which something is designed or used (multifunctional)

framing

the perspective presented or implied for extracting meaning from a message

what is assumed when we say we have persuaded someone?

successful influence, goal in mind, freedom of choice, communication, change in mental state

tentative language

the degree to which someone displays uncertainty when communicating