CMST 3001: American Experience Exam #1
Discuss Susan B. Anthony's role as a suffragist, speaker and activist
- Born in Massachusetts to a well off family - Quaker - some of the most religious advocates in the nation - early ones to back women and gender issues. Settles in upstate NY - hotbed of reform activity in the US, prior to civil and afterwards She was interested in abolitionism and temperance. Becomes involved in Suffrage after Seneca Falls In 1851 she meets Stanton - they complement each other perfectly. Stanton is the visionary and Anthony is the organizer - they do a little bit of each - Suffrage activism - begins in 1850s - why would civil war be a catalyst? Slaves became free and then they could vote. Huge fights among abolitionists and suffragists - what are we supposed to advocate for? Anthony - sent out newsletters, pamphlets and announcements. Watched a weekly journal called the "Revolution" - space where they get to advocate their positions, where they get to try out arguments and share their platform Spoke a lot too! Spoke as part of the free thought movement - hundreds of lectures and speeches per year - People saw her as grumpy and stern - problem because people believed that's what would happen if women became voters.
Explain Leff's claim about Lincoln's speech
- Leff argues that Lincoln uses temporal shift. This affects how people perceive it. - There is a difference between secular and sacred time Secular time is perceived in a straight line Sacred time is cyclical, mystical. It is about origins, purpose and the biggest things in life. Secular time leaves room for blame If he can lift it to Sacred time, everyone can come to terms with it and unite. It's not anyone's fault. The war is in God's hands.
Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address
- Known as the most important and meaningful address in history Lincoln is confronting the tensions and challenges of the war head on Brevity of the speech itself and the sentences make it very direct. If the meaning of the war is only understood by God, how do we talk about it. In the 1st paragraph - Puts himself on the same level as everyone else - we are equals in not understanding the war. Then - a reference to the past Now - a reference to the present A speech about time - speaks in passive voice - he has removed himself from calculations about presenting anything new, making predictions, etc. It isn't in his hands, only in HIS hands The next paragraph deals with the past - who dreaded the war? Everyone. If both are trying to avoid it, no one tried to start it. Takes the blame off everyone's shoulders. All of us as citizens are together. There is one sense of blame - "one group of them would make war, and one would accept war" - doesn't want to say confederacy brought war. Ambiguous in his reference here. Strategic equivocation - shifts in verb tense. We dealt with the past and then in the next sentence we shift to the present. Why does he do it? In terms of secular time - these are all words about individual parties and different sides Ultimately saying we shouldn't judge - almighty has its own purposes. We cannot judge God. Together in human ignorance - we don't understand what happened. Final paragraph - Lincoln gets to the limits of secular time - brings sacred time back to our understanding of the moment. We should move forward with God's perspective He also has an international perspective - how we understand ourselves relative to the rest of the world. We need to stick more clearly about our place in the world and decide what kind of nation we want to become. We're small in terms of the larger issues of the world. He conveys this through language. He resists naming a scapegoat.
Explain the development of Lincoln's oratory during the war
- Lincoln was good at knowing how to speak about an issue for particular audiences - Oratory is the way in which Lincoln climbed the political ladder - The Civil War changed Lincoln in fundamental ways - there was both spiritual and political growth - At first, he sounded like a lawyer in his speeches - At the end of the war, Lincoln was less concerned with legal questions. He was more concerned with what the war MEANT. - The law doesn't provide us with good answers so he turned to GOD -Began to read the bible and Shakespeare every day - Speaks more metaphorically after the war - Asks a lot of questions we don't have the answers to
Discuss Lincoln's views about slavery
- Lincoln was very passionate about preserving the union - Not an abolitionist - opposed to slavery though -Believed in colonization (sending the slaves back from where they came from) - Argued that slaveholders are at risk of losing their property (slaves) leading up to the war. Tries to sympathize with slaveholders. - "Right to Rise" - Lincoln was against slavery because it violated his belief in this right. About labor and the ability to keep what you earn. -Slavery violated basic human capacity to make stuff and then to keep that stuff. There was no way as a slave to climb the social ladder. RIGHT TO RISE - at the heart of the American promise
Critique the Freedmen's Memorial and explain the controversy around it
- Memorial depicts Lincoln holding hand over kneeling slave - Lincoln always said, "you have the right to rise" - key terms in America about liberty, sacrifice and emancipation - sense of stature and potential progress in this - it glorifies Lincoln - says he's bringing all the slaves up Douglass is the embodiment of what he can become Douglass is waffling in his praise of the memorial - there are many mindsets surrounding it. Christian mindset - establishing Lincoln as Jesus or martyr - to free men from the bondages of sin in the same way that men are united under Lincoln the same way but in terms of slavery. Purging of the nation's sin, through blood - blood sacrifice is in the 600,000 people that perished. Douglass is confronting the audience with uncomfortable truth - first words after "friends and fellow citizens" is "I" and then "you" Doesn't really unite the audience - division between speaker and audience - trying to confront the fact that division still exists Refers to Lincoln as the white man's president - ready and willing to deny, postpone, and sacrifice the rights of humanity in the colored people to promote the welfare of the white people of this country. Claims African Americans are Lincoln's step children rather than children
Context of Lincoln Address
- Not the primary speaker at the Gettysburg Address - Everett Edwards was the primary speaker - spoke for almost 2.5 hrs. Lincoln spoke for like two minutes. - Lincoln changed the way we talked - shorter sentences, more succinct
Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Grady's "The New South"
- Occurs at the end of Reconstruction - The south makes a deal - they will support Rutherford Hayes if the north pulls federal troops out of the south and to tear down the structures that were built up in the south. Grady is an editor of the Atlanta Constitution - his job is to effectively get people interested in the south - believes it's his job to entice people to forget about reconstruction of the civil war. Speech occurs on December 21st, 1886 - New England Club Claims that the economy in the south has moved past slave labor - they found a way to be more efficient and it's worth more. Claims blacks are equal and prosperous - not true at all Talks about Abe Lincoln and mentions Webster's name - he says the south loves both of those political figures. Tells us to look to the future and to move forward - don't worry about the politics of it and only worry about the economy - doesn't want them focusing on the Jim Crowe laws they have been passing. He says the new south presents a perfect democracy.
Provide a general overview of labor issues in the Gilded Age
- Shift from earning keep on farms to earning keep in factories in urban centers - Machines replace skilled labor - labor is broken up according to a small particular part of what you do - By 1880, 5 million Americans are engaged in manufacturing, construction, industrial skills By 1900, the industrial workforce comprises 1/3 of the US population Immigrants, women and children - 1 out of every 3 laborers was an immigrant. Huge wave from eastern Europe. Opportunity to make something of yourself. Women have a surprising number of new job opportunities - the number of women employed in industrial settings rises from 2.6 million to 8.6 million in 20 years. Had homework. 1890 census revealed there are more than 1 million children between ages ten and fifteen working in America. 20 years later there were 2 million. 15-20 hours a day on average worked by children. No child labor laws Wage issues - 40% of the population lives below the poverty line - 500 dollars a year. Even if you worked all of the time, you couldn't get enough money to work above the poverty line. Safety issues - 1900 - we have 1 million injuries in these settings and anywhere from 25,000 - 35,000 deaths per year. Railroads and mines - claiming lots of lives.
Explain what the Gilded Age is and discuss its key issues, as presented in lecture
- Wealth disparities - 1% of the population owns well over 50% of the nation's wealth. In 1890, 11 million of the nation's 12 million families earned less than 1200 dollars a year for the family In 1897 the combined value of corporations is 5 billion Arrival of the modern corporation - how do they change people's relationships to work and their own money and lives? Idea of a company town - corporation would build a town Corporations are deemed people for the right of the law. Same rights as natural people. Language of the gilded age and the progressive era is a struggle over what it means to be an American Interrelationship, character and work - your character - who you are as a person - relates to the amount you're able to earn and the kind of work that you do.
Discuss the aims, ideas, strategies, and features of Carnegie's "Wealth"
Andrew Carnegie - Scottish Immigrant - born to a poor family - knows the American journey and the lessons we should take away Comes to American when he's 18 - becomes a telegraph operator and then transitions to work as a telegraph operator for the Pennsylvania railroad. Invested in oil - starts to put his efforts into steel - built first skyscrapers, bridges, railroad lines. Homestead Strike - run by Henry Frick - a bad guy in every way. Wanted to make more money - tries to impose new restrictions on the union - biggest corporation in the world, biggest union in the world. Frick starts locking the gates of Carnegie Steel to keep the workers out. Frick decides he is going to bust the union and break the strike - gets the Pinkertons (private detectives) - big battles with 9 workers killed, 7 pinktertons killed. Keep this in mind while reading his speech. "Wealth" - published in North American Review - lots of readers Carnegie argues that the standard of living has increased due to the wealthy - It's a fact of life - there's no turning back - wealth is part of the system - Social Darwinism - defends competition and says it's a way of life - those that deserve to be on top will naturally be on top. Says about other structures - "The Socialist or Anarchist who seeks to overturn present conditions is to be regarded as attacking the foundation upon which civilization itself rests..." Interrelationship between character, work and money. If you have a lot of money, we can say you worked hard for that money. The individual and how hard they work determines success. No systemic factors other than the existence of capitalism itself. What do we do with wealth? Three options 1. Leave money to family 2. Give it to public purposes after you have died 3. Give it away while you're alive Systemic, clear, step by step argument. The first option is not good because it doesn't instill a sense of hard work. If a wealthy son is given everything, they're not going to have the same experience. Second option is not good because when you're dead, it doesn't show your character. People will gift monuments of folly. When you give money while you're alive, you can make sure it's for good. If you don't give away wealth throughout your lifetime, you will collect tax. Incentive to give during your life. Giving money while living is how we enrich the community. Says money should not be given directly to poor people - if you give them money they won't work - instead, use your money to build up the public infrastructure so people can learn to do it for themselves. Libraries were subscription services at the time, so only the wealthy had access to knowledge. Wealthy are wealthy because they have the experience, ability and skills to show people the right way.
Discuss the aims, ideas, strategies, and features of Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds"
Argues that wealth is right at home, not in some distant land The resources for your success are right around you already Example of making toys for kids - ask your own children Don't be stubborn, look around you and look at the world and serve those needs Everyone has these capabilities! Everyone can be Andrew Carnegie - appeal to the common man - Who are the great inventors of the world? It's not a race or a class of man - it's the common man. Story of Christianity is intertwined with the story of Capitalism - serve others and work hard and you will be rewarded. Your success in life is evidence of what kind of person you are - More of a democratic appeal here vs. Carnegie's - what does this reveal? There are people and they have a lot of potential - it's on them to do great things.
Explain the general context of Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds"
Conwell - baptist minister - he adds religious dimension to character work in money - Most in demand speaker of this time period - the speech is delivered all over the place - makes his reach so incredibly big. Acres of Diamonds - 1870-1924 - delivered it almost 6,000 times. Speech is told through narratives and anecdotes. Anecdotes were never told in the same order - doesn't matter the order in which you tell them!
Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Debs's "Working Class Politics"
Debs - 1910 - speaking during midterm political elections Takes the emotional route - Logical appeal isn't enough - Instantly sets apart workers from capitalists to give more pride to the workers. Sometimes the best way to be together as a group is to be against somebody. Unification on division. Draws an analogy between workers and slavery There is a sense of hope and accomplishment involved with this analogy of slavery - they're free and we can be too. The binding of economics and politics - about two different political systems and we need to take a stand to overthrow the capitalists. We need to be together as workers. Debs thinks Gompers is one of THEM - the wealthy hypocrites. Workers must come together - the leaders will never do it for them - the workers, once united in one great industrial union, will vote a united working class ticket. Uniting everybody in this industrial union that can resist the power of the master class is his goal. Industrial and social democracy - empowering the workers as equals - fundamentally American - when we think of Socialism, we think of it as outside of the American experience. Debs thinks it is the fulfillment of the American promise.
Discuss the religious dynamics of the post-Civil War decades
Free thought emerges as it seems that American culture and the public seems to be getting more religious. - Freed slaves and new churches - North-South common ground - north and south try to reconcile with one another - Religion is a way to connect - Religious revivals - incredible wave of religious survivals - Appetite for religious inquiry - Helps us try to figure out why Ingersoll is so successful as a lecturer - and could enthrall and capture audiences of people who believe the very thing he is challenging - Paine wrote a book about rejecting religion. Kicked out of American public life. -After second great awakening - revivals in the tradition of the second awakening. Starts to become okay to think about things differently.
Explain Douglass's work and relationship to Lincoln during the war
Douglass - upbringing in slavery Mother was a slave and his Father was white At 8 he's sent to Baltimore to work for a ship carpenter - he is given better treatment than he received earlier in his life - he learns how to read and write - Beats up a slave breaker - planned on escaping but got caught - obtains the papers of a free black citizen who worked on the ships - In NYC and Massachusetts he learned how to be an abolitionist Defined himself as the spokesperson for his race - most influential AA in the country Pressured Abe to let free blacks fight - 1863 - first black regimen. Through this he developed a relationship with Abe. They had several meetings about black troops - the relationship is not always pleasant. On one hand he applauds the emancipation proclamation, but on the other he claims it is not enough By the time Lincoln is up for re-election, Douglass does not support him First AA invited to the white house gathering for Lincoln's second inaugural
Discuss the key questions of reconstruction
Era of Reconstruction (1865-1877) Reconstruction dealt with a few key questions a. What do we do with the Southern States? Did they secede, or did they try and fail? Enough anger and frustration that not everyone was going to agree with Lincoln. Radical Republicans wanted to teach the south a lesson. b. How do we repay for rebuilding? c. How do we deal with former slaves? Role of Providence in the war - "Shining City on a Hill" - comes from the bible - Abolition in 1865 "Dependent plantation laborers" - former slaves still being controlled by white landowners.
Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Gompers's "The Labor Question"
Gompers - 1888 - Addresses members of the AFL Similar type of strategy to what we've discussed prior - different sections that are very concise. Didn't belabor any certain points and no flowery language. Sophistry point - taught people how to speak persuasively. Workers don't know how to talk about the values of their labor. Working men don't know how to talk about their significance. Gives people the talking points to use. Carnegie was about individualism - Gompers focuses on the collective - talks about labor as a mass of people - it's by bringing these people together that we will most effectively navigate American society. Labor is an important issue for everyone - who is in charge of ensuring our liberty and happiness? He doesn't get very emotional with it - doesn't use very much to rally the people all together and not many calls to action - It's not about overthrowing the system - it's about practical negotiation. all about justifying the approach of the AFL We are a brotherhood fighting for our rights - a lot of pride being in an army and fighting for country -
Explain the myth-making nature of Grady's "The New South"
Grady portrays the South as doing better than it ever has - he gives this speech to all business men from the north to persuade them into giving to the south and investing in the south.
Explain the context of Anthony's "Is it a Crime?"
In 1973, Anthony showed up with her sisters to register to vote - a lot of debate as to whether or not they should allow them to register. They showed up to actually vote in Rochester on November 5th, 1872 - arrested for voting in her home. Finds out that many women have been arrested. In 1873, Grand Jury consisting of 20 men - brought up charges against Susan. She then did a speaking tour to rally as much support as she could before her date in May - goal was to reach as many potential jurors as possible. Judge moves the county to a neighboring county - goes on a speaking tour of Ontario county Trial begins on June 17th, 1873 - goes on trial. The speech we read today is the one she gave in these different countries - she would have given this speech at this trial if she were allowed to. She was not allowed to speak in her defense. Doesn't pay the 100 dollar fine, and NY didn't try to collect it either. If they collected the money, she would've had more options to appeal her conviction, which could make it worse.
Explain Ingersoll's place in public culture and discuss his approach to oratory
Ingersoll - born in upstate NY - this is the time of reform - born to a man who is a Presbyterian minister - born going to a church. Earned his rank in war - Taken to a confederate prison during Civil War - Was known for his oratory - after the war he starts up his own law practice - becomes a highly prominent proponent - In any given night, he could earn between 50 and 100 million dollars Small town America - most believers were probably Christian Typical lecture stop - local newspaper would publicize, there would then be some opposition - ministers were not supportive. On the day of his lectures, people would stand outside and pass out bibles.
Provide an overview of the Free Thought Movement
Ingersoll was the lead spokesperson for the movement. Free thought is a religious and intellectual movement without a particular political focus. Free thought advocates addressed a variety of different causes - religious liberty, death penalty, public schooling, suffrage, temperance, prison reform, monetary policy. Social justice movement focused on spreading equality and liberty in every area of public life - brought together a strange group of people. Wanted to make America more American. Golden Age of free though (1875-1914) - people start asking different questions. Try to have different conversations - explosion in new periodicals devoted to the free thought movement. Inspired many periodicals Origins of free thought: Influx of immigrants - new people with very different belief structures living among us - prompted Ingersoll to question beliefs people grow up with Rise of modern science - ideas of natural selection, evolution, raise a lot of questions for people New psychology - paradigms based in psychology and physiology - made it possible to start accounting for people differently than before.
Discuss the general purposes and functions of memorials and monuments
Integral to rhetorical culture and the way we speak to each other in public Everyone knew memorials would be the defining thing about America - we build memorials Capture the spirit and heroism and courage of the people that gave their lives for the nation Memorials are a constant reminder, vehicle for memory - they carry the past They make the past relevant to the future They serve a promotion of order and meaning amidst chaos and destruction While we go through the horrors of life, memorials give us a sense of order Create a sense of continuity with the past - they also teach civic virtues Douglass's speech takes place at the unveiling of one of these memorials
Early Labor Unions
Knights of Labor - one of the oldest labor orgs nationally Starts in 1869 - started small and made of tailors. Over the next decade it grew, encompassing a number of different skill sets. Anyone could join, regardless of what kind of labor you did or what color or what gender you are. By 1886 - 700,00 members - Knights of Labor wanted skilled and unskilled labor. Whole bunch of membership - pushed for a lot of the reforms we recognize as being accomplished. American Federation of Labor - National convergence of craft unions - must have a skill to be a part of it. Gompers wanted to unite these people. Unskilled workers were not part of this union. Decidedly practical. We don't want to overthrow the capitalist system. We want to take as many gains as we can. Industrial Workers of the World - Started much later than Knights of Labor - radical labor org. Nothing less than the overthrow of the US government and the capitalist system. Believed in sabotage - most members of the IWW were communists or socialists. Much more industrial in the sense that whether you were skilled didn't matter. If you were in it for social change, you're in.
Explain the main issues of an dynamics of the Pullman strike
Pullman - company town Head of the Pullman Palace car company owned the town. Decided he was going to build a town for his workers. Modern features and amenities. By 1893 there are 12,000 people living there. Depression of 1893 - slashed wages by 25% Strike approaches - taking away money, not accommodating living conditions. Vast majority of workers are part of the ARU - American Railway Union 90% of workforce walks off the job - strike starts to pick up momentum - strike rose to national proportions - every part of his business was coming to a halt. He effectively refuses to negotiate with any of the workers. Federal government - looks at what's happening and decides they need to intervene. The US mail was being interfered with so they had to intervene. Troops were involved and at least 50 people die. Strike ends early July of 1894 - federal troops overpower the strikers. Debs serves 6 months in jail (he organized it) - reads Karl Marx for the first time - inspired him to take up Socialism A thousand workers left after the strike - strike did essentially nothing for their rights Debs tries to run for president 5 times - he wins more votes than any third party candidate in history
Lincoln as a person/Reasons for war
More books on him than anyone else other than Shakespeare 2nd Inaugural address comes at the end of Civil War Civil War was about the spreading of slavery Wanted slavery to stay in the south - was also about succession and the struggle between the federal government and the states to decide things. Emancipation Proclamation - took effect in 1863 - didn't free all the slaves. Only slaves in Deep South were free. He freed the slaves in a place where he has no power. He didn't free border slaves - it made them side more with the union as a result. Succession was only wanted by the wealthy plantation owners in the south. Power elites pushed us towards the civil war.
Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Douglass's speech at the unveiling of the Freedmen's Memorial
Occurred on April 14th, 1876 - Memorial is funded by free slaves - got the money together to fund it. Slave is modeled on a real former slave - Republican big wigs are there too - Sense of unity that occurs is with the blacks in the audience - interesting things to think about in terms of his groupings Says Lincoln went along with the capturing of fugitive slaves - Says that Lincoln was ready and willing to deny, postpone, and sacrifice the rights of humanity in the colored people to promote the welfare of the white people of this country. Saying "Under his rule we saw" is a lot different than saying "we saw Lincoln do this or that" - Douglass is not ready to give this to Lincoln yet - One of the themes of the speech is in how difficult it is to put into words somebody like Abe and this time in the nation Also says, "We fully comprehend" This speech is about how there is still work that needs to be done - this is the marker of a beginning of a process - about legitimizing the race of AAs as they fight to stabilize their citizenship Preserves the reputation of freedmen - it's about the act of memorializing because they did it all themselves. The statue is evidence of what they're up to now. Their capacity to participate in civic life.
Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Ingersoll's "Liberty of Man, Woman and Child"
One of the biggest arguments at the time was that Christianity was the basis of morality - Ingersoll wanted to break those things apart. He wanted to do this because Christianity promoted backwardness and ignorance. The person willing to disagree is the marker of progress Breaks apart morality and Christianity by using symbols. Pushes together the king and the priest - united to arrest the forward march of the human race. King said that mankind must not work for themselves. Priest said that mankind must not think for themselves. Length is part of the communal entertainment. Why does he use his own personal narrative about being a kid in church? Criticizing the traditional manner of some churches - applies this argument to segments of population like kids and women too! Defies the traditional roles of family members - these get away from the way of equality in the family Symbolism - taking all of these terms that are part of the American experience, and he's claiming them as part of his movement. All these struggles over what it means to be an American. Uses 'I' a lot - demonstrates independent thinking - a performance of what he wants his audience to take on. Disrupts the story of Genesis with himself. By inserting himself he's saying that people can think more individualistically for themselves. Taking the idea of creed and adapting it to his own purposes. "I believe in the fireside. I believe in the democracy of home. I believe in the republicanism of the family. I believe in liberty, equality and love." God must like an honest infidel rather than a dishonest believer - independence, equality of thought - better to think for yourself. This is not an anti-religious text - this is text that is designed to prompt religious inquiry - he's advocating for people to be autonomous - Tapping into a larger culture of people hungry for discussions of religion and big ideas - he didn't convert people to atheism - have experience and confrontation with something that makes you a little uncomfortable.
Explain the context of the debate between Stevens and Raymond
Represents two sides - 1. the radical republicans and 2. the supporters of Andrew Jackson (slave owner) Debate takes place at the end of 1865 Thaddeus Stevens - chief spokesperson for the radical republicans - represents Pennsylvania Henry Jarvis Raymond - campaigned for Johnson to become president - chairman of Republican National Committee - represents New York Stevens thought the Southern states should not be allowed back into the union unless they gave blacks the right to vote and own land, etc. Context - when Abe dies, there is a huge power struggle. He is martyred. People start to claim that their ideas are heir to Lincoln. Andrew Johnson - only southern senator to remain loyal to the union during the civil war. Congress doesn't like the power Johnson has. He proposes the Amnesty Plan - if you are or were a confederate officer, all you have to do is submit a loyalty oath to the union and then you can be readmitted to the south. 10% plan - you as a state can come back to the union if only 10% of your state pledges loyalty to US. Johnson is carrying on Lincoln's legacy.
Discuss the aim, ideas, strategies, and features of Anthony's "Is it a Crime?"
She tried to appeal to men by using a lot of quotes from men Relates to women a lot too - analogical arguments and a lot of rhetorical questions, which make the listener think of the answers themselves Uses 'we' and 'us' and makes her argument very obvious - she starts off really logically - no hook or emotional language She positions her speech as forensic She sets up an argument that fits in with the court system anyways - always oriented towards questions of fact - oriented temporally towards the past All she says she wants to do is argue a question of fact - this gives her the ability to make this a very clear distinction If she had framed it as deliberative, she would be putting herself in a position of framed guilt. She doesn't want to give Congress the power. Argues that the right to vote is a God given right - the Constitution's job is to actually give this to the people - it secures the right to vote - We must amend the constitution! People won't go against God and nature - grounding something outside of the constitution, outside of man made legal structures, puts the burden of the constitution on the legal structures themselves. Demonstration of the fact that she's a person is really important - deductive reasoning - if/then - if she's a woman, then she gets these rights. She argues that women are persons and slaves, and now that slaves have the right to vote, so should women. Parallel draws from oppression that people see in slavery. She could be offending people by saying this - too much to argue at one time. Comparing white women's plight to the plight of slaves. The white men are the ones holding women as slaves, and that's who her audience is. She argues that if men won't let her vote, then she's not going to pay her taxes. No taxation without representation - this is a nod to the American Revolution - analogy between the plight of women in 1873 and the revolutionaries Deductive argument makes her seem like a lawyer. She uses evidence from founding documents, legal decisions, the federal constitution, state constitution, previous presidents - she wants to show that she is competent. The fact that she can conduct this research means she is a citizen, therefore she should be given the right to vote - act of making a masculine argument is important - says that if you allow us to vote in public life, this is what we can do. Let people do these things and circumvent Congress - live out these natural rights - perform them. Let women exercise their right to vote - forget about the law.
Compare and contrast the speeches of Stevens and Raymond
Thaddeus Stevens - must let go of their former beliefs in order to gain re-admittance What are the consequences of calling the southern states dead carcasses? They did secede, so how do we handle them? Who's in charge of dealing with these dead carcasses? Jarvis - refers to Southern states as rebel states - the responsibility falls on individuals rather than states themselves. They never could've left because they didn't win. Claims they had the intent to secede, but they never actually did it. With Jarvis there is still a sense of agency with the south - they tried to secede but they failed - it's like attempted murder. Temporal context - Thaddeus is about looking to the past Jarvis is about looking to the future - how do we move forward? We might exact a certain amount of vengeance in the past, but what do we do now? Even if everyone were equal, whites would still be superior? There's no reason to not make them equal because they need the help of white men to help them succeed. Power dynamics that Thaddeus seems to give to white northerners seems in a lot of ways a transition to free blacks in the south as well. Raymond puts himself on the same plane as the slave - how we can best move forward.