CNS 600 Research & Statistics

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Which of the following research question is best suited to an explanatory correlational​ study?

Using an explanatory research​ design, the researcher is interested in the extent to which two or more variables covary. The variables are measured at the same point in time.

In a correlational​ design, researchers

use statistics to relate​ participants' scores on two or more variables.

Which of the following statements does not reflect evidence of a​ high-quality correlational​ study?

​Actually, the researcher should select the proper correlation statistic based on the types of scales being used to measure the variables in a study.

Survey research is often exempted from detailed review by an institutional review board unless it

​Nevertheless, survey researchers should be sure they are carefully following ethical guidelines and meeting the expectations set for study approval.

How many groups of participants are typically involved in explanatory correlational research​ designs?

Compared to an​ experiment, which involves multiple groups or treatment​ conditions, in explanatory correlational​ research, the researcher collects scores from only one group and does not divide the group into categories​ (or factors).

Which of the following is an example of a​ between-group design?

Comparing the effect of phonics versus​ whole-language instruction on reading comprehension

Identifying effective interventions requires the researcher to consider all the following except

Considerations about providing diagrams or visualizations in the written report should have no bearing on identifying the interventions to be used.the ability to represent the intervention in a visual fashion as part of the research report.

It is inappropriate for a researcher doing correlational research to

Correlation does not indicate a causal relationship.

The statistical testing in correlational research is used to determine the tendency or pattern for two​ (or more) variables or two sets of data to vary consistently in

Correlational research allows the researcher to make an​ assertion, given one​ score, of how a participant will perform on another outcome.

Kathy has conducted a correlational study. Based on the​ results, she can predict a​ student's score on acollege mathematics exam with knowledge about his or her score on the SAT. The two variables are said to

Covary means that we can predict a score on one variable with knowledge about the​ individual's score on another variable.

In a prediction​ design, when two variables ​covary, researchers

Covary means​ "vary together."​ Thus, if we know a​ person's score on one​ variable, we can calculate an approximate score on the other.

Which of the following research questions is best addressed by experimental​ research?

Does peer tutoring lead to better writing performance than online tutorials​ do?

A unique problem that can arise in telephone interviews is

During an​ interview, the researcher should remain neutral and not share opinions. For​ example, agreeing with a participant is problematic and can sway the interview.

An analyst reviewing survey responses in a correlational study believes that a couple of participants misunderstood a question. What course of action is​ appropriate?

Educational researchers do not edit data. It is important to report any issues transparently.

Regarding the benefits of participating in a​ survey, it is important to

Good ethical practices dictate that survey researchers not overstate the benefits of participating.

Which of the following questions is likely addressed by a trend​ study?

How do public opinions about school enrollment choice change over​ time?

Assume you have determined that using a correlational design will best address your research problem. Which of the following responses correctly orders the steps to be taken as you conduct your​ research?

Identify the​ sample, identify two or more measures for each​ participant, collect data and monitor potential​ threats, analyze the data and represent the​ results, interpret the results

Federal guidelines for determining when a random experiment is justified do not stipulate which of the​ following?

If there are equally informative​ alternatives, the study is likely not justified.

What is the difference between a cohort study and a panel​ study?

In a cohort​ study, the individuals studied may differ at different points in​ time, but all belong to a particular population and share a common characteristic​ (thus qualifying them for the​ subgroup); in a panel​ study, the individuals studied at one point are the same individuals studied at later points in time.

Which of the following statements indicates a negative correlation between Internet use and academic​ achievement?

In a negative​ correlation, the points move in opposite​ directions; that​ is, when X​ increases, Y​ decreases, and when X​ decreases, Y increases.

In a prediction​ design, the predictor variable is

In a prediction​ design, researchers seek to anticipate outcomes by using certain variables as predictors.

A​ lower-quality experiment does what in terms of threats to​ validity?

In a​ lower-quality experiment, the researcher does not raise the topic of internal and external validity in the study or raises one or the other but not both.

Which of the following statements most appropriately expresses the relationship among two variables in a correlational​ study?

In this​ example, the researchers take care to indicate the magnitude and direction of the results of the study without suggesting causality.

When providing incentives for​ surveys, it is important to

Incentives should not be so large that they become unethical by coercing participation.

Which of the following sections of a research report would most likely contain a description of the participants and their assignment to​ groups?

Including information about the study participants and their assignment to groups is an integral part of the​ "Methods" or​ "Procedures" section of a research report.

A researcher who uses an​ English-only, timed intelligence test that has a heavy emphasis on mathematics computing and problem solving as an outcome measure in an intervention is likely to suffer a threat to which kind of​ validity?

Internal validity

A wave analysis is

Investigators group survey returns by intervals and check to see if the answers to a few select questions change from the first week to the final week in a​ study, indicating response bias. The responses of individuals responding in the final week of survey administration should be similar to those returning instruments in the first week. If they​ differ, researchers report that the potential for bias​ exists, that​ is, that the participants studied may not be representative of the sample and the population.

Which of the following is an indicator of​ higher-quality survey​ research?

In​ higher-quality survey​ research, the researcher uses a systematic procedure for selecting the sample size based on tabled values or a sample size calculation.

After identifying the interview protocol to be​ used, the next step a researcher should take is

It is critical that the interviews be conducted in the same manner so that results are not affected by varied procedures.

Why is​ quasi-experimental design more often used in educational research than true experimental​ design?

It is far more common to see​ quasi-experimental research in education because student groups​ (classes, rosters,​ etc.) are established according to institutional standards.

Which of the following is important for interviewers to record after the​ interview?

It is important for interviewers to record their own feelings about the​ interview, such as areas they could have probed more. OK

When writing a report on a survey research​ study, what is important to include in the​ "Discussion" section?

It is important to include in the​ "Discussion" section comments about the generalizability of the results to the population.

The best way to protect confidentiality is to

It is important to minimize links between answers and specific participant​ identifier, such as through an ID number.

The two basic types of survey designs are

Longitudinal studies collect data over​ time, and​ cross-sectional studies involve collecting data at one point in time.

Which of the following is an example of an interaction effect in a factorial​ design?

Male and female students each reported more positive reactions to the​ ninth-grade health class when it was taught by a teacher of their own sex.Remember that in a factorial​ design, researchers study the independent and simultaneous effects of two or more independent treatment variables on an outcome.

A​ lower-quality correlational study does what in terms of displaying​ results?

Provides a correlation matrix with only the significant variables

Regarding quality criteria about the survey instrument for data​ collection, which of the following is an indicator of higher​ quality?

Providing a reference for locating the instrument

What are the two components of a measure of​ correlation?

Researchers determine direction​ (if points on a scatterplot​ intersect, or move in the same or different​ directions) and strength​ (the magnitude of the relationship between the​ variables).

When removing​ outliers, it is best to report

Researchers need a clear rationale for removing outliers and must be transparent about reporting their rationale and procedures with outliers.

jay tee is considering a survey research project in which the identity of the interviewer is hidden. Critique this plan.

Researchers should not put the interviewer in a position of being deceptive or misleading.

Chuck plans to collect data for his correlational study that will include an​ identifier, age,​ sex, end-of-year exam​ score, and an anxiety score. What is the best way for him to set up data​ collection?

Rows for each individual and a column for each variable

An indication that a correlational study is of lower quality might be that

Selection of appropriate statistical​ tests, based on the types of scales being​ used, is critical for​ high-quality correlational research.

Which of the following is best studied with a​ single-subject research​ design?

Single-subject designs are appropriate when a researcher wants to know about the behavior of single individuals separately or in groups.

The first step in conducting an experimental study is to

Some other form of research design may better serve your​ purposes, so you must consider your needs and intentions carefully.decide whether or not an experiment addresses your research problem.

Survey research has the most in common with what other​ design?

Survey research has much in common with correlational designs. Survey researchers often correlate variables.

Which of the following would be least likely aided by a survey​ design?

Survey research​ assesses/tracks trends,​ opinions, behaviors, and attitudes. Academic achievement would be more likely studied through the use of​ experimental, quasi-experimental, or correlational research.

Surveys are meant to describe

Surveys are used to describe the​ attitudes, opinions,​ behaviors, or characteristics of the population.

What type of research problem best fits survey​ research?

Surveys are used to identify beliefs and attitudes.

The main purpose of including a cover letter with a questionnaire is to

The cover letter should explain the importance and significance of the​ study, which will help individuals decide whether to respond.

In an experimental​ study, a hypothesis

The hypothesis conveys the​ researchers' expectations about the impact of the independent​ variable(s) on the dependent variable.

Response bias occurs when

Wave analysis is a procedure to check for response bias in which investigators group returns by intervals and check to see if the answers to a few select questions change from the first week to the final week in a​ study, indicating response bias. The responses of individuals responding in the final week of survey administration should be similar to those returning instruments in the first week. If they​ differ, researchers report that the potential for bias​ exists, that​ is, that the participants studied may not be representative of the sample and the population.

The name for the line that is the​ "best fit" for all the points of scores on the scatterplot is the

This line comes closest to all the points on the scatterplot and is calculated by drawing a line that minimizes the squared distance of the points from the line.

Which of the following questions is not best addressed with a correlational​ design?

This question would be best answered by experimental or​ quasi-experimental research. Correlational research is used when researchers want to predict scores and explain the relationships among variables.

Which of the following research problems is best addressed by a​ cross-sectional design?

To determine what aspects of a research training program participants found most helpful

When writing a cover​ letter, it is important to explain to participants

To encourage individuals to complete the​ questionnaire, they need to know why the instrument was sent to them.

In correlational data​ analysis, a lapse of ethics has occurred when a researcher

To help with this​ problem, researchers use a conceptual model or theory to guide the selection of variables for measurement. In this​ way, all possible predictors can be considered.

The basic idea underlying experimental research is to assess the effects of.

an independent variable on a dependent variable.

In an​ interview, it is better to ask sensitive questions

ater, because the first part of survey provides a​ warm-up period.

One of the criteria for making causal inferences in an experiment is that each participant could potentially be part of the intervention or control. This principal is known as

causal manipulation

All the following are considered important considerations when using mailed questionnaires except

clearly setting forth the stance of the interviewer.

A university admissions officer seeks to determine if SAT score predicts college GPA. She additionally measures parental income because she believes it also correlates with college GPA. In this​ case, parental income is a

covariate

One drawback to conducting survey research is that

data consist of​ self-reported information, reflecting what people think but not necessarily their​ actions/behaviors.

In an experimental​ study, another name for the outcome variable is the

dependent variable

When writing the results from a correlational​ study, researchers should also report the significance testing and

effect sizes.

An experiment is the best choice when you need to

establish cause and effect.

Complete the following​ analogy: trend study​ : panel study​ ::

n a trend​ study, researchers collect data from the same general population over​ time, but the individual participants may vary within that population. In a panel​ study, the same sample population is studied over time. In other​ words, the same individuals are studied at multiple points in time in a panel study.

Random assignment​ : random selection​ ::

placing in groups​ : equal probability of inclusion in study

To establish equivalent​ groups, a researcher should rely on

random assignment.

Correlational analyses are visually displayed via

scatterplots.A scatterplot is a pictorial image displayed on a graph of two sets of scores for the participants.

Which of the following describes a​ higher-quality experiment based on the​ participants' involvement in the​ intervention?

A criterion for a​ higher-quality experiment is that the intervention is given to all​ participants, even the control group—those on a​ "wait list" after the experiment concludes.

Rebecca has found a statistically significant correlation coefficient of -.50 between hours spent surfing the Internet and homework completion. What does this​ mean?

A negative correlation means that as the first variable increases in​ size, the second variable decreases in size. This does not indicate​ causation, however.

Training interviewers is important to prevent problems such as

A potential problem with the interviewer is asking questions out of order.

Katja is developing a timeline for her survey research project. For what step should she allocate the most​ time?

Administering the survey

The sample size in survey design is​ _____. correlated with​ _____.

As sample size​ decreases, sampling error increases.

Despite using accepted​ procedures, Emily ended up with a response rate of​ 40% for her survey study of​ low-income families. What concern will she raise when interpreting the​ results?

Because so many people chose not to​ respond, the responses of those who did respond may systematically differ from those of nonrespondents. It is important to consider response bias

Beth has done a survey study using a convenience sample. In terms of the​ sample, critique this research.

Nonprobability​ approaches, such as convenience​ sampling, are indicators of lower quality.

Alyssa conducts an experiment of a promising new intervention to improve child​ nutrition, which has been a major problem with the existing nutrition program. What is a strategy for the ethical concern with withholding the intervention from the control​ group?

One strategy to deal with this ethical issue is to offer the​ treatment, if it was​ beneficial, to the control group after the experiment concludes.

A correlational study that includes a mediating variable that relates to both the predictor and criterion would use what type of​ coefficient?

Partial correlation coefficient

Which of the following is least likely to be an ethical concern with regard to experimental​ research?

Participants' identifying information must be kept confidential

When conducting survey​ research, what step does the text suggest comes right after deciding if a survey is the best design to​ use?

The next step is to identify research questions or hypotheses.

Carol conducted a correlational study to examine whether and to what extent sex predicts if a student enrolls in college after high school. What type of correlation test should she​ obtain?

The phi coefficient

A prediction design is used when the researcher wants to

The purpose of a prediction research design is to identify variables that will predict an outcome or criterion.

Federal guidelines for determining when a random experiment is justified do not stipulate which of the​ following?

The study must have equally informative alternatives.

Student smoking rates were measured once a year during a​ 4-year intervention designed to decrease teen smoking. Which of the following extraneous factors would cause the most concern with regard to interpreting this​ repeated-measures design?

he rising cost of cigarettes would likely influence the rate of student smoking over​ time; if study results showed a drop in teen smoking at the end of 4​ years, researchers would be less confident in attributing it to the treatment because the decrease could very well be explained by some​ students' inability to meet the rising cost of tobacco.

Christy has developed a survey to assess​ students' attitudes regarding a new​ Read-in-School program. One question on the survey​ asks, "Do you read a lot at​ home?" She gives the survey to a colleague to​ review, and the colleague recommends she change this item because

the question as currently written is unclear.


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