CNS (Energy Intake) Review

After age 20 Daily protein required is ____ g/kg body weight .5 .6 .8 2

.8

Daily protein required during 10 year old ____ g/kg body weight 1 2 3 4

1

Respiratory values for carbohydrates, mixed diet, protein, fat and ketone production are 1,.85, .82, .7, less or equal to .65 2,4,5,6 1,.85,.7,22

1,.85, .82, .7, less or equal to .65

Daily protein required during the first year of life is____ g/kg body weight 2.6 1.6 1.7 3

1.7

REE for women 10 x weight(lb) + 6.25 (height cm) - 5(age) +5 10 x weight + 6.25 (height cm) - 5(age) - 161

10 x weight + 6.25 (height cm) - 5(age) - 161

REE for men 10 x weight(lb) + 6.25 (height cm) - 5(age) +5 10 x weight + 6.25 (height cm) - 5(age) - 161

10 x weight(lb) + 6.25 (height cm) - 5(age) +5

The digestion of protein and the absorption of the products of protein digestion releases ____ to ___% of the energy contained in proteins 15 to 30 10 to 20 15 to 25 15 to 40`

15 to 30

Factors that impact REE % fever (per C above normal) and burns (per % body surface area) 15% and 2 % 2% and 15 % 25% and 2 %

15% and 2 %

Wound healing factors that impact REE % minor surgery, major surgery, skeletal trauma is 15%, 25%, 30% 25%, 35%, 40% 15%, 35%, 50% 15%, 25%, 40%

15%, 25%, 30%

Lifestyle (not dedicated to exercise) factor that increase REE for sendentary, moderate, and active is ___,_____,_____ 20%,35%, 50% 30%,45%, 50% 25%,45%, 50% 40%,55%, 60%

20%,35%, 50%

The total number of kilocalories in a food that contains 50 g carbohydrate, 5 g protein, and 5 g fat is 255 265 365 400

265 Carbohydrates are 4kcal per gram, Proteins are 4kcal per gram, Fats are 9 kcal per gram Total = 50(4)+5(4)+9(5)= 265

Total protein slows to ___ g/day during 4-12 months of life. 4 5 3 10

3

Total body protein stores increase by about ____ g/day during the first 4 months of life 4 5 6 3.5

3.5

How many kcal/g are for carbohydrates? 4 5 9 7

4

How many kcal/g are for protein? 4 5 9 7

4

Harris-Benedict equation for women 6.23 X weight (lb) + 12.7(height in) - 6.76 x age + 66 4.35(weight lb) +4.7(inches height)-(4.7)(age)+655

4.35(weight lb) +4.7(inches height)-(4.7)(age)+655

A gram of new tissue requires ___ kcal of metabolizing energy with the correct amount of nutrients 10 11 5 6

5

Harris-Benedict equation for men 6.23 X weight (lb) + 12.7(height in) - 6.76 x age + 66 4.35(weight lb) +4.7(inches height)-(4.7)(age)+655

6.23 X weight (lb) + 12.7(height in) - 6.76 x age + 66

How many kcal/g are for alcohol? 4 5 9 7

7

How many kcal/g are for fats? 4 5 9 7

9

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is highest after consumption of a diet that is primarily composed of what? a. Carbohydrate b. Protein c. Fat d. Mixed macronutrients

A The RQ compares the carbon dioxide produced with the oxygen consumed when energy substrates are metabolized. The RQ for carbohydrate is 1. The RQs for protein, fat, and a mixed diet are, respectively, 0.82, 0.7, and 0.85

Early sign of energy toxicity is increase body weight obesity cancer weight loss A and B

A and B increase in body weight when prolonged leads to obesity which increases the risk insulin resistance, heart disease, arthritis, and cancer

Adipose tissue is A)less metabolically active than lean tissue B)more metabolically active than lean tissue C) equal metabolically than lean tissue

A)less metabolically active than lean tissue

A cocktail containing 10 g of alcohol and 20 g of carbohydrate would provide how many calories? a. 150 b. 170 c. 120 d. 220

ANS: A Alcohol contains 7 kcal/g. 10 g · 7 kcal/g = 70 kcal. Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g. 20 · 4 kcal/g = 80 kcal. 70 + 80 = 150 kcal.

In research regarding the measurement of activity-related energy expenditure, what method is used to validate uniaxial and triaxial monitors of human movement? a. Doubly labeled water b. Indirect calorimetry c. Heart rate monitor d. Physical activity questionnaire

ANS: A As doubly labeled water has become the research method of choice in regard to measurements of total energy expenditure as well as the individual components of energy expenditure, comparisons of other techniques are made to it. Indirect calorimetry can be used for activity energy expenditure but not in free-living situations. The heart rate monitor has not been found to be reliable in measurement of physical activity in individuals. Physical activity questionnaires would be used as a less expensive alternative to movement monitors and are not used for validation of other techniques.

Studies have shown that which factor(s) is (are) the primary determinant of an individual's resting energy expenditure (RMR)? a. The amount of lean body mass b. The amount of adipose tissue c. A person's age, gender, and health status d. The individual's body weight

ANS: A The lean body mass, or fat-free mass, accounts for about 80% of the variance in RMR. Although the body weight and composition are affected by a person's age, gender, and health status, the amount of metabolically active tissue that exists within the overall lean body mass contributes to the overall metabolic rate.

How is the determination of the physical activity level (PAL) categories beyond sedentary different from the sedentary category? a. They are based on METs. b. They are based on the pace of walking. c. They are based on the total time spent doing physical activity. d. They are based on types of physical activity.

ANS: B Beyond the sedentary category, the PAL category is determined according to the energy expended by a person walking a set pace of 3 to 4 mph. Low-active, active, and highly active PALs are equivalent to walking 2, 7, and 17 miles per day, respectively, at 3 to 4 mph. Metabolic equivalents (METs) are another means by which to determine energy expenditure during physical activity, but they are not used in the EER estimation. Determination of physical activity energy expenditure using METs does consider the type, or intensity, of physical activity and total time spent doing physical activity.

A respiratory quotient of 0.64 would most likely occur in which of these patients? a. A pregnant woman b. A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis c. A trauma patient in the ICU d. Someone who had just eaten a high-fat meal

ANS: B The respiratory quotient provides information on the type of fuel the body is burning for energy. A mixed fuel meal yields a respiratory quotient of 0.82. Burning fat exclusively is 0.7. Burning ketones results in a respiratory quotient less than or equal to 0.65.

Which of these best describes the change in the metabolic rate during pregnancy? a. It decreases as a result of a decrease in maternal physical activity. b. It increases as a result of fetal growth. c. It increases as a result of fetal growth and maternal cardiac output. d. It decreases as a result of an increase in maternal adipose tissue.

ANS: C Hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy support the changes in the maternal body to support the growth of the fetus. These changes include the growth of metabolically active tissue in the uterus, placenta, and fetus. Additionally, blood volume is increased, and cardiac workload increases. Because the metabolic rate is dependent on metabolically active tissues, as these increase and the heart's work increases, the overall metabolic rate increases.

A dish has 60 g of carbohydrate, 35 g of protein, and 25 g of fat. How many total kilocalories are in the dish? a. 480 kcal b. 555 kcal c. 605 kcal d. 655 kcal

ANS: C One gram of carbohydrate provides 4 kcal. One gram of protein provides 4 kcal. One gram of fat provides 9 kcal. Therefore, (60 g carb × 4 kcal ÷ g carb) + (35 g prot × 4 kcal ÷ g prot) + (25 g fat × 9 kcal ÷ g fat) = 240 kcal + 140 kcal + 225 kcal = 605 kcal.

How many kilocalories are in 4 oz of 40-proof schnapps? a. 28 kcal b. 64 kcal c. 128 kcal d. 240 kcal

ANS: C The kilocalorie equivalent of an alcoholic drink is equal to the volume of drink times the proof × 0.8 kcal/proof/fl oz. 4 fl oz × 40-proof × 0.8 kcal/proof/fl oz = 128 kcal.

What is the clinical method for measuring human energy expenditure? a. Bomb calorimetry b. Indirect calorimetry c. Doubly labeled water d. Direct calorimetry

B Indirect calorimetry is commonly used in hospital settings. The piece of equipment is known as a metabolic cart or monitor. Other methods of measuring energy expenditure include doubly labeled water and direct calorimetry; however, these are not practical for clinical practice. Bomb calorimetry measures the energy available from food.

How does an elevation in body temperature with fever affect the metabolic rate? a. It does not change the metabolic rate. b. It increases the metabolic rate by 7% per degree Fahrenheit above normal. c. It increases the metabolic rate by 14% per degree Fahrenheit above normal. d. It decreases the metabolic rate by 7% per degree Fahrenheit above normal.

B Fever causes an increase in body temperature. For every degree Fahrenheit above the normal 98.6° F, the BMR increases by 7%.

Which of the following does NOT increase the thermic effect of food (TEF)? a. Carbohydrates b. Fat c. Regular eating schedule d. Spicy foods

B) FAT Although dietary fat provides the highest concentration of energy, metabolism of fat is highly efficient, with only 4% of calories wasted. This partly explains the obesogenic aspect of dietary fat. The TEF after intake of carbohydrates and proteins tends to be higher than after fat intake. Following a regular eating schedule results in a higher TEF than irregular eating. The use of spice and mustard increases metabolism more than unspiced meals.

The measurement of the basal metabolic rate extrapolated to 24 hours Basal Energy Expenditure Total Energy Expenditure Resting Metabolic Rate Estimated Energy Requirement

Basal Energy Expenditure

The energy needed to sustain the metabolic activities of cells and tissues and to maintain circulatory, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal processes Basal Metabolic Rate Basal Energy Expenditure Total Energy Expenditure Resting Metabolic Rate

Basal Metabolic Rate

If a patient's body temperature were 104.6° F, what would the BMR be compared with normal? a. 58% of normal b. 135% of normal c. 142% of normal d. 178% of normal

C An increase in body temperature increases the BMR by 7% for every degree Fahrenheit above the normal 98.6° F (104.6 - 98.6 = 6° F; 6° F × 7% ÷ 1° F = 42%).

What does indirect calorimetry measure? a. The amount of heat produced by the body at rest b. The energy potential of foods consumed c. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion d. The resting metabolic rate

C Indirect calorimetry measures gas exchange that results from metabolism. The oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion can be used to estimate a resting metabolic rate. Direct calorimetry measures heat production, either from humans in a controlled environment, or from food, by incinerating the food and measuring the amount of heat released.

Which of the following conditions is necessary to obtain an accurate measure of a patient's basal metabolic rate (BMR)? a. Test at the end of the day when the patient is ready to go to sleep. b. Test 4 to 6 hours after the last meal. c. Test in the morning after the patient has awakened. d. Test in environmental conditions equal to body temperature.

C. Test in the morning after the patient has awakened.

intake of 200 to 350 mg of ____ in men and 240 mg of in women can increase REE by 7% to 11 % and 8% to 11% respectively. Sex Sleep Caffeine

Caffeine

When is basal metabolism at its highest rate? a. During the digestion of a meal b. During periods of sleep c. During periods of exercise d. During periods of rapid growth

D Because basal metabolism only accounts for the proportion of energy necessary for support of life functions, it does not include energy increase after eating (TEF) or during exercise (AT). During infancy, childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy, basal metabolism increases as FFM increases.

Which of the following best describes the contribution of physical activity to total energy expenditure? a. It accounts for 10% of total energy expenditure. b. Its contribution to total energy expenditure increases with age. c. Its contribution to total energy expenditure is most consistent during childhood. d. It is the most variable component of total energy expenditure.

D Activity thermogenesis is highly variable and dependent on body size and the efficiency of individual habits of motion. Whereas the thermic effect of food tends to be about 10% of TEE, AT can range from 100 kcal/day in sedentary people to 3000 kcal/day in highly active people. AT tends to decrease with age, and it tends to be variable during childhood.

The average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity Estimated Energy Requirement Resting Energy Expenditure Resting Metabolic Rate

Estimated Energy Requirement

60% of REE can be accounted for by the heat produced by ________, which includes the heart, liver, kidneys, intestines, brain, spleen. HMRO PPO LLC TTC

HMRO. Hight metabolic rate organs

A particular food provides 100 kcal. How many kJ does this equal? a. 420 b. 480 c. 4200 d. 4800

One kilocalorie is equal to 4.184 kJ (100 kcal × 4.2 kJ/kcal = 420 kJ).

The average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity Resting Energy Expenditure Estimated Energy Requirement Resting Metabolic Rate

Resting Energy Expenditure

The energy expended for the maintenance of normal body functions and homeostasis; 10% to 20% higher than the basal metabolic rate Total Energy Expenditure Resting Metabolic Rate Estimated Energy Requirement

Resting Metabolic Rate

The sum of the basal energy expenditure, activity thermogenesis, and the thermic effect of food; daily total energy expended in 24 hours Total Energy Expenditure Resting Metabolic Rate Estimated Energy Requirement Basal Energy Expenditure

Total Energy Expenditure

High metabolic rate organs a) liver, heart, spleen, account for 60% of REE b) stomach, foot, shoulder

a) liver, heart, spleen, account for 60% of REE

The thermic effect of food is the a)energy required to digest and metabolize food b) energy required to absorb food c) no effect on food

a)energy required to digest and metabolize food

What factors impact REE? age body composition body size climate gender hormones temperature all above

all above

Marasmus can cause weight loss loss of organ tissue decreased immune function decline cognitive function wasting of subcutaneous fat all of the above

all of the above marasmus is also called energy deficiency

The Mifflin-St Jeor Equations estimate A) the EER in children b)the REE in healthy adults C) the REE in elderly adults

b)the REE in healthy adults

REE _____ with increasing age in adults, largely as a result of decreased resting energy expenditure in the brain decline increase

decline

what technique for measuring TEE is considered the gold standard for determining energy requirements and energy balance in humans double labeled water sing labeled water triple labeled water

double labeled water

What are the four things to avoid in the rule of 4's for 4 hours before REE measurement? food, exercise, nicotine, caffeine sex, drugs, rock, roll exercise, food, caffeine, alcohol

food, exercise, nicotine, caffeine