CODI 219 OLLER - FINAL EXAM MC

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An iatrogenic injury is one that is _____. a) clinician-caused b) newly discovered c) never fatal d) all of the above e) none of the above

Anatomically identical chromatids that are involved in meiosis and also in mitosis are called "____ chromatids". a) sister b) twin c) homologous d) all of the above e) none of the above

Apparently, the dominant hemisphere of the cerebrum at the top of the central nervous system is exclusively responsible for constructing the surface forms of ___ signs and for mapping them onto the perceived facts of experience. a) linguistic b) motoric c) sensory d) all of the above e) none of the above

As speech movements are differentiated and becoming fluent, from birth forward, they fall very much under the volitional control of the child's ___. a) dominant hemisphere b) autonomic system c) parents and siblings d) school and government e) neurological reflexes

As the diaphragm flexes, the ___. a) abdomen expands b) thorax shrinks in volume c) abdomen is sucked inward d) thorax is unaffected e) abdomen is unaffected

Aspergillus most commonly infects the ____. a) respiratory tract b) gastrointestinal tract c) urinary tract d) circulatory system e) kidneys and liver

The least numerous of all leukocytes are the ___. a) basophils b) neutrophils c) eosinophils d) mast cells e) NK cells

The main facial muscles involved in the production of the bilabial segments of speech must include the ___. a) orbicularis oris b) risorius c) levator labii superioris alequae nasii d) depressor anguli oris e) buccinator

The study of world-wide occurrence of morbid conditions is termed ____. a) epidemiology b) etiology c) ethology d) ethnography e) demography

Among the parts of the body that enjoy additional protection by special dedicated barriers in both the male and female are the _____. a) brain and gametes b) hands and feet c) nose and mouth d) all of the above e) none of the above

A colloidal suspension is one where the distinct colloids, meaning "____", retain their boundaries and characteristics as separate entities but remain suspended in the fluid almost gel-like solution. a) particles b) cells c) organs d) all of the above e) none of the above

A general breakdown due to cumulative corruptions of the human genome would ___ human existence. a) lead to the end of b) have no effect on c) actually improve d) have an unpredictable effect on e) do none of the above with respect to

A medical examination of a corpse seeking out the cause of death is termed a(n) ___. a) autopsy b) craniotomy c) biopsy d) lobotomy e) callosotomy

According to a great deal of replicated research in language testing, in the case of persons with all their faculties intact who are mature "native speakers" of a particular language, repeating a fluent stream of 7 to 10 words in that language (such as the familiar "Welcome Message") will usually be ___. a) very easy b) pretty easy c) not very difficult d) somewhat difficult e) very difficult

According to the relevant research available from PubMed and the Web of Science, the most common stumbling block leading to iatrogenic fatalities and injuries in high stakes industries, such as international aviation, pharmaceutical services and medical procedures in hospitals, is failure to take account of ____. a) pervasive language and dialect differences b) cranial pairs and the muscles they innervate c) demonstrating articulatory movements d) intonations and stress patterns in GAE e) none of the above

After birth, with the exception of the ___ arteries and veins, oxygenated blood flows in the arteries and deoxygenated blood flows in the veins. a) pulmonary b) femoral c) carotid d) all of the above e) none of the above

Among the most notorious cases of iatrogenic injuries, ultimately fatal ones, caused by the use of radioactive materials in medicine are the well-documented deaths from the use of ___. a) thorotrast b) plutonium c) technetium-99 d) bismuth e) iodine-131

At birth three pre-birth circulatory ___ are closed off. a) anastomoses b) hepatic arteries c) placental capillaries d) all of the above e) none of the above

At number 7 we find the ____. a) glottis b) velum c) uvula d) tongue tip e) none of the above

At the "subatomic" level the particles, components, and phenomena known or suspected to exist, seem to be governed by ____. a) language-like signaling systems b) perfectly random processes c) the same genetic code as proteins d) measurable temperature and pressure e) strictly determinate laws of physics

At the center of the cochlear spiral we find the ___. a) modiolus b) round window c) oval window d) tragus e) posterior canal

Bacteria are ____ because none of them have a nucleus, nor do they have organelles such as ____. a) prokaryotic, mitochondria b) eukaryotic, flagella c) fungi, roots d) all of the above e) none of the above

Bower and colleagues in 2001 used a pacifier connected to a computer measuring the rate and strength of the sucking movements that neonates rank the corner vowels, including ones they have never heard such as ___ in agreement with the frequency of occurrence of those vowels in the world's languages. a) [y] and [ɯ] b) [i] and [u] c) [o] and [u] d) [i] and [o] e) [a] and [i]

Breathing is nearly completely under autonomic control when we are ___. a) sleeping b) speaking c) listening intently d) all of the above e) none of the above

Broca's momentous finding would lead to the ____. a) localization theory b) germ theory of disease c) modern theory of syphilis d) theory of biosemiotic entropy e) theory of consciousness

Chewing is technically termed ___. a) mastication b) respiration c) deglutition d) all of the above e) none of the above

Clive Wearing's loss of memory was attributed to a form of viral ___. a) encephalitis b) pneumonia c) nephritis d) epiglottitis e) laryngitis

Damage to the unborn child is apt to be most severe, all else being held equal, if it occurs ___ the developmental process. a) earlier during b) later during c) at any time during d) at any time prior to e) at any time after

Disorders characterized as agnosias invariably involve loss of some (or all) the individual's ____ capacity and most commonly damage to the ____. a) holistic recognition capacity, subordinate hemisphere b) linguistic expressive capacity, dominant hemisphere c) voluntary control of actions, the corpus callosum d) all of the above e) none of the above

Empirical evidence that Hg can cause strokes, cardiovascular disease, seizures, and other potentially fatal anatomical and physiological maladies is from the scientific point of view ____. a) uncontroversial b) purely hypothetical c) mythological d) greatly exaggerated e) none of the above

Episodic memory is directly and essentially involved in the production of __ narrative representations. a) true b) hallucinogenic c) imaginary d) randomized e) contrary-to-fact

Erlich originally (and mistakenly) thought the cells he discovered served the purpose of ___ the organism. a) fattening b) protecting c) repairing d) all of the above e) none of the above

Even human babies at birth seem to know in advance that certain shapes of the articulators, such as a ___ lip posture is consistent with sounds such as [i] as contrasted with [y], whereas a relatively ___ position of the mandible is consistent with [a] as contrasted with [i]. a) flat (unrounded), open b) rounded, open c) flat (unrounded), close d) rounded, close e) none of the above

Except during early embryological development, the manufacturing center for all the blood cells of the body is technically known as the ___. a) niche b) thymus c) liver d) yellow bone marrow e) lymph

Factors that ____ biosignaling systems are the source of all communication disorders. a) cause the disruption of b) help in construction of c) repair damage done to d) all of the above e) none of the above

For bootstrapping of pragmatic relations, such as mapping a commonly used referring term to its referent, babies use what they already know about the referent as a(n) ____. a) scaffold b) abstraction c) multiplier d) inheritance e) reflection

From Sperry's Nobel research with split-brain patients it is clear that the ____ in most people is the only component of the human nervous system that can produce articulated sequences of discourse in speech, writing, or signing. a) dominant hemisphere b) corpus callosum c) subordinate hemisphere d) all of the above e) none of the above

Given a vocabulary of n distinct terms to be combined in a string of length l, the number of possible strings of that length is ____. a) n raised to the lth power b) l times n c) n times l raised to the nth power d) any of the above expressions will give the right result e) none of the above will give the correct result

Given mature persons who are fluent "multilinguals", with all their faculties intact, translating something like the recorded "Welcome Message" from any one of their known languages to a different language would normally be ___. a) no problem to do more or less on the spot b) an easy problem to work out given an hour c) not very difficult given a day to think about it d) somewhat difficult even if given a day to work on it e) very difficult even with a week or two to solve it

Human beings have a built in neurochemical___ system that provides information concerning the health status of all the tissues and organs of the body. a) sensory b) motor c) linguistic d) all of the above e) none of the above

If all the distinctions of sensory signals that can originate from different types of receptors were to be counted as "senses", the number of senses would be ___. a) much greater than 5 b) about equal to 8 c) much less than 8 d) all of the above e) none of the above

If we take the anterior view of the brain stem, with a client in the supine anatomical position, the numbering of the pairs of cranial nerves proceeds roughly from ____. a) front to back and top to bottom b) bottom to top and back to front c) left to right and top to bottom d) right to left and back to front e) none of the above

Immunoglobulins of the dimer type include ___. a) IgA b) IgM c) IgE d) IgD e) IgG

In a normal pregnancy, once the blastocyst is implanted inside the uterus, we find the outermost sac which is the ___ proper, which contains the ___, which in its turn contains the ___. a) placenta, yolk sac, amniotic sac b) amniotic sac, yolk sac, placenta c) yolk sac, amniotic sac, placenta d) yolk sac, placenta, amniotic sac e) amniotic sac, yolk sac, placenta

In differentiating the self from foreign entities we may say that leukocytes use something like a birth certificate or passport that appears on the surface of nucleated cells as ___. a) MHC Class I b) MHC Class II c) MHC Class III d) all of the above e) none of the above

In emergency medicine, one of the most common life-threatening events according to attending physicians, second only to ___ , are choking events. a) seizures b) trauma c) drug overdoses d) all of the above e) none of the above

In his report at Stockholm, after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1981, Roger Sperry emphasized the fact that his research showed that only the ___ could control highly articulated intentional/volitional/conscious behaviors. a) dominant hemisphere b) subordinate hemisphere c) amygdala d) hippocampus e) none of the above

In making sense of human thought proceses, Einstein said that "everything depends on the degree to which words and word-combinations correspond to ___". a) the world of impression b) the language of physics c) mathematical calculations d) careful opinion polls e) abstract concepts and ideas

In modern times the ancient Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment with falling objects has been repeated by astronauts on the moon and in a giant vacuum chamber built by NASA in Cleveland, Ohio contrasting the rate of fall of a ____ against the rate of fall of a feather. a) hammer and bowling ball b) balloon and a piece of paper c) dog and a cat d) bullet and a boomerang e) piano and a trebuchet

In order to control the close/open dimension for vowels the main muscles involved come under the control of the ____. a) trigeminal nerves known as cranial pair V b) abducens nerves known as cranial pair VI c) facial nerves known as cranial pair VII d) vestibulocochlear nerves known as cranial pair VIII e) glossopharyngeal nerves known as cranial pair IX

In producing a stream of fluent speech, the ___ must generate the motor commands that appear as movements of the articulators producing the surface forms of the segmental speech sounds. a) dominant hemisphere b) corpus callosum c) subordinate hemisphere d) all of the above e) none of the above

In the figure nearest above this question the cavity numbered with Roman numeral (iii) is the ___. a) oral cavity b) laryngeal cavity c) frontal sinus d) pharyngeal cavity e) nasal cavity

In the processes of ordinary metabolism oxygen is a critical input component and ___ is one of the waste products. a) carbon dioxide b) adenosine triphosphate c) urea d) all of the above e) none of the above

In the recesses between the palate and the pharynx we find the ____, a pair of indentations filled by lymph nodes. a) tonsillar fossa b) nasal tonsils c) mucosal membranes d) vestigial organs e) incus and stapes

In the terms pathogen and pathology, the morpheme that means "pain" or "misery" is _____. a) path b)-olo c)-log d)-y e) none of the above

It is estimated that the lymphocytes in the human body account for a total mass comparable to that of the ___. a) brain b) skeleton c) thymus d) all of the above combined e) none of the above

It is interesting that the ___ type of immune defense cannot get into full swing until after it engages in communication with the lower systems and gets authorization from a certain component of the genome located in a particular region on chromosome 6p21. a) complement cascade b) "general" c) "specific" d) prenatal e) microbiome

It takes ___ to disprove a general claim that is false. a) just one valid and repeatable experimental result b) many repeated experiments over many centuries c) at least three hundred thousand failed experiments d) all of the above are true in different special contexts e) none of the above is true in any context whatever

Language in particular is creatively and uniquely organized to such a remarkable degree that its articulated sequences, ones that are longer than about 10 words, typically occur ___. a) only once and never again b) at least twice or three times c) a few hundred times each d) tens of thousands of times e) millions of times in ordinary experience

Mainstream clinicians influenced by orthodox theories of biology are apt to attribute the amazing transformations in the architectural design of the baby's heart, lungs, blood vessels, and the nerves that control them, all of which occur at the time of the baby's birth, to ____. a) lucky simultaneous "adaptations" b) the "wisdom" of the body c) a surpassing intelligent design d) all of the above e) none of the above

Mammalian ___ cells are ones with a nucleus and typical organelles. a) eukaryotic b) prokaryotic c) euploidic d) aneuploidic e) erythrocytic

One of the features that distinguishes consonants from vowels is that consonants ___ of the syllables they appear in. a) mark the boundaries b) are found at the nucleus c) constitute the resonance d) all of the above e) none of the above

One of the functions of the body's varied types of epithelial tissues is to secret ___. a) mucus b) plasma c) saliva d) endolymph e) all of the above

Pasteur quoted the eminent Leclerc and then proceeded experimentally to ____ the theory of spontaneous generation as applied to microbes and other organisms. a) utterly refute b) mildly critique c) appraise and accept d) prove for once and for all e) none of the above

Pressure waves travel more efficiently and more rapidly through ___. a) solids b) liquids c) gases d) all the above are equally efficient carriers e) none of the above are good carriers

Prosodic elements of language include variations in intonation, fluctuations in amplitude, changes in tone of voice, word choice, phrasing, and everything but the ____ of discourse. a) segmental phones b) supra-segmentals c) paralinguistic elements d) intensity and rate e) rhythm and stress patterns

Pupillary contraction or expansion is normally controlled by motoric fibers in the oculomotor cranial pair ___, working with the parallel sensory fibers of optic nerve pair ___. a) III, II b) IV,VI c) VIII, I d) VII, IX e) X, XII

Refuting the frame then content theory, the earliest ___ movements of an infant are profoundly different from meaningful turn-taking vocalizations. a) biting and chewing b) hand and foot c) head and neck d) trunk and head e) breathing and swallowing

Research shows that if mom consumes something as supposedly harmless as decaffeinated coffee, it ___ fetal breathing. a) tends to speed up b) has no impact on c) tends to slow down d) all of the above e) none of the above

Right next to the chorionic villi, where the unborn child's capillaries are grabbing up nutrients while disposing of wastes, is the part of the placenta that connects to the mother's uterine wall which is itself technically known as the ___. a) endometrium b) umbilical vesicle c) deciduous membrane d) all of the above e) none of the above

Roger Sperry became famous and won a Nobel Prize in 1981 for his work with ___ patients. a) callosotomy b) half-brained c) microcephalic d) macrocephalic e) none of the above

Semmelweis tested his theory that sanitation would prevent infections mainly _____. a) in maternity hospitals of Vienna and Budapest b) by treating animals at veterinary clinics in Europe c) with injured soldiers at military installations in the Ukraine d) in many of the general hospitals of Scandinavia e) in the makeshift hospitals of the American Civil War

Sperry's work, besides the independent critiques of radical ___ from Noam Chomsky, and others, gave a neurological refutation of it. a) behaviorism b) rationalism c) constructivism d) localization e) intuitionism

Surprisingly, the ___ plays a biosignaling regulatory role in prenatal growth and development that is somewhat similar at a macro-level to the analogous role played by the genome at the micro-level. a) brain itself b) blood brain barrier c) blood testis barrier d) placental barrier e) microbiome

The "foundation, structural containment", and/or "covering" tissues of the body are loosely referred to as the ___. a) stroma b) parenchyme c) mesenchyme d) all of the above e) none of the above

The CSF protects against pathogens, large molecule toxins, and shocks from ____. a) macro-collisions b) micro-collisions c) electro-magnetic fields d) nuclear radiation e) all of the above

The McGurk effects demonstrate that ____ are a normal aspect of language comprehension. a) cross-modal transfers b) breakdowns in communication c) invalid uses of language d) common debilitating illusions e) remarkable effects of toxins

The Pacinian corpuscles can detect pressure and ___. a) micro-level vibrations b) minute microbial activity c) mucus in the epithelium d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ___ are granulocytes also discovered by Paul Erlich. a) basophils b) neutrophils c) eosinophils d) mast cells e) NK cells

The ___ cranial pair is evidently sensitive not only to the hormonal molecules produced by the body's glandular systems, including pheromones, but seems also to be sensitive to the glandular secretions that are intrinsic to all the body's biosemiotic systems. a) 0 (Null) b) I c) II d) III e) IV

The ___ type of immunity can deploy something like an Army Corps of Engineers to clean up and repair collateral damage after one or more infectious agents have been dealt with. a) complement cascade b) "general" c) "specific" d) prenatal e) microbiome

The ___ type of immunity can, if authorized by the genome, mobilize whole armies. a) complement cascade b) "general" c) "specific" d) prenatal e) microbiome

The ____ cranial pair that is believed to sense pheromones at the molecular level evidently must also guide the hard-wiring and tubing necessary for the development of a well-formed human embryo. a) 0 (Null) b) I c) II d) III e) IV

The _____ is the first layer of the body's defense systems and the body's single largest organ. a) integument b) central nervous system c) circulatory system d) all these together are the first layer of defense e) none of the above is a correct choice

The anatomy of living organisms seems to consist of ___ atomic elements. a) a highly constrained vocabulary b) countless randomly arranged c) every conceivable combination of d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ancient Greek doctors and the Babylonians that preceded them knew that health and well-being depend mainly on ____. a) a sensible regimen of diet, exercise, and rest b) preventing infections that occur in childhood c) going to the doctor as soon as you know you are sick d) all of the above e) none of the above

The articulation of each of the sequential parts of any well-formed true narrative representation seems absolutely to require the participation of the ___. a) dominant hemisphere b) corpus callosum c) subordinate hemisphere d) all of the above e) none of the above

The bacterial microbes in the ____ alone are believed to at least equal the number of "self" cells. a) gut b) skin c) mucus d) brain e) blood

The basic language of biological processes is expressed in ____. a) molecular interactions b) social exchanges c) mathematical proofs d) the Periodic Table e) all of the above

The best-known inflammatory neurotransmitter is ___. a) histamine b) heparin c) smoothelin d) tubulin e) ubiquitin

The bilabial approximant ____ of GAE is similar to our [h] except that the friction is occurring at the lips rather than the ____. a) [ʍ], glottis b) [w], alveolum c) [s], upper teeth d) [f], lower lip with upper teeth e) [k], velum

The bodily protein that seems to be damaged most by the genotoxin studied by the Calgary medical researchers as discussed in Neuroreport 2001, and proposed as a causal factor in Alzheimer's disease, is ____. a) tubulin b) prestin c) actin d) histone e) none of the above were shown to be the principal target

The bones themselves ___ blood vessels and capillaries. a) are richly perfused with b) have barely enough c) are undersupplied with d) have almost no e) are completely without any

The brain component that enables the slaving of the subordinate hand to the dominant hand, as in mirror writing by the subordinate hand while tracking the dominant hand, is the ____. a) corpus callosum b) optic chiasm c) decussation of the pyramids d) pituitary gland e) hypthalamus

The branch of the single cranial nerve that loops around the aorta of the heart and runs back up to the larynx is known as the ____. a) left recurrent laryngeal b) vestibulocochlear c) glossopharyngeal d) all of the above e) none of the above

The components of the inner brain are believed to be involved in ___ managing information from lower to higher systems and vice versa. a) switching functions b) long-term storage c) extremely fast storage d) all of the above e) none of the above

The critical turn-around point where red blood cells either dump or receive oxygen, or they unload or load up on carbon-dioxide, occurs in the ____. a) capillaries b) arteries c) veins d) heart e) lungs

The delicate process of implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium is critically dependent on the presence of ____. a) human chorionic gonadotropin b) major histocompatibility complex c) human papilloma viruses d) tetanus toxoid and human chorionic gonadotropin e) SV 40 and human chorionic gonadotropin

The distinctive rhotic segments of GAE are the sort found in the second syllable of the word "American" designated by the symbol ___. a) [ɹ] b) [r] c) [ɾ] d) any of the above will do e) none of the above will do

The fact that the planning required to produce articulated discourse requires time can easily be demonstrated from the study of ordinary ___. a) hesitation phenomena b) episodic memory. c) thought processes d) emotional experience e) none of the above

The fiber tract that enables communication between the cerebral hemispheres and the one that is highest in rank and the superior in the human anatomy is the ____. a) corpus callosum b) optic chiasm c) decussation of the pyramids d) a and b are at the same rank e) all are at equal rank

The fiber tracts connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebrum are called ____. a) commissures b) sulci c) gyri d) corpi e) fissures

The first logical position of any actual discourse is that of the ___. a) producer b) consumer c) material world d) all of the above e) none of the above

The first pragmatic mapping achieved by the normal neonate is the mapping of mother's familiar __, a kind of linguistic symbol, to mother's unfamiliar ___, a material entity that is represented mainly to the baby's sense of ___. a) voice, face, vision b) face, voice, hearing c) voice, face, smell d) face, voice, touch e) voice, face, taste

The general term for the hole drilling and disassembly chemicals is ___. a) lysosome b) microsome c) liposome d) chromosome e) ribosome

The germ cells that carry the information necessary for conception and birth are called _____. a) gametes b) ribosomes c) the major histocompatibility complex d) epigenomes e) fallopian tubes

The germ theory of disease ___. a) pre-existed Pasteur's experiments b) was Pasteur's invention c) proved spontaneous generation d) all of the above e) none of the above

The heart and brain interact through the sympathetic nervous system that causes the heart rate to _____ whereas the parasympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to ____. a) speed up, slow down b) slow down, speed up c) stabilize, stabilize d) all the above are possible e) none of the above is a correct choice

The human neonate is sensitive to pheromones that guide it to mother's breast where it is believed that smell and taste confirm the familiar source based on prior experience of breathing and smelling, and tasting and swallowing ___marked by mom's diet and her unique microbiome. a) the amniotic fluid b) mother's milk c) fluid in the vaginal canal d) all of the above e) none of the above

The hypoglossal nerve pair (XII) is called that because it originates from _____ the tongue and because "_____" means "_____". a) below, hypo, below b) below, glossus, below c) above, hypo, above d) above, glossus, above e) none of the above

The immunoglobulin that has the greatest capturing capacity of them all is ____. a) IgM b) IgE c) IgA d) IgD e) IgG

The most common causes of genetic, reproductive, and developmental injuries leading to disorders are ____, but ____ generally get more public attention. a) toxicants, just a few pathogens b) pathogens, only a few toxicants c) maco-level collisions, micro-level collisions d) collisions and pathogesn combined, toxicants e) pathogens, interactions between factors

The most common grammatical category in the phrase "the Max Planck Society" is ____. a) N b) NP c) Determiner d) all are equally common e) none of the above is correct

The most plentiful soldiers of the general/nonspecific immune system are the ___ leukocytes. a) neutrophil b) basophil c) eosinophil d) NK e) macrophage

The most recent edition of Gray's Anatomy is based on a(n) _____ organization of the parts, organs, and systems of the body. a) regional b) topical c) bottom up d) inside to outside e) outside to inside

The most specific referring phrase in the recorded "Welcome Message" is ___. a) Max Planck b) science gallery c) Welcome to d) all are equally specific e) none is at all specific

The motor-theory of speech perception proposed that a person's motoric knowledge of how to produce ___ to differentiate syllables such as, for example, [ba], [ða], [va], [da], and [ga], would influence that person's ability to perceive those differences when produced by someone else. a) articulatory movements b) sensory signs c) written symbols d) all of the above e) none of the above

The notorious consonants that can easily switch to function as vowels at the syllabic level in GAE are the ____. a) liquids, [l] and [ɹ] b) glides, [l] and [ɹ] c) liquids, [w] and [j] d) glides, [w] and [j] e) none of the above

The olfactory bulbs of the olfactory nerve pair are situated more or less directly superior to the ___. a) cribriform plate b) nasal epithelium c) nervus terminus d) all of the above e) none of the above

The only basis that exists for determining the meaning of signs in any language or language-like system is the correspondence of its signs to some ____. a) material basis in known facts b) purely abstract content c) relation between themselves d) other undeciphered system of signs e) none of the above

The only movable bone of in the entire facial skeleton is the ___. a) mandible b) lacrimal c) cranium d) maxilla e) zygomatic

The opaque jargon term for bring the vocal folds together is ____. a) adduct b) abduct c) deduct d) induct e) reduct

The orderly disassembly of a cell is known technically as ____. a) apoptosis b) necrosis c) hemolysis d) all of the above e) none of the above

The pairs of cranial nerves that connect directly to the cerebrum are ___. a) N and I b) II and III c) XII and XI d) IX and X e) IV and V

The phrase "___" means the kind that are contagious. a) infectious diseases and disorders b) chronic noncommunicable diseases c) biosignaling diseases and disorders d) auto-immune conditions and disorders e) none of the above phrases refer to contagions

The primary interoceptive activity "seems to provide the basis for the subjective image of the material self as a feeling (sentient) entity, that is, ___ awareness". a) emotional b) cognitive c) motoric d) all of the above e) none of the above

The professional immune cells are defined largely by their power ___. a) to work as antigen presenting cells b) to produce recombinant DNA c) to obtain higher training in the thymus d) all of the above e) none of the above

The purpose of the goose necked beaker used by Pasteur in certain experiments was to show that ___ rise to the mold and other life forms in Pouchet's experiments. a) tiny dust particles moved by gravity contained life seeds giving b) the sterilized water in Pouchet's experiments spontaneously gave c) the charred bits of hay in Pouchet's experiments gave d) any form of inert matter in any experimental context could give e) dead matter spontaneously producing life forms could give

The rounded versus unrounded contrast is best illustrated in the sounds represented by the ____ symbols of the IPA. a) [u] and [i] b) [o] and [u] c) [m] and [æ] d) [ə] and [æ] e) [u], and [ɔ]

The scientist who helped to popularize the view, now known to be false, that 98% of the human genome consists of leftover "junk" from millions of years of evolution was ____. a) Susumu Ohno b) Felix Pouchet c) Roger Sperry d) S. B. Prusiner e) Charles Darwin

The segmental components of speech are composed of units called ___. a) phonetic features b) syllables c) words d) phrases e) clauses

The sensitivity of the ___ membrane adjusts so that the different routes of transmission, bone or air, end up producing essentially the same tonotopic distribution and thus ___ sensory impressions. a) basilar, very similar if not identical b) epithelial, extremely different c) endometrial, absolutely identical d) cellular, totally distinct but regular e) nuclear, vibrational and pleasant

The sensory strip is also known as the ____. a) postcentral gyrus b) precentral gyrus c) postcentral sulcus d) precentral sulcus e) lateral sulcus

The so-called papova viruses were named by ____. a) J. L. Melnick b) Maurice Hilleman c) Beatrice Eddy d) Paul Berg e) none of the above

The structural similarity that holds across widely separated layers in any natural language, for instance, between the syntax of a transitive ___ which resembles the phonotactic structure of a syllable, is unlike the cauliflower inasmuch as the distinct layers of language involve very different elements and distinct structures at every level. a) sentence b) consonant c) vowel d) diphthong e) lexical item

The term ____ applies to every aspect of speech except the segmental elements that can be represented with the IPA symbols for vowels and consonants. a) prosody b) stress c) pitch d) duration e) pragmatics

The term physiology from Greek physiologia, which can be parsed into physio- and -logia, meaning _____ and ____, respectively, is also regarded as "natural science". a) nature, study b) matter, time c) reality, writing d) earth, heaven e) none of the above

The term(s) "___" has (have) been applied to suggest both the positive and negative reactions that are somehow registered in human experience in response to the biochemical senses. a) flavor b) appetitive c) aversive d) all of the above e) none of the above

The three traditionally recognized corner vowels of GAE in the IPA chart are represented as ___. a) [i], [u], and [ɐ] b) [o], [u], and [ɔ] c) [ə], [o] and [æ] d) [y], [o] and [u] e) [ə], [æ] and [ɔ]

The transport, delivery, and pickup functions of the circulatory systems are mainly performed by the ___. a) erythrocytes b) leukocytes c) lynphocytes d) all of the above e) none of the above

The type of aphasia that prevents access to meanings in general is termed ____ aphasia. a) semantic b) auditory c) conduction d) subcortical sensory e) transcortical motor

The vast majority of ascending sensory nerve fibers and descending motor nerve fibers pass and cross each other at the ___. a) decussation of the pyramids b) optic chiasm c) corpus callosum d) anterior commissure e) posterior commissure

The volitional systems of the human anatomy, in both the cerebrum and in the peripheral organs of which we are conscious, are innervated mainly by _____ cells. a) pyramidal b) nonpyramidal c) enteric d) autonomic e) immune

Throughout the life-span across all levels and modalities of speech and language, ____ effects, that are analogous to the McGurk effects, are known to occur. a) cross-modal b) illusory c) imaginary d) deceptive e) impossible

To be able to control his emotions while he is stuck in a narrow place in the cave, Michael Mosley must rely mainly on his ____. a) left hemisphere b) right hemisphere c) corpus callosum d) somatosensory strip e) motor strip

To diagnose swallowing disorders radiologists have commonly used and continue to use the radio-opaque heavy metal known as ___. a) barium b) lead c) mercury d) plutonium e) gold

To look to the left or right or up and down by moving the head instead of the eyes requires the use of the _____ pair of the cranial nerves (a pair which incidentally join the vagus nerves which are also linked to the glossopharyngeal nerves). a) spinal accessory XI b) hypoglossal XII c) vestibulocochlear VIII d) facial VII e) olfactory I

To make sense of the physiology and anatomy of living organisms, it is necessary, to take account of the meaningful correspondences between the molecular level structures of DNA, RNA, and the proteins actually found in the cells, tissues, and organs in ___. a) living humans b) related species c) many cadavers d) soil microbes e) none of the above

To produce [p], [b], and [m] it is necessary to invoke the ___. a) facial nerves cranial pair VII b) vestibulocochlear nerves cranial pair VIII c) glossopharyngeal nerves cranial pair IX d) vagus nerves, cranial pair X e) hypoglossal nerves cranial pair XII

Tubulin and actin form the ____ of the nucleated cells of our bodies. a) cytoskeleton b) mitochondria c) lymphatic ducts d) all of the above e) none of the above

When DNA is transcribed to RNA, ____ is converted to uracil. a) thymine b) guanine c) adenine d) cytosine e) none of the above

When Dr. McGonigal proposed the phrase "naso-_____ tube" he was referring to the worst of 10 complications that sometimes occur in surgeries. a) cerebral b) esophageal c) pharyngeal d) laryngeal e) cerebellar

When a fast rate of speech at about 300 words per minute is doubled, the stream of segments ____. a) becomes distorted and almost unintelligible b) can be understood and processed faster c) seems exactly the same as the slower rate d) all of the above e) none of the above

When the developing blastocyst is implanted in one of the fallopian tubes the unborn child usually ___. a) cannot survive b) is deformed but survives c) is born in the normal way d) all of the above e) none of the above

When the liquids, [l] and [ɹ] function as vowels, at the ___ level they acquire the syllabic feature of being vocalic. a) phonotactic b) morphological c) syntactic d) all of the above e) none of the above

When we compare meiosis with mitosis we find that ____. a) meiosis is considerably more complex b) mitosis is a great deal more complex c) these processes are equally complex but not identical d) mitosis is more complex but less well understood e) none of the above

When we say that a given string of signs in a particular language is articulated, we are saying it ___ have been generated by ___ of that language. a) must, an intelligent speaker with knowledge b) might, a mechanism with no understanding at all c) could easily, random processes quite independent d) all of the above e) none of the above

When we say that vowels have a vocalic function at the nucleus of the syllable, we invoke a level of structure just above that of the individual ___. a) phonetic segments b) phonetic features c) breath groups d) syntactic phrases e) syntactic clauses

Which of pairs of the cranial nerves must be involved in our ability to focus on, and track, a moving object that crosses our field of vision _____. a) III & VI b) IV & VII c) VIII & IX d) IX & X e) XI & XII

Which of the articulators is numbered 2? The ____. a) tongue tip b) tongue blade c) tongue back d) mandible e) none of the above

Which of the following is NOT a necessary element used in human anatomy and physiology? _____. a) aluminum (Al) b) iodine (I) c) manganese (Mn) d) selenium (Se) e) zinc (Zn)

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of the gall bladder? The claim (or claims) that the gall bladder ____ is (are) NOT true. a) is an unneeded vestigial organ b) stores bile from the liver c) delivers bile to the duodenum d) is inferior to the major lobe of the liver e) none of the above

With babies that are 10 postnatal weeks old on the average, the ____ hemisphere seems already specializing in the processing of linguistic signals while the ____ hemisphere is handling the gender identification of speakers. a) dominant, subordinate b) subordinate, dominant c) dominant, dominant d) subordinate, subordinate e) none of the above

___ cells are a type of leukocytes which mature into a kind of detective cell capable of interrogating "foreign entities", possibly capturing them to get information about their "nonself" character. a) Dendritic b) Sentinel c) Neutrophil d) Basophil e) Eosinophil

___ disease conditions and disorders of our anatomy and physiology must be regarded as communication disorders. a) All b) Most c) A substantial number of d) Hardly any e) No

____ is best known for developing recombinant DNA enabling the development of GMOs. a) Paul Berg b) Maurice Hilleman c) Beatrice Eddy d) all of the above e) none of the above

____ needs to be generalized to incorporate connections all the way from the macrolevel of the ordinary world of perceptions to the micro-level of the tiniest units of structure in discourse. a) Articulation b) Phonetics c) Audiology d) Phonology e) Morphology

____'s law is quaintly stated as follows: "the same air being brought to a degree of density about twice as that it had before, obtains a spring twice as strong as formerly". a) Boyle b) Seikel c) Bernoulli d) Chomsky e) Skinner

A cytokine involved in thinning the blood in the vicinity a cut is ___. a) histamine b) heparin c) smoothelin d) tubulin e) ubiquitin

A person who cannot rapidly repeat the sequence [phɨthɨkhɨbɨdɨgɨphɨthɨkhɨbɨdɨgɨphɨthɨkhɨbɨdɨgɨ] may be diagnosed with what is termed ____. a) stylopharyngeal dislocation b) dysdiadochokinesia c) thyroarytenoid disease d) posterior cricoarytenoid rupture e) inflammation of the cricothyroids

A procedure sometimes referred to as "word/phrase/sentence repetition" that has been demonstrated hundreds of thousands of times in second language testing research and commonly in assessing the severity of so-called "learning disabilities/disorders" is accurately referred to as ___ in the language testing research literature. a) cloze procedure b) elicited imitation c) non-verbal testing d) intelligence assessment e) oral interviewing

About 70% of the body's immune defenses are now believed to be contained in the ____. a) vaccines received in infancy b) microbes of the gut biota c) IgG babies get from mom d) all of the above combined e) none of the above

According to Hepper & Shahidullah (1994), by ___ the normally developing prenate was already capable of hearing sounds in the 500 Hz range. a) about the end of ½ of trimester one b) a little before ½ of a full-term pregnancy c) at least ¾ of the way through the whole pregnancy d) all of the above are possible in some cases e) none of the above is ever true in any normal case

According to a 2015 article in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, ____ account for the majority of premature death, disability, and healthcare expenditures in the U.S. a) infectious diseases and disorders b) chronic noncommunicable diseases c) auto-immune conditions and disorders d) poisoning incidents and choking e) injuries involving moving vehicles

According to replicable research, neonate humans ___ rhythms of stories and songs they heard before birth. a) have no prior knowledge of b) show preference for c) do not respond to d) all of the above are typical of different groups e) none of the above is at all typical of neonates

Advances in understanding the functions of distinct regions of the brain have come mainly from the study of ____. a) cadavers b) brain injuries c) anatomy d) physiology e) cytology

After about the 6th postnatal month, the antigens inherited from mom are replaced by the baby's own ___ type of immune defense system. a) complement cascade b) innate/"general" c) "specific" d) prenatal e) microbiome

Another thing that Sperry delineated more than his predecessors were the ____ of the two distinct hemisphere of the cerebrum. a) shared tendencies b) distinct specializations c) dependent natures d) different biochemistries e) relative homogeneities

At number 5 we find the ____. a) glottis b) velum c) uvula d) tongue tip e) none of the above

At the interface between volitional and autonomic control systems, we find the survival critical component of ___. a) proprioception b) interoception c) contraception d) all of the above e) none of the above

Blood clotting, which is part of the MRD systems, critically involves ___. a) leukocytes b) thrombocytes c) lymphocytes d) T cells e) B cells

Both Pouchet and Pasteur, and everyone experimenting with vats of liquid ____ in their laboratories, had inadvertently poisoned their own bodies with its exceedingly neurotoxic vapors. a) lead b) mercury c) aluminum d) arsenic e) ricin

By showing how Pouchet's experiments were contaminated by germ-laden particles of dust, Pasteur refuted Pouchet's claim to have proved ___. a) the non-existence of microbes without parents b) the spontaneous generation of microbes c) the interdependence of trillions of microbes d) all of the above e) none of the above

Connecting the prenatal baby to the outward side of the ___ membrane is the tube known as the umbilical cord. a) epithelial b) chorionic c) endothelial d) all of the above e) none of the above

Davis and MacNeilage in 1995 proposed the frame then content theory intending to link the motoric functions of ___ to the production of syllabic speech by babies. a) breathing b) chewing c) swallowing d) walking e) hearing

Disorders characterized as aphasias invariably involve loss of some (or all) the individual's _____ capacity and most commonly damage to the ____. a) holistic recognition, subordinate (usually the right) hemisphere b) linguistic expressive, dominant (usually the left) hemisphere c) voluntary control of actions, corpus callosum d) all of the above e) none of the above

During the birthing process the developmental scaffolding provided by the PB becomes ___. a) suddenly irrelevant to the baby b) gradually obsolete as baby nurses c) dangerous to the baby's mother d) all of the above e) none of the above

During the last couple of weeks of development, the prenatal digestive system is maturing to the point that at birth or very soon afterward the baby may produce a significant expulsion of solid waste technically referred to as ___. a) urea b) meconium c) tubulin d) barium e) plasmodium

Einstein remarked in 1941 that a child's mental development is dependent on ___. a) a healthy gut and normal microbiota b) linguistic concepts and verbal guidance c) getting a thorough college education d) developing mathematical understanding e) dependence on mother's immune system

Estimates of the total number of "self" cells in the human anatomy at maturity varies from tens of ____ to tens of ____. a) trillions, quadrillions b) billions, trillions c) millions, billions d) thousands, millions e) hundreds, thousands

Filippo Pacini also discovered ___ cholera. a) a vaccine that can prevent b) the bacterium that causes c) the toxin that produces d) all of the above e) none of the above

Following the mainstream views still prevailing at the time of the American Civil War, Félix Archimède Pouchet claimed to have proved experimentally that spontaneous generation ___ source for micro-organisms. a) was the most likely b) was the only possible c) could not possibly be d) might very well be a e) none of the above

For as long at the the PB is in place, the veins and arteries of the prenatal circulatory system operate ___ they must function in the neonate in order for the baby to survive. a) almost exactly in the same way b) very nearly opposite to the way c) in a manner vaguely similar to how d) all of the above e) none of the above

Hepper & Shahidullah (1994) found that by 35 weeks the prenate was responsive ___. a) only to sounds in the 500 Hz range b) to sounds from 100 to 3000 Hz c) exclusively to high pitched noises d) only to excessively loud speech e) to explosions resembling a gunshot

If a cell is ___, it will have 46 chromosome, 2 full sets of 23 in each set. a) prokaryotic b) euploidic c) aneuploidic d) erythrocytic e) all of the above

The auditory reflex requires about ____, while the patellar reflex requires about ____. a) 30 ms, 150 ms b) 20 ms, 30 ms c) 150 ms, 300 ms d) 300 μs, 400 μs e) 1000 ms, 2000 ms

If the normal quantity of any given trace element in the body is substantially increased even the ones that are essential can ___. a) enhance well-being b) become fatally toxic c) have no effect at all d) all of the above depending on the element e) none of the above is at all possible

In addition to being the probable inventor of the microscope, ___ is considered by many historians to be the first modern scientist to employ the "scientific method" of a repeatable experiment to disprove a general proposition that was false. a) Aristotle b) Galileo c) Louis Pasteur d) Saint Augustine e) Charles Darwin

In callosotomies undertaken to prevent seizures the research shows that, in the patients who survive the surgery, seizures recur in about ____ percent of the cases. a) 95 b) 50 c) 15 d) 10 e) 1

In order for a person to perform saccadic movements between fixations of the eyes (back and forth, up and down, close up and farther away), in order to peruse a photograph, a visual scene, or to find a tiny splinter, which pairs of the cranial nerves must be involved? For certain the pairs numbered ____ must be involved. a) I, V, X, XII b) II, III, IV & VI c) VIII, IX, X & IX d) VII, VIII, IX, X e) IX, X, XI & XII

In the figure nearest above this question the cavity numbered with Roman numeral (v) is the ___. a) oral cavity b) laryngeal cavity c) frontal sinus d) pharyngeal cavity e) nasal cavity

In the jargon of SLPs and Auds the term ___ means breathing food or liquid into the lungs whereas in phonetics the same term is used technically to designate a puff of air breathed outward rather than inward. a) velic closure b) aspiration c) voicing d) nasality e) tenseness

In the most recent decade, iatrogenic morbidities are ___ along with medical costs. a) holding steady b) continuing to rise c) actually falling d) all of the above have been true at different times e) none of the above has been true at any time

In their efforts to crack the genetic code, biologists first discovered the meaning of a ___. a) whole genome b) certain codon c) single gene d) single protein e) one bacterium

Infants exposed to the dirty hands of physicians who had just carved up or handled a cadaver ___. a) were more apt to survive than infected adults b) got the same infected sores as their mothers c) did not seem to get the same lesions as adults d) were never subject to puerperal fever at all e) did not experience any events described above

It follows from the architecture of the higher cortex that the inner brain with all its complexities most likely is in fact involved in switching and relaying complex arrangements of ___ signs linked to ___ signs below them and to ___ signs above them, as also appears to be the case. a) sensory, linguistic, motoric b) motoric, sensory, linguistic c) sensory, motoric, linguistic d) motoric, linguistic, sensory e) linguistic, sensory, motoric

It is necessary to suppose that ___ is the dominant and highest ranking sense until birth. a) vision b) hearing c) smell d) touch e) taste

It seems that the highest cortical center for the processing of sensory information concerning our health and well-being depends critically on the afferent system linking to the ___. a) anterior insula in the dominant hemisphere b) anterior insula in the subordinate hemisphere c) posterior insula in the dominant hemisphere d) posterior insula in the subordinate hemisphere e) none of the above

It was in the 1960s that Roger Wolcott Sperry saw a way to exploit information from the rather large number of patients whose corpus callosum had ___. a) been medically repaired b) been surgically severed c) never developed embryologically d) all of the above e) none of the above

Kaye and Bower (1994) demonstrated that neonates exposed only to English know that the French or Chinese vowel [y] requires a(n) ___ posture. a) flat lip b) rounded lip c) wide open mouth d) closed lip e) unrounded lip

Leukocytes, and lymphocytes, are commonly authorized to go back and forth across the ___ layer of tissues throughout the body. a) stromal b) mesenchymal c) parenchymal d) all of the above e) none of the above

Linguistic signs operate at what might be called ___. a) molecular velocity b) symbol speed c) the speed of sound d) all of the above e) none of the above

Lining the cavities and the surfaces of blood vessels and organs we find various types of ___ tissues. a) epidermal b) epithelial c) alkaloid d) all of the above e) none of the above

Madame Marie Curie became famous for her work with _____. a) sororities b) X-rays c) stuttering d) all of the above e) none of the above

Miscommunications at the ____ level are the primary source of birth defects. a) conscious b) germ cell c) linguistic d) political e) US FDA

One of the things that distinguishes the ___ immune cells from the less well-trained leukocytes of the prior level is their power to represent MHC/HLA II on their surface. a) innate b) adaptive c) general d) complement cascade e) all of the above

Our sense of ____, at the borderline between volitional motor systems and the traditional five senses, is connected to receptors in our inner ears reporting to our brains through cranial pair VIII, the vestibulocochlear nerve pair. a) facial expression b) equilibrium c) proprioception d) all of the above e) none of the above

Prior to birth, the umbilical ___ must deliver oxygenated blood while the umbilical ___, pressurized by the prenate's beating heart, must mainly deliver deoxygenated blood from the prenate back to the placenta. a) arteries, vein b) vein, arteries c) vesicle, cord d) cord, vesicle e) none of the above

The anatomical plane that divides the front half from the back half, down the middle, is termed ____. a) midsagittal b) midcoronal c) midtransverse d) midaxial e) midtransverse axial

Researchers have often described the human ____ as "the most complex object in the universe". a) genome b) brain c) intestinal tract d) ovum e) sperm

SV 40 was passed to the human population through the ____ vaccines. a) small pox b) polio c) tetanus d) anthrax e) pertussis

Serious allergic reactions will be associated with many granulocytes including the ___. a) neutrophils b) basophils c) eosinophils d) mast cells e) NK cells

Since the middle 1970s, it has been known that the normal human immune defenses are able to effectively combat about ____ different pathogens. a) a hundred trillion b) ten billion c) a hundred million d) ten thousand e) four or more

The "pupillary reflex" motor response comes under the control of the ____. a) lower motor neurons b) oculomotor cranial (III) c) decussation of the pyramids d) all of the above e) none of the above

The "segmental" elements of speech (and signing) contrast with the ___ components. a) phones b) prosodic c) linguistic d) vocalic e) consonantal

The 12 ___ usually appearing in a sequence from front to back during months 24-33. a) canines b) genuine molars c) lateral incisors d) central incisors e) permanent teeth

The Fibonacci spiral can be fitted quite neatly onto the standard shape of the human ____. a) Organ of Corti b) outer ear c) middle ear d) inner ear e) tympanic membrane

The Greek root for the hole drilling and disassembly chemicals means to "___". a) reduce the body to dust b) liquify the body c) rip apart the body d) make the body unrecognizable e) none of the above

The MBS now uses a ___ compound of barium because the other compounds used in the past, respectively, containing both ___, turned out to be fatal in some cases. a) carbonate, sulfate and chloride b) sulfate, chloride and carbonate c) chloride, carbonate and sulfate d) all of the above e) none of the above

The McGurk effect at the level of the initial consonants of distinct syllables as illustrated by Dr. Rosenblum _____. a) showed that hearing is strictly an illusion of the mind b) gave a glimpse into the ranking of sign systems c) revealed that the McGurk effects are random d) all of the above e) none of the above

The McGurk effects surprisingly revealed the fact that ____ rely on "lip-reading". a) severely hearing impaired individuals (and the profoundly deaf) b) all neurologically normal language users more than they realize c) only those individuals who are classified as profoundly deaf d) only very young infants who have been exposed to certain toxins e) all persons suffering from extreme forms of dementia are known to

The PB that ensures that the mother's blood stream will not mix with the ___ inside the veins and arteries of the unborn child. a) IgG b) red blood cells c) IgA d) white blood cells e) none of the above

The T cells are designated in that way because of their association with the ___. a) transport systems of the body b) thymus c) red bone marrow d) all of the above e) none of the above

The US National Institutes of Health in 2017 called for proposals to contrast dysphagia diagnostic procedures using toxic materials with the far less harmful and less invasive imaging based on ___. a) rtMRIs b) ultrasonography c) endoscopic exams d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ___ are known to emit a neurotransmitter called alarmin. a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) mast cells d) basophils e) NK cells

The ___ are sometimes referred to as acidophils. a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) mast cells d) basophils e) NK cells

The ___ is being replaced about four times each day. a) entire blood supply b) cerebrospinal fluid c) body's bone marrow d) neuronal structure of the brain e) inner lining of the gut

The ___ knows the abstract concepts associated with words, and yet cannot produce those words in articulated speech or writing. a) dominant hemisphere b) subordinate hemisphere c) corpus callosum d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ___, of normal tissues and organs, is a boundary that blocks many foreign entities. a) stroma b) mesenchyme c) parenchyme d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ____ gyrus of the right hemisphere (temporal lobe) is believed to be crucially involved in facial recognition. a) inferior temporal b) fusiform c) left angular d) supramarginal e) superior temporal

The ____ is the transparent outer layer that protects the entryway at the pupil. a) palpabra b) cornea c) retina d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ability to feel emotions and to process whole scenes, moods, outcomes, and that sort of thing almost instantaneously is largely the province of the ____. a) dominant hemisphere b) subordinate hemisphere c) corpus callosum d) somatosensory strip e) motor strip

The abstract and general linguistic content or meaning that can be translated across languages or that can be paraphrased is called ___. a) superficial b) propositional c) abnormal d) inconsequential e) fictional

The almost unnoticeable burst of air, the ___ is the only phonetic feature that distinguishes "it's pat" from "it's spat". a) velic closure b) aspiration c) voicing d) nasality e) tenseness

The auricular branches of each of the glossopharyngeal pair of cranials enable feeling in the _____ on both sides of the body. a) eyelid and nose b) ear canal and the pinna c) scalp and chin d) all of the above e) none of the above

The autonomic systems most susceptible to volitional control include _____. a) sphincter muscles throughout the urinary and intestinal tracts b) muscles involved in breathing, chewing, and swallowing c) muscles that are directly innervated by neurological reflexes d) all the above are equally subject to volitional control e) none of the above is at all susceptible to volitional control

The average diameter of a cell nucleus is about 6 µm, which means 6 ____ of a meter. a) trillionths b) millionths c) hundredths d) thousandths e) billionths

The best defense against pathogenic, toxic, and damaging radiation exposures is to _____. a) toughen up your defenses by exposing yourself to as many as possible b) avoid unnecessary exposures and keep your bodily systems healthy c) both of the above d) neither (a) nor (b) will work e) no theory or research exists to explain how to stay healthy

The body's epithelial tissues together with the thin layer of mucus that covers them constitutes the ___ layer of bodily cavities, tubes, and organs. a) stromal b) mesenchymal c) parenchymal d) all of the above e) none of the above

The branches of the olfactory nerves (pair number I) innervate the linings of the nasal cavities by passing through the bony structure known as the _____. a) vertebral foramen b) cribriform plate c) auditory meatus d) lacrimal bone e) maxillary suture

The claim that unborn humans pass through phases of growth resembling those of tadpoles, fish, and piglets was supported by fanciful drawings by ___ still found in many biology texts. a) Charles Darwin b) Ernst Haeckel c) Francis Galton d) van Leeuwenhoek e) Louis Pasteur

The combined capacities of immune cells circulating in the fluid systems of the body are commonly referred to as the "___ immune system". a) respiratory b) humoral c) intercellular d) all of the above e) none of the above

The cure for the vast majority of cases of "childbed fever" was ___. a) infection of pregnant women with many pathogens b) killing germs with a chlorinated-lime solution c) based on the science behind smallpox vaccine d) the development of a child-bed fever vaccine e) deliberatedly infecting women with puerperal fever

The daughter-cell products of the cell cycle of ____ can re-enter for repeated rounds. a) meiosis b) mitosis c) hemolysis d) all of the above e) none of the above

The debris left-over from the work of ___ in dealing with infections is the main source of what appears as "pus". a) basophils b) neutrophils c) eosinophils d) mast cells e) NK cells

The demonstrations of Pasteur concerning the "parents" of microbes met the requirements of experimental science by being (1) intelligible, (2) observable, and (3) ___. a) statistical b) replicable c) popular d) agreeable e) none of the above

The difficulty of finding the exact edge that separates any adjacent pair of syllables is seen in the borrowing of the French phrase "une narange" into English where it was segmented ___ to produce the English transliteration "an orange". a) luckily b) incorrectly c) precisely d) all of the above e) none of the above

The distinctly dynamic and fluid tissues are referred to as the ___. a) stroma b) parenchyme c) mesenchyme d) all of the above e) none of the above

The facial nerve pair (VII) mainly enables _____ and also innervates the _____ muscle of the middle ear. a) tongue movement, tympanic b) facial expression, stapedius c) jaw movement, tympanic d) tongue movement, stapedius e) none of the above

The fact is that in answering a yes/no question we rely on the ____ of the neurological systems underlying the comprehension of the question and the execution of the motor response that is appropriate to it. a) strange motoric simplicity b) amazing neurological complexity c) strict mechanical sequencing d) all of the above e) none of the above

The first virus ever discovered was the ____ virus. a) SV 40 b) tobacco mosaic c) papilloma d) HIV/AIDS e) Herpes simplex

The genotoxicity of Hg in particular seems to be owed to the fact that its atoms attach to the ____ in the microtubules crucial to the sorting and arrangement of chromatids during meiosis and mitosis. a) actin b) tubulin c) prestin d) histone e) hemoglobin

The hearing of prenatal humans is especially attuned to ____. a) loud noises b) speech rhythms c) vegetative sounds d) high pitched bird calls e) none of the above

The hypoglossal nerve pair (XII) innervates all the muscles of the tongue WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE _____ which is (are) innervated by the vagus nerve pair. a) genioglossus b) palatoglossus c) styloglossus d) all of the above e) none of the above

The integument is normally somewhat ___. a) hydrophilic b) hydrophobic c) neutral with respect to water d) all of the above at different temperatures e) none of the above

The layeredness of grammatical systems in natural languages is reflected in the fact that even a(n) ____ can be shown to have a tree structure similar to the sort found in a simple transitive sentence. a) letter of the alphabet b) complex syllable of speech c) repeated exclamation mark d) simple phonetic feature e) single line on a piece of paper

The leukocytes that engage in engulfing or "eating up" of other cells or debris engage in the process known as ___. a) meiosis b) phagocytosis. c) apoptosis d) craniosynostosis e) mitosis

The lip flattening posture as seen in the tense vocalic nucleus [ij] in GAE mainly involves the ____ muscle(s). a) orbicularis oris b) risorius c) levator labii superioris alequae nasii d) depressor anguli oris e) buccinator

The load of oxygen is exchanged for carbon-dioxide in the smallest blood vessels at the turnaround point linking ___ to veins. a) nerves b) arteries c) cellular tissues d) lymph ducts e) lymph nodes

The long-standing principle of ___ requires that the mass of a chemical entering a reaction must be preserved in the chemical products of that reaction. a) Boyle's law b) stoichiometry c) Bernoulli's principle d) Planck's constant e) the Bose-Einstein condensation

The mapping of fiber tracts as explained by Dr. Van Weeden at Massachusetts General Hospital was made possible with _____. a) dissection of corpses b) diffusion tensor MRI c) computerized tomography d) X-rays as developed by Madame Curie e) all of the above are required

The mechanistic view of breathing cannot account for the fact that when breathing is interrupted only for a few seconds in a healthy person ___. a) the autonomic processes of breathing will continue as before b) breathing will suddenly come under voluntary control c) nothing of any significance or importance will happen d) all of the above are common depending on the individual e) none of the above can be expected in normal instances

The most densely innervated skin area is designated by the phrase ___. a) Merkel cells b) root hair plexus c) Meissner's corpuscles d) nervous receptors e) Pacinian corpuscles

The most famous reflex discussed and used as an example in college and high school textbooks, also by physicians during routine physical examinations, is the _____ reflex. a) pupillary b) patellar c) auditory d) eye-blink e) stapedia

The most studied bacterium is the one named for a biologist named ____. a) Anthony van Leeuwenhoek b) Theodor Escherich c) Paul Berg d) Louis Pasteur e) Noam A. Chomsky

The motor-theory of speech perception, first published in 1967, very nearly predicted the experimental results achieved accidentally it seems by ____ in 1976. a) Bose and Einstein b) McGurk and Macdonald c) Skinner and Watson d) Chomsky and Miller e) Seikel, King, and Drumright

The muscle(s) that respond(s) in the auditory reflex is (are) the ____. a) quadricep b) stapedius c) diaphraghm d) trapezius e) deltoids

The name callosum, spelled as it is, was used to suggest the ___ of the fiber tract in question. a) colossal, gigantic, enormous size b) callus-like leathery texture and color c) resemblance to the Colossus of Rhodes d) all of the above e) none of the above

The opening inside the gut as it proceeds from top to bottom is technically termed the ____. a) esophagus b) lumen c) colon d) biota e) duodenum

The organ of Corti is also known as the "___ organ" because of its shape. a) circular b) spiral c) rectangular d) spherical e) polygon

The organ system that is without rival the most important to the scope of practice of SLPs is the ____. a) spine b) brain c) tongue d) sense of hearing e) repiratory tract

The overall coordination of innervations and muscle movements in the production of articulated discourse ____. a) is perfectly well understood by today's SLPs b) remains somewhat of a mystery to neurologists c) is an unexplored area with no landmarks d) all of the above are true e) none of the above is true

The pair of cranial nerves chiefly responsible for the muscular innervation of the larynx (and our ability to produce voiced sounds) is known as the "_____ nerve". a) hypoglossal b) vagus c) accessory d) vestibular e) glossopharyngeal

The partial or complete removal of the ring of lymph nodes that protect the nose and throat from pathogens, toxins, and other foreign substances is most commonly referred to by medical professionals as ___. a) otolaryngology b) tonsillectomy c) iatrogenic surgery d) pathology e) palatography

The pentamer immunoglobulin is ___. a) IgA b) IgM c) IgE d) IgD e) IgG

The physical principle that air or fluid tends to flow from a higher pressure to a lower pressure container which has been elevated to the status of a "law" by some is attributed to ____. a) Seikel b) Boyle c) Bernoulli d) Chomsky e) Skinner

The polio vaccines were licensed by the US government and distributed to the US and world population after Merck's star producer of vaccines, ____, had already shown that both of them contained SV 40. a) Paul Berg b) Maurice Hilleman c) Beatrice Eddy d) Paul Offit e) Louis Pasteur

The process of exhalation is termed ___. a) inspiration b) expiration c) respiration d) all of the above e) none of the above

The scala tympani connects at its origin to the ___. a) outer ear b) middle ear c) inner ear d) nasal concha e) ethmoid sinus

The semi-vowels [w] and [j], as in the words "wow" and "yay" all serve a(n) ___ role as syllabic margins, while at the same time, the second occurrence in each case, is also part of a diphthong where it is phonotactically part of a(n) ___ segment. a) vocalic, consonantal b) consonantal, vocalic c) diphthongal, vocalic d) diphthongal, consonantal e) none of the above

The smallest compartments of the lungs where the exchange between carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place are the ____. a) bronchioles b) alveoli c) macrophages d) leukocytes e) mitochondria

The smallest muscles in the human body are the _____ muscles. a) tympanic b) stapedius c) gluteus maximus d) trapezeius e) deltoid

The spaces written between words in ordinary ____ are ____ the spoken forms of words, phrases, and sentences in articulated discourse. a) textual discourse, audible in b) orthography, mostly absent from c) IPA transcriptions, never present in d) all of the above e) none of the above

The study of human cadavers reveals the ____. a) very essence and depths of physiological complexity b) catastrophic failure of human biosignaling systems c) best of all historical advances in biochemistry d) platform leading to the discovery of the genetic code e) cumulative scientific knowledge of human history

The subordinate hemisphere specializes in making sense of ___. a) highly articulated sequences b) holistic impressions (including emotions) c) ordinary illusions and hallucinations d) all of the above e) none of the above

The substance that Paul Ehrlich would later rename "complement" was first found by George Nuttall in 1888 in sheep ____ to have mild killing capacity against anthrax. a) liver cells b) blood serum c) wool extract d) all of the above e) none of the above

The surface coating of immunoglobulins is believed to enable communication between the microbiota of the body and especially the ___. a) red bone marrow b) mucosal dendrocytes c) spleen and liver d) all of the above e) none of the above

The term "lexicons" is best paraphrased by the word ___. a) words b) dictionaries c) lexical items d) all of the above e) none of the above

The term "vocabulary" is best paraphrased by the term ___. a) word b) dictionary c) lexical item d) all of the above e) none of the above

The term anatomy is a compound from Greek root morphemes ana- and -temno which together mean to ____. a) restore b) cut up c) heal quickly d) examine closely e) prevent disease

The velar point of articulation is manifested in ___. a) [p], [t], and [m] b) [g], [k], and [ŋ] c) [n], [s], and [l] d) [v], [f], and [z] e) [j], [w], and [[y]

The ventricles of the brain contain ____. a) mainly red blood cells b) cerebrospinal fluid c) bundles of nerves d) all of the above e) none of the above

The vocalic nucleus of the fourth syllable of the phrase "the Max Planck Society" is phonetically equivalent to ___. a) [aj] b) [ow] c) [aj] d) [ɨ] e) [ij]

The volume of the RBC disk can accommodate tens of ___ of hemoglobin molecules. a) thousands b) millions c) billions d) trillions e) quadrillions

The words that define and largely determine the anatomy and physiology of each human being are packed into just ____. a) the genetics of our gut biota b) 23 pairs of chromosomes c) your father's DNA d) your mother's DNA e) everyone's mitochondrial DNA

To accidentally stumble onto the McGurk effects, it was necessary for McGurk's assistant, Macdonald, to ___ audio and video tracks of the recorded syllables. a) synchronize the b) separate and mismatch the c) produce validly linked d) never disconnect the e) maintain the connections of

To avoid or compensate for the inevitable hazards that threaten human autonomic systems and also remain outside volitional control, the most effective approach is to ____. a) do what the majority of doctors recommend b) read relevant research and find out what works c) trust everything that the public media reports d) believe the advertisements for new medicines e) always take as many prescriptions as prescribed

To look up or down, while holding the head and neck still, requires the use of pair _____ of the cranials (plus other nerves of course). a) VI b) IV c) VIII d) VII e) XI

To say that a toxicant is "____" is to use a Greek euphemism for something that is known to cause extreme developmental abnormalities. a) iatrogenic b) teratogenic c) neurogenic d) genotoxic e) neurotoxic

To turn the voice on and off while speaking the critical muscles are the ____ of the _____. a) intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, tongue b) cricothyroids and arytenoids, larynx c) intercostal muscles, the thorax d) veli levator palatini, palate and velum e) sternocleidomastoids, head and neck

Universities offering the masters degree or even a PhD in communication disorders rarely list a course on the ___. a) dysphagias b) agnosias c) aphasias d) all of the above e) none of the above

Wernicke associated the area named in his honor with ____. a) speech production b) auditory comprehension c) writing ability d) conscious reasoning e) emotional stability

What mainly distinguishes the macrophages is that they ___. a) are more deadly than Natural Killer cells b) can engulf more material that other leukocytes c) are always super-qualified antigen presenting cells d) all of the above e) none of the above

When Clive Wearing reacts emotionally to the arrival of his wife, or to the music he plays on the piano, he must rely chiefly on his ____. a) dominant hemisphere b) subordinate hemisphere c) corpus callosum d) episodic memory e) verbal reasoning

When Einstein spoke of linking the "commutable" signs of a language with the "impressions" that physical reality makes on our senses, he effectively anticipated the process of ___. a) phonological intonation b) pragmatic mapping c) contrastive stress d) all of the above e) none of the above

When a liar reaches the point where that individual can no longer distinguish his or her own false representations about the past from what really happened, that person has slipped into the realm of what is known as ____. a) auditory hallucination b) pseudologia fantastica c) habitual lying d) pathological audition e) all of the above

When marking foreign entities that have already been identified as "non-self", the body's defense systems rely mainly on ___. a) MHC Class I b) MHC Class II c) MHC Class III d) all of the above e) none of the above

When surgeons got the idea that epileptic seizures would not spread from one hemisphere to the other if the corpus callosum was cut, patients with ___ began to grow in number. a) only one hemisphere b) surgically "split brains" c) neurological disorders d) two dysfunctional brains e) none of the above

When the left eye can see only the nasal half of the visual field while the right eye can also see only the nasal half of the visual field the condition, is known as ____. a) either pathological or congenital nystagmus b) heteronymous (bitemporal) hemianopia c) contralateral cortical blindness d) all of the above e) none of the above

Which of the articulators is numbered 3? The ____. a) tongue tip b) tongue blade c) tongue back d) mandible e) none of the above

With respect to a stream of fluent speech, phoneticians may represent the segments in the symbols of the IPA, but to any speaker of the language used, the stream of meaningful speech is mapped onto persons, events, and relations in the material world through an interaction between the cerebral hemispheres that takes place through the ___. a) dominant hemisphere b) corpus callosum c) subordinate hemisphere d) all of the above e) none of the above

____ has sometimes been referred to by historians as the "father of medicine". a) Aristotle b) Hippocrates c) Saint Augustine d) Plato e) Socrates

"Dead air" that is "inert" and "not moving at all" is possible only ____. a) in rare climate zones near the poles b) when someone holds her breath c) at a temperature of absolute zero d) in the hottest stars of the universe e) in a completely frozen human cadaver

"Lethal" medical research, the kind that deliberately kills or dismembers a human being, possibly because the person is ill, unwanted, or deformed ___. a) was only advocated in Nazi Germany death camps during WWII b) is a mythological practice never accepted by any medical professionals c) is central doctrine and practice for Planned Parenthood and associates d) all of the above e) none of the above

A common coating of the tongue seen by clinicians is caused by ____. a) mycoplasma b) ureaplasma c) Candida d) Chlamydia trachomatis e) Neisseria gonorrhoeae

According to Stuart Campbell, sucking and swallowing significantly precede prenatal breathing and the ___ are the last of the unborn baby's organs to mature. a) intestines b) kidneys c) lungs d) all of the above can be true for different cases e) none of the above is ever true for any case

After Semmelweis introduced hand-washing with a chlorinated lime solution in Austria and later in Hungary, deaths from infections caused by doctors in training who were studying anatomy ____. a) increased to even higher levels b) remained the same as before c) were greatly reduced d) all of the above e) none of the above

Along with the RBCs, millions of white blood cells, technically known as ___ are also being produced by the red bone marrow. a) lymphocytes b) erythrocytes c) leukocytes d) all of the above e) none of the above

Although many neurologists, medical professionals, and other clinicians refer to Broca's area as the "____ area of the brain", it is most closely associated with motor speech functions. a) writing b) comprehension c) language d) conscious e) reasoning

Although we have two brains, two eyes, two hands, two feet, two kidneys, two lungs, and so forth, when it comes to voluntary conscious actions — those that come under the control of our own free will — only one of our ___ can be in charge. a) hands b) feet c) brains d) kidneys e) lungs

An interesting fact observed in the rtMRI recordings of the "Welcome Message" by both speakers is that their articulators ___ while they transition between segments. a) hardly move in the video from frame to frame b) are stationary before and after speaking c) never stop moving even when their voice is silent d) all of the above e) none of the above

As the infant matures, roughly between the postnatal month 6 and the first birthday the baby's ___ teeth will begin to appear. a) adult b) permanent c) deciduous d) wisdom e) none of the above

____ have been described as the "edge of life" entities. a) Bacteria b) Fungi c) Viruses d) All of the above e) None of the above

As the length of strings composed of any given vocabulary of sign units gets longer, the ratio of meaningful strings that can be formed becomes ____ relative to the total number of possible strings that can be formed. a) vastly larger (approaching ∞/1) b) closer to unity (1/1) c) vanishingly smaller (approaching 1/∞) d) all of the above are possible e) none of the above is possible

At number 6 we find the ____. a) glottis b) velum c) uvula d) tongue tip e) none of the above

At the extreme posterior and inferior end of the soft palate we find the ____. a) tonsils b) adenoids c) uvula d) epiglottis e) hard palate

Auto-immune disorders such as ____ are conditions where the body's defenses attack the "self". a) malaria b) rubella c) Lupus d) all of the above e) none of the above

B cells are assigned that term because of their historical association with ___. a) transport systems of the body b) thymus c) red bone marrow d) all of the above e) none of the above

Before any meaningful linguistic representation can be understood by someone other than its producer, in order to translate it or paraphrase it by relying on their own ____, the consumer must first construct part or all of a conceptual representation that makes sense by appealing to the ____ through the work of the ____. a) corpus callosum, dominant hemisphere, subordinate hemisphere b) dominant hemisphere, corpus callosum, subordinate hemisphere c) dominant hemisphere, subordinate hemisphere, corpus callosum d) subordinate hemisphere, dominant hemisphere, corpus callosum e) subordinate hemisphere, corpus callosum, dominant hemisphere

Choking on food or liquid is much more common when the individual is also trying to ___. a) chew b) breathe c) talk d) all of the above e) none of the above

Cranial pair ___ connects with the brain stem just below the cerebrum, and below the level of the inner brain, at the level of the optic chiasm. a) 0 (Null) b) I c) II d) III e) IV

Disorders characterized as apraxias invariably involve loss of some (or all) the individual's _____ and most commonly damage to the____. a) holistic recognition capacity, subordinate (usually the right) b) linguistic expressive capacity, dominant (usually the left) c) voluntary control of actions, largest commissure (the corpus callosum) d) all of the above e) none of the above

During their immature phase of development ___ cells are described as "veiled". a) sentinel b) neutrophil c) dendritic d) basophil e) eosinophil

Ectoparasites include ____. a) flukes b) helminths c) scabies mites d) aspergillus e) E. coli bacteria

Figuring out genomes, epigenomes, and proteomes has been compared to the problem of ____. a) understanding the stars and galaxies b) figuring out diseases and disorders c) deciphering an unknown language d) whether there is meaning in life e) all of the foregoing

For "air hunger" at the cellular level to trigger the take-over of volitional control, communication must occur from the ___ level upward through the NTS all the way to the cerebrum. a) dominant hemisphere b) right anterior insula c) molecular d) carotid glomi e) none of the above

For determining how things work in anatomy and physiology, we should probably rely on _____. a) opinions from focus groups of SLPs b) strongly held authoritative opinions c) replicable experimental findings d) ideas that are believed by many people e) recommendations from mainstream media

For the most part, the organization of this book works from the higher sign systems that are the most subject to direct ___ control, downward toward the ones that are the least subject to that kind of control. a) autonomic b) neuronal c) volitional d) molecular e) electronic

From Henry Moliasson's ability to learn from the mirror pattern-copying task, we know that ____ memory depends neither on conscious awareness that the memory is being formed nor on the existence in the person's brain of a ____. a) intact, dominant hemisphere b) episodic, subordinate hemisphere c) motoric, hippocampus d) short-term, subordinate hemisphere e) no memory at all, medulla oblongata

Historically deaths known to have been caused by ____ have greatly exceeded those caused by the use of ____. a) nuclear weapons, tobacco b) radiation poisoning, cigarettes c) tobacco, weapons of mass destruction d) firearms, tobacco e) motor vehicles, tobacco

In addition to killing pathogens, hemocyanins also appear to be involved in activating the ____ human immune defenses. a) innate/non-specific b) "specific"/adaptive c) complement cascade d) all of the above e) none of the above

In addition to voicing wherever it may occur, the ___ is used as either the main or a simultaneous point of articulation (or constriction) in [h], [ʍ], and the aspirated consonants [ph ], [th ], and [kh ]. a) velum b) alveolum c) glottis d) uvula e) pharyngeal wall

In between the tissues that are mainly structural in function and those that are dynamic and fluid, we find the ___. a) stroma b) parenchyme c) mesenchyme d) all of the above e) none of the above

In his "gambling games" Damasio showed that individuals with an intact subordinate hemisphere get a good feeling about moves that result in gains and a bad feeling about losses ___ the dominant hemisphere can articulate those feelings in words. a) soon after b) at the same time as c) well before d) all of the above are true some of the time e) none of the above is true any of the time

In his 1864 talk before the National Academy of Sciences at the Sorbonne, Pasteur _____ that dust specks falling from the air contained life seeds of diseases such as "typhus, cholera, yellow fever". a) did not himself yet believe b) had never yet heard the idea c) asserted as common knowledge d) was urgently trying to demonstrate e) was agreeing with Michelet and Pouchet

In human respiration, at both the macro-level and the micro-level the mass of O2 used up in the body's biochemistry must be approximately equal to the mass of ___ expelled as one of the waste products. a) H2O b) hemoglobin and C c) CO2 d) O and Fe e) none of the above

In interesting finding of research with human neonates is that they are ___ sensitive to biochemicals found in amniotic fluid ___ adults are (Loos et al., 2014). a) just as, as b) less, than c) much more, than d) all of the above e) none of the above

In normal speech, as contrasted with whispering, all of the vowels and ___ of English are voiced. a) aspirated consonants b) sibilant consonants c) diphthongs d) all of the above e) none of the above

In order to show the layeredness of linguistic and anatomical systems within systems we have appealed to relevant analogies involving _____. a) a big whale and a little rodent b) the Brownian motion in a cloud c) an onion and a cauliflower d) the circulatory system of a rat e) the genetic systems of mice

In the figure nearest this question the cavity numbered with Roman numeral (i) is the ___. a) oral cavity b) laryngeal cavity c) frontal sinus d) pharyngeal cavity e) nasal cavity

Included in the connective tissues is the ___. a) nervous system b) muscle tissue c) blood stream d) all of the above e) none of the above

Information from the senses ___. a) flows away from the brain b) is unaffected by movements c) is processed in the higher cortex d) does not impact reflexes e) all of the above are true

It is possible for damage to the ___ to effectively remove a person's ability to experience emotions. a) dominant hemisphere b) corpus callosum c) subordinate hemisphere d) all of the above e) none of the above

It was the demonstration that SV 40 was tumorigenic by ____ in 1959 that would foment a revolution in molecular biology leading to the creation of GMOs. a) Paul Berg b) Maurice Hilleman c) Beatrice Eddy d) all of the above e) none of the above

John Forbes Nash, the real life character behind the story presented as "A Beautiful Mind" starring Russell Crow, in real life reported that he was able to overcome his auditory hallucinations by ____. a) doctor prescribed medications to calm him down b) self-medicating with cannabinoids and street drugs c) rationally testing auditory against visual impressions d) all of the above e) none of the above

Just as particular bundles of phonetic features must be used to constitute the distinct segments appearing in articulated discourse, somewhat like beads on a string, the bundles of ___ are not random arrangements within any segment, and the beads on the strings constituting particular syllables are not strung together chaotically, but in a certain orderly manner. a) phonemic segments b) syllabic strings c) phonetic features d) phrasal structures e) none of the above

Just one year after the signing of the American Declaration of Independence in the 36 volume encyclopedia of Natural History, Georges-Louis Leclerc summed up the prevailing mainstream view of medical doctors that spontaneous generation was _____ "small organized bodies" including "earthworms and mushrooms". a) the cause of many deadly diseases as well as the existence of b) the cause of nothing but dust and could never become c) the source of all forms of microbes and could even give rise to d) sufficient to show that inert or decaying matter can never turn into e) no explanation whatsoever or at all related to the prolific numbers of

Lichtheim's "house" was an abstract diagram aiming to show which neurological path(s) must be broken to produce each of the several types of ___. a) apraxias b) agnosias c) aphasias d) all of the above e) none of the above

Life-threatening allergic reactions are events known as ___. a) prophylaxis b) edema c) anaphylaxis d) angioedema e) eczema

Most foreign entities cannot cross into the ___ layer unless the membranous ___ layer is ruptured or its gates are left open because of some signaling error. a) mesenchymal, parenchymal b) mesenchymal, stromal c) parenchymal, mesenchymal d) stromal, parenchymal e) parenchymal, stromal

Next in rank below the linguistic sign systems are the ____ systems of the body. a) ordinary sensory b) non-volitional autonomic c) intentional movement d) non-volitional reflexive e) non-volitional motoric

Of all the biosignaling systems the ___ systems are ranked at the top in terms of volitional control. a) molecular b) autonomic c) linguistic d) genetic e) protein

Of the three major cross-overs that occur in the human brain, the lowest in rank, and the most inferior in the human anatomy, is the ____. a) corpus callosum b) optic chiasm c) decussation of the pyramids d) a and b are at the same rank e) all are at equal rank

Pathologists are medical specialists who commonly perform ___. a) autopsies b) biopsies c) both (a) and (b) d) neither (a) nor (b) e) surgeries

Perhaps the most radical changes that accompany the neonate's breathing of air rather than amniotic fluid have to do with the ___. a) beating of the baby's heart b) volitional movements of the baby c) circulation of the baby's blood d) all of the above e) none of the above

Provided the face of the person being observed is upright and looking toward the right hand side of the observer, the ventricles of the inner brain parallel several pairs of homologous structures also shaped roughly like the letter "___" with a tail on the anterior and inferior part. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

Rapid response from the blood stream and lymphatic system releasing neurotransmitting cytokines at the location of an injury can happen within a matter of a few ___. a) microseconds b) seconds c) minutes d) hours e) days

Recent research has shown that ___ can cause macrophages to become more aggressive in attacking disease agents, cancer cells, removing infections, and the like. a) alarmins b) histamines c) GcMAF d) all of the above e) none of the above

Research by Stenfelt (2016) shows that bone conduction and air conduction are very similar in the range of frequencies needed for ___. a) differentiating bird calls b) music appreciation c) speech perception d) all of the above e) none of the above

Researchers have shown that the ___ membrane is tonotopically structured. a) endometrial b) epithelial c) basilar d) cellular e) nuclear

Since before the 1918 publication of Gray's Anatomy it was understood that our knowing what is going on in the autonomic systems of the body would require "___ inputs" from bodily tissues to the higher cortex. a) efferent b) motoric c) afferent d) linguistic e) none of the above

Some holistic conception of the content of every well-formed meaningful representation must reside in the ___ before it can be articulated. a) dominant hemisphere b) corpus callosum c) subordinate hemisphere d) all of the above e) none of the above

Sperry wrote: "The ___ sequence of brain events leading to and determining a given voluntary act or decision is no longer conceived to be restricted to a series of neurophysicochemical activities". a) fictional b) imaginary c) causal d) all of the above e) none of the above

Sperry's research also clarified the fact that the normal process of ___ is actually built-in to the neuroarchitecture of the cerebrum itself. a) rational thought b) imaginary reflection c) pragmatic mapping d) all of the above e) none of the above

Thanks to Dr. Stuart Campbell (2002, 2004), 4D ___enables us now to see moving pictures of what happens inside living bodies (without, we hope, harming them). a) endoscopy b) rtMRI c) ultrasonography d) radiology e) none of the above

The McGurk effects show that perceptions are ___. a) exclusively based on material facts b) independent of the sign hierarchy c) guided by the higher cortex d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ___ as argued by van Helmont held that molds, bacteria, or even mice could produce themselves without living "parent" organisms. a) germ theory of disease b) eugenics theory c) theory of spontaneous generation d) theory of "social Darwinism" e) recapitulation theory of Haeckel

The ___ branch of each side of the trigeminal pair, cranial pair numbered V, provides sensory and motoric innervation to the mandible. a) first b) second c) third d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ___ of the cranials enable us to look up with the eyes in the vertical plane. a) optic pair II b) oculomotor pair III c) trochlear pair IV d) trigeminal pair V e) abducens pair VI

The ____ of the nucleated cells of the human anatomy consist partly of tubulin fibrils joined to the cell nucleus and the cell wall with actin filaments. a) mitochondria b) centrioles c) cytoskeletons d) vacuoles e) ribosomes

The _____ nerve pair which is number _____ mainly enables the sense of balance and hearing. a) vestibulocochlear, IX b) glossopharyngeal, VIII c) vestibulocochlear, VIII d) glossopharyngeal, IX e) none of the above

The articulatory feature of lip rounding of the tense vocalic nucleus that can be transcribed as [uw] mainly invokes the ____ muscle(s). a) risorius b) levator labii superioris alequae nasii c) orbicularis oris d) depressor anguli oris e) buccinator

The average-sized adult human has about 37 trillion "self" cells of which it is estimated that about ____% are red blood cells (RBCs), technically known as erythrocytes.. a) 90 b) 80 c) 70 d) 60 e) 50

The body's only dimer isotype is ___. a) IgM b) IgE c) IgA d) IgD e) IgG

The bone structures of the human male and female pelvises are ____. a) essentially the same b) incomparably complex c) anatomically distinct d) all of the above e) none of the above

The brain is protected by the _____. a) blood brain barrier b) hard helmet formed by the skull c) ducts and ventricles containing cerebrospinal fluid d) all of the above e) none of the above

The central dogma of molecular biology (from Francis Crick) held that genetic information could only flow from ____ to ____ to _____. a) protein, RNA, DNA b) RNA, DNA, protein c) DNA, RNA, protein d) all of these were specified in the dogma e) none of the above were allowed by Crick's dogma

The diameter of a well-formed, adequately hydrated RBC is about 6 to 8 ___ of a meter (Turgeoun, 2004, p. 100). a) hundredths b) thousandths c) millionths d) billionths e) trillionths

The discoveries of Broca and Wernicke were collectively interpreted somewhat naively as having accounted for ____. a) all the brain's functions b) the whole of conscious reasoning c) the human language capacity d) human emotional capacities e) the recognition of faces

The disorders involved in damage to the subordinate hemisphere commonly express themselves in the class known as _____. a) aphasias b) apraxias c) agnosias d) all of the above e) none of the above

The distinction between volitional and autonomic motor functions is crucial to the architecture enabling ___ aspects of the nervous system. a) only sensory b) only sensory and motoric c) linguistic, motoric, and sensory d) all of the above e) none of the above

The effect of the ___ released by NK cells into diseased cells is to kill them and prepare them to be disposed of by other leukocytes. a) histamines b) heparins c) cytotoxins d) phagocytes e) acidophils

The fact that Jean-Dominique Bauby, with "locked-in syndrome" could blink the one eye that the doctors did not sew shut, was because that sort of eye movement comes mainly under the control of the _____. a) left and right motor strips b) abducens nerve pair (cranial pair VI) c) oculomotor nerve pair (cranial pair III) d) optic nerve pair (cranial pair II) e) olfactory nerve pair (cranial pair I)

The feature of human anatomy and physiology that most distinguishes humans from other creatures is the ____. a) opposing thumb and forefinger b) sexual capacities of human beings c) distinctly human language capacity d) upright posture of mature humans e) none of the above

The fertilized egg will normally descend through the ___ to become implanted in the wall of the uterus. a) urethra b) duodenum c) fallopian tube d) gall bladder e) adrenal gland

The gamete loading with well-formed full sets of chromosomes must take place nearly perfectly, in both parents, ___, in order for the gametes to be sufficiently compatible for fertilization to occur. a) male and male b) female and female c) male and female d) all of the above e) none of the above

The gate that closes the esophagus to prevent breathing of food or liquid into the lungs is termed the ____. a) esophageal sphincter b) mandible c) epiglottis d) diaphragm e) trachea

The holistic conceptualization of the meaning of a stream of fluent speech, as in imagining the physical setting of the Science Gallery of the Max Planck Society, by any speaker of the language used, normally requires the special work of the ___. a) dominant hemisphere b) corpus callosum c) subordinate hemisphere d) all of the above e) none of the above

The information contained in male human ____ is well-protected behind the blood testis barrier. a) oocytes b) leukocytes c) spermatocytes d) dendrocytes e) erythrocytes

The likelihood that the contrasts observed and recorded by Semmelweis could have occurred randomly or by accident are statistically about 1 out of ____ exactly similar experiments. a) 5 b) 10 c) 1015 d) 1000 e) 10,000,000

The loading of the germ cells prior to conception, most critically involves and completely depends on ____. a) spermatogonia b) oogonia c) meiosis d) mitosis e) none of the above

The lumen of ____ is considered outside the body. a) every nucleated cell b) each organelle inside a cell c) the gastrointestinal tract d) the alveoli in the lungs e) both of the pulmonary arteries

The major movable articulators of speech always exclude the ____. a) glottis b) mandible c) nares d) uvula e) none of the above

The maternal microbiome is believed to be enriched, balanced, and stabilized during pregnancy so that it can provide additional protection for the developing prenate in the fluid found in the ___. a) developing intestinal tract of the unborn child b) amniotic sac containing the unborn baby c) intervillus space of the placenta d) bloodstream of the mother herself e) in the umbilical veins and arteries of the prenate

The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins depends on the usable energy stored in ___. a) lipids b) sugars c) ATP d) the brain e) the pancreas

The micro-level of biosignaling systems have universally been compared to the ____ systems of the world. a) transportation b) electronic c) linguistic d) all of the above e) none of the above

The most complex fully articulated bony structure in the whole body is found in the ____. a) pelvis and legs b) arms and hands c) skull and spine d) all of the above e) none of the above

The most studied of the known types of injurious factors that cause undesirable conditions and communication disorders in human beings are ___. a) micro-level collisions b) macro-level collisions c) infectious pathogens d) manufactured poisons e) interactions between the above

The neuronal basis for the senses of smell, touch, and taste are known to be present very early on in human embryological development though they cannot, it seems, begin to be differentiated until after fetal breathing begins at about ___ weeks of gestational age. a) 5 b) 12 c) 20 d) 36 e) 40

The next number in the Fibonacci series after 13 is ____. a) 5 b) 8 c) 21 d) 34 e) 55

The normal growth and development of a diploid cell consists of the ___ when it is growing and functioning normally but not undergoing cell division/multiplication. a) prophase b) metaphase c) interphase d) anaphase e) telophase

The olfactory receptor cells are located in and extend their nerve endings all the way through the ___ into the viscous mucosal membrane that lines the nasal passages. a) olfactory bulb b) cribriform plate c) nasal epithelium d) all of the above e) none of the above

The prosody of discourse seems to fall largely under the control of the subordinate hemisphere and is probably coordinated with facial expressions through the decussated pair of cranial nerves numbered ___ and commonly referred to as "the facial nerve". a) V b) VI c) VII d) VIII e) IX

The regulation of breathing appears to be related to the availability of oxygen at the ___ level. a) mitochondrial b) nucleus c) cellular d) tissue e) organ

The research suggests that inflammation of the tonsils in 5 to 9 year-old children hospitalized with symptoms severe enough to warrant surgical removal of the tonsils resolved itself spontaneously over a seven month wait-and-watch period in ____ of the 194 cases included in the study. a) 12% b) 22% c) 42% d) 62% e) 92%

The sign systems of the body that seem to be the least subject to volitional control are the ones of the ____ kind. a) linguistic b) motoric c) autonomic d) sensory e) none of the above

The surface forms must be ___ the intended meaning, or there is no reason to expect that they will be understood as intended. a) randomly related to b) inconsistent with c) faithful to d) all of the above e) none of the above

The term meaning skin beneath the surface is ___. a) epidermis b) dermis c) hypodermis d) all of the above e) none of the above

The third logical position of articulated discourse is that of the ____. a) producer b) consumer c) material world d) all of the above e) none of the above

The tympanic branches of the glossopharyngeal pair of cranials (IX) enable feeling (sensation) in the _____. a) inner ear b) outer ear c) middle ear d) all of the above e) none of the above

The underlying ____ structure of "Planck" resembles the ____ structure of a simple transitive sentence such as "The boy hit the ball". a) syntactic, semantic b) pragmatic, phonotactic c) phonotactic, syntactic d) semantic, syntactic e) phonotactic, pragmatic

The voice most apt to be preferred by a normally developed neonate is the voice of that baby's ___. a) nearest sibling b) maternal grandmother c) mother d) father e) paternal grandfather

The voluntary eyeblink comes under the control of cranial pair ___. a) I b) II c) III d) IV e) VI

The word "words" is best paraphrased by the term ___. a) words b) dictionaries c) lexical items d) all of the above e) none of the above

Thrush is a condition attributed to ____ sometimes seen by SLPs. a) mycoplasma b) ureaplasma c) Candida d) Chlamydia trachomatis e) Neisseria gonorrhoeae

To account for the close/open dimension of the vowels we must consider the opposing muscles that enable us to open the mouth and position the ___ at a targeted distance relative to the maxilla. a) cranium b) mentalis c) mandible d) upper lip e) diaphragm

To begin to produce their mother's language, babies seem to begin with a single ____. a) phoneme b) syllable c) word d) transitive sentence e) conversation or dialogue

To prevent chronic noncommunicable diseases SLPs and Auds need to know what ____. a) their peers and supervisors are recommending b) leading authorities and the media are saying c) causes chronic noncommunicable diseases and disorders d) teachers in ASHA courses and most authors believe e) the pharmaceutical representatives tell the doctors

To understand or produce an articulated string of fluent discourse in any particular language, we must map its surface-forms ___ to facts known to us in our ordinary experience. a) randomly and strictly by chance couplings b) in any way we like by linking them at will c) as speakers of that language normally do d) all of the above e) none of the above

Ultimately, the differentiation of self from foreign entities seems to depend on what has been called the individual's ___. a) major histocompatibility complex b) human leukocyte antigen c) deep genetic inheritance d) chromosome region 6p21 e) microbiome

We find professional immune cells at the level of the so-called "___" immune system and above. a) innate b) general c) adaptive d) all of the above e) none of the above

Wernicke's discovery, added to Broca's, would enhance confidence leading to fairly wide acceptance of the _____ hypothesis. a) comprehensible input b) germ theory c) radical localization d) left hemisphere dominance e) unitary intelligence

What linguists call voicing, in the jargon of SLPs and Auds, the preferred term is ___. a) resounding b) resonating c) phonation d) all of the above e) none of the above

When the entire left or right visual field disappears from view the condition, known as homonymous hemianopia, is caused by damage to ____. a) parts of both eyes in front of the optic chiasm b) both optic nerves after crossing of the chiasm c) the contralateral hemisphere of the cerebrum d) all of the above e) none of the above

When we compare chewing, swallowing, and breathing, it is not difficult to show that ___ is the most important and highest ranked of the three processes. a) chewing b) swallowing c) breathing d) all of the above e) none of the above

Which of the articulators is numbered 4? a) tongue tip b) tongue blade c) tongue back d) mandible e) none of the above

Which of the cranial pairs is involved in producing the "acoustic reflex" — also known as the "stapedius reflex", "the attenuation reflex", the "MEM (middle-earmuscles) reflex", or the "auditory reflex"?_____. a) III b) IV c) VII d) IX e) X

Which of the following is one of the key domains of present-day genetic studies? _____. a) cytology b) gerontology c) proteomics d) histology e) cryogenics

Which of the following shows a correct ranking for the sign systems of human anatomy and physiology? Choose the list that puts the system most subject to free will control at the top (first) and the system least subject to free will at the bottom of the list (last): a) organic>motoric>linguistic b) molecular>sensory> motoric c) linguistic>sensory>organic d) sensory>motoric>organic e) genetic>linguistic>motoric

___ enable(s) judgments of temperature, hardness/softness, smoothness/roughness, sharpness/dullness, mass, speed, and so forth. a) The biochemical senses b) Interoception c) The biophysical senses d) all of the above e) none of the above

___ is supposed to have demonstrated the falseness of the theory that a large cannonball will fall faster than a much smaller one by performing an experiment at the Tower of Pisa (near his university) a) Louis Pasteur b) J. Anthony Seikel c) Galileo d) Aristotle e) Saint Augustine

___ phonetics corresponds to the second logical position of ordinary discourse. a) Acoustic b) Articulatory c) Auditory d) all of the above e) none of the above

____ genetic disorders, diseases, or premature fatalities critically involve the molecular communication systems of the body. a) Several existing b) Most existing c) All possible d) No existing e) No imaginable

All else being equal, a stressed vowel has longer duration, higher pitch, and greater ____. a) resonance b) amplitude c) volume d) all of the above e) none of the above

After Penfield found the motor homunculus and a sensory homunculus, later on, a third, socalled "____" homunculus would also be found. a) biotic b) temporal c) parietal d) semantic e) prosodic

A primary function of smell is to enable avoidance of ____ coming to us from the external world in the form of noxious gases. a) toxicants and poisons b) spoiled food or drink c) putrified water d) all of the above e) none of the above

A(n) ___ eyeblink can be caused by something touching the surface of the eye. a) involuntary b) reflexive c) corneal reflex d) all of the above e) none of the above

All of our anatomy and physiology is evidently anticipated in the ____ of our parents that unite at the time of our conception and engage with the larger environment from there forward to shape our physical characteristics and bodily processes. a) gametes b) germ cells c) haploid chromosomes d) all of the above e) none of the above

Among bacteria that can cause disease, we find ____. a) E. coli b) Chlamydia trachomatis c) Neisseria gonorrhoeae d) all of the above e) none of the above

Among the disease conditions that have responded positively (moving toward normalcy) to L-dopa we must include ____. a) encephalitis lethargica b) Parkinson's disease c) Parkinsonism d) all of the above e) none of the above

Among the lymphocytes we find the ___. a) natural killer cells b) T cells c) B cells d) all of the above e) none of the above

At the nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx, we come to a kind of ___ between volitional and autonomic processes where we meet up with the sign systems that control breathing, chewing, and swallowing. a) little explored territory b) no man's land c) borderland d) all the above e) none of the above

Bacteria of various types were first observed and reported in letters to the Royal Society of London between 1673 and 1695 by ___. a) a Dutch fabric seller b) the "father of microbiology" c) Anthony van Leeuwenhoek d) all of the above e) none of the above

Based on 37 studies world-wide of drug related injuries the UNDER-reporting by medical professionals was estimated at ____. a) 6% b) 20% c) 50% d) 95% e) 100%

Because the ___ gland was found to be involved in the regulation of pregnancy and childbirth, breast milk production, early growth, metabolism, sleeping and waking, hydration of the whole body, temperature control, and pain management, it was long thought to be the master gland of the body controlling all the endocrines. a) thymus b) pineal c) thyroid d) pituitary e) hyothalamus

Before the bone marrow has matured sufficiently, it is believed that the ___ produces blood cells. a) brain b) thymus c) heart d) liver e) pancreas

Before the child can learn a "first word" it is necessary to discriminate distinct ____ of the target language. a) surface forms b) sounds c) syllables d) all of the above e) none of the above

Blocking the carotid arteries on both sides of the neck at the level of the thyroid cartilage in what is called ___ caused seizures in 88% of cases studied by (Linkletter et al., 2010). a) a sleeper hold in the martial arts b) the "choking game" in YouTubes c) a "blood choke" in martial arts d) all of the above e) none of the above

Bristow et al., (2009) using the crude measure of evoked response potentials found that "that auditory-visual integration" in infants at 10 [postnatal] weeks works much as it does in ___ (p. 905). a) prenates b) neonates c) children d) adults e) all of the above

By demonstrating the occurrence of the McGurk effects in neonates, researchers have shown that neonatal cross-modal processing exists and that it is consistent with Chomsky's theory of ___. a) innate ideas programmed into human genetics b) babies having prior knowledge of grammar c) special design for the human language capacity d) all of the above e) none of the above

Dr. Benjamin Rush, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence and one of America's founding fathers did NOT comment on potentially lethal toxins in the air and food ____. a) before the American Revolution b) threatening the life of human beings c) in about the year 1771 d) to President Abraham Lincoln e) Rush did none of the above

During prophase I, ___ is the process in which chromatids from the male parent and female parent exchange DNA in meiosis. a) crossing-over b) syndesis c) synapsis d) all of the above e) none of the above

Each cell in the human body, with the exception of the ____, contains the complete genome of the whole human anatomy and physiology. a) red blood cells b) erythrocytes c) mobile delivery cells d) all of the above e) none of the above

Efferent functions of the cranial pairs of nerves involved in the autonomic nervous system including the nonvolitional aspects of swallowing and digestion, as well as breathing during sleep, and heart rate fall to cranial pairs ___. a) I and II b) V and VII c) VIII and IX d) IX and X e) XI and XII

Essentially all of our cognitive capacities and our ability to do any kind of reasoning, and to have social relations, depends on learning ____. a) to walk in an upright two-legged posture b) to use the opposing thumb and forefinger c) to count and do mathematical calculations d) one or more of the 7400+ natural languages e) how to handle our own personal emotions

Every well-formed meaningful representation can be ___. a) translated into many other languages b) paraphrased in the language in which it was constructed c) translated and paraphrased in countless different ways d) all of the above e) none of the above

Fatal infections of Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Candida, Histoplasma, or Pneumocystis are common in persons _____. a) with acquired immune deficiency syndrome b) expressing full blown HIV retrovirus symptoms c) undergoing chemotherapy to try to kill cancer cells d) all of the above e) none of the above

The tonsils are actually important and functional ____. a) lymph nodes b) parts of our immune defenses c) border patrol centers in the mouth and nose d) all of the above e) none of the above

The "immune system" of the human body, though often referred to as a singular entity, consists of a seamlessly interconnected system of ____ systems. a) maintenance b) repair c) multilayered defense d) all of the above e) none of the above

For the production of non-nasalized segments of speech, the ___ muscle pair performs the highly visible movement (as seen in the rtMRI recording of the "Welcome Message") of lifting the velum up against the nasopharyngeal wall to close off the nasal passages. a) levator labii superioris alequae nasii b) depressor anguli oris c) buccinators d) levator veli palatine e) orbicularis oris

Free nerve endings in the skin can inform the body about ___. a) pain, heat, and pressure b) stretching, chemical burns, and vibrations c) touch and electrical shock d) all of the above e) none of the above

Galen of Pergamon thought that the ___ gland regulated nasal mucus (especially the phlegm in "spit"), so he named it accordingly sometime before 200 AD when he is believed to have died. a) thymus b) pineal c) thyroid d) pituitary e) hyothalamus

Helen Keller was able to understand speech and to learn to speak somewhat intelligibly by feeling _____ of the speaker. a) vibrations in the nasal cavity b) movements of the mouth and tongue c) vibrations in the larynx d) all of the above e) none of the above

Human cells that do not have 2 full sets of 23 chromosomes are ___. a) eukaryotic b) prokaryotic c) euploidic d) aneuploidic e) erythrocytic

If we add ___ to the microbes in the healthy adult human body, the number of separate non-self entities in the microbiome is believed to be vastly larger than the number of "self" cells. a) yeasts b) fungi c) viruses d) all of the above e) none of the above

In Clive Wearing's case, the resulting condition could be described as ___. a) retrograde amnesia b) anterograde amnesia c) loss of episodic memory d) all of the above e) none of the above

In ___ pregnancies, the developing blastocyst can be implanted in one of the fallopian tubes rather than in the uterus. a) extremely abnormal b) ectopic c) tubal d) all of the above e) none of the above

In its largest dimension the disk-shaped RBC is ___ the diameter of an average-sized nucleus of a nucleated human cell. a) much smaller than b) just a little smaller than c) exactly the same size as d) a little larger than e) about twice as large as

In order to understand the sounds, words, phrases, clauses, and higher units in fluently articulated discourse their ___ are indispensible. a) phonetic features b) letter shapes c) syllabic rhythms d) surface-forms e) concrete meanings

In the figure nearest above this question the cavity numbered with Roman numeral (iv) is the ___. a) oral cavity b) laryngeal cavity c) frontal sinus d) pharyngeal cavity e) nasal cavity

In the third logical position of discourse we find the ___ world where real-time discourse actually takes place. a) physical b) material c) whole d) all of the above e) none of the above

In the transition from prenatal development to postnatal, the neonate gets some of its ___ type of immunity from mom. a) complement cascade b) "general" c) "specific" d) prenatal e) microbiome

It is because of their spiky appendages something like the pincers of a lobster, appendages that resemble similar-looking structures on typical nerve cells, that "___" leukocytes are named as such. a) sentinel-type b) neutrophilic c) basophilic d) dendritic e) eosinophilic

Less dangerous and less unpleasant procedures such as ___ should have long since replaced the obsolete MBS. a) rtMRIs b) endoscopic exams c) ultrasound d) all of the above e) none of the above

Molecules moving in all directions from a source to produce the sensation of some odor or fragrance require about 2,000 ms to travel a hundred meters but sound waves can efficiently cross that same distance in about ___ the time. a) twice b) half c) 1/10th d) 1/20th e) 1/1000th

Of the following, the ___ is (are) not usually counted as an articulator, though it (they) is (are) involved in the vast majority of segmental speech sounds and it (they) account(s) for the most energetic aspect of the phonetic features that make up speech sounds, intonations, rhythms, and prosody. a) tongue b) lips c) lower jaw d) glottis e) all of the above are usually counted as articulators

Patients with known difficulty in swallowing are commonly X-rayed while they are swallowing a liquid that has the viscosity of a ___. a) syrup b) thin pudding c) thick paste d) all of the above e) none of the above

SLPs and Auds commonly team up with other professionals in schools and especially in medical settings where they may work alongside ___. a) physical therapists b) occupational therapists c) neurologists and surgeons d) all of the above e) none of the above

SLPs are clinicians of choice for the treatment of swallowing disorders because such disorders _____. a) involve some of the anatomical systems critical to speech b) are commonly associated with related articulatory problems c) stand at the borderline between volitional and autonomic systems d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ASHA website mentions certain ototoxic substances including _____ medications which causes thinning of the blood and, in some individuals, can lead to bleeding in the capillaries of the inner ear causing hearing loss or even deafness. a) certain over the counter b) salicylate pain relief c) some non-prescription d) all of the above e) none of the above

The American Speech-Language Hearing Association makes the ___ of communication disorders one of the required elements of study in the national curriculum for SLPs and Auds. a) prevention b) diagnosis c) etiology d) all of the above e) none of the above

The McGurk effects are of special interest to SLPs because those effects show in bold relief how articulatory demonstrations relying on cross-modal transfer from ___ actually work in what is undoubtedly the most widely used approach of SLPs to articulation therapy. a) vision to hearing b) sensory impressions to voluntary motor controls c) kinesthetic information to speech articulation d) all of the above e) none of the above

The McGurk effects show that articulated discourse is ____. a) deeply layered from the conceptual level downward to surface forms b) impacted by cross-modality functions ranking vision above hearing c) susceptible to therapy by SLPs demonstrating articulatory postures d) all of the above are true e) none of the above is true

The PB, BTB, and BBB are all capable of blocking at least some ___ that might otherwise harm the protected entity (or entities) within them. a) toxins b) pathogens c) collisions d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ___ are believed to discourage colonization of the body by helminths. a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) mast cells d) basophils e) NK cells

The ___ gland, after Galen's time was found to be involved in regulating many other glandular processes before it was discovered that it seems rather to be under the control of the ___ which sits directly above it and connects to it through the infundibulum. a) thymus, pineal b) pineal, pituitary c) thyroid, thymus d) pituitary, hypothalamus e) hypothalamus, pituitary

The ___ is capable of consuming something as potentially destructive as an Anthrax bacterium. a) basophil b) eosinophil c) mast cell d) neutrophil e) none of the above

The ___ is the body's largest organ. a) liver b) pancreas c) brain d) integument e) none of the above

The ____ component is crucial to the discovery of meaning in a language, or language-like system, by an infant, a cryptologist, or a geneticist. a) phonotactic (surface) b) morphological (surface) c) abstract semantic (deep) d) concrete pragmatic (factual) e) abstract syntactic (deep)

The ____ disorders are the largest of all classes in the developed nations of the world today and are the ones most commonly treated by SLPs and Auds. a) infectious and contagious types of b) best known teratogenic and deforming c) abnormal swallowing and muscle control d) non-communicable chronic diseases and e) none of the above

The _____ cannot be viewed as a reflexive movement, because it must be controlled by volition. a) patellar tendon response and the flexing of the ipsilateral quadricep b) pupillary contraction when presented with unexpectedly bright light c) pupillary expansion that occurs when we are suddenly frightened d) scratching of an itch (or rubbing of the eyes) by an unborn child e) tensing of the stapedius muscle in response to an explosive loud noise

The back of the tongue against the ___ defines what is commonly called the velar point of articulation. a) pharynx b) larynx c) hard palate d) velum e) none of the above

The bilateral complexes of semi-circular canals of the inner ears are normally ____. a) nearly perfect mirror images of each other b) set at a right angle relative to each other c) involved in detecting our movements in 3D space d) all of the above e) none of the above

The biosignaling systems of the ____ kind need to be understood by SLPs and Auds because they are crucial to the diagnosis and treatment of the most common disorders and disease conditions in their scope of work in clinical contexts. a) reflexive b) autonomic c) enteric d) all the above e) none of the above

The body's maintenance, repair, and defense systems are _____. a) multi-layered b) only partly understood c) deeply inter-related d) all of the above e) none of the above

The bone marrow does the critical work of constantly resupplying the whole body with life-maintaining, repairing, and defending ___. a) erythrocytes b) leukocytes c) lymphocytes d) all of the above e) none of the above

The capacity of the human epidermis to produce what are called "goose bumps" is dependent on ___. a) arrector pili muscles b) a contractile protein c) smoothelin d) all of the above e) none of the above

The decussation of the pyramids occurs in the ____. a) optic chiasm b) temporal lobes c) corpus callosum d) inferior medulla oblongata e) none of the above

The diagnosis of autism in many more cases than could reasonably be expected to occur by chance is comorbid with ____ (suggesting common causal factors). a) epilepsy b) gut disease c) mitochondrial disorder d) all of the above e) none of the above

The differences between spoken discourse and English orthography include the fact that, normally, there are no ___ in speech: a) capital or lower-case letters b) marks of punctuation c) spaces between words d) all of the above are absent e) none of the above is absent

The discoverer of atomic radiation was ___. a) Henry Vandyke Carter b) George Eastman c) Madame Marie Curie d) Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen e) Louis Pasteur

The discovery of ____ would make possible the laboratory creation of genetic sequences not found in nature which could be made by splicing together DNA from two or more organisms. a) messenger RNA b) ribosomal RNA c) mitochondrial DNA d) recombinant DNA e) none of the above

The fact that much of our terminology in anatomy and physiology comes from Greek (or later from Latin) is indicative, among other things, of the long-standing influence of ____. a) Noam A. Chomsky b) Saint Augustine c) Macdonald Critchley d) Aristotle e) none of the above

The fact that the audio track in a videographed recording can be deliberately unlinked from the video track in the same recording, as was done in the McGurk demonstrations, proves that the term acoustic phonetics, insofar as it aims to account for the relevant and noticeable physical facts that constitute human discourse, needs to be broadened to encompass ____. a) visible facial expressions and articulatory gestures b) all the physical aspects of articulated discourse c) the distinct physical entities entering into discourse d) all of the above e) none of the above

The first corpus callosotomies and many thereafter were performed when the actual functions of the corpus callosum were ___. a) believed to be structural only b) hardly even suspected c) not understood well at all d) all of the above e) none of the above

The folded hemoglobin molecules in their three dimensional shape inside an RBC are about 5 ___ of a meter in diameter with about 7 ___ of a meter distance between them (Erickson, 2009). a) hundredths b) thousandths c) millionths d) billionths e) trillionths

The glossopharyngeal nerve pair (IX) provides motor innervation to the _____. a) stylopharyngeus b) superior pharyngeal constrictor c) swallowing process d) all of the above e) none of the above

The glossopharyngeal nerve pair IX receives sensory information from the _____. a) tonsils b) middle ear c) posterior third of the tongue d) all of the above e) none of the above

The gut biota are believed to account for about ____% of the entire immune defenses of the body. a) 20 b) 40 c) 60 d) 70 e) 95

The health and well-being of an unborn child is known to be greatly influenced by ____ of the mother's body. a) the health and well-being b) fluctuating stress-levels c) the microbiome d) all of the above e) none of the above

The horizontal plane that divides the top half from the bottom half of the body in a standing orientation is called the medial ___ plane (also known as axial or transaxial). a) superior b) sagittal c) coronal d) transverse e) inferior

The human sense of hearing is soon subordinated to ___ within the first few minutes after birth. a) taste b) touch c) smell d) vision e) interoception

The idea that prenates are incapable of volitional actions until about 6 months after their birth is refuted by evidence ____. a) of intentional differentiated movements of the prenate at 12 weeks gestation b) of the normal baby's capacity to imitate a modeled facial expression at birth c) that 3-month-old infants can produce distinct vowels modeled by an adult d) all of the above e) none of the above

The largest and most important of the breathing muscle(s) involved in inspiration is (are) the ____. a) outer intercostals b) inner intercostals c) serratus muscles anterior and posterior d) diaphragm e) abdominals

The leading authorities in anatomy and medicine in Europe ____. a) agreed with Dr. Carl Edvard Marius Levy that Semmelweis was crazy b) believed any "infective matter" under a fingernail could kill no one c) rejected the claims of Dr. Semmelweis concerning infections and their causes d) did all of the above mentioned things and more to discredit Semmelweis e) did not do any of the above mentioned things and honored Semmelweis

The lymph centers of the small intestine discovered in 1677 are known for their discoveror as ___. a) Hilleman's vacuoles b) Berg's recombinant DNA c) Leibniz's monads d) Peyer's patches e) none of the above

The macrophages are known to be involved in ___. a) managing inflammation b) repairing tissue breaches c) amino acid manufacturing d) all of the above e) none of the above

The major histocompatibility complex is a signaling system that makes it possible for the body to recognize its own cells and to ___ foreign entities that get into the body's tissues. a) attack b) quarantine c) destroy d) all of the above e) none of the above

The mapping, cuttting, and splicing together of DNA from disparate organisms would turn out to violate ____ within species and would generally lead to aneuploidic or otherwise deformed combinations. a) agreements required b) biosignaling compatibilities c) concinnity requirements d) all of the above e) none of the above

The microbes inhabiting the human gut are estimated at about 100 ____ organisms. a) thousand b) million c) billion d) trillion e) quadrillion

The monomer type immunoglobulins include ___. a) IgE b) IgD c) IgG d) all of the above e) none of the above

The most studied viruses in the history of the world, but especially since the development of the polio vaccines, have been those known to be associated with the causation of _____. a) tumors b) neoplasias c) cancers d) all of the above e) none of the above

The mucosal lining of the body's cavities, tubes, and organs provides a medium ___. a) in which to capture and destroy "non-self" entities b) transport "non-self" entities to to a lymph node c) destroy and expel undesirable foreign entities d) all of the above e) none of the above

The neonate's ___ type of immunity is expected to carry over to about six postnatal months. a) complement cascade b) "general" c) "specific" d) prenatal e) microbiome

The number of possible combinations of distinct chromatids from a single pair of parents is much greater than 223 because of ____. a) syndesis b) synapsis c) crossing-over d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ostensible motivation for the surgery that left Henry Moliason without the ability to form any new memories, and that made it difficult for him to recall quite recent events, was the onset of ____. a) severe epilepsy b) recurrent seizures c) grand mal seizures d) all of the above e) none of the above

The pair of cranial nerves chiefly responsible for visual sensation (the perception of the visual field) is pair number ____. a) V b) IV c) III d) II e) I

The pair referred to as "nervus terminalis" is also known as ___. a) cranial zero b) cranial nerve N c) the null cranial nerve d) all of the above e) none of the above

The peculiar fact about reflexes ― the fact that makes them different from conscious and intentional actions ― is that they are _____. a) involuntary (that is, they are not produced by an act of will) b) occur without conscious intention to perform an act c) do not involve the higher cortex in motor planning d) all of the above e) none of the above

The problem of deciphering the biosignaling systems underlying our own anatomy and physiology is similar to the problem of ___. a) ordinary language acquisition b) deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics c) cryptography or cryptology d) all of the above e) none of the above

The process least subject to free will is ____. a) speaking b) writing c) swallowing d) hearing e) reasoning

The process most susceptible to genetic injuries that can be passed on to be expressed downstream in the anatomy or physiology of a human being is ____. a) mitosis b) fertilization c) impregnation d) meiosis e) implantation

The production of ordinary articulated discourse in non-disordered instances is almost always or at least very commonly ___. a) meaningful and intentional. b) volitional and deliberate c) fluent and intelligible d) all of the above e) none of the above

The rate at which intelligible speech can be produced and understood in ordinary discourse is constrained by the rate at which _____. a) neurons can fire b) sensory signals are produced c) muscle responses can occur d) all of the above e) none of the above

The required "adaptations", transformations built into the human baby's DNA, ones that normally occur at birth or soon afterward include closing of the ___. a) ductus venosus b) foramen ovale c) ductus arteriosus d) all of the above e) none of the above

The richly supplied capillaries on both sides of the ___ bring oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be extracted by the unborn child while at the same time the developing baby's wastes are being deposited there to be filtered out and disposed of by mother's kidneys and liver through the opposing membrane on her side. a) blood stream of the unborn child b) amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn baby c) mother's bloodstream d) intervillus space of the placenta e) prenate's bloodstream

The semi-vowels are also known as ___. a) vowels b) consonants c) liquids d) glides e) diacritics

The sensory components of the whole system of cranial nuclei have long been understood to be focused in the ___ of the brain stem. a) NTS b) nucleus solitarius c) nucleus of the solitary tract d) all of the above e) none of the above

The sexual union of the male gamete and the female gamete in a human being requires that they ___. a) speak the same genetic language b) contain homologous chromosomes c) are based on similar human DNA d) all of the above e) none of the above

The sixth syllable of the phrase "the Max Planck Society" is phonetically equivalent to ___. a) [aj] b) [oj] c) [aw] d) [ɨ] e) [ij]

The spiral-like shape of the tubes inside the nasal passages of the skull serve to maximize ____ in the air on the way to the lungs. a) contact with the mucous linings of any particles and the molecules b) spinning of the molecules and any potentially harmful foreign particles c) capture and expulsion of disease agents and toxins that might be found d) all of the above e) none of the above

The structural isotypes of immunoglobulins consist of ___. a) monomers b) dimers c) pentamers d) all of the above e) none of the above

The study of anatomy, as it pertains to speech-language pathology and audiology, logically and in practice in the 21st century, is concerned with the structure and functions of the ____. a) whole human body and its systems b) cells, tissues, and organs of the body c) atoms and molecules of the human body d) all of the above e) none of the above

The three branches of phonetics correspond respectively to the ___. a) three positions of discourse in the material world b) speaker, hearer, and the whole space-time world c) first, second, and third persons in traditional grammar d) all of the above e) none of the above

The three branches of the trigeminal pair of cranials (V) enable feeling (sensation) in the _____. a) ophthalmic area of the face b) maxillary region of the face c) mandibular region d) all of the above e) none of the above

The upshot of the Crick dogma was to place ____ completely out of reach of _____. a) genetics, environmental influences b) genetically determined nature, nurture c) DNA, influence by proteins d) all of the above e) none of the above

Throughout his illustrious career, the most cited living intellectual, ___ has argued that the human language capacity must be largely innate. a) B. F. Skinner b) J. B. Watson c) Charles E. Morris d) Noam A. Chomsky e) J. Anthony Seikel

To express the underlying meaning of the word "welcome" in the "Welcome to the Science Gallery . . ." message requires _____. a) a unique arrangement of phonemes in sequence b) a particular arrangement of phonetic features c) at least 10 carefully selected words and phrases d) at least one and possibly several sentences e) none of the above is required at all

To get a diagnosis of "epilepsy" the patient must (in theory) be prone to have ____. a) recurrent seizures b) undiagnosed seizures c) seizures of unknown cause d) all of the above e) none of the above

Trace elements are those that account individually for ___ percent of the body's mass and yet are important to physiological functions. a) between 2 to 3 b) only about 1 c) about .5 d) less than .1 e) an infinitesimal

Traditional ___ remains the "go-to" preference for imaging in most hospitals in spite of the known damage to biosignaling systems that are invariably associated with it. a) endoscopy b) MRI c) ultrasonography d) radiology e) none of the above

Until the discovery of _____ and the machines to produce them, the study of anatomy depended largely on the cutting up of cadavers. a) germs b) atoms c) molecules d) X-rays e) all of the above

Voluntary control of actions generally involves ____. a) intention b) consciousness c) free will d) all of the above e) none of the above

Vowels by contrast with consonants constitute the ___ at the level of the syllable. a) vocalic nucleus b) resonant part c) high energy center d) all of the above e) none of the above

Whereas ___ are many times more likely to kill or cause undesirable conditions and disorders than traumatic collisions, which in turn are many times more likely to harm or kill than disease germs, the least of the threats garners the majority of attention. a) micro-level collisions b) macro-level collisions c) infectious pathogens d) manufactured poisons e) interactions between the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the main domains of current anatomical and physiological areas of genetic studies? ____ is NOT among those being studied. a) Proteomics b) Epigenomics c) Genomics d) Crick's dogma e) None of the above

Which of the following statements, if any, is true concerning all communication disorders without any exceptions? All communication disorders _____. a) ultimately affect bodily persons that clinicians are apt to be called on to treat b) are caused by toxins, traumatic injuries, pathogens, or interactions between them c) involve injuries to the body and are likely to involve more than just one system d) can be described truly by any one or all of the foregoing statements e) cannot be described truly by any of the foregoing statements

___ is (are) a dumping ground for harmful toxins. a) Hair b) Fingernails c) Toenails d) All of the above e) None of the above

____ is among the reasons for the study of communication disorders according to ASHA. a) Getting a liberal education b) Earning a decent living c) Working fewer hours d) Learning how to prevent disorders e) Copying what other clinicians have done

Alkaloids are naturally occurring chemicals rich in ___ that afford many health benefits to humans. a) sulfur b) carbon c) phosphorus d) zinc e) nitrogen

Although the MBS is still widely used for persons who already are having difficulty swallowing, the relevant research plainly shows that the danger of getting even small quantities of the barium containing materials in the ___ can cause iatrogenic outcomes that may end in fatalities. a) larynx b) trachea c) lungs d) liver e) all of the above

Among the potential disorders that are rarely found in neonates but that are often "treated" with a "prophylactic" injected supplement is (are) ____. a) vitamin K deficiency b) phenylketonuria c) phenylalanine deficiency d) Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn e) all of the above

Among the professions that require knowledge of anatomy and physiology in order to deal with the causes and treatments of disorders of communication we find ____. a) speech-language pathology b) audiology c) special education d) nursing and medicine e) all of the above

Among the trace elements that are essential to health and well-being are ___. a) chromium (Cr) b) copper (Cu) c) rubidium (Rb) d) zinc (Zn) e) all of the above

An experimental demonstration that identical genomes can produce very different outcomes depending on the diet of the organism can be seen in the 2008 study of genetically identical ____ where the ones fed a diet high in methyl were healthy and normal while the others were obese and an abnormal color. a) humans b) dogs c) cattle d) horses e) none of the above

And which of the articulators is numbered 8? The ____. a) tongue tip b) glottis c) uvula d) velum e) none of the above

As Dr. Kensinger pointed out, episodic memories incorporate information from ___. a) linguistic concepts b) event sequences c) sensory representations d) motoric memories e) all of the above

At each level of any bit of ordinary articulated discourse, we find ___. a) the same mechanical sequences repeated b) meaningless repetitions of nonsense c) random arrangements of patternless forms d) all of the above e) none of the above

Atoms are important to speech-language pathology because too much of even a very small quantity of ____ can cause neuropathies or genetic disorders all of which trend toward one or more communication disorders or fatalities downstream. a) even necessary trace elements, e.g., iron (Fe) b) mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al), or lead (Pb) c) almost any "heavy" metal d) certain pesticides and industrial toxicants e) any of the above or combinations of them

Disease conditions and disorders of human anatomy and physiology ___ disruptions of biosignaling systems at some level or other. a) never involve any b) rarely involve any c) sometimes involve d) commonly involve one or many e) always involve one or many

During the middle 1800s, "childbed fever" was also called ___ fever. a) smallpox b) scarlet c) Clostridia d) anthrax e) puerperal

During the process of mitosis, the diploid cell becomes ___ before it can finally physically separate itself into 2 complete diploid cells. a) eukaryotic b) prokaryotic c) euploidic d) aneuploidic e) tetraploidic

Endoparasites include ____. a) bacteria b) fungi c) viruses d) flukes e) all of the above

Even human ___ seem to manifest a form of innate linguistic knowledge as argued by Chomsky, Einstein, Peirce, Kant, Leibniz, and others. a) prenates b) neonates c) children d) adults e) all of the above

Even in the delicate tissues of the brain, surgeons have found that pus can be safely washed out with a painless solution of ___. a) saline b) merthiolate c) thimerosal d) iodine e) none of the above

Formerly it was believed that to tense the vocal folds during voice production, the only muscle pair involved not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branches of the Xth cranial pair (the vagus pair) was the ____, but recent research shows this is not true in about 39% of the cases studied. a) mylohyoid b) stylopharyngeus c) thyroarytlenoid d) posterior cricoarytenoid e) cricothyroid pair

From Sperry's award-winning research with split-brain patients it is clear that the ___ is the only component of the entire human nervous system that can control the voluntary movements of any person's articulators. a) amygdala b) hippocampus c) caudate nucleus d) medulla oblongata e) none of the above

From the stomach, food enters the small intestine through the ___. a) pancreas b) spleen c) colon d) liver e) duodenum

Given that babies naturally rely on the simplest possible ____, it was natural that geneticists would follow the same sort of route to deciphering the "genetic code". a) semantic concepts b) prosodic forms c) syntactic combinations d) phonological combinations e) pragmatic mappings

Historically, the "sciences" of the human body and its functions have traditionally been grounded, and to a great extent still are grounded, in the study of ____. a) microscopic organisms b) living insects and animals c) physical atoms and molecules d) the decaying remains of plants e) the dead bodies of humans

If a person has no knowledge of English it will ___ for that same person to produce fluent paraphrases or translations of connected fluent speech in English. a) nonetheless be very easy b) require a little effort c) be somewhat difficult d) therefore be very difficult e) be virtually impossible

IgE can be thought of mnemonically as the ___ immunoglobulin. a) anti-association b) elite c) martial d) general e) dispatcher

In cases of the disorder known as nystagmus, ____ movements of the eyes occur more or less constantly and are not subject to _____. a) smooth pursuit, volition b) volitional, the pupillary reflex c) voluntary, free will d) free will, the brain e) saccadic, volition

In cases where chromosomes are misread or mate up in ways that result in too many or too few chromosomes in the offspring, the physiological result is referred to as _____. a) ploidy b) diploidy c) tetraploidy d) haploidy e) aneuploidy

In the "welcome message" of the "Max Planck Science Gallery" voicing is a constituent part of ____ percent of all the phonetic segments in the whole sentence. a) less than 10 b) about 20 c) about 40 d) about 60 e) more than 80

In the architecture of the human ear there are many design features that ___ impedance. a) increase b) enhance c) measure d) produce e) reduce

In the famous case of California's Judge Patrick Couwenberg the mythomania reached the point where he himself did not seem to know that he had not actually ____. a) won a purple heart for service in Viet Nam b) earned a masters degree in psychology c) performed covert actions for the CIA d) been wounded by shrapnel in his groin e) done any of the above

In the figure nearest above this question the cavity numbered with Roman numeral (ii) is the ___. a) oral cavity b) laryngeal cavity c) frontal sinus d) pharyngeal cavity e) nasal cavity

In the figure nearest above this question, at number 1 we find the ____. a) glottis b) velum c) uvula d) tongue tip e) none of the above

In the real world, the closest thing to "dead air" (immobile gas atoms) would be found in the ___. a) oxygen attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells b) carbon-dioxide expelled from the lungs c) trachea of a cadaver in an anatomy lab d) all of the above e) none of the above

It is now well established in the research literature that many of the factors known to cause ____ are also associated with the clinical diagnosis of autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, and related conditions. a) neurological conditions b) neruopathologies c) various gut disease conditions d) mitochondrial disorder e) all of the above

Mandelbrot's mathematical discovery of "fractal geometry" has turned out to be of interest to anatomists seeking to explain the genetic programs underlying _____. a) branching and replicating systems in anatomy b) replicating systems and reproducing organisms c) branching in the lungs, blood vessels, & nerves d) the construction of systems within systems e) all of the above

Mitochondrial DNA molecules ____. a) consist of about 16,600 base-pairs b) are vastly smaller than nuclear DNA c) come only from a person's mother d) are found in energy producing organelles e) all of the above

Normally developed human neonates on their first day of postnatal life typically respond differentially to ___. a) human voices b) male and female voices c) mom's voice d) dad's voice e) all of the above

Of the following elements which is known to be carcinogenic? ____. a) Arsenic (As) b) Chromium (Cr) c) Cadmium (Cd) d) Nickle (Ni) e) All of the above

Oliver Sacks argued a few years before his death that concerning the brain the current knowledge in the sciences is ____. a) already essentially complete b) on its way to becoming complete c) somewhere in the middle of becoming completed d) a little past the beginning but not to the middle yet e) just at the beginning with completion way off in the future

On the average, a complete cycle of a red blood cell circulating through the body and back to the lungs for the exchange of carbon-dioxide for oxygen requires about ____ seconds. a) 10 b) 20 c) 30 d) 40 e) 60

One of Roger Sperry's contributions to the study of neurophysiology was to challenge materialistic behaviorism by restoring ____ to a causal role in the human brain. a) free will b) volition c) intentions d) deliberate effort e) all of the above

One of the mysteries of the case of Clive Wearing is his own realization that ____ although he can only know about it in a present-tense way, when he is actually experiencing whatever may be happening at that particular moment in time. a) he can still conduct music b) he does not know his wife c) things are terribly wrong d) he can play the piano e) all of the above

Pasteur quoted Jules Michelet who expressed the Darwinian theory that something like a drop of sea water, given enough time, could spontaneously produce ___ a) microbes b) insects c) apes d) human beings e) all of the above

Prenatal senses of smell, touch, and taste are already evident in observable behaviors as early as the ___ week of gestation (S. Campbell, 2004, p. 68). a) 3rd b) 5th c) 7th d) 9th e) 11th

Seikel et al., (2016) are explicit in showing that they regard articulation as ____. a) volitional b) intentional c) deliberate d) all of the above e) none of the above

Supposing a person does not know a single word of Mandarin Chinese, the language testing research shows that it will be ___ for that person to repeat a fluent stream of speech in that language. a) very easy b) pretty easy c) not very difficult d) somewhat difficult e) close to impossible

The DNA molecule is about ____ times longer than it is wide. a) 10 b) 100 c) 1000 d) 10,000 e) 1,500,000,000

The McGurk effect at the phoneme/syllable level shows that ___. a) hearing outranks seeing b) sensory signs outrank linguistic ones c) motoric signs outrank linguistic signs d) the sense of taste outranks smell e) the visual system outranks hearing

The Science Gallery "welcome message" is analyzed with the assistance of _____. a) fMRI b) X-ray technology c) a CAT scan d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ___ could correctly be described as cochlear-shaped tube, contained within the middle shell or duct (also a tube), sandwiched between two other similarly shaped but larger tubes, all contained with the cochlea (a cochlear-shaped tube). a) scala vestibuli b) scala tympani c) scala media d) ductus cochlearis e) organ of Corti

The ___ immune component provides a kind of "zero-order" background for all the rest. a) complement cascade b) "general" c) "specific" d) prenatal e) microbiome

The ___ of the cranials enable outward movement of the eyes away from the nose in the horizontal plane. a) optic pair II b) oculomotor pair III c) trochlear pair IV d) trigeminal pair V e) abducens pair VI

The ____ contains the heart, thymus, and lungs. a) cranium b) upper abdomen c) lower abdomen d) all of the above e) none of the above

The ____ glands contain the anti-association immunoglobulin (antibodies) designated as IgA. a) parotid salivary b) sublingual salivary c) submandibular salivary d) lacrimal e) all of the above

The arrangements of sounds or other linguistic segments into an ordinary meaningful articulated arrangement requires attention to _____. a) phonetic features and segments b) syllables and words c) abstract meanings d) referential meanings e) all of the above

The atomic elements used in building 99% of the weight of the mature human body include ____ of those found in the Periodic Table. a) 100% b) more than 70% c) about 50% d) exactly 25% e) less than 10%

The biggest of the leukocytes that engulf and destroy invaders or debris in the body are the ___. a) phagocytes b) dendritic cells c) neutrophils d) eosinophils e) none of the above

The bony structure that can be punctured by a naso-gastric tube insertion is the _____. a) vomer b) mandible c) lacrimal d) ethmoid e) none of the above

The case of Karen Burns, and in particular her alien hand syndrome, reveals the critical role played by the _____. a) decussation of the pyramids b) left hemisphere c) amygdala d) hippocampus e) none of the above

The chromatids that engage in synapsis are anatomically (structurally) ____. a) homologous b) from opposite sex parents c) paired up based on structural similarities d) not sister chromatids (non-identical) e) all of the above

The condition of Jean-Dominique Bauby known as "locked-in syndrome" must have been caused by near complete inactivation of his ____. a) dominant hemisphere b) subordinate hemisphere c) corpus callosum d) somatosensory strips e) descending pyramidals

The fact that living microbes, much less maggots or mice, do not come into existence from inert matter was demonstrated by ____. a) Charles Darwin b) Carl Edvard Marius Levy c) Sir Francis Galton d) Joseph Lister e) none of the above

The false theory that the prenatal human must go through various animal stages before birth has been used as "justification" for the ____. a) goals of Planned Parenthood to reduce world population b) American eugenics movement including forced sterilization c) Nazi eugenics and euthanasia programs of the WW II era d) present-day "lethal" medical research with aborted babies e) all of the above

The first codon of the "genetic code" to be deciphered was pragmatically mapped to ____. a) valine b) threonine c) tryptophan d) methionine e) phenylalanine

The fluid transport systems of the body do NOT include the ___. a) blood vessels b) valves c) lymph ducts d) heart e) cartilage

The four types of bodily tissues do not include the ___ tissues as a major kind. a) connective b) muscle c) nervous d) epithelial e) lymphatic

The functions attributed to RBCs exclude(s) ___. a) transporting water b) attacking pathogens c) carrying off urea d) producing hemocyanins e) none of the above

The gall bladder stores bile from the ____. a) stomach b) kidneys c) pancreas d) all of the above e) none of the above

The gases breathed or liquids consumed by mom that CANNOT cross the placental barrier include ___. a) nicotine b) Tylenol c) aluminum, lead, and mercury d) zinc e) none of the above

The genioglossus muscles (left and right side) of the tongue must be innervated by the ____. a) facial nerves cranial pair VII b) vestibulocochlear nerves cranial pair VIII c) glossopharyngeal nerves cranial pair IX d) vagus nerves cranial pair X e) hypoglossal nerves cranial pair XII

The hidden lobes of the cerebrum that some have thought to be the "seat of consciousness" are referred to as the _____ lobes. a) frontal b) temporal c) parietal d) occipital e) none of the above

The idea that the "gene pool" of the human race can be cleansed by killing off persons with anatomical or physiological disabilities/disorders was ____. a) called "eugenics" and advocated by the American Margaret Sanger b) implicit in the racist theory commonly referred to as "social Darwinism" c) applied in sterilization programs in the United States of America d) practiced before and during the second world war by Adolf Hitler e) all of the above

The interest in the body's microbiota from the vantage-point of SLPs and Auds is because of their impact especially on the ___ systems a) highest sign b) neurological c) linguistic d) MRD e) all of the above

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve pair does NOT provide motor innervation to the ___ muscles. a) digastric b) mylohyoid c) tensor tympani d) tensor veli palatine e) sternocleidomastoid

The mapping of the somatic (bodily) sensory and motor strips of the brain was mainly done in search of damaged brain tissue believed to be causing _____. a) hallucinations b) narcolepsy c) Alzheimer's d) Parkinson's disease e) none of the above

The nitrogenous bases used in constructing DNA consist of ____. a) cytosine b) thymine c) guanine d) adenine e) all of the above

The non-volitional systems of human anatomy include _____ of the body. a) the visceral and enteric systems b) the muscle systems under autonomic control c) those systems responsible for reflexes d) the lowest ranking biosignaling systems e) all the above

The normally developing unborn human child can ___ at least by the end of the first trimester. a) rub its eyes b) ball its fists c) leap and turn d) suck its thumb e) do all of the above

The pair of cranial nerves chiefly responsible for smell is pair number ____. a) V b) IV c) III d) II e) I

The pair of cranial nerves involved in voluntary control over breathing and in the production of voicing is number ___. a) V, the trigeminal pair b) VI, the abducens pair c) VII, the facial pair d) VIII, the vestibulocochlear pair e) X, the vagus pair

The phrase "lethal medical research" includes now or has included in the past ____. a) pre-birth and late-term abortions as well as post-birth infanticide b) experimental surgeries and involuntary sterilization programs c) extermination of the chronically ill or "unrehabilitable" individuals d) government termination of lives judged "not worthy to be lived" e) all of the above

The phrase "over-the-counter" when applied to pharmaceutical products means ____. a) prescribed by a licensed MD b) administered only in hospitals c) available at pharmacies by prescription d) one of the salicylate drugs like aspirin e) none of the above

The point of the Carson "riff" about how something as simple as raising your hand in response to a question is neurologically ___. a) quite automatic b) incredibly simple c) undertood fully d) all of the above e) none of the above

The primary reason for the study of human anatomy and physiology by future speechlanguage pathologists is to ___. a) gain fascinating knowledge b) justify certification later on c) prepare for other courses d) understand how disorders are related e) be able to treat and prevent disorders

The principal chewing muscles include the ___ muscles. a) temporalis b) masseter c) lateral pterygoid d) medial pterygoid e) all of the above

The problem of vowel articulation is made more challenging by the fact that the target vowel in the stream of speech lasts, on the average, based on a frame by frame count of the rtMRI of the "Welcome Message", only a little more than ___ hundredths of a second. a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7 e) 8

The resonating cavities do NOT include the ___. a) sinuses b) nasal cavity c) oral cavity d) pharynx and larynx e) ventricles

The safety of genetically modified organisms and crops as well as the pesticides and herbicides used to treat them is guaranteed by the ____. a) Food and Drug Administration b) Environmental Protection Agency c) Monsanto Company d) US Department of Agriculture e) none of the above

The scientist who discovered X-rays _____. a) called them that because they were "unknowns" b) believed he had discovered a new kind of radiant energy c) in 1901 was awarded the first ever Nobel Prize in Physics d) helped to expand human anatomy beyond cadaver science e) was responsible for all of the above factoids

The study of the articulation of ordinary (meaningful) uses of speech sequences logically must exclude ___. a) phonology and phonotactics (the syntax of sounds and their parts) b) morphology (the internal syntax of words and their meaningful parts) c) syntax (the internal structure of phrases, clauses, and higher units) d) semantics and pragmatics (the abstract and concrete aspects of meaning) e) none of the above

The term "___" nerve means "feeding information directly to and from the inside of the skull". a) sacral b) spinal c) optical d) auditory e) cranial

The term "naso-gastric" suggests a connector running from the _____ to the _____ by also passing through the _____. a) nose, lungs, esophagus b) nose, stomach, trachea c) mouth, lungs, trachea d) mouth, stomach, esophagus e) none of the above

The three main parts of the human brain exclude only the ____. a) cerebrum b) brain stem c) inner brain d) all of the above e) none of the above

The type of receptor specialized for painful phenomena is referred to by the term ___. a) proprioceptor b) photoreceptor c) chemoreceptor d) mechanoreceptor e) nociceptor

The volitional motor functions of the body, including speech, facial expressions, voice control, gestures, walking, running, etc., come under the control of _____ systems of the brain. a) autonomic b) extrapyramidal c) stellate cell d) all of the above e) none of the above

The vomernasal complex logically embraces the chemical senses of ___. a) touch b) vision c) hearing d) all of the above e) none of the above

Tobacco companies denied for decades that smoking causes such anatomical and/or physiological dysfunctions as ____. a) lung cancer b) emphysema c) heart disease d) birth defects e) any of the above

Today, everything that is known about living systems and their organization is understood to depend on ____ systems expressed ultimately in dynamic relations between physical atoms and certain exceedingly complex molecules. a) biosignaling b) biosemiotic c) language-like d) meaningful sign e) all of the above

When a dramatic recovery seems to occur after what appeared to be a major illness or disease, the relatively sudden improvement can probably be attributed to what is known as the ___ component of the "human immune system". a) innate b) adaptive c) general d) specific e) complement cascade

Whether the neurotoxic vapors breathed and absorbed in Pasteur's experiments caused his early death is not known, but such exposures are causally linked to disorders such as _____. a) emotional and mental stress b) heart arrythmia c) cardiovascular disease d) strokes and dementias e) all of the above

Which of the following atoms are NOT among the top six chemicals found in human anatomy? ____. a) oxygen (O) b) carbon (C), hydrogen (H) c) nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), d) phosphorus (P) e) all of these are in the top six

Which of the following elements is genotoxic? ____. a) Arsenic (As) b) Chromium (Cr) c) Cadmium (Cd) d) Nickle (Ni) e) All of the above

Which of the following is NOT among the manifest modalities of language expression. Any instance of ____ is NOT among those modalities. a) manual signing b) reading aloud c) writing (typing, or texting) d) verbal thought (or speech) e) the auditory reflex

Which of the following is not a major glandular organ in the human anatomy? The ____ is not a major glandular organ. a) liver b) stomach c) pancreas d) kidney e) diaphragm

___ can result from or be the cause of a seizure. a) Oxygen deprivation b) Hypoxia c) Choking d) Cardiovascular failure e) All of the above

___ prove a true claim that applies to all possible contexts of experience. a) Just one clear and valid experiment is sufficient to b) An infinite number of failed experiments can c) At least three valid experiments are needed to d) All of the above choices show how to e) Only a strictly true mathematical argument can

___ were discussed by Paul Erlich in his 1878 dissertation, so he is credited as their discoveror. a) Mastzellen b) Mastocytes c) Mast cells d) Sentinel cells e) All of the above

____ are among the known causal factors producing communication disorders. a) Toxic injuries b) Radiation from the sun, and/or from electromagnetic forces, etc. c) Cuts, scrapes, and blunt force injuries d) Disease agents e) All of the above plus the interactions between them

____ valid proof(s) of the accessibility of propositional (thoroughly abstract) meanings are possible for any well-formed sentence in any natural language. a) Not a single b) Exactly one c) About three d) At least a thousand e) In principle, an infinity of

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