Cog. Ch 2

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Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that

the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure.

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?

Receptors

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

What does the principal of neural representation state?

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.

Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?

It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. All of these are correct. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons?

One sends information and the other receives information.

Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?

The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.

Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties?

a web

Action potentials occur in the

axon

Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?

brain

The key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, dendrites, and axons.

neuron

cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system

experience-dependent plasticity

characteristic of the brain in which its structure is changed by experience

distributed representation

characteristic of the brain in which looking at a face activates many areas

neurotransmitter

chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials

Broca's aphasia

condition caused by frontal lobe damage that is characterized by slow, labored, ungrammatical speech

prosopagnosia

condition caused by temporal lobe damage that is characterized by an inability to recognize faces

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed representation.

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the

firing rate of the action potentials.

neural circuit

group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for processing

neural network

group of structures that are connected together

localization of function

idea that specific areas of the brain are responsible for specific operations

cortical equipotentiality

idea that the brain operates as an indivisible whole

action potential

impulse responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons

nerve net

network of continuously interconnected neuron fibers

default mode network (DMN)

network of structures that respond when a person is not involved in specific tasks

hierarchical processing

neural movement that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain

population coding

neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of many neurons

feature detectors

neurons that respond to specific stimuli such as orientation, movement, and length

Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon?

neurotransmitters

cerebral cortex

outer layer of the brain that contains the mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence.

double dissociation

process by which it is determined that different functions are served by different mechanisms

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

region in the brain containing neurons selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes

fusiform face area (FFA)

region in the brain responsible for recognizing human features

Broca's area

region in the frontal lobe associated with the production of language

extrastriate body area (EBA)

region in the temporal cortex activated by pictures of the human form, not by faces

Wernicke's area

region in the temporal lobe associated with understanding language

voxel

small cube-shaped area in the brain used in analyzing data from brain scanning experiments

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.

sparse

receptor

specialized neural structure that responds to environmental stimuli, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli

connectome

structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain

dendrite

structure that branches out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons

brain imaging

technique that creates pictures of neural structures

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity


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