cog psy quiz 4

Which of the following statements is correct? a.Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea. b.Central vision is everything off to the side. c.Peripheral vision is the area you are looking at. d.Everything to the right is outside your vision.

A

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component? a.The dictionary unit b.The filter c.The attenuator d.The "leaky" filter

A

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a.the color and the name differed. b.the shape and the name matched. c.the color and the name matched. d.the shape and the name differed.

A

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage. a.letter analysis b.preattentive c.feature analysis d.focused attention

B

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a.could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. b.could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. c.could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. d.could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.

C

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words. a.size b.color c.meaning d.font

C

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness. a.endogenous b.exogenous c.change d.covert

C

Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following? a.the synchronization stage of the executive attention network b.the detector of Broadbent's filter model c.the focused attention stage of feature integration theory d.the dictionary unit of Treisman's attenuation model

/A

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing? a.The use of few cognitive resources b.Tasks that are well-practiced c.Close attention d.Ease in performing parallel tasks

/A

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road? a.When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic. b.When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate. c.When the person has to drive to work early in the morning. d.When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage.

B

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a.when processing was done verbally. b.when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. c.when processing was more controlled d.once processing had become automatic.

D

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called a.filtering. b.sensory memory. c.detection. d.cocktail party effect.

D

Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output? a.MacKay's dictionary unit b.Treisman's filter c.Broadbent's detector d.Treisman's attenuator

D

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task. a.low-load b.attenuated c.filtered d.high-load

A

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important? a.binding b.schema c.precueing d.salience

B

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a.Spotlight b.Object-based c.Late selection d.Early selection

/A

__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. a.Assimilation b.Binding c.Equilibration d.Integration

/AD

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT a.practice. b.the type of processing being used. c.task cueing. d.the difficulty of the tasks.

C

Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT a.how sequences of words create meaningful phrases. b.whether the message is fast or slow. c.how the message groups into syllables or words. d.whether the perceptual load is low or high.

/B

How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity? a.Perceptual load is genetic and processing capacity is learned. b.Perceptual load is sensory and processing capacity is cognitive. c.Perceptual load is static and processing capacity is variable. d.Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.

/B

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception? a.warping b.filtration c.accuracy d.enhancement

/BA

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on a.physical characteristics. b.meaning. c.higher order characteristics. d.modality.

/C

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________. a.fixation b.stimulus salience c.overt attention d.saccadic eye movement

/D

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of a.the cocktail party phenomenon. b.an object-based attentional failure. c.mind wandering. d.the late-selection model of attention.

/D

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as a.detector listening. b.shadowing. c.dichotic listening. d.filter model attention.

/DB

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a.it takes a strong signal to cause activation. b.no signals cause activation. c.all signals cause activation. d.weak signals can cause activation.

A

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________. a.salience; fixation; increase b.warping; salience; decrease c.sampling; warping; decrease d.schema; sampling; increase

A

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following? a.binding b.synchronizing c.scanning d.sampling

A

Scene schema is a.knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene. b.rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. c.short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. d.how attention is distributed throughout a static scene.

A

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called a.high-load detraction. b.location-based potentiation. c.divided attention. d.same-object advantage.

A

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible? a.Inattentional blindness b.Change blindness c.Binding d.Illusory conjunctions

A

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a.Dictionary unit b.Stroop experiments c.Precueing d.Late selection

A

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________. a.proximity b.binding c.contiguity d.accommodation

B

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective. a.distraction; selective attention b.divided attention; distraction c.selective attention; divided attention d.attentional capture; divided attention

B

Saccadic eye movement is a ______________. a.shifting of attention from one place to another by moving the eyes b.reaction to physical properties of stimulus c.rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next d.brief pause on another person's face

B

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a.direction. b.meaning. c.language. d.physical characteristics.

B

The Stroop effect occurs when participants a.try to select some incoming information based on meaning. b.try to name colors and ignore words. c.are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. d.are told to shadow two messages simultaneously.

B

The cocktail party effect is a.the equal division of attention between competing stimuli. b.the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli. c.the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. d.the inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli.

B

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention. a.overt b.dichotic c.divided d.covert

B

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas. a.high-load b.high-saliency c.low-saliency d.low-load

B

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a.Early selection b.Dichotic listening c.Filtering d.Channeling

B

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that a.the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. b.the public perception that using a cell phone while driving poses a significant risk to drivers' safety is, in fact, incorrect. c.the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone. d.the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand.

C

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that a.is familiar. b.carries meaning for the observer. c.fits with the observer's interests. d.has high stimulus salience.

D

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a.The word "home" b.The word "money" c.Their child's first name d.The word "platypus"

D

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because a.the attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all information that enters it. b.sensory memory holds all of the information for fraction of second and then transfers all of it to filter. c.the output is sent to short-term memory, which holds the information for 10-15 seconds and also transfer the information to long-term memory. d.the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

D

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements a.are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. b.continually scan all objects and areas of the scene. c.usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second. d.are determined primarily by the task.

D

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object? a.Change blindness b.Change detection c.Illusory conjunctions d.Binding

D