Cog Psych Chapter 5 Review

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory.

semantic

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ________ memory.

short term

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short term memory

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus.

sound

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

the STM recency effect

One function of ____ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about a fraction of a second.

The word-length effect reveals that

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified?

labeling familiar objects

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

manipulated

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another.

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

meaningful units

Neural ________ refers to a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI, to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking

mind reading

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying

perseveration

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision.

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory.

poor short term

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory

prefrontal cortex

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

1492 911 1776

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the

prefrontal cortex

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less

The "magic number," according to Miller, is

7 plus or minus 2

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3

80%: 40%: 30% correct

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display.

82

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as

C

If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics.

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following?

It interferes with semantic coding

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember

a list of long words than a list of short words.

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

a smaller response set

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression.

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

articulatory suppression.

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM

control

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.

decay; interference

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called

proactive interference

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

proactive interference.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that while remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Lamar's experience demonstrates

retroactive interference.

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND

saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information