Cog Psych Exam 2

You are presented with the following questions: (1) Is KITTEN in all capital letters?(2) Does KITTEN rhyme with MOOSE?(3) Is KITTEN a type of animal? Which question would you most likely remember?

3

How many unique conditions did Bahrick et al.'s (1993) study use to measure retention based on the spacing effect?

6

According to Miller's Magic Number, the capacity of short-term memory is approximately

7 chunks.

While completing a memory recall test, you accidentally retrieve the same word twice. Which sin of memory has occurred?

Absentmindedness

Grant et al. (1998) conducted a study to understand how students' study conditions affects their performance during a test. Participants encoded and retrieved a list of words either with background noise or in quiet. To test retrieval performance, they used a short-answer test and a multiple-choice test. Which of the following is true?

Across both tests, retrieval was higher when the environment matched at encoding.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding how memory works?

All incoming information will be retained with little effort.

For which type of amnesia can individuals also experience issues with their implicit memory?

Alzheimer's disease

In which of these situations would automatic processing most likely take over?

An experienced skier begins a route she has skied five times before.

According to the Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968), which cognitive process occurs between sensory and short-term memory, allowing us to temporarily hold onto information for further processing?

Attention

In what way are the bizarreness effect and the picture superiority effect related?

Because pictures are generally more distinctive from one another than words are, we tend to remember pictures better.

Why do some memory researchers try to implant false memories in research subjects?

By inducing memory errors in a laboratory, they hope to learn how to avoid memory errors in real life.

The component of working memory (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974, 2000) that is assigned the "manager" role is the

Central executive

Which of the following effects is NOT supporting evidence for the Phonological Loop component of the Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)?

Chunking

Which of the following measures the capacity of STM by asking participants to recall a series of letters that varied in their length?

Digit span

According to Levels of Processing (for memory), we will see the best recall for "word" when asked which of the following?

Does it fit into the question: "Is there a minimum ______ requirement?"

Which of the following is the least invasive way to measure the brain's electrical activity?

EEG

We have already discussed several different tests of memory: digit span, free recall, standard recognition, rhyming recognition, and now the DRM procedure. How does this DRM procedure differ from many of the others we have discussed?

Each set of words are semantically related.

Godden and Baddeley (1975) conducted an experiment in which participants encoded and retrieved a list of words either on land or under water. Performance was highest in which condition?

Encoding and retrieving on land.

We discussed many ways to improve our memories! Which of those methods/effects are now used in a cognitive interview to reduce the likelihood of creating false memories?

Encoding specificity

Dr. Doan refers to this component of the Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) as an afterthought because it was added afterwards to the model but is not as clearly defined or studied/understood.

Episodic buffer

Which kind of long-term memories involve some kind of mental time travel?

Episodic memories

Which of the following types of test questions would best enhance memory according to the generation effect?

Essay

You are a juror in a criminal trial. Based on what you have read in this chapter, which of these statements about eyewitness testimony is most accurate?

Eyewitness testimony is most believable if authorities have taken steps to avoid inducing memory errors in witnesses.

In an episode of the TV show I Love Lucy, the Ricardos are on a flight from Europe to U.S. and Lucy pretends a block of cheese is her baby. A lady was interested in her baby and offered some formula so the "baby" could eat. Lucy ended up hiding (and eating) the cheese, causing the lady to yell "The baby is missing!" She told authorities she heard the baby burp and saw his face! This lady created what kind of memory?

False

You are studying for a test, and you want to make sure the ideas and concepts that you are encoding "stick" in your long-term memory. Which piece of advice will help you the most?

Focus on meaning.

Which of the following was a word you were asked to remember and later recall when demonstrating the primacy effect?

Fountain

Ricky had a seizure that caused him to temporarily suffer from retrograde amnesia. Which of the following is true?

He lost memories of his own previous experiences.

Which of the following is an example of synethesia?

Hearing words like "a" tastes like bacon.

The Modal Model of Memory put forth by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) is consistent with which modern approach to Cognition?

Information Processing

What criticism have some experts made of the DRM procedure?

It does not accurately reflect the complexities of real-life situations.

Which of the following is the most accepted view of mental imagery?

Kosslyn's spatial view

Aristotle suggested that a human's memory is like a message carved into wax. What did he mean by this?

Like messages on a heated wax tablet, our memories can change, blur, or disappear.

Your professor has asked you to create a study in which people remember as many random letters as possible. Based on your knowledge of the phonological loop, which of these actions should you take to help ensure success?

Make sure that as many letters as possible have distinct sounds (A, L, Q, and so on).

What is the cognitive process in which we retain, retrieve, and use information after that information is no longer present?

Memory

You and your friends are playing the "Grocery List" game. The first person starts by saying "I went to the store and bought..." and each subsequent person adds an item to the end of the sentence. The goal is to remember all of the items in the correct order. Which of the following strategies would give you the best chance to win?

Method of loci

In order to learn the circumstances surrounding a car accident, which of the following sins of memory would we be MOST concerned with?

Misattribution

In what important way do modern brain studies differ from the studies performed in the early days of cognitive neuroscience?

Modern studies allow researchers to examine brain activity in research subjects who have no problems with memory, speech, or learning.

You participate in a research study, and the researchers ask you to study and remember a list of 10 bizarre sentences. Are you likely to do better on this task than you would if you had to recall a list of 10 ordinary sentences? Why or why not?

No. If all the ideas are bizarre, then none of them stand out.

When trying to remember the items on your grocery list, you group the items based on where they are located in the store (e.g., freezer items, produce, etc). Which method of encoding are you utilizing to improve your memory?

Organizing to-be-remembered information

Based on what you have learned, which of the following statements regarding mental imagery is NOT true?

Our episodic memories from the past are improved when we use imagery to remember those experiences.

Which type of attention is outwardly observable?

Overt

In the lectures, we did one trial of the recall test similar to how the participants of Peterson and Peterson's (1959) had completed the task. The letters from that example were:

PJW

According to Gestalt psychologists, which of these organizing principles do people use as they perceive the world?

People group similar objects

The DRM procedure (Deese, 1950; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) involves presenting participants with a list of themed words that they are later asked to recall. While not the main goal in their study, which of the following effects did their findings replicate in the recall condition?

Primacy and recency effects

The book Make It Stick discusses a method called interleaving for which we switch the topic/content of our study sessions; for example, spending 20 minutes studying Cognitive Psychology and then 20 minutes studying Chemistry. This is likely to reduce which of the following?

Primacy effect

Dr. Doan showed you a picture of an office in one of the lecture videos. Based on your schema for office, you could probably identify many items that were in my office/the picture. In doing so, you may falsely recall which of the following items?

Printer

Based on what we know about the imagery effect, we would expect the best memory on which of the following statements?

Put your thinking cap on.

Roediger and Karpicke's (2006) experiment on the testing effect involved two independent variables: (1) their relearning task (recall test, reread) and (2) the delay (5 mins, 2 days, 1 week). Results for the rereading condition most closely resemble the results for which of the following effects? (Hint: how did performance change based on the delay?)

Recency effect

______ amnesia is to the events before the damage as ______ amnesia is to events after the damage.

Retrograde; anterograde

One criterion for the Reflection assignments in this course is that you have related the information to yourself and your experiences/knowledge. Which of the following is Dr. Doan hoping occurs based on this criterion?

Self-reference effect

______ processing is to questions about typeface as ______ processing is to questions about sentence completion.

Shallow; deep

Which of the following is the most invasive measure of electrical activity in the brain?

Single-cell recording

We discussed three effects which involve some interaction of encoding and retrieval. Which of these effects should you least rely on?

State-dependent learning

You and your friend, Thomas, are studying together. If he suggests using the Pomodoro technique, which of the following could he be suggesting?

Study for 30 minutes, then take a break for 10 minutes.

Kelsey is completing courses online while staying home with her three kids. She always studies in loud environments while drinking coffee (did I mention three kids??). To improve her performance on an essay test, Kelsey should do which of the following?

Teach her kids what she is learning.

After Wearing's brain injury, he could still play the piano, but he could no longer remember his surroundings for more than a minute or so. How would a scientist describe this situation?

The injury affected his episodic memory, but his procedural memory remained intact.

Based on the bizarreness method, which of the following would be the most memorable?

The maid licked the ammonia off the table

Tolman (1930) placed rats in a maze who learned to navigate through a maze and get to a Food Box with food. When placed in a new arm of the maze, these rats were able to navigate correctly back to the same Food Box location (rather than engaging in the same exact behaviors). Which of the following is the best description for the cognitive map Tolman proposes these rats form?

The rats created a mental representation of the maze and could adjust to get to the Food Box.

During their first semester (or year) of college, many students have trouble transitioning to student life. By their second year, they are better adjusted. In terms of Cognitive Psychology concepts, which of the following could explain this?

They have formed scripts and schema for attending class, living in a dorm, studying, and so on.

Why are Bartlett's 1932 studies important?

They prove that people tend to fill in forgotten information with their own experiences without realizing it, which can affect their view of people in other groups.

__________ processing refers to our use of context and previous experiences when interpreting our sensations.

Top-down

Earlier in the course, we discussed Garner and Clement's (1963) study on the "goodness" that 5-dot patterns have. Participants rated these patterns as "good" based on how they mentally rotated the objects. Which component of the Working Memory Model (Baddeley& Hitch, 1974) do participants use to complete these rotations and reflections?

Visuospatial sketchpad

Shepard and Metzler's (1971) study showed that we DO create a mental object in our mind and can mentally rotate that object, providing support for which component of the Working Memory Model (Baddley & Hitch, 1974, 2000)?

Visuospatial sketchpad

Patients diagnosed with _____________ are not straining to find words, but rather they produce words that are meaningless. They generate language that is grammatical but incoherent because they are struggling to understand language

Wernicke's aphasia

This part of the working memory model is primarily concerned with speech production.

What is the articulatory rehearsal process?

this is the part of a neuron that sends information to other neurons

What is the axon?

This chapter contains a section called "The Reconstructive Nature of Memory." What does that phrase mean?

When something happens to us, we encode the experience into different senses and store those sense memories in different parts of the brain.

Which of the following would be most likely to result in the highest rates of recall?

a series of pictures

Roediger and Karpicke's (2006) experiment on the testing effect involved two independent variables: (1) their relearning task (recall test, reread) and (2) the delay (5 mins, 2 days, 1 week). With respect to the participants who completed a recall test to relearn, results indicated

a significant advantage as the delay increases.

Roediger and Karpicke's (2006) experiment on the testing effect involved two independent variables: (1) their relearning task (recall test, reread) and (2) the delay (5 mins, 2 days, 1 week). Regardless of the relearning condition, results indicated

a significant decrease in performance as the delay increases.

Roediger and Karpicke's (2006) experiment on the testing effect involved two independent variables: (1) their relearning task (recall test, reread) and (2) the delay (5 mins, 2 days, 1 week). With respect to the participants who reread the passage, results indicated

a slight advantage when there is little delay.

Results from a study conducted by Warrington and Weiskrantz (1970) showed that the performance of amnesics (when compared to "normal" adults) was worse on explicit memory tasks but about the same on implicit memory tasks. From this, we conclude that

amnesics struggle with memory retrieval

One reason that spacing out your studying is best is that you ______.

are increasing the number of retrieval cues

Which of these helps humans keep information in short-term memory?

attention

When testing the spacing effect, Bahrick and colleagues (1993) randomly assigned participants to have a retention interval (or delay between sessions) of 14, 28, and 56 days. Their results indicated that increasing the retention interval (e.g., from 14 to 28) results in

better recall.

Similar to mirror neurons, single-cell recording supports that we have imagery neurons specialized in processing

both perceiving and imagining a stimulus.

When the features of individual letters are combined to identify each letter, and then the letters are combined to identify a word, what does this illustrate?

bottom-up processing

The process of visual imagery occurs without relying heavily on ____________ information, whereas the process of perception is reliant on ____________ information.

bottom-up; bottom-up

A study conducted by Vogel et al. (2005) suggests that participants who have high capacity working memory were better at ignoring irrelevant information, suggesting they have a more functional

central executive.

According to the Standard Model of Consolidation, recalling information that happened 10 years ago most relies on the ____________ because this information has already been consolidated in long-term memory.

cerebral cortex

Localization of function in the brain refers to the idea that

certain brain areas process specific information

At 3 years old, Sydney devised a game to play with Mikayla. They played this game again a month later when Mikayla visited. However, Sydney didn't remember the game 5 years later when she was 8 years old. This best illustrates:

childhood amnesia.

Remembering your phone number in sequences such as xxx-xxx-xxxx and your Social Security number in sequences such as xxx-xx-xxxx are examples of ______.

chunking

Social Psychologists and Cognitive Psychologists sometimes work together ("Social Cognition") to understand the role that priming has on our interactions with others. One focus is on how we experience ___________ priming across our life that leads to stereotypes such as "Asians are good at math." and "Women are bad drivers."

conceptual

Our course, PSY 2310, has two pre-requisites: General Psychology (PSY 1010) and Statistics (PSY 1110/2110/equivalent). These pre-requisites could be seen as ____________ because you must have a sufficient understanding of those ideas in order to take this course.

conceptual priming

A neural process by which memories are strengthened and more permanently stored in the brain is ______.

consolidation

The results of Peterson and Peterson's (1959) recall test showed that longer retention intervals (i.e., more counting backward) result in lower percentage recall. This idea that information fades away - in this case from short-term memory - is known as

decay theory.

Imagery is ____________ while perception is ____________.

effortful; automatic

Of the three main processes of memory (encoding, storage, and retrieval), the two processes we have the most control over are

encoding and retrieval

Jodie insists on getting to class two hours before an exam so she has plenty of time to review her notes in the same classroom where she learned the information and will be taking the exam. She must believe in ______.

encoding specificity effects

Study is to ______ as tests are to ______.

encoding; retrieval

Childhood amnesia seems to be specific to ______ memories.

episodic

Dr. Doan can still remember and imagine the day she brought home her dog, Nala. She remembers all the feelings of worry and excitement and how Nala looked (so happy!) when she arrived at her fur-ever home. This is best described as a(n)

episodic memory.

In Warrington and Weiskrantz's (1970) study comparing "control" and amnesic individuals, they used a standard recall test as a measure of

explicit memory

For which of these situations are you most likely to have a mental script?

filling your car up with gasoline

"What is the name of Dr. Doan's dog?" The question above is an example of:

free recall.

According to ___________, we generally prefer to encode information based on some gestalt (and less precise) representation but sometimes use more specific (and more precise) representation.

fuzzy-trace theory

According to Cognitive Psychologists, among the best method to consolidate information before an exam is:

get plenty of rest.

Annah is primarily interested in working with children, but their major requires that they complete a chemistry course. Based ONLY on the self-reference effect, we would expect that Annah

gets a low grade in chemistry.

As illustrated in the screen shot below, one puzzle in the Trivia Murder Party game by Jackbox Games involves memorizing and then recreating a 6x6 pattern of tiles. Dr. Doan knows it's futile to try memorizing 36 unique tiles. She is successful with this puzzle because she

groups the individual tiles into chunks

When testing the spacing effect, Bahrick and colleagues (1993) randomly assigned participants to receive either 13 or 26 relearning sessions. Their results indicated that participants who received 13 relearning sessions _____________ compared to those who received 26 relearning sessions.

had significantly worse performance

After perusing magazines, Perfect and Askew (1994) asked participants to rate a series of ads, some of which were in those magazines while others were completely new. Participants did not remember which ads they had seen before but still rated them __________ ads they had never seen before.

higher than

According to the Standard Model of Consolidation, recalling something that happened to me two hours ago most relies on the ___________ because the information has not yet been consolidated in long-term memory.

hippocampus

Clive Wearing lost his ability to form new memories when encephalitis damaged his

hippocampus.

Peterson and Peterson (1959) used the recall test to test short-term memory. This involved a distractor test that kept participants' attention on different information than what they were asked to recall. This is because they wanted to know

how long information stays in short-term memory on its own.

While attending a birthday dinner with your family, you instinctively use a fork to eat (yummy) cake thanks to your

implicit memory.

While it's not well understood yet, aphantasiacs are individuals who are not able to create a mental image. Some early evidence suggests that these individuals tend to also have prosopagnosia, which involves the

inability to recognize faces.

The reason that switching to a new category improves our short-term memory is that we are reducing any potentia

interference effects

One explanation for the recency effect is that the information

is still in our short-term memory.

Broadbent's Filter Model has been shown to have some shortcomings; however, it is important to our understanding of attentional processes because

it allowed for testable predictions about selective attention.

The primacy effect depends on ______ as the recency effect depends on ______.

long-term memory; short-term memory

Singers in a choir are grouped based on their singing range. Those who sing the bass parts have the lowest pitches, which means the sound waves they emit have

longer wavelengths.

Karl Popper emphasizes the idea of falsification over confirmation of an idea. By Popper's standards, a true scientist

looks for evidence that would refute their own hypotheses.

You just started a new temporary job that you will work only for the summer. While learning new information/procedures, you decide to engage in ________________ because you don't need/want to remember this information 10 years from now.

maintenance rehearsal

The ______ is a memory aid in which a person creates images of to-be-remembered information and pairs them with locations along a familiar route or place.

method of loci

Michael is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, he is presented with pairs of words such as moment-truth and car-house. While taking the test, he would be presented with:

moment-_______

You are conducting an experiment in which participants are shown pictures of gears and asked to imagine the gears moving. Based on what you have learned from this chapter, you would expect that it will take longer for participants to imagine the gears moving when the movements are

more complex.

Kosslyn asked participants to move about mentally on a fictional island that they had studied on a map. He believed that participants would take ______ to mentally travel for ______ distances.

more time; longer

Most of our cognitive processes occur in the _______ of the brain

outer layer (i.e., the cerebral cortex)

You are participating in a study in which you are presented with an array of letters. However, you are asked to report only the top line of five rows (much like an eye exam). This process best illustrates a ______ method.

partial-report

You are attending a conference and want to remember as much of it as possible. Based on what you have read about blocking, which details should you give the most effort because they will likely be the hardest to remember?

people's names and company names during the networking period

Mirror neurons provide some physiological evidence for the connection between

perceptions and known movements

Having a jingle from a commercial stuck in your head all day is an example of ______.

persistence

Many people in the population confuse the words to, too, and two because of the

phonological similarity effect.

Bundles of protein that develop in the space between neurons are called ______

plaques

Studies by Correll and colleagues (2002, 2007) tested whether adults and police officers would respond differently to images (test stimulus) based on two conditions: race and what the person is holding. They predicted and then found that race was a(n) ___________ that influenced decisions about whether to "shoot" the person.

priming stimulus

The reason that switching to a new category improves our short-term memory is that we are reducing the chance of experiencing

proactive interference

When evaluating Peterson and Peterson's (1959) results, Keppel and Underwood (1962) evaluated recall performance based on individual trials. They found that all participants performed better at the start of the task compared to the end, suggesting that the letters in the first few trials were not competing to be in short-term memory. In other words, participants couldn't remember the information on the LATER trials due to

proactive interference.

Remembering how to drive a car is an example of ______ memory.

procedural

According to the Modal Model of Memory, controlled processes are best defined as

processes an organism actively engages in to hold or improve memory.

Our use of tacit knowledge supports the _________ representation of images in our mind.

propositional

A method for empirically determining the duration of short-term memory is

recall test

Chris is at a neighborhood cookout. Which part of his body processes the sound of the grill, the sight and smell of the food, and the warmth of sunlight on his skin?

receptor cells

One of the goals of a marketer is to encourage consumers to purchase a certain product. To do so, they generate advertisements that encourage the benefits of their product that airs frequently while you are watching TV. This is an example of

repetitive priming

For the years you went trick-or-treating as a child, you always got so excited when your neighbor gave you a king-size Snickers! This Halloween, you think about treating yourself to a Snickers (fun-size, because adulthood...boo). This is an example of

repetitive priming.

You spent several days studying for your psychology final exam and are confident you are going to perform well. However, in the middle of taking the exam, you are stuck on a question and find yourself struggling to remember a topic that you are being questioned on. This is most likely a problem with ______.

retrieval

You have been working at a bank for the last four years, but they recently changed systems, and you had to relearn how to perform every task. After a while, you notice that you cannot remember how you used to perform these tasks using the old system. This is an example of ______.

retroactive interference

The ______ is a method of gaining knowledge in a field that relies on observations of phenomena and allows for tests of hypotheses about these phenomena.

scientific method

Your memory for cognitive psychology terms is an example of ______ memory.

semantic

Wickens (1973) used the recall test using sets of words and found that switching categories can reduce interference effects on short-term memory. In other words, performance decreases when the information is more similar because of

semantic coding.

After adopting Nala, Dr. Doan acquired a lot of new information about dogs such as understanding their body language and how fast their heart should beat. This is best described as

semantic memories

Information is coded in short-term memory based on what kind of information it is. For example, remembering the difference between inattentional blindness and change blindness is coded

semantically

Most information in long-term memory is coded

semantically

You are at a professional football game. You look across from your seat and notice the other side of the stadium and all of the people in their seats. You close your eyes, and for a brief second, you see an accurate afterimage of that view in your mind. This is an example of ______.

sensory memory

Very brief memories are to ______ as fairly brief memories are to ______ and as longer-held memories are to ______.

sensory memory; short-term memory; long-term memory

You are about to take an exam, and you spend a few minutes going over your notes. You understand certain topics well, but you are not so sure about others. As soon as the professor hands out the test, you scribble down those few terms you are not very confident about before you forget them. You likely stored these terms in ______.

short-term memory

When you were young, your teachers likely had you write your name, phone number, and address repeatedly to help you remember them. This rehearsal helped get the information from ______ to ______.

short-term memory; long-term memory

Sperling (1960) tested the capacity and duration of sensory memory across three conditions. Performance on the delayed partial report condition was:

similar to the whole report condition.

In Craik and Tulving's (1975) experiment testing Levels of Processing theory, performance in the "rhyme" and "category" conditions were

similar.

In Loftus and Palmer's study, participants were more likely to report seeing broken glass when they were presented with which word?

smashed

The phonological loop is to ______ as the visuospatial sketchpad is to ______.

sounds; images

All of the following are reasons information does not stay in long-term memory forever EXCEPT

spaced retrieval.

This multiple-choice question is an example of:

standard recognition.

Joseph was very anxious when taking his GRE exam, although he was not anxious while studying for it. According to the idea of ______, he will not do well on the GRE exam.

state-dependent effects

Wickens (1973) tested whether we could reduce the proactive interference that occurs when we receive similar kinds of information. This release from proactive interference can be achieved by

switching to a (drastically) different topic.

Pylyshyn (1973) proposed the propositional approach, which asserts that we create mental representations based on

symbols and tacit knowledge.

As a graduate student in psychology, you design a study on how lawbreakers who get away with their crimes react to news of others' crimes. Your graduate adviser rejects your study because it is not ______. In other words, it cannot be evaluated through observation

testable

Ebbinghaus' impact on Cognitive Psychology is important because he demonstrated:

that memory could be quantified and described using a mathematical function.

Noticing a red flower among a field of purple flowers illustrates

the attention capture phenomenon.

Amanda needs to study a list of words and recall them afterward. She ends up having an easier time remembering the word set "cat, notebook, desk" than the word set "void, inherent, hypothetical". This scenario illustrates ______.

the concreteness effect

What is the theory of dual coding?

the idea that the mind stores pictures in two ways rather than one

Imagine that you are recalling a conversation you recently had with someone concerning an interesting event in your hometown. You cannot remember the details of the event, but you end up supplementing your memory based on the recollections of your friend. What are you potentially falling victim to?

the misinformation effect

All of the following are reasons that organizing information before encoding will improve retention of information EXCEPT:

the most recent information is still in short-term memory.

After you have memorized a list of words, you are most likely to demonstrate ______ if you are tested on the list the next day.

the primacy effect

All of the following are reasons that the spacing effect improves memory EXCEPT:

there is more interference.

Which of these is an example of auditory imagery?

thinking of the sound of wind in the trees

On average, humans blink 15-20 times per minute. Each time we blink, the visual information we take in is abruptly interrupted, causing gaps in our sensory memory. Fortunately, our _____________ enables us to complete the interrupted (incomplete) visual information.

top-down processing

While studying for the exam that determines whether you will get into law school, you decide to take a practice exam that matches the format of the official exam. This is an example of ______.

transfer-appropriate processing

You are taking four courses, and each lasts 12 weeks. By week 10, you have forgotten much of what you learned in the first weeks. What "sin" is this, and how can you lessen the problem?

transience; strengthen memories through consolidation

Researchers believe that pictures produce automatic encoding in ______, whereas words produce automatic encoding in ______.

two modalities; one modality

The estimated duration of long-term memory is

unlimited.

In Warrington and Weiskrantz's (1970) study comparing "control" and amnesic individuals, performance on explicit memory tasks

was significantly higher for the "control" group.

Results from Sperling's (1960) experiment on sensory memory suggests that

we take in all (or most) sensory information.

You are at home cooking dinner when your phone rings, the doorbell rings, and the smoke alarm goes off. Which type of memory will you use to take care of these tasks in order of urgency?

working memory

The recall tests utilized a distractor task in which participants may be asked to, for example, count backwards by 3 from 264. The fact that you are able to mentally subtract over and over again means that you are MOST relying on:

working memory.

Your professor asks you to design a series of cued recall tasks. Which of these examples could you use?

"Do you recall which artist painted 'Guernica'? The name begins with a P."

Based on what you have read in this chapter, which of these statements is most likely to reflect bias?

"We were friends for three years, but thinking back now, I realized the day I met him that he wasn't trustworthy."