Cog Psych - Exam 2

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned.

What is encoding?

Getting info into memory.

What is storage?

Holding on to info for later use.

Memory depends on what?

How info is encoded.

Breakdown of the human memory:

Human memory -STM/WM & LTM - Explicit (conscious) & Implicit (unconscious)

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Results for Graf, Shimamura, & Squire's Recall for Amnesiacs & Normal Controls task:

-Amnesiacs did just as well as other groups on implicit memory (WFC) but do much worse on explicit memory (recall). -Explicit Memory does not equal Implicit Memory.

Transfer-appropriate processing:

-By Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977). -Participants made either a phonological or semantic judgment about each item on a word list. -The learning was incidental: participants were not told that they would have to later recall the words. -The final test was either a standard recognition test for the learned words or a rhyming recognition test for learned words.

Fundamental Memory Process:

-Encoding. -Storage. -Retrieval.

What is part of Explicit LTM?

-Episodic (personal events) -Semantic (Facts, knowledge)

Types of LTM:

-Episodic (time stamped personal events). -Semantic (facts & knowledge) -Procedural (memory for skills/how to do)

Recency Effect:

-More likely to remember words at the end of the list more than words in the middle. -Due to words restrained in STM.

What is part of Implicit LTM?

-Priming -Procedural Memory -Conditioning

Results of Transfer-appropriate processing task:

-Standard recognition test: Deeper processing led to better performance. -Rhyming recognition test: The shallower rhyme-based encoding task led to better performance because it matched the demands of the testing situation.

Word Fragment Completion Task:

-Study a list of words, then recall all the words. Then fill in the black to spell the words from the list. -Subjects had implicit memory for words studied at Stage 1 even if they cannot recall them at Stage 2. -Example of priming.

Primacy Effect:

-Tendency for the first items presented in a series to be remembered better. -Due to transfer to LTM.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

What is the best way to encode info so that it is easy to retrieve?

Elaborative rehearsal

Characteristics of implicit memory

A person's memory for X is demonstrated by the person's behavior without directly asking the person, do you remember X? - Memories are independent of awareness.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

What is retrieval?

Being able to access stored info when needed.

Characteristics of explicit memory:

Can be answers to questions like: -What do you remember about X? - Do you recognize X? - What can you tell me about X? A person is generally aware that they are remembering something.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall.

Craik and Tulving's (1975) experiment:

Deeper processing is linked with better memory.

What is maintenance/ rote rehearsal?

Repetition of to-be-recalled items that maintains info in working memory, but fails to allow storage of the info in a maximally accessible manner in LTM.

What is the Primacy and Recency effects part of?

Standard Result for Serial Position Curve.

What is so special about generating?

The PRODUCT of the process is what is special.

Findings of the Generation Effect:

Those who generated during the study phase performed better on the cued-recall test than did those who just read the paired items during study.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called what?

Transfer-appropriate processing.

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Using meanings and connections maintains information in working memory, and stores to-be-recalled info in LTM in a maximally accessible manner.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

an organizational context during learning.

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.

auditorially; auditorially.

Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

aware; unaware

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created...

by the person whose memory will be tested.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence...

creates more connections.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is...

encoded.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is...

encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

encoding specificity.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.

episodic

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the...

generation effect

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of...

increased firing in the neurons.

From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in...

long-term memory acquisition.

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racket, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory.

procedural

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to...

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in...

remembering graduating from college.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by...

repeating it over and over.

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

retrieval cues.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by...

the encoding specificity principle

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of...

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if...

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.