Cog Psych Test Ch 8,9,+10

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances. a. moderate b. no c. strong d. weak

strong

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. a rhinoceros. b. a bumblebee. c. a wolf. d. an anteater.

a bumblebee.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. two stimuli are associated. b. a statement is true. c. a stimulus is presented. d. a presented stimulus is a word.

a presented stimulus is a word

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. a statement. b. an equation. c. a spatial layout. d. abstract symbols.

a spatial layout.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. two feet from the front door. b. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. c. one mile away from the house. d. right at the front door.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the a. autobiographical hypothesis. b. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. c. cognitive hypothesis. d. self-image hypothesis.

cognitive hypothesis.

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. a. connectionist b. hierarchical c. spreading activation d. semantic network

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. reasoning about categories. b. semantic networks. c. connectionist networks. d. spreading activation.

connectionist networks.

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________. a. stacking b. crowding c. loading d. weighting

crowding

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. order. b. bizarreness. c. concreteness. d. importance.

order

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. ability to visually recognize objects. b. size of the field of view. c. recognition of objects in the left side of space. d. ability to draw objects from memory.

size of the field of view

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. a. detail b. spatial c. propositional d. abstract

spatial

___________is a "typical" member of a category a. A component b. A prototype c. A unit d. An exemplar

A prototype

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Occipital lobe b. Anterior temporal lobe c. Medial thalamus d. Parietal lobe

Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks? a. Distributed processing b. Prototype formation c. Cognitive economy d. Serial processing

Cognitive economy

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion? a. Acetylcholine b. Cortisol c. Androgen d. Cholesterol

Cortisol

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. b. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur. c. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect d. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Having a child at age 45 b. Retiring from work at age 40 c. Marrying at age 60 d. Graduating from college at age 22

Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following represents a basic level item? a. Guitar b. Rock guitar c. Musical instrument d. Paul McCartney's bass guitar

Guitar

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain? a. Image processing will be reduced by half. b. Complex images will appear one-dimensional. c. Topographic maps will be mostly abstract. d. Images will be perceived as being smaller.

Image processing will be reduced by half.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. b. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish. c. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." d. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it.

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network? a. Learning b. Mirroring c. Prototyping d. Crowding

Learning

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience? a. Suggestible b. Autobiographical c. Structured d. Multidimensional

Multidimensional

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory? a. Hippocampus b. Prefrontal cortex c. Amygdala d. Parietal cortex

Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts? a. Spatial b. Hypothetical c. Depictive d. Propositional

Propositional

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. b. Imagery is closely related to language. c. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. d. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Transportation b. Truck c. Vehicle d. Pickup truck

Truck

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. young adulthood and middle age. b. childhood and middle age. c. childhood and adolescence. d. adolescence and young adulthood.

adolescence and young adulthood

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that a. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. b. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. c. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from. d. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

d. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

The definitional approach to categorization a. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. b. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. c. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. d. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects.

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information. a. even if they are told to ignore the post-event information. b. only if the misleading post-event information is presented immediately after viewing the event. c. if they believe the post-event information is correct. d. if the misleading post-event information is consistent with social stereotypes.

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization. a. prototype b. exemplar c. family resemblance d. definitional

exemplar

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a. is like a tape recording. b. depends on the participant's mood. c. is better for vivid descriptions. d. involves making inferences.

involves making inferences.

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. b. matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. c. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized. d. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered.

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. b. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. c. imagery occurs more automatically than perception. d. imagery is more stable than perception.

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated a. less efficiently than normal. b. using stronger semantic connections than normal. c. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." d. using more visual encoding than normal.

less efficiently than normal

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. report less confidence about their recollections. b. report less vivid recollections of the event. c. remember more details about the event. d. make more errors in their recollections.

make more errors in their recollections

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a. is an epiphenomenon. b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. c. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. d. can be inferred using mental chronometry.

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory. a. source misattributions b. encoding specificity c. repeated rehearsal of distinctive names d. schemas

source misattributions

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a. their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. b. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. c. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory. d. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. trauma-based experiences b. the freshman year c. transition points d. family-centered challenges

transition points

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. a. perceiving stimuli; deactivated b. perceiving stimuli; activated c. using visual images; deactivated d. using visual images; activated

using visual images; deactivated

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Family resemblance b. Hierarchical organization c. Cognitive economy d. Spreading activation

Family resemblance

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous. b. omissions of information that was presented. c. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. d. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. b. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. c. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned. d. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned