Cognition - Chapter 7

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. b. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. c. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. d. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.

a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Deciding how many vowels each word has c. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d. Repeating the words over and over in your mind

a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. disrupted long-term potentiation. c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

a. a failure of memory consolidation.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. encoded. b. stored. c. retrieved. d. consolidated.

a. encoded.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. recent and remote episodic b. recent and remote semantic c. recent episodic d. remote semantic

a. recent and remote episodic

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. "sense." b. "know." c. "think." d. "remember."

b. "know."

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion? a. Encoding b. Highlighting c. Spacing d. Sleeping

b. Highlighting

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. b. Kim performs better because of consolidation. c. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. d. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.

b. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? a. Classification b. Elaboration c. Distraction d. Reconsolidation

c. Distraction

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Retrograde b. Encoding c. Retrieval d. Processing

c. Retrieval

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. a. state-dependent b. stimulus-fluency c. transfer-appropriate d. recall-potentiation

c. transfer-appropriate

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. b. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. d. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Amnesia b. Encoding specificity c. Cued-recall d. Consolidation

d. Consolidation

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. Classification b. Elaboration c. Rehearsal d. Engagement

d. Engagement

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. remote b. recent c. anterograde d. emotional

a. remote

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. episodic-based processing. c. elaborative rehearsal. d. personal semantic memory.

a. transfer-appropriate processing.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a. repeating it over and over. b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c. using it in a sentence. d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

a. repeating it over and over.

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. b. effect of proactive interference. c. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. d. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.

a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the self-reference effect. b. a mass practice effect. c. the integrative experience effect. d. semantic memory.

a. the self-reference effect.

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a. Content b. Scale c. State d. Consciousness

b. Scale

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following? a. Rehearsal b. Survival c. Specificity d. Mood

b. Survival

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. state-dependent learning. b. encoding. c. memory consolidation. d. transfer-appropriate processing.

b. encoding.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a. spacing effect. b. generation effect. c. cued recall effect. d. multiple trace hypothesis.

b. generation effect.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. highlighting c. making up questions about the material d. feedback

b. highlighting

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b. increased firing in the neurons. c. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. d. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

b. increased firing in the neurons.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. rehearsal b. organization c. depth of processing d. forming connections with other information

b. organization

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. implicit memory b. organizational context c. reconsolidation d. imagery

b. organizational context

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to a. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. c. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. d. lead to effective autobiographical memories.

b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset. a. excited b. relaxed c. nervous d. neutral

b. relaxed

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. a. long-term potentiation b. retrieval cues c. elaborative rehearsal d. mass practice

b. retrieval cues

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. b. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory.

b. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Task b. Structure c. Mood d. Location

d. Location

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" b. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair" d. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"

c. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). b. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. d. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one- hour class period.

c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. a. Remote b. Standard c. Systems d. Synaptic

c. Systems

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. b. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. c. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. d. For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.

c. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. episodic b. visual c. emotional d. systemic

c. emotional

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. b. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. d. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are a. short but all on a single day. b. long and all on a single day. c. short and across several days. d. long and across several days.

c. short and across several days.

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. consolidation. b. priming. c. specificity. d. transcription.

c. specificity.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. B. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. Sleeping b. Elaborating c. Organizing d. Testing

d. Testing

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. c. using visual images. d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. a self-reference effect. b. repetition priming. c. implicit memory. d. elaborative rehearsal.

d. elaborative rehearsal.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. the self-reference effect. b. maintenance rehearsal. c. levels of processing theory. d. encoding specificity.

d. encoding specificity.

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories. a. classification b. emotionality c. potentiation d. fragility

d. fragility

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. levels of processing. b. depth of processing. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. reconsolidation.

d. reconsolidation.