Cognitive Memory Exam

According to the notion of cognitive economy, a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes? a. bird b. ostrich c. robin d. hummingbird e. all of these

a. bird

Psychologists believe that the capacity of long-term memory is: a. unlimited b. 7+2 items c. 5000 items d. 50,000 items

a. unlimited

According to research by Collins and Quillian, the statement "Siamese cats have blue eyes" will be verified: a. slower than "Siamese cats give birth to live young" b. faster than "Siamese cats give birth to live young" c. in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats give birth to live young" d. slower than "Siamese cats have tails" e. in the same amount of time as "Siamese cats have tails"

b. faster than "Siamese cat give birth to live young

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the... a. first word b. second word c. 10th word d. 20th word e. word that reminded you of something you ate for breakfast

c. 10th word

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be: a. about 75% of a visual display b. 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers c. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information d. 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information e. unlimited

c. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information

If "soda" is a basic-level category, then _______ would be a subordinate level. a. soft drink b. beverage c. drink d. Coca-Cola e. liquid

d. Coca-cola

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as: a. "rencle" b. "dog" c. "island" d. "butter" e. "xqkrf"

d. butter

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that ________ has occurred. a. retrieval b. storage c. forgetting d. encoding e. remembering

d. encoding

Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that the search process is: a. serial b. self-terminating c. exhaustive d. parallel e. both serial and exhaustive

e. both serial and exhuastive

If "sandwich" is a basic-level category, then ______ would be a superordinate level. a. BLT b. soup c. sub d. panini e. food

e. food

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: a. the kind of storage (short vs. longer term) b. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal) c. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited) d. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference) e. the emphasis on static structure vs active processing

e. the emphasis on static structure vs active processing

A ________ can be defined as a class of similar things that share either an essential core, or some similarity in perceptual, biological, or functional properties a. category b. concept c. script d. schema e. stimulus

a. category

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: a. directing the flow of information b. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity c. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory d. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization e. storing the meaning of complex verbal material

a. directing the flow of information

People w/ amnesia perform more poorly than nonmagnetic participants on tests of ________ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. both explicit and implicit d. neither explicit nor implicit e. all types of

a. explicit

When we cannot retrieve information from memory, we say that __________ has occurred. a. forgetting b. a memory trace c. sensory decay d. encoding failure e. secondary memory

a. forgetting

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that: a. forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off b. forgetting is slow at first and then speeds up c. forgetting occurs at a steady pace, beginning immediately after learning d. no forgetting occurs until 24 hours after learning e. forgetting reaches a peak about 3 days after learning

a. forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off

Information is stored in iconic memory for: a. less than 1 second b. 5-10 seconds c. about 20 seconds d. up to 1 year e. a lifetime

a. less than 1 second

Techniques designed to improve memory, often involving the use of visual imagery, are called: a. mnemonics b. eidetics c. iconics d. IQ enhancers e. long-term memory upgrades

a. mnemonics

The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory suggests that: a. search is a serial process b. search is a parallel process c. search is self-terminating d. search is exhaustive e. search is both self-terminating and serial

a. search is a serial process

Unattended information is stored briefly in... a. sensory memory b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. working memory e. secondary memory

a. sensory memory

Information in short-term memory is assumed to be coded primarily by: a. sound b. meaning c. visual appearance d. both sound and meaning e. both meaning and appearance

a. sound

Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible, according to the principle of: a. encoding specificity b. connectionism c. cognitive economy d. typicality e. lexical destiny

c. cognitive economy

Studies of eyewitness memory: a. support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process b. reveal surprisingly accurate memories of stressful events c. suggest that confidence is an important attribute of an accurate witness d. show that witnesses are remarkably resistant to misleading information e. help us to understand why eyewitness almost never make mistakes

a. support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to: a. the loss of the ability to form new memories b. the loss of the ability to recall old events c. the loss of short-term memory d. the loss of sensory memory e. the loss of all memory ability

a. the loss of the ability to form new memories

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. it holds information in a relatively unprocessed form b. it lasts about 20 seconds c. it can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward d. it can hold more information that can be reported e. it contains only visual information, not auditory

b. it lasts about 20 seconds

According to ACT models, ______ memory represents information in if-then production rules. a. working b. procedural c. episodic d. declarative e. semantic

b. procedural

You are studying for a midterm exam in your French class. After several hours of review, you take a break by reading through your Spanish vocabulary items. The next day, on the French exam, you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate French words keep eluding you, whereas the Spanish words "pop into your head." You are experiencing the effects of: a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. the tip-of-the-tongue effect d. encoding specificity e. the context effect

b. retroactive interference

"Cramming" for exams tends to be ineffective because of the: a. chunking effect b. spacing effect c. state-dependence effect d. context effect e. encoding specificity effect

b. spacing effect

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by: a. the visuospatial sketchpad b. the central executive c. the phonological loop d. iconic memory e. echoic memory

b. the center executive

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? a. the phonological loop b. the icon c. the central executive d. the visuospatial sketchpad e. the episodic buffer

b. the icon

If the search of short-term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that: a. successful searches would take longer than unsuccessful ones, on the average b. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average c. the size of the memory set would not influence search time d. the larger the memory set, the longer the search time e. the smaller the memory set, the longer the search time

b. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average

In the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm, participants are presented with lists of related words such as nap, bed, quiet, dark, dream, pillow, and night. Later, about _______ of college student participants falsely recognize related items such as sleep, which were never actually presented, as being part of the list. a. 10% b. 25% c. 80% d. 50%

c. 80%

Initially, the connections between units in a connectionist model have weights that are set: a. at 0 b. at 1 c. at random d. at a negative value e. at 10

c. at random

Repetition priming is often used in the laboratory to demonstrate _______ memory. a. visual b. explicit c. implicit d. olfactory e. cue-dependent

c. implicit

Higher working memory capacity means that an individual: a. is more susceptible to interference b. has quicker reaction times in identifying target letters c. is better able to control his/her cognitive focus d. has lower ability to reason from premises e. is more susceptible to misleading information

c. is better able to control his/her cognitive focus

Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time the same person's recall: a. is remarkably consistent b. becomes more distorted c. loses a few details but retains most accurately d. loses a few details but retains most accurately e. becomes increasingly uncertain, but loses little in accuracy

c. loses a few details but retains most accurately

The code in long-term memory is based on: a. sound b. visual imagery c. meaning d. both sound and visual imagery e. both sound and meaning

c. meaning

If information from a story is presented in scrambled order: a. people actually recall it better than if it had been presented in proper order, because they pay more attention to it b. people recall just as much information as if it had been presented in proper order c. people tend to recall it in the scripted order d. people cannot recall any of the details of the story e. we cannot predict how much will be recalled, or in what order

c. people tend to recall any of the details of the story.

Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities? a. vision and taste b. vision and smell c. vision and hearing d. smell and hearing e. taste and touch

c. vision and hearing

The primary and recency effects in memory... a. are thought to be due to the action of short-term memory b. are thought to be due to the action of long-term memory c. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory d. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work e. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology

d. can be independently manipulated, indicated at least two types of memory at work

The more facts that you learn about a particular topic, the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact. This is referred to as the _______ effect. a. context b. encoding specificity c. interference d. fan e. flashbulb

d. fan

Your memory for how to ride a bicycle is an example of ___________ memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. declarative d. procedural e. episodic

d. procedural

The word superiority effect is related to the idea of: a. cognitive economy b. schemata c. typicality d. spreading activation e. prototypes

d. spreading activation

Retrieval involves... a. the activation of the senses b. the translation of information into a form that can be stored c. the storage of information over time d. the calling to mind of previously stored information e. the decay of information in memory

d. the calling to mind of previously stored information

Which of the following are most likely to be confused in long-term memory? a. the letters P and R b. the letters C and B c. the words "see" and "bee" d. the words "big" and "large" e. all of these are equally confusable

d. the words "big" and "large"

You might have a "script" for: a. what a classroom looks like b. what a "pet" is c. what a "cat" is d. what happens when you go to the barber/ hairstylist e. what rap music sounds like

d. what happens when you go to the barber/hairstylist

ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems: a. working memory, episodic memory, and declarative memory b. semantic memory, episodic memory, and procedural memory c. procedural memory, declarative memory, and semantic memory d. working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory e. semantic memory, episodic memory, and concept memory

d. working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory