Cognitive Neuroscience Chapter One: History of Cognitive Neuroscience

Anne Green

English women who was sentenced to death in 1650, was hanged and pronounced dead, then taken back to be dissected when she was found alive, brought much fame to Thomas Willis, allowed him to gain money to publish his works

Topographic organization

John Hughlings Jackson, a map of the body was represented across a particular cortical area, verified by Wilfred Penfield

Isidor Rabi

MRI is based on the principle of nuclear and magnetic resonance

Syncytium

Ramon y Cajal's theory that the brain was a continuous mass of tissue that shares common cytoplasm

Neuron Doctrine

Ramon y Cajal's theory that the concept that the nervous system is made up of individual cells

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

electrically stimulated discrete parts of a dog brain and observed that this stimulation produced characterstic movements in the dog, caused neuroscientists to look more closely at the cerebral cortex and cellular organization, scientists began using microscopic methods to view the cell types in different brain regions

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

father of modern neuroscience, used Golgi's staining method, discovered that neurons were discrete entities, believed that the whole brain was a syncytium, the rain was a continuous mass of tissue that shares common cytoplasm, first to identify the unitary nature of neurons and to articulate the concept that the nervous system is made up of individual cells, transmission of electrical information went in only one direction, from the dendrites down to the axonal tip

Thomas Willis

first anatomist to link abnormal human behaviors to changes in brain structure and to theorize how the brain transfers information in neuronal conduction, biology could affect psychology

Franciscus Donders

first to propose the now common method of using differences in reaction time to infer differences in cognitive processing, caused the beginning of experimental psychology

Brenda Milner

first to provide anatomical and physiological proof that there are multiple memory systems

Rationalism

grew out of enlightenment ideals, held that all knowledge could be gained through the use of reason alone, truth was intellectual, not sensory, replaced religion

Johann Spurzheim and Franz Joseph Gall

if a person used on of the faculties with greater frequency than the others, the part of the brain representing that function would grow and cause a bump, therefore a careful analysis of the skull could go a long way in describing the personality of the person inside the skull

Seymour Kety

if you could perfuse arterial blood with an inert gas, then the gas would circulate through the brain and be absorbed independently of the brain's metabolic activity, developed a method to measure the blood flow and metabolism of the human brain as a sole, ideas were used in developing Positron Emission Tomography

Montreal Procedure

invented by Wilder Penfield and Herbert Jasper for treating epilepsy in which he surgically destroyed the neurons in the brain that produced seizures, stimulated different parts of the brain to see which neurons to destroy

Ernest Lawrence

inventor of the cyclotron, cyclotron could be used to produce radioactive substances, these could be injected into the blood steam and wold become incorporated into biologically active molecules, they would then concentrate in an organ where the radioactivity would begin to decay, allowed research on metabolis

Thorndike

law of effect, first general statement about tty enature of associations, response followed by a reward would be stamped into the organism's habitual response

Marc Dax

localist view, provided evidence that three of his patients had speech disturbance and similar left hemisphere lesions

Positron Emission Tomography

noninvasive sectioning technique that could provide information about function

Jan Evangelista Purkinje

not only described the first nerve cell in the nervous system but also invented the stroboscope, and described common visual phenomena

Carl Wernicke

picked up on Broca's ideas, found more specific areas for different functions of language

Gordon Brownell

positron decay was associated with two gamma parcels being emitted at 180 degrees

Tan

possibly the most famous neurological case in history, Tan had aphasia and could nay say the word "tan", he had a syphalitic lesion in his left hemisphere, showed this area controlled language

Patricia Goldman-Rakic

produced the first description of circuitry of the prefrontal cortex and who it relates to working memory, individual cells in the prefrontal cortex are dedicated to specific memory tasks, such as remembering a face or a voice, dopamine on the prefrontal cortex, caused a shift in understanding of many mental illnesses

John B Watson

psychology could be objective only if it were based on observable behavior, all talk of mental processes which cannot be publicly observed should be avoided, brain was a blank slate which everyone could build on through learning and experience

John Hughlings Jackson

published his observations on the behaviors of persons with brain damage, provided suggested experiments to test his observations, topographic organization of the cerebral cortex or a map of the body was represented across a particular cortical area, also many regions of the brain contributed to a given behavior because few of his patients lost total function

Paul Broca

published the results of his autopsy on a patient nicknamed "Tan" because that was the only word he could say, found a lesion on the left hemisphere that showed that language was controlled by this area

Sir Charles Sherrington

pursued the neuron's behavior as a unit and coined the term synapse

Difference between rationalism and logical thinking

rationalism considers such issues as the meaning of life, where logic does not, does not concern the same topics

Michael ter-Pogossian and William Powers

realized if you inject O labeled water into the bloodstream, it could be used to measure blood flow to the brain

Angelo Mosso

recoded pulsations as blood flowed around and through the cerebral cortex, pulsations of the brain increase locally during mental activities, blood flow followed function

Electroencephalogram

recordings of a human brain's electrical currents, created y Hans Berger, sole technique for noninvasive brain study for a number of years

William Oldendorf

series of transverse X rays could be reconstructed into three dimensional picture

Frederic Joliot-Curie

some originally nonradioactive nuclides emitted penetrating radiation after being irradiated

Definition of Cognitive Neuroscience

subject geared toward understanding how the brain works, how brain structure and function affect behavior, and ultimately who the brain enables the mind

Anatomical personology/ phrenology

the idea developed by Spurzheim and Gall that character could be derived through palpating the skull

Magnetic Resonance Scanner (MRI)

the injection of contrast material into the blood stream changes in the blood volume of human brain, produced by physiologicaal manipulation of blood flow, can be measured by using an MRI

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens

tried to find evidence to back up Gall and Spurzheim's ideas of phrenology, first to show that certain parts of the brain were responsible for certain functions, he could not find any areas for advanced abilities such as memory or cognition and said these were scattered throughout the brain, whole brain participated in behavior (aggregate field theory)

Richard Canton

used a galvanometer to measure continuous spontaneous electrical activity from the cerebral cortex and skull surface of live dogs and apes

Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield

used mathematical techniques to reconstruct a three dimensional image

Associationism

when simple ideas interact and become associated with one another, emphasized the role of experience, aggregate of a person's experience determined the purse of mental development

Central issue of neuroscience

whether the mind is enabled by the whole brain working in concert or by specialized parts of the brain working at least partly independently

Donald Hebb

workings of the brain explained behavior and that the psychology and biology of an organism could not be separated, published The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory, learning had a biological basis, neurons can combine together into a single processing unit and the connection patterns of these units make up the ever changing algorithms determining the brain's response to a stimulus, brain is active all the time

George Miller

wrote Language and Communication which brought an end to behaviorism and stimulus response psychology, also wrote Psychology, the Science of Mental Life which rejected that psychology should only be about behavior, there is a limit to the amount of information that can be apprehended in a brief period of time

Noam Chomsky

wrote Three Models for the Description of Language which transformed the study of language, associationism doesn't explain how language is learned, complexity of language was built into the brain, wanted to understand how the brain works as an integrated whole (brain and the mind)

Wilder Penfield

Became Oxford's first neurosurgeon, invented the Montreal Procedure with Herbert Jasper that treated epilepsy

Hermann von Helmholtz

electrical current in the cell was not a by product of cellular activity but was actually carrying information along the axon of the nerve cell, suggested invertebrates may be good test subjects for experiments

Allesandro Vallebona

developed topographic radiography, technique in which a series of transverse sections are taken

Willem Einthoven

able to make photographic recordings of the electrical activity

Empiricism

all knowledge comes from sensory experience, brain began life as a blank slate

Korbinian brodmann

analyzed cellular organization of the corte and characterized 52 distinct regions, different cell types in different brain regions, localization fell back into favor

Ancient theories of cognitive neuroscience

attempts to understand the world, Oedipus Rex, Mesopotamian and Egyptian theories on the nature of religion and the universe, Presocratic philosopher, Thales, rejected supernatural explanations of phenomena did not have the methodology to explore their ideas

Claude Bernard

believed that the network of the brain and the interaction between them are what yield the integrated, holistic behavior that humans exhibit, knowledge of parts ust be understood in conjunction with the whole

Franz Joseph Gall

brain was the organ of the mind and that innate faculties were localized in specific regions of the cerebral cortex, thought the brain was organized around 35 or more specific functions and each was supported by a different brain region

Cytoarchitectinics

cellular architecture, discovered by Brodmann, how cells differ between brain regions

Cognitive neuroscience name

cognition- the process of knowing, arises from awareness, perception and reasoning neurosceince- the study of how the nervous system is organized and functions

George A. Miller

coined the name cognitive neuroscience

Roy Edwards

combined gamma emitting radioisotopes and obtained the first emission tomographic image

Descartes, Leibniz, Kant

complexity is built into the human organism, sensory information is merely data on which preexisting mental structures act

Ter-pogossian and Michael Phelps

create a technique to reconstruct the distribution within an organ of a short lived physiological radionuclide from its emissions, designed positive emission homograph PETT

Hermann Ebbinghaus

decided that the complex processes like memory could be measured and analyzed, one of the first to realize that mental processes such as memory could be measured

Synapse

describe the junction between two neurons

Hans Berger

describing recordings of a human brain's electrical currents

Aggregate field theory

developed by Flourens, whole brain participated in behavior, caused localization to fall out of favor

Camillo Golgi

developed one of the most famous cell stains in the history of the world, silver method for staining neurons (la reazione nera/ the black reaction) that impregnated individual neurons with silver chromate, permits visualization of individual neurons in their entirety

Paul Lauterbur

developed the first theoretical model for the first magnetic resonance scanner