Cognitive Psych
Procedure used in Sperlings experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report all of the stimuli they saw in a brief presentation
Whole report
__________ focuses on the prefrontal cortex and the visual cortex.
Working memory
1st psych lab in 1879, introspection, was influenced by philosophers who wanted to incorporate scientific methods.
Wundt
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of
good continuation.
Not noticing something even though it is in clear view usually caused by failure to pay attention to the object or the place where the object is located
inattentional blindness
Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.
invariance
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
low-load
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual
organization
The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention.
overt
Repeating a stimulus over and over as you might report a telephone number in order to hold it in your mind after looking it up on the internet. and example of control processes
rehearsal
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second.
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
short-term memory.
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.
The cocktail party effect is
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.
Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because
the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
try to name colors and ignore words.
Our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions or inferences that we make about the environment
unconscious inference
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.
what; where
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is engaged in processing information.
a type of processing that occurs without intention and at a cost of only some of a person's cognitive resources.
Automatic Processing:
The idea that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability (our initial belief) and the likelihood (the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome).
Bayesian Inference
Processing that starts with information received by the receptors. This type of processing is also called data based processing.
Bottom up processing
The part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad. The "traffic cop" of the working memory system.
Central executive
Difficulty in detecting changes in similar but slightly different scenes that are presented one after another. The changes are often easy to see once attention is directed to them but are usually undetected in the absence of appropriate attention.
Change blindness
The study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking".
Cognitive psych
a shift in psychology from the behaviorists focus on stimulus. A focus away from behavior toward how the mind operates.
Cognitive revolution
Dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person and may differ from one task to another
Control Processes
Occurs when attention is shifted without moving the eyes commonly referred to as seeing something out of the corner of one's eye
Covert attention
2 big ideas regarding the role of culture. examples
Culture influences how we, as individuals, reason about and interpret our world. Ex. in the Correll article people who say dark images found them more threatening than light images. Culture has influenced the field of cognitive psychology and has guided the assumptions and methods of the individuals who have sought to understand the mind. Ex.
The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously.
Divided attention
studied memory, psychophysics, influenced by Physiologists studying functions/parts of the body that connect with psychology.
Ebbinghaus
A component added to Baddeleys original working memory model that serves as a "backup" store that communicates with both long term memory and the components of working memory. It holds information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad.
Episodic buffer
What is a feature analysis and how does this relate to Hubel/Wiesel's research on perception?
Feature detectors respond to specific stimulus features such as orientation, movement, and length. Hubel and Wiesel studied visual stimuli to cats to see which neurons fire. They found that each neuron in the visual area of the cortex responded to a specific type of stimulation presented to a small area of the retina.
A group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception such as laws of organization and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring.
Gestalt psychologists
tasks that are difficult and perhaps not as well practice and use more of a person's processing capacity.
High-Load Task
Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?
Inattentional blindness
American philosopher, Father of American Psychology. 1st textbook.
James
A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?
"I can see it in my mind's eye."
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less.
When we say that STM capacity is 7±2, this is a bit simplified... How might factors like the type of information remembered, strategies used (like chunking), age of the person tested, etc. affect capacity?
7+- 2 is a general number but cannot be held as a specific fact Chunking (the process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units) may help people remember more things Age effects how much can be held in STM as the elderly tend to have memory issues that affect how many pieces of into they can hold. They hold less
Why might faces be "special" stimuli? How have studies of bird-watching experts and Greeble experts (by Gauthier) demonstrated experience-dependent plasticity relating to face perception?
Neurons in the fusiform face area (FFA) respond strongly to faces because we have a lifetime of experience perceiving faces. Neurons in the FFA of people who are experts in recognizing cars and birds respond well not only to human faces but t cars, and to birds, this causes the FFA to respond more strongly.
Shifting attention by moving the eyes
Overt attention-
Procedure used in Sperlings experiment on the properties of the visual icon in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display. A cue tone immediately after the display was extinguished indicated which part of the display to report
Partial report
"Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses"
Perception
Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientation.
Physical regularities
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
Prefrontal cortex
Rules proposed by the Gestalt psychologists to explain how small elements of a scene or a display become perceptually grouped to form larger units.
Principles of perceptual organization
The ability to focus on one message and ignore all others.
Selective attention
Know the major components of Atkinson-Shiffrin's model of memory.
Sensory, long term and short term and control process.
The procedure of repeating a message out loud as it is heard. Commonly used in conjunction with studies of selective attention that use the dichotic listening procedure
Shadowing dichotic listening
In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?
Simplicity
Why might a 5-year-old child not show a Stroop effect using the color-naming test?
The color naming test requires the focused attention on a particular image. A 5-year old already has a hard enough time focusing on one thing and they are constantly shifting their attention from place to place.
consists of the phonological store (limited capacity that holds information for only a few seconds) and the articulatory rehearsal process (rehearsal that keeps items in phonological store from decaying. holds verbal and auditory information.
The phonological loop
___________ is important for holding information for brief periods of time.
The prefrontal cortex
What is the Stroop effect and how is this tied to the automatic processing of written words?
The stroop effect occurs because the names of the words cause a competing response and therefore slow responding to the target. The task-irrelevant stimuli are extremely powerful because reading words is highly practiced and has become so automatic that it is difficult not to read them.
British, studied under Wundt, came to cornell in New York in 1892
Titchner
Processing that involves a person's knowledge or expectations. This type of processing has also been called knowledge-based processing. brain
Top down processing
The part of working memory that holds and processes visual and spatial information.
Visuospatial sketchpad
Behaviorist
Watson
Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?
We reverse it. We confirm it. We infer it. We interpret it.
is also called the ventral pathway (ventral refers to the lower part of the brain). "Where" is also called the dorsal pathway (dorsal refers to the back or the upper surface of an organism)
What
What is the process of unconscious inference?
When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
How has "what" and "where" been informed by studies with monkeys
When the monkeys temporal lobe was removed from their brain, their ability to identify objects was difficult. Therefore the pathway leading to from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is the "what pathway" When the monkeys parietal lobe was taken out they had difficulty solving landmark discrimination problem. Therefore the pathway that leads from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe is the "where pathway".
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.
bottom-up
The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.
change
Illusory conjunctions are
combinations of features from different stimuli.
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.
