Cognitive Psychology- Ch. 9 Practice Questions
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.
583: 653: 518 ms
Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?
Cognitive economy
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.
back propagation
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
A field sparrow is an animal.
___________is a "typical" member of a category.
A prototype
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
A turtle is an animal.
Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?
Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.
Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?
Exemplar
___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
Exemplars
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
Prototype
Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.
Strong
Which of the following would be in a basic level category?
Truck
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
Working units
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether
a presented stimulus is a word.
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be
a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.
can fly; bird
The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on
category members that have been encountered in the past.
Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."
concepts
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network
connection weights.
One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
connectionist
The process of back propagation is most closely associated with
connectionist networks.
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.
Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.
definitional
The definitional approach to categorization
doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.
exemplar
Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).
exemplar
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus
facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is
family resemblance
Which of the following represents a basic level item?
guitar
Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal
is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.
According to the typicality effect
items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involv
more exemplars than Bob's.
In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a
node
Spreading activation
primes associated concepts.
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.
prototype
According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.
semantic category
The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
semantic network
According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.
sensory attributes; function
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.
superordinate level to basic level
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
the distance that must be traveled through the network.
The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed
the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."
the same as
For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that
the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.
tree; oak
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.
typicality
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
Parallel distributed processing theory
According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.
basic
