Cognitive Psychology Exam 2

According to the predictions of the memory span demonstration, for which of the following types of material should a participant have the shortest memory span?

words

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

workers and managers

Memory-span is a measure of ...

working memory capacity

Which of the following should have the lowest threshold for being activated to attention according to Treisman?

your name

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

Episodic memory

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

Inattentional blindness

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?

binding

When Skylar was young, he loved his favorite toy clown. It had a rainbow polka-dot suit, fuzzy green hair, long brown shoes, and a big red nose. Which of the following enabled Skylar to see a clown and not just a collection of bright colors?

binding

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

Many students claim that they are highly skilled at multitasking. What would a cognitive psychologist call this activity?

continuous partial attention

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect

Which component of Broadbent's model of attention is focused on the meaning of a stimulus?

detector

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

Which of the following is the key factor in the cocktail party effect?

filter

Suppose you're scanning a photograph of a class picture and you briefly pause on one face. In doing so, you are showing ___.

fixation

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

What is the key difference between distraction and attentional capture?

intensity

Which of the following is NOT required for a person to engage in automatic processing?

intent

If someone is suffering from Balint's syndrome, then they would likely have damage to the ___ lobe of the brain.

parietal

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.

the hippocampus

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

propaganda

When you check WhatsApp on your phone and see two new messages, you will be more likely to check WhatsApp again later—even if you're in a classroom or at dinner—because your behavior has been ________.

reinforced

Suppose you're at a loud party where you're trying really hard to listen to a conversation that you're having with a friend. In doing so, you're showing ___.

selective attention

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

short-term

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory

Attentional warping involves which of the following?

an expansion of brain maps

Which term best reflects the act of scanning to direct attention?

anticipatory

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

Based on research, the driver's lack of attention 3 seconds before an accident plays a role in how many traffic accidents?

over three-fourths

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli

Who developed a test that demonstrates the distractive power of some task-irrelevant stimuli?

Stroop

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference

Marisol was pleasantly surprised when she walked into the hospital to visit her father and saw an espresso bar and a four-piece jazz quartet playing. What caused Marisol's response?

a deviation from her scene schema

Which of the following best reflects the amount of learning required for participants to engage in automatic processing during Schneider and Shiffrin's "divided attention" experiment?

a large amount

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

For decades, children waiting to see the dentist have done a familiar challenge in Highlights magazine. They compare two illustrations that look almost identical and try to identify 15 things that are different. What are the children engaging in?

change detection

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

late selection

Which term has been used to describe Treisman's attenuation model?

leaky

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.

long-term

Marvella is able to shell peas from her garden while watching TV because shelling peas is a ________ task.

low load

Which of the following best reflects the function of human attention?

magnifying glass

Because Robbie will be late to the big outdoor concert, he tells Serena to wear that ugly lime green top. This will increase Serena's ________ so Robbie can find her in the crowd.

salience

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?

schema

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.

selective

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

The cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

Which of the following controls the attention of someone who is trying to locate a blonde friend wearing a red shirt in a crowd?

ventral attention network

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts.

Episodic; semantic

The serial position demonstration utilizes what type of reporting procedure?

Free-recall

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

a smaller response set

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

When is a person most likely to engage in mind wandering?

at work

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

attended the singer's concert with her boyfriend

Rashid is working on the car in the garage when his son James rides down the driveway on his bike. Without looking up from under the hood, Rashid calls out, "You know you're grounded, James. Get back in the house and wash the dishes!" How did Rashid know James was breaking the rules?

covert attention

In the context of attention, perceptual load is focused on which concept?

difficulty

Suppose you're studying in the library and you hear someone else's cell phone conversation, which, in turn, causes you to lose your focus on your work. This example illustrates ___.

distraction

Yvonne is attempting to listen to a conversation from her friend while simultaneously being alert for an expected cell phone call. This example illustrates ___.

divided attention

Low-load tasks are to high-load tasks as _____ is to _____.

easy; difficult

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.

knowing; remembering

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

autobiographical

Peter was so stressed about his presentation tomorrow that he was surprised to find himself pulling into his driveway after work. He didn't remember one bit of what is usually a nasty commute on packed roads. What enabled Peter to make it home safely?

automatic processing

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.

aware; unaware

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.

high-saliency

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

short-term memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term is impaired

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed