Cognitive Test 4

10. Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as a. hierarchical structure. b. relational organization. c. parallel organization. d. propositional representation.

a

11. Syntax is a. the rules for combining words into sentences. b. the meanings of words. c. the way people pronounce words in conversational speech. d. the mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases.

a

15. When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), a. performance is better for the concrete task. b. performance is better for the abstract task. c. performance is the same for both tasks. d. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

a

16. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem

a

18. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The results showed: a. People suddenly felt close to solving right before they did (they showed a sudden "insight"). b. Feeling of getting ready to solve rose gradually (slowly) from the start to the solution. c. People solve insight problems faster than non-insight problems like algebra d. You can't measure insight

a

19. In a study on creative problem solving, Baird et al. (2012) asked people to come up with alternative uses for common objects followed by either no break, a break but no task, a demanding task, or an undemanding task. This was a study on a. creativity b. convergent thinking c. permission schema d. representative bias

a

2. The tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and to overlook information that argues against it is: a. confirmation bias b. representativeness bias c. availability heuristic d. illusory correlation

a

27. _____________ refers to all of the words that a person understands—the person's vocabulary. a. lexicon. b. parser. c. syntax. d. mental set

a

29. Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) a. availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. conjunction rule. d. permission schema.

a

36. In language, the process by which readers create information that is not explicitly stated in the text is called: a. inference b. parsing c. structural hierarchy d. lexicon

a

38. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. restructuring (i.e., re-representing the problem). b. multiple goal states. c. sensory operators. d. continuity and form.

a

9. The given-new contract is a method that shows a. cooperation/coherence in people's conversations. b. children's mastery of syntax. c. resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. d. anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.

a

13. Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) a. atmosphere effect. b. availability heuristic. c. focusing illusion. d. permission schema.

b

17. The Tower of Hanoi problem is a good problem for explaining _______________ because its ______________ can be clearly illustrated. a. insight problems; problem space b. means-ends analysis; subgoals c. analogical problem solving; usefulness d. insight problems; solution

b

20. As they approach you on the quad, your roommate blurts out "It's broken!" and begins to cry. They have violated the ____________ because they did not try to get you "on board" first by giving you some known information (that they were talking about the watch that their boyfriend gave them). a. falsification principle b. given-new contract c. syntactic priming effect d. anaphoric inference

b

21. _________________ refers to the phenomenon that hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a statement that follows will be produced with the same construction (think of the Branigan study). a. semantic priming b. syntactic priming c. visual priming d. attentional priming

b

22. According to the situation model (also called mental model) of text processing, a. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. b. people create a mental map or picture in their mind of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. c. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. d. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.

b

23. Emotions that people predict they'll feel for a given outcome are called ________ . a. aversive emotions b. expected emotions c. incidental emotions d. risky emotions

b

28. ___________ refers to the idea that to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule. a. parsing b. falsification principle c. availability heuristic d. deductive reasoning

b

32. If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the a. permission schema. b. confirmation bias. c. falsification principle. d. typicality principle.

b

6. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support a. the syntax-first approach to parsing. b. the interactionist approach to parsing. c. the garden-path model to parsing. d. both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing.

b

1. Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning. a. deductive b. syllogistic c. inductive d. connective

c

12. Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? a. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight b. Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target c. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice d. Using a wine bottle as a vase

c

14. The typical purpose of subgoals is to a. solve insight problems. b. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. d. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis.

c

24. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. the cooperative principle b. local connections c. environmental context d. instrumental inferences

c

25. The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved. a. whether semantics b. whether syntax c. when semantics d. when syntax

c

26. The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing. a. semantic b. temporary ambiguity c. syntax-first d. interactionist

c

30. After much deliberation, Jay decided to go to West Chester University for his undergraduate degree. He notices that he feels very happy about this decision every time he talks to his friend from the local community college, but he starts to regret the decision whenever he talks to his friend who went to Harvard. Jay's emotions are influenced by a. the principle of diversity. b. confirmation bias. c. framing. d. the law of large numbers.

c

31. Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves a. framing. b. the conjunction rule. c. sample size. d. none of these

c

33. The study by Tversky and Shafir, in which college students decided whether or not to purchase a vacation package after taking a difficult end-of-semester exam, showed the influence of ____ in decision making. a. positive vs. negative outcomes b. opt-in vs. opt-out procedures c. justification d. utility

c

34. Which set of stimuli would be the best for having people perform a lexical decision task? a. Pictures of everyday objects like "cat, boat" and uncommon objects like "mango, warthog" b. Concrete words like "window, monkey" and abstract words like "doubt, energy" c. Words like "pizza, history" and non-words like "pibble, girk" d. Identifiable sounds like of a trumpt and non-identifiable sounds like white noise.

c

39. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. intermediate states. b. subgoals. c. operators. d. mental sets.

c

40. Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using a. the law of large numbers. b. an atmosphere effect. c. an illusory correlation. d. the falsification principle.

c

5. According to Grice's cooperative principle, a speaker is obeying the maxim of ____________ if they are telling the truth. a. late closure b. quantity c. quality d. relation

c

7. The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal is: a. talk-aloud protocol b. lexical decision making c. speech segmentation d. phonemic restoration

c

3. Romance languages are often hard for American students to learn because putting adjectives after the nouns they modify violates the English: a. Lexicon b. Coding c. Discriminability d. Rules

d

35. It is difficult to apply means-end analysis to an insight problem because it is difficult to define ____ for an insight problem. a. an initial state b. operators c. a goal state d. intermediate states

d

37. In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time. a. blank b. color c. black and pink d. bread and butter

d

4. Which of the following are argued to be characteristics that make human language unique? a. Hierarchical structure b. Generative c. Governed by rules d. all of these make human language unique

d

8. Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people a. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. b. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. c. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. d. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial political issue but none for the opposing side.

d