Colby College PS111 Final Exam study guide

The brain's right hemisphere is NOT specialized for:

literal language comprehension

Evolutionary psychologists attribute gender differences in sexuality to the fact that women have _____ than men.

lower total reproductive potential

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is MOST likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder.

Jake enjoys hunting, playing football, and wrestling more than the other boys in his class, while Susan enjoys talking to her friends and taking care of her younger siblings. We can say that Jake is exhibiting traditionally _____ traits, while Susan is exhibiting traditionally _____ traits.

masculine; feminine

Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____.

maturation is to experience

A _____ is a statistical procedure for combining the results of many different research studies, as if the results had come from one huge study.

meta-analysis

A research team combines the results of nearly two dozen studies examining the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy in treating self-injurious behavior among clients with borderline personality disorder. The research team is conducting a:

meta-analysis.

Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.

middle

Psychology is the scientific study of the _____ and behavior. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

mind

Morris was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by a police officer to describe the young criminal, Morris recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Morris' experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

misinformation

In 1870, Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig discovered the _____ after doing research on the brains of dogs.

motor cortex

Professor Kim is studying how the brain is involved in voluntary movements. Professor Kim stimulates the _____ of his participants' brain with mild electrical signals. As a result, the right arm of his participants involuntarily moves.

motor cortex

The social-responsibility norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who:

need help.

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

Sherry is visiting colleagues in Mexico City and is asked to try a local delicacy, sautéed ant eggs. She is reluctant to do so as her _____ makes her less willing to consume this odd food.

neophobia

The work groups that neurons cluster into are known as neural _____.

networks

In one study on social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students pulled hardest when they thought:

no one else was pulling with them.

People often conform to gain approval. This is called _____ social influence.

normative

While Wendy disagrees with her boss, she laughs at her joke anyway to gain her approval. Wendy's behavior illustrates:

normative social influence

Milgram Experiment

obedience; electrical shocks to incorrect answers; learners were paid actors. Shows that majority of people went to extreme of shock generator because they were prompted to do so --ease we tend to obey is evolutionary -- so holocaust can be explained by our tendency to obey authority figures

The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex are MOST directly involved in vision.

occipital

According to the fraternal birth-order effect, men who have _____ are more likely to be gay than other men are.

older brothers

One would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why:

one failed a college exam.

With respect to the endocrine system, sugar is to calcium as _____ is to _____.

pancreas; parathyroid

If acetylcholine transmission is blocked, we are:

paralyzed

Patty is a recovering addict. After several years of clean time, Patty completed a 16-week course in addiction counseling. She now helps fellow addicts at a residential treatment center. Patty is BEST described as a:

paraprofessional.

A highly efficient computer engineer would MOST likely have larger _____ lobes.

parietal

The evidence reviewed in the textbook suggests that sexual orientation is _____ genetic.

partly

Jacob and Makayla have been dating for about three months. They are MOST likely experiencing:

passionate love.

Eight-year-old Jack has severe temper tantrums at times and experiences irritability. He has been diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. One of the significant negative outcomes of labeling Jack is that:

people may view Jack differently because of the label.

Psychodynamic therapy is based on the premise that:

people unconsciously avoid issues that are painful.

Both _____ and _____ indicate how experiences help to construct perception.

perceptual set; context

Masters and Johnson's groundbreaking human sexual response research was based on:

physiological measurement

Joshua's history of romantic relationships influences his attitudes toward romantic relationships, which changes how he now responds to his current girlfriend. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism.

_____ refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states; that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior.

theory of mind

importance of case studies

they give us insight about parts of the brain we otherwise would not have because no one else had the same injury

Which behavior therapy technique is NOT rooted in classical conditioning

token economy

Perceptions can be influenced _____, by expectations, the context, emotions, and motivation.

top-down

Katrina is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Bandura called this process:

reciprocal determinism.

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates:

top-down processing

Malik glances at his doctor's scrawl on a handwritten prescription. He draws on his knowledge of common medications to distinguish among a's, o's, and u's. Malik's experience BEST illustrates:

top-down processing

A(n) _____ describes a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

trait

Gordon Allport was one of the MOST influential _____ theorists of personality.

trait

Describing personality is to explaining personality as _____ theory is to _____ theory.

trait; Freudian

According to Gordon Allport, personality should be described in terms of:

traits.

A client developing an unhealthy dependence on his or her therapist similar to the relationship with his or her domineering parents is MOST likely demonstrating:

transference.

Jacob suffered a stroke that affected his _____. Now Jacob cannot make copies of drawings.

right hemisphere

Jacob suffered a stroke that affected his _____. Now Jacob has difficulties recognizing faces.

right hemisphere

Nathan was in a horrible car accident that resulted in partial paralysis. However, he claims that he is able to move his paralyzed arm. The damage was to his:

right hemisphere

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his:

right hippocampus.

A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a:

rite of passage

A _____ is a set of expectations associated with a particular social position.

role

Being aware of one's own vulnerability to error and openness to surprises and new perspectives reflects the component of the scientific attitude called:

skepticism

Sonya had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:

unconditioned stimulus

is expertise an automatic or controlled process

automatic

Ten-year-old Janelle is sad. She is crying. Her older brother looks at her and then continues watching television. He may be showing signs of:

impaired theory of mind.

Scientists have discovered in studies with felines that damage to the _____ results in sleep difficulties.

pons

why do side effects of typical antipsychotics work?

when problem is fixed in one spot of the brain, interferes with functioning in another

Diffusion of responsibility is MOST likely to occur:

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other bystanders present.

Heterosexual men are MOST attracted to women whose waists are _____ percent narrower than their hips.

33

It takes about _____ minutes to form a feeling about a conversational partner and to register whether the partner likes them or not.

4

Nearly _____ percent of all Americans think that being very well off is important for happiness. This belief is _____ by scientific research.

75; contradicted

Dr. Hernandez helps people cope with challenges and crises and to improve their personal and social functioning. She is MOST likely a:

counseling psychologist

When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

When Juan was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

Yvonne works for a government agency where she treats those who have psychological disorders. In order to do this, she has a Psy.D. When she was younger, she also had a supervised internship and postdoctoral training. Yvonne is MOST likely a:

clinical psychologist.

Denise wears an extremely bright safety yellow sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.

high amplitude

Seventy-five-year-old Walter lost his wife to a heart attack two years ago, and most of his friends have passed away. His children live in other states and he has no pets. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Walter is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.

more because the suicide rate surges among older men

Relative height, motion, size, and linear perspective are examples of:

monocular cues.

Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of:

repression

Brad has noticed that the girls he has gone out with still expect him to pay the bill when they go out, even though they may have asked him out in the first place. These expectations are called gender:

roles.

The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by:

stress hormones.

Forgetting can occur

at any stage of memory.

_____ route persuasion uses unimportant cues to trigger speedy, emotion-based judgments.

Peripheral

Male leaders are to female leaders as _____ is to _____.

directive; democratic

How environmental factors influence the expression of genes is the focus of the field of _____.

epigenetic

The _____ is the brain area involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

Stable personality differences are found:

in many types of species.

A highly efficient computer engineer would MOST likely have:

larger parietal lobes

Mr. Jones attended a training that suggested that young people with high self-esteem tend to be less shy, feel less pressure to conform, and persevere when tasks are difficult. Mr. Jones decided to give his struggling students random rewards and weekly messages to boost self-esteem. Research suggests that the results will be:

lower grades and increased passivity.

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their:

recall

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates the concept of:

reciprocal determinism

When predicting academic success, _____ matters more than _____.

self-discipline; intelligence

Jennifer just felt someone touch her shoulder. Her _____ was stimulated.

somatosensory cortex

Men report that their MOST intimate and nurturing friendships tend to be:

with women.

Gary is a homosexual man. Gary MOST likely calls himself:

gay

The term _____ refers to the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women.

gender

_____ therapy is NOT a discredited method of treatment.

dialectical

When conducting an experiment, it is important to _____ and to hold constant or control other factors.

manipulate the factor or factors of interest

The textbook describes an analysis of the emotion words used in billions of social media status updates from 2007 to 2010. Which research method does this analysis exemplify?

naturalistic observation

"He wanted to do for psychology what the Periodic Table of the Elements did for chemistry," lectures a psychology professor. To whom is the professor MOST likely referring?

Edward Bradford Titchiner

HM case study

A patient who had extensive brain surgery to correct epileptic seizures which left him with severe anterograde amnesia; intelligence and memory from before the surgery were normal but it was almost impossible for him to create new, permanent memories. Had immediate memory but no ability to transfer those to long-term storage.--- Showed importance of certain areas of the brain for forming new memories

Which is NOT an example of learning?

A woman reflexively pulls back her hand from a hot burner.

Glenn suffers from depression. He frequently thinks of situations as overwhelmingly bad, with no hope of future improvement. Glenn would most benefit from _____ therapy.

Aaron Beck's cognitive

The notion that psychological disorders often reflect automatic, maladaptive thought patterns is associated with:

Aaron Beck.

Which list contains items that all belong together?

Ainsworth, attachment, secure

Steve struggles with feelings of inferiority that in turn drive him to seek superiority and power. Which neo-Freudian theorist was MOST concerned with cases like Steve's condition?

Alfred Adler

Phineas Gage Case Study

An example of brain damage: a metal pole went through his brain and changed his personality from friendly to anti-social.-- As a result of this accident, we learn some very intriguing things about what the prefrontal cortex is potentially responsible for

In an experiment where Asian-American clients were matched with counselors who shared their cultural values, it was noted that the:

Asian-American clients perceived more counselor empathy and felt a stronger alliance with the counselor.

_____ is the rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest.

Basal metabolic rate

Along with Abraham Maslow, _____ represented the humanistic perspective on personality.

Carl Rogers

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system MOST often used in the United States, she should read the _____.

DSM-5

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used in the United States, she should read the:

DSM-5

Linda had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the:

conditioned response

David is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

A 7-month-old toddler is just learning to crawl. Her mother has agreed to have her toddler participate in an experiment that incorporates a visual cliff. What is MOST likely being studied in this experiment?

depth perception

Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity versus _____.

despair

Amanda is pregnant. Her baby's intestinal system is beginning to develop. The baby is in the _____ stage of prenatal development.

embryo

Eli has always been an extravert. There is some evidence that people like Eli seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low. For example, extraverts:

exhibit less activity in a frontal lobe area involved in behavior inhibition.

With respect to memory, hippocampus is to cerebellum as _____ is to _____.

explicit; implicit

Two individuals are MOST likely to differ in personality if they are _____ twins who were raised _____.

fraternal; apart

Maria had a stroke last year. Although she can remember many things from her childhood, she is unable to remember what she just ate for breakfast. It is MOST likely that the stroke caused damage to her _____ lobes.

frontal

The color afterimage effect can be explained by the color-opponent system, in that _____ cells are inhibited by _____ cells.

green; red

The tendency to wear heavier clothes when it is cold and lighter clothes when it is warm is an example of humans trying to maintain:

homeostasis.

Until 1973, _____ was/were considered dysfunctional and distressing by many mental health workers.

homosexuality

similarity correlation for monozygotic twins is greater than between dizygotic twins

how we know genes influence big 5 traits

Simon LeVay is credited with advancing psychologists' understanding of the biological underpinnings of sexual orientation. LeVay studied:

human brains.

Active listening and unconditional positive regard are key elements of _____ therapy.

humanistic

As compared with homosexuality, bisexuality is _____ common.

less

The brain's left hemisphere is specialized for:

literal language comprehension

After watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable television, Myron will probably be:

more likely to treat women in a punitive manner.

A major source of genetic diversity is:

mutations

Dr. Williamson is working with the National Institutes of Mental Health to determine if omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects on anxiety disorders. Which perspective is MOST relevant to Dr. Williamson's research?

neuroscience

The spotlight effect means that people:

overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them

Mike and Carla find that the closer their relationship becomes, the more sexual satisfaction they experience. This is due to:

overlapping brain reward regions.

Which of these divisions of the nervous system is the broadest or MOST inclusive?

peripheral

Which of these major issues is NOT among those emphasized by developmental psychologists?

person and situation

Murphy's Law—the notion that if anything can go wrong, it will—expresses a(n) _____ outlook.

pessimistic

Alia and John just met. Which factor will MOST likely affect their first impression of each other?

physical attractiveness

The unconscious activation of associations in memory is called _____.

priming

When people speak of "being proactive" or "getting in front of a situation," they usually mean tackling an obstacle head-on so that it does not become a bigger issue. These phrases MOST clearly suggest _____ coping.

problem-focused

Altruism and peacemaking are intended to help or benefit others. That is, they are examples of:

prosocial behavior.

Environmental events turn on genes, rather like hot water enabling a tea bag to express its flavor. When turned on, genes provide the code for creating:

protein molecules

Bonnie has just finished a two-year master's program and now is in postgraduate supervision that is preparing her to offer psychotherapy to people with everyday personal and family problems. Bonnie is MOST likely preparing to be a:

psychiatric social worker.

Dr. Jackson is licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat the physical causes of psychological disorders. He is a:

psychiatrist

The goal of an approach to psychotherapy known as _____ is to help patients gain insight into repressed impulses and conflicts.

psychoanalysis

Using such techniques as dream analysis and free association, Dr. Brown tries to reveal and understand a client's unconscious conflicts. Dr. Brown is BEST described as a _____ therapist.

psychoanalytic

Therapies dealing with psychological disorders can be classified into two main categories. In the first, _____, a trained professional talks to clients to help them overcome difficulties, while _____ influences the brain directly through drugs or other treatments.

psychotherapy; biomedical therapy

Irrationality, distorted perceptions, and a lack of contact with reality are defining features of _____ disorders.

psychotic

Exclusion can be obvious, such as _____, or subtle, such as the use of _____.

racism; gender-specific pronouns

The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine _____ blood pressure and _____ blood sugar levels.

raises; raises

Josephine won the lottery twice, both with large jackpots. Her friends tell her to keep playing the lottery because she is on a lucky roll. In reality, the two winnings are:

random events

Danielle recently gained 80 pounds when she began eating a lot more food and driving to work instead of walking. What is the likely result now that she has reduced her food intake to what it was before and has started walking to work again?

The same amount of food that she used to be satisfied with will now leave her hungry and she may begin to regain the weight.

John has been an active member of his church for the past 35 years. His good health may be attributed to:

access to a support network.

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of

accommodation

Karen is 13 years old. She is in the middle of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called _____.

adolescence

Kayla is 13 years old. She is in the middle of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called:

adolescence

_____ is any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

aggression

Tammy was hired to improve morale at a large manufacturing company. Which change is likely to have the MOST positive effect on morale?

allowing workers to stop the conveyor belt when they see a problem

John was always a mild-mannered man. Suddenly his behavior changed radically. He instigated fights and was verbally abusive to the people around him. It is likely that John's problem began in his:

amygdala

informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Jake is describing a chance encounter with an acquaintance. "I couldn't remember her name, yet it was on the tip of my tongue!" he exclaims. Jake is experiencing a failure of a memory process called:

retrieval.

A sense of worth is to a sense of competence as _____ is to _____

self-esteem; self-efficacy

Side effects of typical antipsychotics

similar to parkinsons symptoms: motor problems with movement and rigidity

Clarice presses the Ctrl and S keys on her keyboard to save a document. A file is then created on her computer's hard drive. Clarice's action is MOST analogous to the memory process of:

storage.

When psychologists refer to the visible part of the light spectrum, they mean

the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye

Sarah regularly donates blood because she once received a lifesaving transfusion when she was in a car accident five years ago. Sarah's helping behavior is BEST explained by:

the reciprocity norm.

A medical equipment company is thinking of expanding by developing lie detection machines that measure perspiration, cardiovascular, and respiration changes. On which system should their research focus?

the sympathetic nervous system

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

the emotional bond between a mental health professional and a client is known as:

the therapeutic alliance.

One potential fear of the new classification of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is that it will:

turn a normal temper tantrum into a mental disorder.

kyle is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. His behavior BEST illustrates _____ disorder.

antisocial personality

Bob has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would MOST likely be diagnosed as having:

antisocial personality disorder.

Bobby stole money from the local grocery store on the corner to buy beer. He later assaulted a 72-year-old woman and stole her purse. In the alley, he dumped the purse, went to Starbucks for a cup of coffee, and proceeded to take the train over to the South Side. On the train, a passenger stepped on his shoes, and he threw the hot coffee into the passenger's face and laughed. Bobby would be considered to have:

antisocial personality disorder.

Which perspective on motivation is correctly matched with a description?

arousal theory—focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

Ashlee is sexually attracted to neither men nor women. She is:

asexual

The regions of the parietal lobes that are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning are known as _____ areas.

association

Feelings, often influenced by one's beliefs, that predispose one to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called _____.

attitudes

_____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

attitudes

Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called:

cognitive learning

Dr. Jenkins is a psychologist who places a high value on humility. Which question is she MOST likely to ask herself?

could I be wrong?

Critics of evolutionary psychology are particularly likely to emphasize that gender differences in mate preferences can also be by-products of:

cultural practices.

The musician Stevie Wonder has been blind since shortly after birth. Even if his vision was restored by a miracle surgery, he probably would NOT achieve normal visual perception because:

brain cells normally devoted to vision died or were diverted to other uses.

In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, alertness would be the

dependent variable

In any given year, the MOST common type of psychological disorder in the United States is:

depressive or bipolar disorder.

Relative _____ refers to the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

deprivation

Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-raising practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is MOST likely that Dr. Matsuko is a _____ psychologist.

developmental

Dr. Murphy studies a group of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

Episodes of overeating (typically high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with:

bulimia nervosa.

Cameron's sister's fiancé has an identical twin brother who has been divorced three times. What research information would be MOST applicable to his situation?

Research has shown that behavioral tendencies such as extraversion can be attributable to genetic factors.

Which is NOT a benefit of group therapy?

The therapist notes supposed dream meanings and resistances in order to promote insight.

Psychologists call the overgeneralizing and self-blaming thinking associated with depression:

catastrophizing.

The 2 major hemispheres that make up the brain are known as the

cerebrum

While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for _____ in schizophrenia patients' brains, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in the disorder.

dopamine

The American Psychiatric Association dropped homosexuality from its list of disorders in the:

early 1970s.

Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in?

early adulthood

Mark is driven to excel at everything he does. As a child, he received high grades in all of his classes. In Boy Scouts, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. Now, as an adult, Mark constantly beats everyone at work in reaching the monthly sales quota. Mark seems to be primarily motivated by _____ needs.

esteem

_____ therapists make decisions about different therapies based upon the evidence suggested by research, the therapist's clinical expertise, and the therapist's knowledge of their client.

evidence-based

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that, in perception, the whole may _____ the sum of its parts.

exceed

Kevin is 18 years old and believes that he is less likely to get into a serious car accident or die at an early age than peers his age. He may be illustrating:

excessive optimism.

During the _____ phase, a woman's genital area becomes engorged with blood, her vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples may enlarge.

excitement

Frequent sexual fantasies are MOST likely a reflection of sexual:

experience.

The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will:

fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.

Louis is an expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on his choice of scales. Louis decides to change his opinion for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates:

groupthink.

Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim:

has more experience interacting with Asian people.

Studies imply that when it comes to cultural and gender roles, as well as religious views, clients:

have trouble establishing an emotional bond with a therapist who does not share their values.

The earliest technique for examining the living human brain involved the study of:

head injuries

Bernadette is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school?

her academic transcripts

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is MOST likely happening to Celia?

her frontal lobes are growing

In a playoff game between the State City Champions and the Anytown Victors, Sara initially bet against the State City Champions, who eventually won. After the game, she claimed she knew the Champions would be the winners. This is an example of a flaw in thinking called the _____ bias.

hindsight

Her boss tells Navi some news that disturbs her, but a phone call from her spouse distracts her. After Navi gets off the phone, she has a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but she cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely that Navi is reacting to the continued effect of:

hormones

Sheree is having trouble coping with stressful life events, so she begins seeing a therapist. The therapist emphasizes the importance of the need for love and acceptance. To which school of thought does she subscribe?

humanistic psychology

The endocrine system consists of:

glands

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced by the neurotransmitter:

glutamate

_____ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

Only a small proportion, about _____ percent, of U.S. teens wish they were someone else.

20

According to B. F. Skinner, which example illustrates the BEST use of an alternative to punishment in the attempt to reduce an undesirable behavior?

Mark is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for disrupting class.

Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.

behavior; attitude

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of _____.

integrity

The ability to bounce back from adversity is called:

resilience

Two generations ago, men in the United States were expected to initiate dates and women to select wedding gifts. This BEST illustrates aspects of gender:

roles.

If one wants to listen more actively in one's own relationships, these three elements may help:

summarize, invite clarification, and reflect feelings.

Sex hormones are released by the _____ in males and the ovaries in females.

testes

The introduction of therapeutic drugs and community-based treatment programs in the _____ helped to empty large mental hospitals as well as mark an era of improved treatments.

1950s

In the United States, about _____ percent of all babies are walking by age 11 months, _____ percent are walking within a week after their first birthday, and about _____ percent are walking by age 15 months.

25; 50; 90

Recent estimates suggest that about _____ percent of Americans are homosexual.

3

Approximately _____ percent of all clinical psychologists work in private practice.

50

is vase illusion top-down or bottom up processing, or both?

Both. Bottom-up: have to go through steps of 5 object commandments to come to conclusion Top-down: can force self to see face, by using knowledge of face

To monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing one's own name, researchers would make use of a(n):

EEG.

Tyrone has a serious case of amnesia and has no memory for anything that occurred more than a minute ago. If he was to eat dinner, and then be offered dinner again, what would the likely outcome be?

He would not remember his recent meal, so he would eat it readily

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?

It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.

Jeff's psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of his relatives that indicate learning. Which example should be included on his list?

Jeff's little brother whines whenever he wants something.

what specific symptoms of schizophrenia do typical antipsychotics treat?

Only most effective against positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Which statement is false with respect to operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning involves respondent behavior.

Melissa and Amanda are taking several classes together, just by chance. Prior to the semester they did not know each other. What is MOST likely to happen by the end of the term?

They will become close friends

Raquel was initially excited to make the cheerleading squad. However, her parents noticed that she stopped eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She began portioning the amount of food she ate and weighing food. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 115 pounds to 90 pounds. This case demonstrates symptoms of:

anorexia nervosa.

_____ is characterized by excessive thinness, while _____ is characterized by normal to above average weight.

anorexia; bulimia

Sensory adaptation helps people

concentrate on more important things

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the tone is called a(n) _____ response.

conditioned

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on one's retinas as it opens, yet one still perceives it as rectangular. This illustrates shape _____.

constancy

Babies should be put to sleep on their backs to prevent

crib death

Aggression is related to _____ activity in the central executive and _____ activity in the limbic system.

decreased; increased

Chromosomes are composed of:

deoxyribonucleic acid molecules

According to the textbook, desirable objects are perceived as closer than neutral objects. In an experiment examining this phenomenon, the perceived distance of the objects is a(n) _____ variable in this study.

dependant

_____ psychology examines growth and change in physical, cognitive, and social areas across the life span.

developmental

Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life.

earlier; later

Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. She will then use _____ to detect brain areas that are active when the participants are lying.

fMRI

Evolutionary psychologists believe that men in almost all cultures are attracted to women based on youthful physical characteristics that denote:

fertility and good health.

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in the _____ lobe. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

frontal

Dr. Charles is using _____ when she conducts a series of brain scans by using radio waves to briefly disrupt the brain's activity.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Titchener is to structuralism as James is to _____.

functionalism

A single _____ on the _____ chromosome plays a crucial role in the prenatal development of the testes.

gene; Y

Peter is 54. He has just celebrated his twenty-fifth anniversary at his company. He feels that his gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Peter is in the stage of development called _____ versus _____.

generativity; stagnation

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is MOST likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was NOT fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

The fact that some students will work hard for the reward of getting a good grade illustrates the importance of:

incentives.

A psychologist asks research participants to report their immediate sensations, images, and feelings as they taste a new soda. This is a research method called:

introspection

Which choice does NOT name one of the main components of the scientific attitude?

introspection

Major depressive disorder is characterized by signs such as lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities. To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must:

last for two or more weeks.

Carole has stopped ovulating and is now incapable of reproduction. Carole has experienced:

menopause

Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a _____ favorable impression on potential employers, and they are _____ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere

more; less

If a researcher were to sit in a local fast-food restaurant and record what people ordered, the researcher would be using a descriptive technique called _____.

naturalistic observation

The research method in which researchers assess behavior in various environments without trying to control the situation is called _____.

naturalistic observation

Which phrase BEST reflects the conclusion drawn by the textbook's authors when they reflect on nature, nurture, sex, gender, and sexuality?

nature and nurture

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for:

one's first kiss.

Which technique exposes people to radioactive materials?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Susie does not eat cookies before dinner because her parents will send her to her room for the rest of the night. In Kohlberg's terms, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

In operant conditioning, a(n) _____ reinforcer is innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological need.

primary

Ana learns some conversational Portuguese in advance of a vacation in Brazil. However, the Spanish she used at home as a child sometimes impairs her retrieval of Portuguese words and phrases. Ana is experiencing _____ interference.

proactive

Researchers flip a coin to assign people on a waiting list to therapy or no therapy in _____ clinical trials.

randomized

Laurent is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity versus _____.

role confusion

Some American citizens living in a depressed Texas town on the Rio Grande blame undocumented individuals for depressing wages and taking jobs. The citizens therefore support harsh roundup and deportation measures. This is BEST explained by _____ theory.

scapegoat

The _____ theory proposes that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

scapegoat

Perceptual sets are the result of _____, which are concepts that people form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information.

schemas

Alice takes her 1-year-old son, Derek, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Derek eagerly explores the room as long as Alice is present. When Alice leaves the room to fill out some forms, Derek becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, Derek quickly calms down. Which term BEST describes Derek's attachment style?

secure

Anna is reading her psychology textbook. The activation of receptors in her retina is called _____. Her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is called _____.

sensation; perception

Carlos was just touched on his cheek, which is a(n) _____. In order for Carlos to know if he was kissed or slapped, Carlos needs a(n) _____.

sensation; perception

Human sensory systems are designed to detect changes in stimulation rather than to detect constancies. This is demonstrated by the process of:

sensory adaptation

The branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in interpersonal situations is called _____ psychology.

social

Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

The marriage rituals of different ethnic groups are MOST relevant to the _____ perspective.

social-cultural

Comparative Neuroanatomy

study of similarities and differences between organisms' brains-- tells us a lot about when there are marked behavior differences are represented neurologically because lets us pinpoint exactly what regions of the brain are responsible for certain features. -- example: cerebellum is elaborated in cat who has complex coordination capacities when compared to a rabbit

Todd is attracted to his therapist. His attraction reflects the feelings he had toward his mother when he was a young boy in the midst of the Oedipal conflict. Todd's experience illustrates:

transference

Dr. Donaldson is a physician. His annual salary is approximately $215,000, which is very nearly average for a male physician. His colleague Dr. Yan is female; she earns the average salary for a female physician. Dr. Yan's salary is approximately:

$155,000.

infancy involves changes that dramatically alters the way infants understand and act in the world around them-- provide 2 examples

(Infancy 0-2) teratogens-early experiences in utero impact cognitive and motor in future, synaptic pruning-in first year of life, forming attachment

In a study described in the textbook, a male and a female each approached strangers of the other sex on a college campus. Approximately _____ percent of the women who were approached agreed to sleep with the male, and _____ percent of the men who were approached agreed to sleep with the female that night.

0; 70

Using Jean Piaget's second, third, or fourth stages of development, label the stage by name and age of occurance

2) Preoperational (2-6) 3)Concrete Operational (6-12) 4) Formal operational (12 and beyond)

Men are _____ times more likely to suffer from alcoholism than women.

4

At the beginning of the year, experts were asked to predict a variety of world events (for example, the province of Quebec separating from Canada). The experts reported being 80 percent confident in their predictions. What was the actual percentage of correct predictions?

40 percent

Data cited in the textbook suggests that about _____ percent of those experiencing anxiety or depression have used such alternative treatments as massage, spiritual healing, or herbal medicine.

50 to 60

If an individual has schizophrenia, their identical twin's chances of being similarly afflicted are about _____ in 10 if they shared a placenta.

6

In the original Milgram obedience experiment, participants delivered the maximum shock level _____ percent of the time.

65

About 1 in _____ of those with schizophrenia go on to have a full, enduring recovery. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices

7

Billy has an identical twin that was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are _____ that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.

7 in 10

Which statement about sexual abuse is false?

A recognizable group of symptoms known as survivor syndrome has been identified

A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. What might Carl Rogers suggest?

Be genuine with them and show them unconditional positive regard.

_____ route persuasion uses evidence and argument to motivate careful thinking, whereas _____ route persuasion uses superficial cues to trigger emotion-based judgments.

Central; peripheral

According to _____, one reason that people forget is because they are repressing painful memories.

Freud

Nadine hears a television talk show guest remark, "A baby's mother provides it with food, and that's the basis for attachment." Nadine immediately realizes that this statement is false because she is familiar with:

Harlow's work with monkeys

_____ therapists aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Humanistic

How do typical antipsychotics work?

Inhibit dopamine receptors by binding to the receptor, preventing dopamine from getting in (dopmine hypothesis in schizophrenia: excess dopamine contributes to schizophrenia)

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which psychologist made this statement?

John B. Watson

Dr. Penn is a clinical psychologist studying the onset of psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia. Dr. Penn is MOST likely to use which neuroimaging technique to get a glimpse of his subjects' brains?

MRI

John was injured in a car accident and lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous lacerations, a right femoral contusion, and most importantly had a large open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered a(n) _____ to rule out any soft tissue damage to the brain.

MRI

Sometimes, books and movies surprise and intrigue people because they depict characters who put their desire for love and belongingness above their own safety. This is in contrast to the expected order in:

Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

In a study on aggression, a group of college students are given an experimental task intended to be purposely frustrating. Then, the participants are given a task that forces them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what is known about gender differences and aggression, what should the researchers expect?

Men will administer more painful electric shocks.

_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Normative social influence; informational social influence

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between priming and a retrieval cue?

Priming is the unconscious awakening of memories based on retrieval cues.

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

Probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day.

_____ is the therapeutic technique developed by _____. The goal of this type of therapy is to help patients gain insight into repressed impulses and conflicts

Psychoanalysis; Sigmund Freud

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by:

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.

Ashley, a 20-year-old college student, was adopted as an infant. What can we say about Ashley in relation to her biological and adoptive parents?

She has taken on the religious values of her adoptive parents.

Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?

She might have trouble recognizing familiar faces.

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?

Sigmund Freud

_____ was the father of psychoanalysis.

Sigmund Freud

The law of effect MOST clearly influenced:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement

Dr. Scholz is reading an article describing research in which investigators examined how the presence of other people influenced participants' performance on a variety of tasks. Dr. Scholz is MOST likely reading the Journal of Research in _____ Psychology.

Social

_____ theory assumes that children acquire gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating others and through the rewards and punishments they receive for their imitation

Social learning

Which practice is NOT included as one of the key provisions given in the American Psychological Association's ethical principles guidelines for human participants?

Students taking an introductory psychology course can be required to participate in a research project.

Ruben is reading the descriptions of some of the psychology courses in his college's course catalog. The description of one course reads in part, "An introduction to the processes whereby new and enduring behavior and information is acquired through experience." This course is MOST likely titled:

The Psychology of Learning.

Shane, an 11-year-old boy, has autism spectrum disorder (ASD). His fraternal twin brother, Topher, is at higher risk for having ASD than would be the case if Topher were just a sibling. Why is that so?

They share a prenatal environment

Brooke is a female. Her genetic sex is:

XX

Which of these couples is likely to have sex most often?

a gay male couple

People tend to perceive themselves favorably. This is known as:

a self-serving bias.

Dr. Joachim warns a pregnant patient that her recreational use of a particular drug may cause harm to her fetus. The drug is classified as:

a teratogen

_____ is the messenger at every junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle.

acetylcholine

Jim has been taking medication and going to psychotherapy to treat his depressive symptoms. Which of these would enhance his treatment?

aerobic exercise

When one hears a familiar word in one's native language, it is virtually impossible NOT to recognize the word's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:

automatic processing

Deena's therapist believes in using only empirically supported therapies for treating her dog phobia. Her therapist will probably use _____ therapy.

behavior

Karen Horney

believed that childhood anxiety triggers the human desire for love and security.

Maia has plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now, she feels she needs to find a soul mate, or even a close friend or two, with whom she can share her life. According to Abraham Maslow, Maia is currently motivated by _____ needs.

belongingness and love

Stacy is participating in a local psychology experiment in which the research assistant asks Stacy to hold two pencils in front of her and touch the tips together. She then asks Stacy to do this with one eye closed. Stacy finds this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of:

binocular cues

Alison has developed an interest in how the brain controls the body's voluntary action. You suggest that she become a(n) _____ psychologist.

biological

This type of therapy used drugs or other treatments to directly influence the brain.

biomedical therapy

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms not only of biology but also of personal histories and cultural surroundings is MOST clearly provided by the:

biopsychosocial approach.

The police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling, "I have the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money across town and was rude and reckless over the last five days. In the emergency room, Elaine would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder.

bipolar

While shopping at the local supermarket, Nora notices the "reduced for quick sale" table, which has discontinued items as well as dented cans. She buys some of the discontinued items and avoids the dented cans because she knows that improperly canned food can form:

botulin

Rob is assigned the task of coordinating a fundraiser. He does not feel particularly competent at the task. He will do best on these coordinating activities when he is:

calm and alert.

Mimi works in a hospital psychiatric unit. She cares for a patient with schizophrenia who often stands motionless in a corner for several hours. This _____ usually ends abruptly and then the patient becomes quite agitated.

catatonia

In science, the clearest way to isolate _____ is to conduct an experiment.

cause and effect

The _____ occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, while the _____ occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

central route to persuasion; peripheral route to persuasion

Genevieve is concerned because she often feels like she is going to fall over when she is walking. When she visits the doctor she is diagnosed with a tumor in the _____.

cerebellum

In grade school, Jessica thought boys had cooties and refused to be within inches of them. Now in high school, she flirts with boys and is anticipating dancing close with some of them at an upcoming dance. Her attitude toward boys represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.

change; stability and change

Dr. Fellows conducts research that focuses on how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. Dr. Fellows favors the _____ perspective in psychology.

cognitive

Dr. Franz conducts research on how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. Dr. Franz favors the _____ perspective in psychology.

cognitive

_____ love is the deep affectionate attachment one feels for those with whom one's lives are intertwined.

companionate

Five-year-old twins Keith and Kevin each have 4 ounces of juice in their glasses. Keith's glass is tall and narrow, whereas Kevin's is shorter and wider. Kevin complains that Keith has more juice, revealing his lack of:

conservation

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.

conservation

Dr. Mancussi posts an article on his Facebook page claiming that orange juice consumption triggers hyperactivity in children. Lourdes notices that the only evidence provided for this claim is anecdotal, so she wonders whether alternative explanations are possible. By evaluating the evidence, Lourdes is demonstrating _____ thinking.

critical

Freddy met a woman in the library and immediately thought he knew her. He asked, "Have I met you before?" She replied, "No," and walked away, assuming he was trying to ask her out. This could have been an example of:

deja vu

Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is MOST clearly demonstrating:

delusions.

Seven-year-old Marcus' parents use a lot of harsh physical punishment and verbal intimidation to control his behavior. Studies have shown that if his parents continue this type of discipline Marcus is more likely to:

demonstrate delinquent behavior in the future.

Danielle is consulting her college's course catalog. The description of one psychology course begins, "This course surveys growth and change across the life span in physical, cognitive, and social domains." This course is MOST likely:

developmental psychology

Alejandro was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his co-workers. Alejandro gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as _____.

displacement

Some psychologists have explained gender differences in aggression by arguing that, because females are more likely to suffer bodily injury in a physical confrontation, they tend to opt for relational aggression. This statement is MOST closely consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.

evolutionary

Most of the signals neurons receive are _____; others are the opposite, or inhibitory.

excitatory

Declan, a Ph.D. candidate, tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating the:

factors that energize and direct behavior.

According to the textbook's discussion of the challenges of weight control, those who suffer from sleep loss are vulnerable to obesity because levels of leptin _____ while ghrelin levels _____.

fall; rise

Silas' therapy with a 15-year-old patient has been going well, but the patient tends to bottle her feelings when discussing her relationship with her mother. Silas believes that the patient can benefit from her mother's involvement, which will promote positive communication. Today's session brings together the patient and her parents. Silas is engaging in _____ therapy.

family

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was the conditioned response.

fear of the white rat

Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend has spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her:

fovea

The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex are MOST directly involved in speaking.

frontal

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is MOST directly involved in speaking?

frontal

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are:

genes

This is a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

ghrelin

Which phenomenon BEST explains the rise of fascism in the 1930s?

group polarization

A president's staff informs him or her only of favorable media coverage that supports the actions and policies of the administration. Criticism is denounced out of hand as fake. This suggests that the president's staff is susceptible to the dangers of:

groupthink.

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that the _____ in her brain was NOT fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Juan loves horseback riding. Which choice exemplifies an internal personal factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?

his thoughts and feelings about riding horses

Nancy's therapist is an active listener who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is MOST likely:

humanistic.

Which technique is NOT used in psychoanalysis to help patients gain insight into repressed impulses and conflicts?

hypnosis

The results of Jasper's study for his dissertation showed that 200 mg of experimental Drug R had a minimal-to-modest effect in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). He decided to revise his original hypothesis by increasing the dosage to 300 mg to reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent. This increase in Drug R is a manipulation of the _____ variable.

independent

In _____ cultures, people are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error, while in _____ cultures, they are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.

individualist; East Asian

social task in concrete beyond Piaget:

industry

Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:

is not classified as an illness.

With respect to adolescence, biology determines:

its beginning, but not its end.

Someone with a split brain will have trouble verbally identifying an object projected in their _____ visual field

left

James has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but retains the ability to recall visual designs and locations. He may have suffered damage to his:

left hippocampus.

By _____ clusters of brain cells, scientists have discovered that damage to part of the pons results in sleep difficulties.

lesioning

With respect to alternative therapies, seasonal depression is to _____ therapy as posttraumatic stress disorder is to _____ therapy.

light; eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. They are concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new drug. Their perspective is most in line with the _____ model.

medical

Helena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Helena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

The CEO of a large corporation is considering the benefits her firm will offer employees. If she offers employees psychotherapy for psychological problems, chances are good that:

medical costs will be reduced.

The _____ is the base of the brainstem.

medulla

Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor say, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is acquired, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:

memory

Thirty-seven-year-old Steven is a single male who has suffered from depression all his life. He has been in treatment for the last week and a half and has begun taking an antidepressant. He is starting to feel better, but he is tired of living this way and does not want to face another depressive episode. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Steven is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.

more; because his energy and initiative are rebounding

As compared with women, men think about sex _____ often and view _____ pornography.

more; more

Research shows that after extensive exposure to X-rated sexual films, men are subsequently _____ accepting of women's sexual submission and _____ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

more; more

Research participants are presented with this scenario: "There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you throw a switch that diverts the trolley onto another track, where one person will die. Will you throw the switch?" What are the likely results to this question?

most will say yes

Eleanor suffered severe stroke damage near the rear of both sides of her brain. Based on the case study of Mrs. M. described in the textbook, the stroke is MOST likely to impair Eleanor's ability to perceive:

motion.

Ants that become immune to ant insecticides and are therefore able to multiply are an example of:

natural selection

A game of peekaboo with his dad excites William during the first six months of his life because William actually thinks his dad has disappeared. This is because William lacks _____.

object permanence

Sylvie and Ray were sure that they had correctly answered most of the questions on a psychology test. However, they each scored less than 55 percent on the exam. This BEST illustrates:

overconfidence

Delores has been in therapy for two years, but her last session is today. If asked next month how effective her psychotherapy was, she is likely to:

overestimate its effectiveness

Nate is sexually aroused only by inanimate objects, such as articles of clothing. Nate's example illustrates a:

paraphilia

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise Georgette heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, Georgette begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Clearly Georgette's _____ system has now been activated.

parasympathetic nervous system

A tendency to notice and remember instances in which our premonitions of disaster are subsequently followed by unfortunate events is MOST likely to contribute to:

perceiving order in random events

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they:

preferred the cloth surrogate, even if it provided no food

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way one interacts with the stressor is known as _____ coping.

problem-focused

When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as different. It follows that the infant has:

remembered the original stimulus, making the new stimulus seem different.

Armaghan lives in a small Afghani village. She desperately wants to go to school. However, since other girls in the village have been attacked for attending school, her parents do not want to send her. Her parents are motivated by _____ needs.

safety

Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing.

sensation; perception

Dr. Hauser is a neurosurgeon working with patients who have major epileptic seizures. What might Dr. Hauser do to help reduce his patients' seizures?

sever the corpus callosum

John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is more likely to be

sexually active

In a movie the main character has to write everything on his body and take notes, otherwise he quickly forgets. This is because he has sustained an injury that has left him without _____ memory.

short-term

Dr. Perez is studying prejudice and discrimination. She is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

social

Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.

stability; stability and change

The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural _____ level is lowered.

testosterone

David T. Lykken's saying of "we could avoid two-thirds of all crime simply by putting all able-bodied young men in cryogenic sleep from the age of 12 through 28" demonstrates the understanding that _____ and _____with age.

testosterone levels; aggressiveness decrease

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as:

the bystander effect.

Aaron decided to invest his money in several technology start-ups. He was quite excited and told his wife about his new financial venture. She was very supportive. Eighteen months later, all but one of the companies had declared bankruptcy. Aaron's wife was furious and told him that anyone could have seen that these companies were going to fail. This illustrates:

the hindsight bias

After the events of 9/11, a friend suggests that the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood of this act of terrorism. According to this friend, all the clues were there. This perception MOST clearly illustrates:

the hindsight bias

The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:

the human capacity for evil.

Freud suggested that there are three interacting systems that can explain the dynamics of the human mind:

the id, the ego, and the superego.

When Mandy was born, her parents worried about her lack of eye contact, her unwillingness to cuddle like other babies, and her withdrawn behavior. However, her parents were patient and slowly introduced Mandy to new situations and new people while always providing affectionate support. By the time Mandy was 2 years old, she blossomed into an outgoing, social, friendly child. This example serves as evidence of the importance of:

the interaction between genes and environment.

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of:

the mere exposure effect.

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group-- has evolutionary explanation -- we are attuned to recognize ostracism (parts of brain activated)

Debriefing

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Freud's supporters do NOT identify as a lasting contribution:

the role of the environment on personality development.

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates _____ processing.

top-down

The fact that perception involves more than the sum of sensations BEST illustrates the importance of _____ processing.

top-down

While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is BEST explained in terms of the _____ theory.

two-factor

Passionate love has been described as "adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder" because of the arousal caused by another person. The theory that BEST explains this is the:

two-factor theory

The traits that heterosexual men find attractive in women are culturally _____; one such trait is _____.

universal; smooth skin

Evidence from Thailand suggests that the use of condoms _____ the incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

virtually eliminates

When it comes to identity, humans go through common patterns of identity change in response to environmental triggers-- indicate 2

1) When we develop abstract thought (trigger) - hostile/microaggressive counters make us aware that we are different and can undermine our identity formation 2) College entry (trigger)- moratorium occurs where we question our identity, searching for meaning to who we are

Whereas the great majority of LGBTQ Americans report that gays and lesbians are socially accepted, just under _____ percent believe that transgender individuals are socially accepted.

20

Based on recent research, approximately what percentage of people in Europe and the United States are exclusively homosexual?

3 percent of men, and 1 to 2 percent of women

Children demonstrate an understanding of gender roles by the age of:

3 years.

Dr. Rowan attempts to help his patients uncover unconscious motives and conflicts. Dr. Rowan appears to reflect the _____ approach in psychology.

Freudian

Research suggests that _____ is the happiest day of the week.

Friday

Dr. Garcia is studying prejudice among White Americans using neuroimaging technology. She is particularly interested in which part of the brain is active when those who are prejudiced view photographs of White and Black people. Which neuroimaging technique is Dr. Garcia likely to use?

PET

Kaiser company's studies indicate that its new medication for depression significantly reduces symptoms in 90 percent of people diagnosed with depression. However, many well-constructed replication studies indicate that the new medication is no more effective than a placebo. Which statement is likely to reflect the thinking of psychiatrists who have read all the studies?

The company's studies should be reevaluated because their findings could not be replicated

In her introductory psychology course, Dr. Campbell requires each student and a partner to design and conduct a research study. Lisa and her partner have selected the survey method. What should they keep in mind as they design their study?

The order and wording of questions is critically important, as is choosing a random, representative sample of the population under study.

Before Serene's first appointment date with a psychologist, the psychologist wants her to take the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Serene is uncomfortable taking a personality test for someone she barely knows. What argument can she use to persuade this psychologist that she should NOT take the test?

There are questions about the validity of the test.

The production and transmission of hormones in the endocrine system is MOST similar to which scenario?

Travis types a text message, which his friend shows to a third party who reacts to it.

Raina is 25 and happily married. However, she has been feeling much less interested in sexual activities since having her ovaries removed. Which factor might be causing this?

a drop in her testosterone levels

A psychologist has a limited budget for research, so she needs to focus on a small sample of individuals who are the most likely to develop alcohol use disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Given what is known about gender differences, which group would the researcher choose?

a group of adult males

Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of Americans who believe that society should accept homosexuality?

a majority

A teratogen is:

an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect

During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs BEST illustrate:

an ingroup bias.

Whether people are progressive or conservative, they tend to favor those with whom they share a common political identity. This exemplifies:

an ingroup bias.

Timothy has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and has mostly auditory hallucinations. When he is experiencing a hallucination his _____ cortex is active.

auditory

social task in preoperational beyond Piaget:

autonomy & initiative

Jean Piaget was the Swiss child psychologist BEST known for his influential theory that:

children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development.

Process schizophrenia is to reactive schizophrenia as _____ schizophrenia is to _____ schizophrenia.

chronic; acute

Adam's therapist believes in using only empirically supported therapies for treating his depression. She will probably use:

cognitive therapy

Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Sanchez remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Sanchez's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for his inability to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is MOST representative of:

cognitive therapy

Mark suffers from a great deal of irrational thoughts that affect his social life. He would benefit MOST from _____ therapy.

cognitive-behavioral

_____ therapy makes people aware of their irrational negative thinking and trains them to react more positively in everyday settings

cognitive-behavioral

Morton suffers from anxiety. His therapist is training him to replace his catastrophizing thinking with more realistic appraisals, and then to gradually engage in activities that normally would be stressful for him. The therapist's approach BEST illustrates:

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Bonnie is afraid to express anger toward her overbearing and irritating supervisor. Instead, she is critical of her children. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates:

displacement.

The spacing effect refers to the benefit of _____ practice.

distributed

A therapist committed to evidence-based practice selects whichever type of therapy enjoys the most empirical support for the disorder a given client is experiencing. The therapist is MOST likely to reflect a(n) _____ perspective.

eclectic

Edward L. Thorndike's research with cats demonstrated that behavior changes because of its consequences. Favorable consequences lead to the behavior being repeated, while unfavorable consequences make the behavior less likely. Thorndike referred to this as the law of _____.

effect

The correct order of prenatal development is zygote, _____, and fetus.

embryo

Joseph has been experiencing financial problems associated with his recent divorce. He was able to save $300 from his tips, but since he could not pay off his bills, he decided to purchase a flat screen television to help him take his mind off his stress. This is an example of _____ coping.

emotion-focused

Liz loses her well-paid executive position in a round of corporate downsizing. She spends the evening becoming intoxicated in a seedy bar across town. Liz is demonstrating _____ coping.

emotion-focused

Sarah recently had a routine medical test conducted. Her doctor contacted her and told her that there were some irregularities and further tests were needed. While Sarah was concerned about the results, she dealt with her stress by talking to friends, spending time with her family, and staying busy. This is an example of _____ coping.

emotion-focused

To examine the effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of a(n) _____ because it tests cause and effect.

experiment

A student fails to speak or raise his hand in class all semester. The teacher assumes that the student is exceptionally shy. The teacher is illustrating the:

fundamental attribution error.

Dr. Spiro finds that teen parents develop close relationships with male infants but not with female infants. Three subsequent studies by other psychologists fail to confirm these results. After reading these other studies, Dr. Spiro repeats the study, finds an error, and publishes a retraction of the original results. Dr. Spiro is demonstrating the scientific attitude of _____.

humility

The _____ is an important part of the endocrine system but is NOT itself an endocrine gland.

hypothalamus

Studies indicate that anxiety may be caused by chemical imbalances in the brain. A chemist at a pharmaceutical company has an idea for a new medication that she thinks may be useful for treating anxiety. She predicts that people with anxiety disorders who take the medication will experience decreased anxiety within four months. This prediction is a(n) _____.

hypothesis

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _____ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image, that lasts only a few tenths of a second.

iconic memory

The African Zulu saying that "a person is a person through other persons" describes how belonging shapes:

identity.

Two-year-old Jackson's older brother popped a balloon in his face. This caused Jackson to become afraid when he next saw his brother with a balloon. This classically conditioned fear of the balloon is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

implicit

According to the textbook, people are often MOST overconfident when they are:

incompetent.

Hemispheric specialization is known as:

lateralization

Grandma Jones was recently admitted to a nursing home. She was quite ill and on a restricted diet, so the staff made all the decisions for her. They chose her meals, her clothes, and when she was able to get out of bed. As Grandma Jones' health improved, her grandchildren noticed that she seemed to have difficulty asserting herself with the staff. This can be explained by:

learned helplessness

The process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called _____.

learning

The process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called:

learning

"He is as slow as molasses" might be a good way to describe the energy level for people suffering from _____ disorder.

major depressive

Which factor is the weakest predictor of violence?

mental illness

Josh and Donna are discussing the latest release by their favorite band. "I didn't like it at first, but now that I've played it a few times, I love it!" Donna states. Donna's remark exemplifies the _____ effe

mere exposure

Professor Kim is studying how the brain is involved in voluntary movements. Professor Kim stimulates the _____ cortex of his participants' brain with mild electrical signals. As a result, the right arm of his participants involuntarily moves.

motor

The Big Five personality factor _____ involves these endpoints: imaginative versus practical and independent versus conforming

openness

Big 5 Personality Traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement, whereas in _____ an organism develops an expectation that the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

A person's enduring sexual attraction toward members of their own sex or opposite sex is called their sexual _____.

orientation

When Sanjay recognizes line segments and areas of light and dark as his friend's face at an airport gate, he is demonstrating:

perception

Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias the way one sees others' behaviors. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set

Tanya is a teacher in an area where the majority of the students live below the poverty line. Many of the kids come to school without having had breakfast. They have a hard time focusing on what Tanya is teaching until after the lunch period. For the first half of the day, these students are motivated by _____ needs.

physiological

Belyaev and Trut's experiment of breeding foxes to select for tameness addressed the validity of which component of Darwin's principle of natural selection?

population characteristics change over time

How might expertise facilitate cognitive learning and memory (explain using modal model)

reduces our load of resources that we need to process-- modal modal allows us to use less resources so we can do more with short term memory

the spotlight effect

refers to overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate one's appearance, performance, and blunders

When asked, "Who are you?" John answers that he is 4 years old, that he loves trucks and trains, and that his favorite color is blue. John is describing his

self-concept

A researcher is LEAST likely to find differences between male and female participants in:

self-esteem

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he does not have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because:

short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity.

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.

social

According to _____, social relationships involve an exchange of goods, where the objective is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

social exchange theory

Gregory is an impoverished African-American teen who finds school stressful but performs at a moderate level academically. He has no relationship with his father but a close relationship with his mother and grandmother. Which factor MOST increases his vulnerability to developing a mental disorder?

socioeconomic status

Nine-year-old Jared has one very good friend. The two boys spend a great deal of time playing one-on-one basketball, and often can be heard talking to each other about a wide range of personal topics. Compared with other boys his age, Jared's social behavior is _____ because most boys his age _____.

somewhat unusual; typically play in larger groups and do not engage in intimate discussion

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain stressful events in terms that are _____ and _____.

specific; temporary

Hostilities between a riverfront community's two racial subgroups were dramatically reduced when the threat that the river would flood its banks required them to work together to save their town. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

superordinate goals.

This is a condition experienced in Latin American cultures, where an individual may experience severe anxiety, restlessness, and a fear of black magic.

susto

Nico's wife wakes him from his peaceful slumber to tell him she heard a noise. As he slowly gets up to investigate, his heart begins to race, his mouth is dry, and he begins to sweat. Clearly Nico's _____ system has been activated.

sympathetic nervous

frustration-aggression hypothesis

the principle that frustration creates anger which can generate aggression

Samantha opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:

transduction

Juanita is aware that her memory is not as good as it used to be. She has seen numerous commercials for a brain training computer-based game that claims to help improve cognitive functioning. She is planning on enrolling in the program to help improve her memory. What would be the best advice for her?

These programs do not do what they claim to do. While your memory will improve, it will only improve on the practiced skills in the game and will not help you in everyday life.

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her television and internet privileges for 2 months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. With respect to Baumrind's parenting styles, Maura's parents are MOST likely _____ and Trish's are MOST likely _____.

authoritarian; authoritative

The Markowitz family has a son, Noah, who has exceptionally high intelligence and excels in math. However, he lacks social and communicative skills, which limit his ability to sustain normal peer relationships. Noah will MOST likely be diagnosed with:

autism spectrum disorder

Tameka is reading a novel. When the phone rings, she looks up to see if her husband is going to answer it, which he does. She returns her attention to the book, going back to the exact spot on the page where she left off. Tameka is able to effortlessly return to her reading because:

automatic processing of space

Shelby just finished eating lunch. Her _____ nervous system is responsible for the digestion of her food.

autonomic

Which term is NOT matched with the correct social development concept?

avoidant—parenting style

An axon transmits messages _____ the cell body and a dendrite transmits messages _____ the cell body.

away from; toward

If the self-serving bias is evident in the way that an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:

blame her failure on bad officiating.

The frustration-aggression principle MOST clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of:

blood alcohol

Sensory analysis starts at the receptors and works to integrate the sensory information in the brain. This process is called:

bottom-up.

Roxanne suffers from severe anxiety. Her therapist believes in utilizing only empirically supported treatments to treat anxiety such as:

cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Those who oppose Freud's views believe that slips of the tongue can be explained as:

competition between similar word choices in our memory network.

Juanita reads an article on a news site relating obesity to several negative health outcomes. However, Juanita knows that many obese people are healthy—and many non-obese people are unhealthy—based on physiological measures, such as blood pressure. Juanita is concerned that the site's conclusion may be based on research that failed to match obese and non-obese people on physiological measures of health. In considering alternate explanations for the results, Juanita is demonstrating _____ thinking.

critical

From the late teens into the mid-twenties, individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

emerging

Given the research on _____, it is likely that many mammalian species can differentiate animals by their facial characteristics.

facial recognition

According to one study, subjective well-being in poorer nations was especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with one's _____. In wealthier countries, subjective well-being was especially likely to be influenced by satisfaction with one's _____.

financial circumstances; social connections

Many people can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the Sandy Hook school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

Last year, Nikki was diagnosed with schizophrenia, and one of her symptoms is related to diminished emotion. She sometimes lapses into a zombielike state of apparent apathy known as:

flat affect.

Many people will respond to social rejection by seeking comfort in the three F's:

food, friends, and faith.

social task in formal operations beyond Piaget:

identity (James Marcia's work) - includes foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, achievement

example of errors in cognition using 2 features modal memory of memory -- explain if occurs by controlled or automatic processing

inattentional blindness: information present in short term memory only lasts short period of time and would need to encode info into long term memory to remember-- controlled because its a task you've been asked to do

Sonya is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her hippocampus, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age. This inability to remember events when she was 3 years old and younger is called _____.

infantile amnesia

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval-- fear of ostracism

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

Fiona, a college student, has agreed to participate in a psychology study. Before she begins, she reads a statement written by the researcher explaining the purpose of the research and the potential risks of participation. It also states that Fiona is free to withdraw from the research at any time. In providing Fiona with this statement, the researcher has followed the ethical guidelines of _____ for participants.

informed consent

At a loud party, Maggie met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day, she was unable to remember her name. The MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is:

interference

What depth cue aids in either perception of face or vase

interposition: shows that closed form is in front

There is a(n) _____ correlation between the likelihood that a man is gay and the number of older brothers he has.

positive

John daydreams of being a firefighter. He is envisioning a(n)

possible self.

Market researchers sent an opinion survey to every twenty-fifth person who ordered a subscription to a weekly news magazine. The researchers were MOST clearly employing a technique known as:

random sampling

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of:

reciprocal determinism.

A multiple-choice question asks students to select the brain area most involved in emotion from among several possibilities. Such a question is a _____ test of _____ memory.

recognition; explicit

It's evening and Benson is mentally replaying the day's events. He pictures his facial expression as he listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because he was unable to see his expression at the time, his recall necessarily illustrates:

reconsolidation.

Juan was shopping for a new watch and the salesperson was pressuring him to spend money far above his financial limit. Juan attributed the behavior to the salesperson having a pushy personality. Juan's explanation of the salesperson's behavior_____ the fundamental attribution error because it is based on the salesperson's _____.

reflects; personality

Shortly before she was to start high school, Aaliyah's family moved to another state. On the first day of school, Aaliyah's mother catches Aaliyah sucking her thumb, something that Aaliyah has not done in years. Which defense mechanism is Aaliyah using to avoid stress?

regression

Sally and her husband, Sam, begin arguing at the dinner table over differing views on how they should spend Sam's bonus check. After arguing for a few minutes, Sally storms from the table and slams the front door as she goes out for a walk. Sam snaps at the children and tells them to hurry up and finish their dinner. Sally is displaying _____; Sam is displaying _____.

regression; displacement

Randy agreed to join a biology study group. When the study group leader gave him her phone number, he had nothing on which to record the number. So Randy repeated the number to himself several times until he found a pen to write the number on his hand. The process Randy used to encode the number into longer-term memory is called _____.

rehearsal

Which depth perception list contains an item that does NOT belong with the others?

relative motion, convergence, monocular cues

Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle. She decides to conduct a similar study using a larger sample of women. Iyesha is performing a(n)

replication

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great moviegoing experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate:

retinal disparity.

Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with _____.

retrieval

Maximizing _____ cues is a good way to improve one's memory of something.

retrieval

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name.

retrieval cues

SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, _____, and review.

retrieve

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

retrograde amnesia

Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet supplies display in a Boise, Idaho, discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is BEST described as:

retrograde.

Whenever Tamika tries to talk on the telephone, her 10-year-old son Jamal repeatedly interrupts her. If Tamika wants to use operant conditioning principles to successfully alleviate the behavior, the MOST efficient response would be to:

reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call.

Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ clock of her generation.

social

Blindfolded people were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This BEST illustrates:

social loafing.

In his experiments, Pavlov found that _____ often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if a tone was presented again after a pause of a few hours.

spontaneous recovery

____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

spontaneous recovery

When Lydia noticed she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

spotlight

Based on the textbook's introductory discussion of adolescence, the teen years are LEAST likely to be described as a period of:

stability

erikson's assumption about identity

starts when we are born -- we start off trusting the world

If one learns a list of chemistry terms while one is in a great mood, one has a better chance of recalling that list if one is in the same kind of mood when one takes the exam. This is known as:

state-dependent memory.

When people learn something while in one state (for example, when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as:

state-dependent memory.

All else being equal, which sequence correctly orders straight men, straight women, and gay men with respect to their average performance on mental rotation tasks, from lowest performance to highest performance?

straight women, gay men, straight men

Baby June is now 8 months of age. Her mother has noticed that, lately, June has become extremely fearful of unfamiliar people. June is displaying _____ anxiety.

stranger

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life people face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task that infants wrestle with is _____ versus _____.

trust; mistrust

Jeff and Susan were participants in a research study examining the influence of stimulants on memorization abilities. Jeff was given coffee that had caffeine in it while Susan was given decaffeinated coffee. They each had to memorize a list of words. Jeff:

was in the experimental group

One of the reasons why it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapies is that even when a problem still exists, clients:

will work hard to find something positive to say about the therapist.