"Cold War and Civil Rights"
What court case overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling? What did it declare?
-Brown v. Board of Education -declared "separate facilities are inherently unequal"
Tet Offensive
1968, the Vietcong launched overwhelming attacks against US forces in South Vietnam. Turning point in the war, anti-war movement begins.
Ronald Reagan
40th president, who led a conservative movement against détente with the Soviet Union and the growth of the federal government; some people credit him with America's victory in the Cold War while others fault his insensitive social agenda and irresponsible fiscal policies.
Mikhail Gorbachev
8th and last leader of the Soviet Union
Truman Doctrine
A U.S. policy, announced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, of providing military and economic aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents.
What was the Truman Doctrine?
A U.S. policy, announced by President Harry S. Truman in 1947, of providing military and economic aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents.
Vietcong
A group of communists in south Vietnam were formed to oppose Diem and unify Vietnam
Francis Gary Powers
A u-2 pilot, flew the last flight on May 1st. He was shot down by the Soviet Union 4 hours after he entered into the Soviet air space, US lied about his death
Student protest groups; the New Left:
A youth movement group that consisted of college students. they worked for and towards greater individual freedom and responsibility.
Describe the shift in the Civil Rights Movement after 1965?
After 1965, the leading civil rights groups began to drift apart. The problem was in the North because they practiced segregation that existed by practice and custom. This led to many riots and violence amongst the races.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
After Vietnam attacked the USS Maddox, congress made this resolution which gave Johnson broad powers to "defend Vietnam at any cost."
General Westmoreland
American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968
Douglas MacArthur
American General who led forces in the Pacific; used island hopping to move throughout the Pacific toward Japan
14Th Amendment
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.
Chiang Kai-Shek
China's President. Led the Nationalists in the South.
What two major pieces of Civil Rights legislation were passed by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 - 1965? What did they do?
Civil Rights Act of 1964-- prohibited discrimination based on race, gender, religion, origin Voting rights Act of 1965-- disqualified literacy tests from ballots
Mao Zedong
Communist leader that led the struggle in North China
What was the outcome of the Chinese Civil War between the Communists and Nationalists?
Communists won
17th parallel
Established that senators were to be elected directly. This law was intended to create a more democratic, fair society. (line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam; north of the line was communism and south was anti-Communism)
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
Dienbienphu
French outpost in North Western Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
Gained control of communist North Vietnam
Vietnamization
Gradual withdraw of the U.S. troops and replaced them with South Vietnamese soldiers.
38th parallel
Imaginary line that bisects Korea at 38 degrees north latitude Not meant to be a permanent line, but artificially divided North Korea (the industrial region) and South Korea (the agricultural region)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
In response to the Berlin blockade, 10 Western European nations joined the United States to join this military alliance. All member countries promised that an attack on one would be regarded as an attack on all, and they would resist with armed force if necessary.
Affirmative Action
Kennedy's order that federal contractors make sure that all applicants are treated equally without regard to race, color, religion, sex, or natural origin.
Bay of Pigs
Kennedy's plan for 1,200 Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro; result- exiles jailed and mission failed and Castro was stronger than ever
Operation Rolling Thunder
Launched by President Johnson, a massive air bombardment of North Vietnam, in April of 1965. The targets were directly chosen by the president. These were regular full scale bombing attacks against Vietnam.
Who was the leader of the SCLC? What was its purpose
Led by Martin Luther King...They were the Southern Christina Leadership Conference, which was made up of 100 ministers and civil rights leaders in 1957 purpose was to carry on nonviolent crusades against the evils of second-class citizenship.
Explain the differences between the approaches used by African American civil rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X.
MLK believed in using non-violent protesting. MLK fought for equality amongst his people and just fought for equal rights. Malcolm X believed that they needed to defend themselves and fight for their freedom. He wanted and believed that they deserved their own community and should be able to lead and rule it the way they saw fit.
What was the significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955?
Minister MLK, Jr. organized a 381-day boycott of the bus system to protest segregation boycott led to the integration of city buses & to the rise of MLK as leader of black civil rights
Malcolm X
Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.
Was the Brown v. the Board of Education ruling immediately imposed in the South?
No, in states like Mississippi and Georgia they vowed to have total Resistance to this and continued to have their segregated classrooms. In 1948, Arkansas became the first southern state to admit African Americans.
"Star Wars"
Popular name for Reagan's proposed space-based nuclear defense system, officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Roe v. Wade/ Abortion rights:
Roe (fought for abortion rights) v Wade; result--Supreme Court invalidated any state laws that prohibited 1st trimester abortions; 1973 Supreme Court ruled that women had the right to choose whether or not to get an abortion;
What was SNCC? What did it accomplish and how?
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee They created one of the most important student activist movements in the nation's history. They would stage Sit-Ins at whites only counters, and they would do non-violent protesting. By the late 1960, they has descended on and desegregated Jim Crow lunch counters in some 48 Cities and 11 States.
Vietnam protest
The American people came together and protested the sending of troops to Vietnam.
Don't ask, Don't tell- gays in the military
The LGBT were forbidden from joining the military because they were unfit for war. To join the army they had to promise not to tell anyone about their sexuality.
Berlin Airlift
The Soviet Union was holding the West Berlin people hostage, and to break the blockade the U.S. and British officials would fly food and supplies into West Berlin. For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes. West Berlin survived because of this Airlift.
Grunge- rise of Alternative music
The culture was becoming more careless as a whole, and the music had pointless and meaningless lyrics.
U-2 Spyplane
The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.
Invasion at Inchon
The landing of UN troops, by General Douglas MacArthur, behind enemy lines at Inchon in Korea. In order to push back the North Korean troops.
Why was the Berlin Wall constructed?
The soviets wanted to keep the east German's from fleeing to west Germany
Cold War
The state of hostility short of direct military confrontation that developed between the two super powers: The United States and Soviet Union.
What was the Cold War?
The state of hostility short of direct military confrontation that developed between the two super powers: The United States and Soviet Union.
Conservative Movement
They supported the Regan Doctrine which was the U.S. way of providing military and other aid to insurgency movements.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
Cuban Missile Crisis
US came close to nuclear war with Russia → US found Soviet Union nuclear missiles on Cuba → Kennedy demanded removal and set up naval blockade
Why did the U.S.S.R. blockade Berlin in 1948? How did the U.S., Britain and France respond? Who prevailed?
US, Britain, & France decided to recombine the three western zones of Germany into one nation because they believed that Europe would be more stable if German industry were productive & the German people were not agitating for unity US, Britain, & France started the Berlin airlift to fly food and supplies into West Berlin in an attempt to break the blockade; for 327 days, planes took off & landed every few minutes, around the clock by May 1949, Soviet Union realized it was beaten & prevailed by lifting the Berlin blockade
What were the origins of the hostility between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R?
USSR: communist- state control of all property & econ. activity US: capitalist- private citizens controlled property & econ. activity USSR resentful that US hadn't recognized their communist govt. until 16 years after revolution US: furious that Joseph Stalin (USSR leader) had signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler in 1939 relations worsened after Stalin learned that US had kept its development of atomic bomb secret from Soviets
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
Yalta Conference
When the United States and Great Britain had insisted that the Soviets allow free, open elections in Poland and other Eastern Europe nations after the war.
Marshall Plan
Where the United States supplied economic aid to European Nations to help them rebuild after War World II.
Brown v. The Board of Education Topeka, KS
a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional
Freedom Summer
a 1964 project to register African American voters in Mississippi
Diem
a conservative anti-communist who overthrew Bao Dai, the emperor of southern Vietnam, when it seemed likely that a communist leader would be elected in the upcoming elections
Woodstock
a free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969
Little Rock Nine
a group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights movement {army sent by Eisenhower to Little Rock Central High School to force integration for black students}
Guerilla Warfare
a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes
March on Washington
a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black.
Civil Rights Act (1968)
a law that banned discrimination in housing
Civil Rights Act (1964)
a law that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, national origin, or religion in public places and most workplaces
Voting Rights Act (1965)
a law that made it easier for African Americans to register to vote by eliminating discriminatory literacy tests and authorizing federal examiners to enroll voters denied at the local level
Immigration (Immigration Act of 1965)
a law that made it easier for non- European immigrants to settle in the US
Black Panthers
a militant African American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto
Equal Rights Amendment
a proposed amendment to the US Constitution that would prohibit any govt. discrimination on the basis of sex
Nation of Islam
a religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
an organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther king jr., and other leaders to work for civil rights through nonviolent means.
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
an organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement.
How did the U.S. foreign policy change after World War II?
changed to containment-the blocking of another nation's attempts to spread its influence contain the Soviet spread of communist influence during late 1940s and 1950s
Define Civil Rights. Where can a U.S. citizen find their civil rights?
civil rights are the rights that everyone is entitled to regardless of race, religion, national origin, and gender. These rights include, freedom of speech, press, and assembly, the right to vote, freedom from involuntary servitude, and the right to equality in public places. US citizens can find their civil rights in the Bill of Rights
Earl Warren
controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1953-1969); he led the Court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes; presided over the Brown v. the Board of Education case
Conservative movement
dominated President Reagan's economic and foreign policies; opposed Soviet Communism (more anti-communist), smaller government, lowered taxes, economic prosperity
War on Drugs
drug use skyrocketed as crack cocaine was introduced; crack was cheap/plentiful/highly addictive; lead to introduction of programs to help kids fight peer pressure and make good choices (DARE and PDFA)
Stokey Carmichael
head of SNCC who preached "overtaking white Americans" and preached "Black Power"-pride in history and heritage; create society apart from white society
Lydon B. Johnson
igned the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.
Plessy v. Ferguson
in 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled the separation of the races in public accommodations was legal, this establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine
What was the government's role in the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas? Why was this significant?
in 1957, President Eisenhower was forced to support integration Arkansas governor Orval Faubus called National Guard to keep black students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School Eisenhower sent army to force integration for blacks (the "Little Rock Nine")
MTV
launched on August 1, 1981; purpose was to play music videos guided by television personalities
What is guaranteed in the 14th amendment to all citizens of the U.S.?
made all persons born or naturalized in the United States - including former slaves- citizens of the country.
Freedom Riders
one of the civil rights activists who rode buses through the south in the early 1960s to challenge segregation.
How did the American public opinion change by 1965? What changed?
opinion of the public was shot down and beaten voting rights changed (voting rights act of 1965 was passed)
Montgomery Improvement Association
organization that African American leaders put in charge of the Montgomery boycotts; MLK was elected to be the leader
HBO (Home Box Office)
produced made-for-television movies and working; allowed people to watch movies at home and not have to pay to go to the theatre
What provoked the Korean War? What was the outcome of the war?
provoked by-- North Korea invaded South Korea because China wanted to expand territory -outcome: Soviet Union unexpectedly suggested a cease-fire on June 23, 1951; truce talks began in July 1951; in July 1953, the two sides signed an armistice ending the war; the agreement was a stalemate; US won
Warren Court decision
the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech
What provoked the Vietnam War? What was the U.S. role in the conflict? What was the outcome of the war?
the Vietnam war was provoked by the consequences of the Cold War and the US policy of containment US role-- sent over troops outcome-- US lost
Detente
the flexible policy, involving a willingness to negotiate and an easing of tensions, that was adopted by President Richard Nixon and his adviser Henry Kissinger in their dealings with Communist nations
What was the Marshall Plan and what were the goals of this plan?
the program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which the US supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after WWII
Civil Rights
the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
Sexual Revolution
time of sexual liberation; social norms were rejected; acceptance of intercourse in monogamous/heterosexual/marriages gave much freedom to many people
"Yuppies"
young college-educated adult who has a job that pays a lot of money and who lives/works in/near a large city; large social group; very successful and confident for their age; showed the American Dream was alive/achievable