com 102- test four

minority portrayals in entertainment:TV

- TV presents an inaccurate reflection of racial makeup of american population - 1970's assessments of race proportions in media characters revealed portrayals of minorities fell far below real levels - percentage of black characters increased slightly throughout the 70's but remained below actual population percentages - still happening ( scarlett johanson as an Asian)

research findings alcohol

- alc use nd abuse in young people higher than any other drug including cigs. and weed - alc use by movie characters associated with early-onset drinking amount 10-14 yr olds (more likely you will have a later problem) - studies focus on causal relationship between media and start of teen drinking and increase in consumption and drunk driving (more likely you will participate in other risky behavior)

minority portrayals in entertainment: movies

- at first you only saw blacks as servants - 80'-90's: more prominent actors on TV in prominent roles

how long it took innovators to accept new inventions

- dish washer took longer than colored TV (price) vs. cell phone bc its a key part of our day to day life - technologies don't always stay at peak because of new technologies replacing them

laggards-16%

- dislike change -lengthy decision process -must gain a lot of knowledge -tied to the past and reluctant to try new things - don't see a need for technology innovations - suspicious of innovations or have limited resources bc they have to pay for it - innovation is outdated when they adopt it

the net

- easily the most pervasive form of media communication - risen quickly to be a global technology used for a lot of different things - "old media": post exclusive content on web - TV shows display twitter hashtags on screen for viewers to communicated over the web - google and Facebook are a key component of our lives and are now used as verbs - smart phones access internet - internet increasingly connected to everyday technology

early majority - 34%

- first boom occurs here - practical - want to avoid risk and that has been tested - rely on recommendations - legitimize innovation - (don't update computer until bugs are fixed)

food and media

- food commercials may have positive or negative effects depending on nutritional value of food advertised - central component of health - our nation has a problem with obesity partly because of food ads - food can have neg. and pos. impacts but most are neg about unhealthy food - healthy food is not advertised

effects of internet use: internet in the workplace

- intrant: compnay links computers within workplace - really simple syndication: employees receive corporate info - blows allow communication between CEO's and employees - telecommuting enables working from home: employees can balance job and home demands yet some telecommuters are lonely, isolated, and stressed - saves money - leisurely web surfing provides a break and increase work productivity

innovators

- make technology and buying it - technological enthusiasts - require a shorter adoption period than other groups - risk takers who are willing to try an unproven products (venture, mobile, daring) - tend to be wealthy and can absorb unprofitable innovations - tend to form cliques or reference groups that exist outside a local community whoa re the core of spreading technology 2.5% of people

mobile com. effects on youth culture

- media use culture changes so rapidly that siblings are divided by different media-use experiences - cell phones are the perfect tool for teen friends to be always available - heavy phone users among teens are more likely to be involved in stealing, fighting, alcohol and drug abuse, and sexual behavior - also linked to higher class failure rates, lower test scores and lower GPA

media as conveyed of social information: (current) ads

- men portrayed as professionals, promote non domestic items - 90's black breakthrough - asian and hispanic models rarely appear in magazines: 2% asians 1% hispanic

social network sites: negative effects of SNS use

- more dissatisfaction with the body - compare to others - fear of privacy invasion - older users are afraid of burglars- will monitor posts to determine whether they are home - passive use linked to lower well-being - active use not significantly linked

health news

- most people pay most attention to public health issues -reduce health effects through health news - smoking= public health concern-people are more likely to pay attention - public also pays attention to health policy stories and specific disease stories - news coverage of smoking dangers significantly impacts number of people who quit - framing of health stories can impact policy makers and affect public health policy - obesity is framed as a personal problem when in reality its a societal problem - intense scrutiny can cause officials to act - greatest impact on public policy at local level when experts in agreement and media supports efforts of interest groups - framing out health news matters - if we that it properly it can cause officials to act on the health issues

world wide web vs the internet

- most people think first of the world wide web but the internet and the web re not the same - internet: system that brings things together - world wide web is developed in the cultural context of the time - internet is the underlying infrastructure but the world wide web is an organizing system for the internet ( file system) - world wide web is a way to access information through servers

social network sites- users personality factors and use and gratification

- multitaskers more likely to use SNSs and stay on longer - studies suggest SNS users do not seek out new people but focus on established relationships - collect info> reduce stress> record daily events> social networking

sex in TV and film

- portrayals of sexual activity increasingly abundant but few references made to safe sex practice or commitments- exposure linked to having sex earlier in life - violent sexually explicit films influences college age males to trivialize rape and show more sexually callous attitudes towards woman after viewing - sexual activity is abundant but safe sex is rare

gender stereotyping: women

- represent 40% of characters on TV - 45-49% in commercials but more likely to be sexualized - when characters are shown in counter-stereotypical ways gender effects are diminished - children most vulnerable to learning about sex role stereotypes but negative effects mitigated by parental/ caregiver supervision

twitter effects for organizations

- research suggests companies/organizations active on Twitter develop better relationships with users - depends on approach

risk learning and stereotyping priming models

- risk leaning models relate new information about health risks and the behaviors that minimize those risks - how someone can minimize risks and the benefits - works to decrease negative behavior - stereotyping priming model uses salient preexisting social stereotypes about people who do or do not behave as advocated

late majority- 34%

- skeptical- really want to make sure technology is certified - conservative and cautious - wait till rest of community has take on new technology and tests it until they have to as well - adopt the innovation though unwillingly (peer pressure or economic necessity)

why mobile matters (how it is distinctive)

- unprecedented adoption rates - implications for how users related to space - size matters - cost matters -distinctions between mobile, portable, and fixed

studies on how smoking in media increases likelihood of smoking

- use longitudinal and panel survey but hard to do an experiment - Dal Cin, Stoolmiller ade sargent: nationally representative survey of 6522 US teens - found higher exposure to movie smoking is associated with less time to trying cigarettes for the first time - several recent studies reveal a longitudinal association between exposure to depictions of smoking in movies and the likelihood of becoming an established smoker

early adopters- 13.5%

- visionaries and opinion leaders and well connected - friends will tell you pros and cons of all techs. instead of in the tech community -motivated to preserve respect - seek greater knowledge of innovations - greater exposure to mass media channels - APPEAR AT CRITICAL MASS

gender stereotyping: 80's-90's

- women portray 31.5% of all prime time TV characters - portrayed younger than men, hyper sexual, scantily clad sex objects - characters are wives and mothers not workers or professionals of importance

tobacco findings

1. 83% of studies found casual link between media and smoking initiation(determined is someone decided to start smoking) 2. causal link- the higher the ad recognition the more likely one is to smoke 3. tabacco companies spend more ad $ at point of purchase than all other ad outlets combined - smoking ads are band from broadcasts (limited)

5 uses of tradition sites

1. document life event 2. commentary and opinions 3. express deeply delt emotions 4. articulate ideas through writing 5. form and maintain community forums

the three reasons people use twitter

1. information source: large group of followers 2. information seeker: user log on but do not post 3. friends: connections with people actually known

*diffusion of innovation: everett rogers (1962.1995)

1. innovation: any idea, practice, or object perceived as new (not just tech its ideas can be innovations if they are seen as new) 2. diffusion: the process where an innovation is communicated and spreads through certain channels over time among a social system 3. adoption: the process by which an individual begins to attempt and use an innovation

adopter categories 5

1. innovators 2. early adopters 3. early majority 4. late majority 5. laggards

diffusion and adoption process (5)- steps of innovation

1. knowledge 2. persuasion 3. decision 4. implementation 5. confirmation

three domains of representation research

1. quantity: how many characters w/in demographic groups we see in media (race, sex, gender, disability, religion) 2. quality(role comparisons): how do they show up- how many characters of various demographic groups are portrayed 3. effects: how quantity and quality effect demographic groups - affect the way audiences think about and act toward people of various demographic groups

7 factors affecting adoption rates

1. self efficacy 2. status incentives 3. relative advantage 4. compatibility 5. complexity 6. trainability 7/ observability

media as conveyed of social information: TV (current)

14-17% prime time TV characters black in society with 12-13% black population - blacks are middle class males in 30'S, least aggressive characters and dressed more provocatively - blacks overrepresented and whites underrepresented as juvenile offenders

evolution of the internet from 1960 to the late 19080's

1960's: developed to share computer time for military and academic researchers -ARPA: developed by advanced research projects agency of defense department0 ARPAnet - 1971: email developed for users to communicate - late 1980's: world wide web developed by tim berners lee for engineers to collaborate on the web via HTML( first web browsers- mosaic, netscape)

media and prescription drugs

1997- FDA approved mass media advertising of Rx drugs directly to the public , including magazines and TV - ads influences many peoples behaviors - 6% discuss advertised drug with doc -30% of those were prescribed the drug -11.5% were prescribed the drug although doctor did not believe it would help them

how many people use the net

3.2 billion users worldwide

blogs: what are they

5 uses of tradition sites like blogger or wordpress microblogging

expectations of alone and solitude have changed for smartphone era

72% of teens feel the need to respond to text right away 80% check their phone every hour

media as conveyed of social information: Films (current)

80% white lead characters 19% black lead characters 1% hispanic lead characters

social recreation and information exchange in internet findings

SR: negatively linked to civic engagement, trust in others, and life satisfaction IE: positively linked to all three

gender stereotyping: gender schema theory

a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus including its attributes and the relations among those attributes - schema about gender can affect the way people ( children) process information in the real world and from the world of mass media

effects of internet use: internet addiction

addiction is hard to talk about because it is used so frequently - no approved medical dragnosis for internet addiction - is it addiction habit or poor impulse control - internet dependency= deficient impulse control or addiction to others - heavy users are unaware of behavior - users with lower social skills prefer computer mediated com. and turn to internet more - bored people overuse internet to problematic level

factors affecting adoption rate: self- efficacy

adopter themselves - can i do it? - belief in ones own abilities with respect to the probability that he or she will succeed in adopting and performing an innovation

diffusion and adoption process: confirmation

an individual (or other decision making unit) seeks to reinforcement of an innovation decision already made or reverse a pervious decision to adopt or reject the innovation ( if exposed to conflicting messages about the innovation)

why do we study the diffusion of innovations

because innovations (new ideas, tech, practices, etc.) do not succeed on their own - rely on many factors including communication

alone and solitude: has benefits

boosts creativity, provides a space for reflection which in turn enhances intimacy and fosters empathy, formation of self identity - adolescents with intermediate levels of solitude were better adjusted -memories are formed more effectively when experience is alone

health communication campaign efforts

campaigns used worldwide with mixed results - some health campaigns produce long-term behavior change; some do not - fear appeals can increase anxiety - some campaigns criticized from blaming victims who have been bombarded with ads featuring unhealthy behavior - fear appeals: not affective because it really just produces anxiety doesn't motivate them or make them feel like they can change their behavior - blame: cause anxiety

iPod vs. zune: broadcasting

company is sending out info about product - feedback convinced people around them that that is the product to buy - commercials and communication: advertising is only apart of diffusion of innovation

location based services- as new narrative about connecting with places and people in public

connecting through space creating meaning for space bringing social networks into public space

theory of planned behavior

conscious predictors of attitudes, norms, and perceived behavior control habit: frequency + automaticity people thought they had control not to answer their phone but what was found stated otherwise

future research must address two things

continually changing technologies the internet of things: connecting physical devices, vehicles, buildings, etc. to the internet and gauging their status via sensors-> impact of this on users, behaviors, data collection, privacy

effects of internet use: the internet paradox

could be used to socialize or to be introverted one study found that although internet is used mainly for communication, heavier users sound to be more lonely and isolated - subsequent studies show extroverted users benefit form online socialization - easily used to maintain contact with family and friends

media richness theory

describes mediums capability to communicate a lot of information quickly and with low potential for error - about amount of communication cues included: face to face facial expression tone body language - higher potential of miscommunication on the phone

drugs and media: illegal

drug use (other than weed) is rare - heroine and coke are shown in a bad light and with bad effects telling viewers that you don't want to be like that person - weed is not negatively portrayed- increased the likelihood that people will try - same with music about weed- has a similar effect and shows minimal impact on participant

facebook and social gains

facebook provides greatest social gains for users with low self-esteem- online connections easier to manage than in person for shy individuals

social network sites: effects on well beings

first- year undergrads use Facebook more than upperclass heavy use connected to lower self-esteem and academic performance - you see people live fun lives and you get discouraged

microblogging

focuses on interactivity, engagement, and conversation- similar to SNS - not writing- its short updates to your status and how you are doing like twitter

food: ads and TV with obesity and eating disorders

food ads are related to childhood obesity - parenting is a stronger impact on childhood obesity - on the other hand, media tends to tell you you have to look a certain way which enables eating disorders - obesity: time displacement spent watching TV takes away times from physical activity

private use in public space

forced eavesdropping: most people do not like having to hear a person's phone convo listening to half is more distracting than hearing both sides of a conversation absent presence- cell phone users physically present, but minds are engaged elsewhere users of mobile technology for information more likely to engage in conversation with strangers (there is use and grats) social media and location-based services- new narratives about connecting with places and people in public

diffusion and adoption process: persuasion

gain info--> persuaded an individual( or other decision making unit) forms a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the innovation - neg or pos evaluation

honest- self-presentation results on SNS

greater happiness from SNS - showing your problems and successes tend to help with happiness

twitter effects for politics

high interaction on twitter associated with more positive perceptions of candidate than lower interaction (decreased users issue-related thoughts and recognition of issues - twitter largely used for politics by those already interested in politics- twitter use doesn't necessarily lead to political engagement: opinion leadership does

media as conveyed of social information: TV (current)

hispanics: 17% of population 2-6% of TV characters portrayed as less smart, articulate, and lazier, and seen as crime perpetrators Asians: 5% of population and 1-3% on TV- seen in professional jobs natives: less than .5% and population is 1%

increase of self-protective behavior: severity

how bad the consequences will be if you smoke

increase of self-protective behavior: vulnerability

how likely you are to have negative effects if you engage in this behavior

diffusion and adoption process: knowledge

idea--> wide spread is from learning about it - an individual( or other decision making units) is expose red to an innovation and gains some understanding of how it functions

pre-smartphone era:still mobile

individual accessibility heightened expectations for accessibility concerns about social insularity new rhythms and rituals

results from mobile communication research

information exchange: positively linked to civic and political relational use: not significantly linked to civic and political recreational use: positively linked to civic and political but this mostly applies to older users

sexting as an injunctive norm and descriptive norm

injunctive is what you SHOULD do in a social context descriptive is what people actually do: sexting is seen as common even though relatively uncommon

60's portrayals of interracial interactions: star trek

intentional choice by directors - what we think the future will look like- melting pot - first interracial relationship

backdrop for research on mobile communication and social capital

internet paradox (isolation, alienation, depression)

example of diffusion

ipod vs zune zune: weird and not effective iPod: better but still not as effective (depth made it better) - iPod didn't just win based on advertising- diffusion and adoption of innovation is a complicated process based on communication - interpersonal (user to user) - broadcast/ advertising( company to user or news outlet to user)

fictional media in regards to tabacco

kids and modern movies: smoking is common among most characters even fictional (increases likelihood) -20% of TV eps depict characters who smoke - 75% in animated classics - the more exposure the earlier onset (only initiation)

media effects of racial, ethnic, and gender stereotyping: priming studies

majority audiences blame minority crime on personal disposition, majority crime on unfortunate situation - long term exposure to stereotypical portrayals of blacks has been shown to result in subtle discriminatory thoughts among whites

sexual double standard

males exerted pressure on girls to send sexts sexting for males was seen as a path to increased social status females are punished even if they are giving into pressure from males females who sexted were seen as insecure attention seeking sluts

the structural transformation of the democratic process- bergen's notion of monadic clusters

mobile communication (strong ties)-> small, likeminded enclaves-> either political detachment or dialogic disruption

sleep issues because of mobile communication

mobile phone usage for playing surfing the web and texting was positively associated with insomnia media use might make it take longer to fall asleep media use might mean less time spent sleeping thus reducing sleep bright light emitted by electronic devices might impact sleep quality

mobile, portable, and fixed

mobile: can be used while on the go portable: such as laptops, carried place to place and then used fixed: tethered to a location

implications for solitude w/ mobile communication

need for new conceptualization and measurement - oxford dictionary: state of being or living alone - storr's: solitude: a return to the self- being alone, lacking relationships, not getting married -burger's preference for solitude scale: - enjoy being around people -like vacation in places where there are few people around - like to sit next to someone who was pleasant to talk with

are devices used on the go?

not necessarily: but rather they afford: make possible-- mobility during mediated social connectivity

media effects of racial, ethnic, and gender stereotyping: salem and anderson stereotypes in games

participants played a violent game with arab terrorists, with russian terrorists, or non violent golf game - participants then drew "typical" arab and caucasian males -coders then coded the content of the drawings: affect (positive neutral or negative) weapons or non weapons - conclusion: participants who played a violent game were more likely to draw a typical w neg. affect and weapon - no effect for typical caucasian drawings: no weapon

why does media have effects on health?

people look to media for their role models and they learn their conceptions and the right and wrong aspects of health - media is the main factor about why that happens

smartphone era

perpetual contact text massages symbolic of friendship and intimacy diversified channels (apps and social media)= more diversified connections

diffusion and adoption process: decision

persuasion--> decision an individual (or other decision making unit) engages in activities that lead to a choice to adopt or reject - info + attitude+ apply it or reject it

what is mobile communication?

possibility of mediated social interaction, media consumption, and information exchange while the user is in physical motion

minority portrayals in entertainment: character role comparison (1970s)

prominence: black men in TV minor roles and bit parts, fewer leading and supporting roles crime/violence: blacks and natives portrayed as killers rather than victims social status: colored usually blue collar// service job but % depicted in white-collar jobs exceed numbers in society disability: 75% portrayed with deviant personality traits half were victimized interracial interaction: only 13% shown on TV as friends or respectful

effects of internet use: computer mediated communication

rapid increase amount of emails sent a day: from 107 trillion sent to 205 billion a day (2010-15) effects of emails: -asynchronous- sent and received at convenience of users - email isn't a fulfilling face to face contact because verbal and non verbal cues reduced - email is just words not tone or facial expression

the effects of internet use: social capital

resources accrued from individuals in a network - internet is useful for building social capital - two main ways: 1. bridges: many weak friendship ties 2. bonds: close relationships providing emotional support maintained: users stay connected with old social networks despite lack of physical connection

health and the internet

searches for health-related info among most common uses of the internet - people who seek internet information on illness more likely to use information to formulate q's for their physicians during visits - validly and quality of information is not checked by users and is sometimes substandard - positive: give people control over their own health, look it up on their own instead of going to doctor - negative: quality of information is sometimes not great can give you false information - make you think you are sicker than you are- minor feels major

four types of messages shown to increase self-protective behavior

severity- show severe consequences of behavior vulnerability- show ease of contracting disease response efficacy- show how protective behaviors reduce or cure disease self-efficacy- show effectiveness of protective behavior

sexting

sexting as an inductive from and descriptive norm sexual double standard

increase of self-protective behavior: response efficacy

shows how protective behavior reduces disease or cure disease

innovation adoption and S-curve

slow adoption, critical mass (grey area), and finally rapidly rises and then smooths off - at first only few adopt new idea-> the great number-> the the rate slackens - starts with innovators - spreads slowly at first then picks up speed- when the number of adopters reaches a critical mass (5%-15%) then it takes off - as it spreads the innovation gained life and reaches saturation level where everyone who is going to adopt does

fictional media and alcohol

smoking and drinking common in music, TV, film, and kids shows - exposure to drinking in media makes teens more like to start drinking and have later on issues

mobile communication and social capital

social capital also includes civic engagement, political involvement, trust in others, and life satisfaction: the idea is that these facilitate constructive resources through mutual involvement with others

what do we do when we log on: 53.4 billion minutes users spend on Facebook per month

social networking online games emails portals videos and movies IM info search review of software manufactures classified ads current events, global news other: shop, music, sports, porn

social network sites: what they are and its characteristics

socializing with friends expanded through social network sites: Facebook and twitter mostly talk to people you already know and build deeper relationships characteristics: 1. construct public profile within bounded system 2. connect other users such as friends and followers 3. viewers and traverse connections (connection of connection) 4. becoming increasingly media rich- photos, videos, live streaming

shocking study for mobile communication

students asked to sit in a room for 15 mins were given a shock to eliminate the curiosity factor willing to pay to avoid shock still shocked themselves rather than sitting and thinking (67% male 25% female)

diffusion and adoption process: implementation

take innovation and decide to adopt and use it individual ( or other decision making unit) puts the innovation into use

disney- animating gender

teaching kids women have home jobs- men performed wider range of out of home jobs - what it means to have power - male characters outnumber females 199:83 - men held power - characters aligned with femininity and masculinity - stereotypes are found in disney classics: not accidental - ex: peter pan- color representation and gender stereotyping

media effects of racial, ethnic, and gender stereotyping: davis et al- stereotypes in commercials

test about memory - male and female participants watched either a commercial with stereotypical or counter stereotypical portrayals of women - did tasks between that checked stereotyping activation - female participants who saw the stereotypical commercials performed worse on math test - men and women who saw the counter commercial performed equally as well - stereotype activation occurred in both M and F

health effects of mobile communication

text neck: looking down makes the neck heavier and could have future detriments when aging increased illness due to germs car crashes due to texting and driving... texting and walking sleep issues

factors affecting adoption rate: trialability

the degree to which an innovation can be experimented with on a limited basis and if necessary discard without undue costs - can people try out the innovation first or must they commit to it all at once? - if the latter, people will be far more cautious about adopting it - apple store example: you can try everything in person with low consequences

factors affecting adoption rate: compatibility

the degree to which an innovation is perceived as being consistent with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters (has to fit personality) - if potential adopter feels as though they have to become very different people to adopt the innovation, they will be more resistant to it

factors affecting adoption rate: relative advantage

the degree to which an innovation is perceived as better than the thing it is replacing - if people do not perceive the innovation better than the status quo the innovation will not spread quickly if at all - dish washer vs. internet ( slow adoption vs. high adoption)

factors affecting adoption rate: complexity

the degree to which an innovation is perceived as difficult to understand or to use - the more difficult it is the slower the adoption is - user friendly= fast adoption - no one wants to struggle in everyday life - complex innovations are a burden and won't be adopted

factors affecting adoption rate: observability

the degree to which an innovations results are visible and measurable - if the results are not visible the innovation will spread more slowly - example: weight watchers

minority portrayals in entertainment: advertising

the same as TV - you had to be a known color person to appear - 40's-60's blacks appear in only 3% of magazine ads - 70's-80's presence deteriorated; only 2% presence - studies showed white magazine readers did not respond negatively to black models - mags. put people they think the audience wants to see but there was no difference (disconnect between audience and producers) - 90's portrays of color in TV ads greatly increased overrepresent population % by more than double - Natives and disables continued to be avoided

where does mobile communication take place?

through voice text picture video

effects on social coordination: "micro-coordination"

time and space: no longer rule planning and logistics - softening of the schedule -ongoing refinement-change plans or make them up on the fly -mobile communications allow more planning for spontaneous face to face encounters - mobile workers- lower boundaries between work and home may cause stress

risk learning by providing info about behavior and alternatives

try to make you make a decision about the action - cigarette smokers presented showing negative stereotypical traits like stained teeth - nonsmokers shown with positive stereotypical traits (ex: enjoying good health)

measuring innovators

we can track how quickly an innovation spreads and where it reaches critical mass, but how can we tell what kind of adopter a person is? you ask them

factors affecting adoption rate: status incentives

what you think you will get drive and desires the degree to which one desires to be the first to have and use an innovation (latest hairstyle,, new fashions, new tech.)

media effects of racial, ethnic, and gender stereotyping:: cultivation studies

whites who are heavy TV viewers more prone to stereotype blacks as lower socioeconomically due to lack of initiative not lack of opportunity - white heavy TV watcher cultivated stereotypical attitudes toward hispanics; real-world contact lessened effects

increase of self-protective behavior: self-efficacy

you are capable of stopping