COM 112 Exam 2 Study

10. Which statement uses the language of "empowered refusal"?

I don't tolerate racist comments.

8. Which of these statements actually expresses an emotion?

I feel unfulfilled in my current job. Many communicators think they are expressing feelings when, in fact, their statements are emotionally counterfeit, conveying thoughts, desires, or intentions instead.

5. Which statement is an example of "powerless" language?

I guess I won't be able to meet you tomorrow, but we can reschedule. Okay?"

7. Which is the best example of an empathizing response?

I know you felt really hurt when your brother didn't call on your birthday.

3. You value harmony in your in-group and are also inclined to hide your emotions such as disliking. Which country are you most likely from?

India

1. Why is "close your mouths and open your ears" an insufficient guideline for listening?

It's overly simplistic.

1. Gestures and facial expressions are subsets of which larger category of nonverbal communication?

Kinesics

Kinesics

Kinesics is the study of how people communicate through bodily movements that include posture, gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions.

9. Which form of punctuation has research found to become an emoticon of sorts that makes messages seem less sincere in texts but not in handwritten communication?

Period

5. Listening to your anthropology professor's lecture is difficult because you are thinking about why a friend didn't respond to your text. Which barrier to listening are you experiencing?

Personal concerns

proxemics

Proxemics is the study of communication through space and distance.

4. People have a lot of mental "spare time" while someone is talking due to which barrier to listening?

Rapid thought

Reappraisal

Reappraisal involves rethinking the meaning of emotionally charged events in ways that alter their emotional impact.

semantic

Semantic rules govern the meaning of language.

11. Who is most likely to have developed a parasocial relationship?

Terrell, a superfan of Modern Family, who cried when the series ended

9. All semester you have sat in the second seat in the second row in your economics class. When you discover Mateo in your place on final exam day, you scowl at him. What type of nonverbal communication are you displaying?

Territoriality

Territoriality

Territory is stationary space we claim, and territoriality is our communication of that ownership.

6. Syntactic rules, jargon, and message source are all factors significantly featured in which stage of listening?

Understanding

6. When your mother asks if you like your birthday gift, you hesitate, searching for an answer that won't hurt her feelings. This is an example of which type of paralanguage?

Unintentional pause

8. Which of the following is an example of language that is neither sexist nor racist?

Waiter

12. It doesn't matter how hard I work. My boss expects too much from me and will never promote me. I should just accept it." This statement best illustrates the fallacy of __________.

helplessness

11. To describe your emotional state as terrified, rather than anxious, uses a different degree of __________.

intensity

12. With the exception of responding, all of the steps in the listening process are __________.

internal The other listening steps—hearing, attending, understanding, and remembering—are internal activities.

8. Which terms does Ellen Langer use to describe the ways we listen?

mindful; mindless

5. The tone, pitch, rate, and volume of speech are all aspects of ____________.

paralanguage

5. Sans has the same meaning in French and English but is pronounced differently due to __________ rules.

phonological

7. Communicating in ways that save face for both senders and receivers is defined as __________.

politeness

11. Gratitude, serenity, and interest are 3 emotions critical to __________.

positivity Research identifies 10 emotions as basic to positivity: joy, gratitude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement, inspiration, awe, and love.

7. The study of how communication is affected by the use, organization, and perception of space and distance is known as __________.

proxemics

7. You are disappointed by a friend's lack of enthusiasm when you share news of your recent engagement. Later you learn that she was worried about a doctor's appointment, information that allows you to step back and engage in __________.

reappraisal

1. Compared to verbal communication, nonverbal messages are often __________.

rooted in biology

3. Which statements reflect the highest degree of speaker accountability?

"I" statements

6. Which combination of pronouns is recommended for confrontational conversations in romantic relationships?

"I/we" statements

1. Which statements avoid ownership of a message?

"It" statements

5. Which statements express judgment of another person?

"You" statements

7. You notice that your friend avoids eye contact when you ask her about her plans for the weekend. You're not sure how to interpret this silence due to which characteristic of nonverbal communication?

Ambiguity

12. Speakers of a language that includes the notion of ________ would probably be more inclined to treat older people respectfully.

LAO is a Mandarin term of respect used for older people, showing their importance in the family and in society.

symbolic language

Language consists of arbitrary symbols that have no meaning in themselves. The connection between a spoken word and the object or concept it represents is neither necessary nor inherent.

6. Which rules govern the meaning of language, as opposed to its structure?

Semantic

11. Framed diplomas and awards adorn the walls of your biology professor's office. Which category of impression management do these displays involve?

Setting Setting involves the physical items you surround yourself with: personal belongings, vehicles, and even the place you live.

feminine style

Some research indicates that women's speech is more tentative, elaborate, and emotional.

2. According to research that examines differences in "genderlects," which statement is more characteristic of the feminine style?

The CEO really likes our sales pitch, but I'm concerned that she's not ready to commit yet.

2. Which statements have the effect of canceling the thought that precedes it?

"But" statements

"We" statements

"We" language can suggest cohesiveness but can also be presumptuous or even demanding.

7. Which statements signal inclusion of others but also run the risk of speaking improperly for them?

"We" statements

12. Rather than remaining silent, you explain that you're feeling stressed and overwhelmed. What do researchers call this practice of putting emotions into words?

Affect labeling Putting emotions into words—affect labeling—can help you manage them more effectively, whereas leaving them unspoken can be personally and interpersonally harmful.

12. You only discuss your flaws with a few people you know you can really trust for fear that others might have which style of particularly harmful listening?

Ambushing Ambushing is listening carefully only to collect information for use in attacking the speaker. This kind of strategy can ruin a supportive communication climate.

2. Who is more likely to say "I love you" more often?

An American woman Researchers found that Americans say "I love you" more frequently (and to more people) than do members of most other cultures, and women across cultures say this more often than men.

11. You tend to withhold judgment until you hear everything a person has said, and you consider all sides of an issue before responding. You are what kind of listener?

Analytical

9. "I think what's really bothering you is your fear of rejection" is an example of which type of listening response?

Analyzing When analyzing a situation, the listener offers an interpretation of a speaker's message.

7. When a good friend arrives an hour late to your birthday party, you feel several emotions, notably curiosity, relief, happiness, and anger. According to research, which of these are you most likely to express?

Anger Despite it being commonplace to experience several emotions at the same time, it's typical to communicate only one feeling—usually, the most negative one.

6. You begin a critical message with "I don't mean to sound critical, but ..." This is an example of which type of linguistic strategy?

Disclaimer

10. What is the first step in minimizing self-defeating thinking?

Dispute your irrational beliefs. Engaging in the reappraisal process of disputing irrational beliefs is a first step in minimizing debilitative emotions.

12. Reading other people's anxious posts on social media about COVID-19 leaves you feeling depressed due to which process?

Emotional contagion

Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions and to be sensitive to others' feelings, is associated with these attributes.

Emotional contagion

Emotions can spread from one person to another through emotional contagion, a process that can occur online as well as in person.

10. When instructors grade papers, they are typically providing which kind of response?

Evaluating

Evaluative

Evaluative language (sometimes also called emotive language) seems to describe something but really announces the speaker's attitude toward it.

9. Which fallacy involves going to incredible lengths to seek acceptance from others, even to the extent of sacrificing your own principles and happiness?

Fallacy of approval

8. Which fallacy is similar to Murphy's Law?

Fallacy of catastrophic expectations

11. Listeners who present a distorted or incomplete version of what they heard are engaged in what kind of poor listening habit?

Filling in gaps

Filling in gaps

Filling in gaps is manufacturing information that wasn't part of an original story or message.

4. According to research on call center managers, for a customer to feel the most satisfied, what kind of needs must be met?"

Functional and emotional The customer has two needs: The functional need—what they're originally calling about—and the emotional need—wanting to feel validated, understood, recognized, supported.

12. Which item of clothing or accessory increases your chances of being perceived as more intelligent, trustworthy, and of higher status?

Glasses Consistent with stereotypes, glasses wearers are often perceived as more intelligent, trustworthy, and of higher status than those who don't wear them.

3. "Kangaroo care" for premature babies demonstrates the importance of which type of nonverbal communication?

Haptics

Hearing

Hearing is the physiological process in which sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain.

7. Which statement is an example of the masculine communication style?

Here's what you should do to solve that problem. Typically assertive, the masculine style also focuses on performing tasks and solving problems.

1. Debilitative emotions can be distinguished from facilitative emotions by which features?

High intensity and extended duration Debilitative emotions tend to differ from facilitative emotions in their intensity and their duration.

4. According to researchers, which nonverbal behavior can reduce pain by providing "interpersonal synchronization"?

Holding hands

4. Which statement would be easier to express nonverbally?

I'm exhausted.

1. After a long day on campus where you listened attentively to four long lectures on different subjects, you lose focus as your friend describes his plans for the weekend. This is due to which barrier to listening?

Information overload

Haptics

Interpersonal touch, or haptics, is basic to health and development.

8. Which of Hall's zone is in use when your dog sits on your lap?

Intimate Hall's zone of intimate distance begins with skin contact and ranges out to about 18 inches.

7. Which statement is TRUE about the fallacy of overgeneralization?

It bases a belief on a limited amount of evidence.

2. In one study, when communicators were told not to express nonverbal clues, others viewed them as dull, withdrawn, uneasy, aloof, and deceptive. This illustrates which quality of nonverbal communication?

It is always occurring.

5. Hugging friends and family is one of the things you miss most about the pre-pandemic era. What quality of nonverbal communication does this gesture illustrate?

It is primarily relational.

2. When working adults were asked to name the most common communication behavior they observed in their place of business, what topped the list?

Listening Managers also ranked the ability to listen as the competence they sought most in new hires.

listening fidelity

Listening fidelity is the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message sender was attempting to communicate.

6. Which statement is TRUE about listening versus hearing?

Listening occurs when the brain reconstructs electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and then gives them meaning. Listening and hearing aren't identical. Hearing is the process in which sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain. Listening occurs when the brain reconstructs these electrochemical impulses into a representation of the original sound and then gives them meaning.

11. Which prejudice involves people getting preferential treatment based on their physical appearance?

Lookism

Lookism

Lookism occurs when people get preferential treatment based on their physical appearance.

1. "How are you?" is a question you find both unimportant and difficult to answer. Your response to this query illustrates which communication orientation?

Low affective People with a low affective orientation are usually unaware of their emotions and tend to regard feelings as useless, unimportant information.

1. Which is the best definition of nonverbal communication?

Messages expressed by nonlinguistic means

6. Walking with an upbeat strut staves off your feelings of depression. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

Nonverbal behavior can cause emotions. It's common to think of nonverbal behavior as the reaction to an emotional state, but the reverse may also be true—nonverbal behavior (walking with an upbeat strut) can cause emotions (staving off depression).

11. Research indicates that communication styles of male and female nurses, as well as male and female athletes, are similar. This demonstrates the importance of which influence on language?

Occupation Occupational settings, such as that of nurse or an athlete, can outweigh, mitigate, or interact with a speaker's gender when it comes to language use.

2. When your statistics professor continues speaking but glares at you for having interrupted her lecture, which type of nonverbal communication is she drawing on?

Oculesics

Oculesics

Oculesics is the study of how the eyes can communicate.

paralanguage

Paralanguage is not so much about what you say, but how you say it.

10. Which statement is TRUE about feeling and acting?

People who act out angry feelings actually feel worse than those who experience anger without lashing out. There is compelling evidence that people who act out angry feelings—even by hitting an inanimate punching bag—actually feel worse than those who experience anger without lashing out.

8. Which strategy is recommended to avoid jumping to conclusions about nonverbal cues?

Perception check

phonological

Phonological rules govern the pronunciation of words.

4. Whenever you're hungry, you're more prone to irritation or anger. Your tendency to get "hangry" is due to which component of emotions?

Physiological changes Research supports the notion that humans experience emotions not just in the mind but throughout the body. Physiological changes such as hunger can affect your mood.

"You" statements

Positive judgments rarely cause a problem, but critical "you" statements imply that the subject of the complaint is doing something wrong.

pragmatic

Pragmatic rules govern interpretation of language in terms of its social context. Pragmatic rules tell us what uses and interpretations of a message are appropriate in a given context.

9. You are pitching a new sales campaign at work. What should you do to help your coworkers remember your presentation?

Provide handouts with bullet points and graphics of your presentation. Communicators are better at remembering messages with visual content than ones they've only heard.

6. While your friend complains about her boss, you maintain eye contact and nod with concern. However, your stomach is growling, and you're really thinking about what you want for lunch. You are engaged in what type of listening?

Pseudolistening

Pseudolistening

Pseudolistening is pretending to pay attention. Pseudolisteners look others in the eye, and they may even nod and smile, but their minds are in another world.

3. Which method is based on the idea that changing feelings is the key to changing unproductive cognitive interpretations?

Rational-emotive approach

9. Which specific activity is vastly superior to suppressing feelings?

Reappraisal Research shows that reappraisal is vastly superior to suppressing feelings: It often leads to lower stress and increased productivity. Reappraisal has both psychological and physiological benefit, regardless of a person's age or culture.

4. Monitoring physiological changes and nonverbal behaviors are both ways of helping you with which first step for effective emotional expression?

Recognize your feelings. Monitoring physiological changes, nonverbal behaviors, thoughts, and verbal messages are all ways of helping you recognize your emotions, an important first step in expressing emotions effectively.

1. When you are introduced to a new coworker, you observe her facial expression, eye contact, posture, gesture, and tone of voice. This helps you accomplish which goal when first meeting someone?

Reducing uncertainty Nonverbal communication plays an important role at the beginning of a relationship, when an initial goal is to reduce uncertainty about the other person.

1. When your friend discusses a problem she is having at work, your response confirms what she said. You are understanding and supportive without judging her behavior or the situation. What type of feedback are you providing?

Reflective The primary goals of reflective feedback are to understand, confirm, and mirror what the speaker said without evaluation.

10. Which of the following assertions is TRUE about emotional expression on social media?

Regularly checking a romantic partner's social networking sites may spur feelings of jealousy, contributing to relational dissatisfaction. Social media can spark new emotions such as jealousy as well as express them.

Regulators

Regulators are nonverbal cues that regulate or control verbal interaction.

9. Which type of listener is more likely to draw out responses from the message-sender?

Relational

emotional labor

Researchers use the term emotional labor to describe situations where it is appropriate and necessary to manage and even suppress emotions.

11. What is the final stage of the listening process?

Responding Listening is transactional, and people don't get the full enjoyment out of good news until they share it with someone who listens and responds supportively.

3. Which nonverbal signals indicate a speaker has finished talking?

Rising or falling pitch at the end of a clause

2. Your uncle continues to hold a grudge over events that occurred with your father when they were growing up. Which behavior might explain his lingering resentment that makes family reunions awkward?

Rumination

Rumination

Rumination involves recurrent thoughts not demanded by the immediate environment. This behavior can increase feelings of sadness, anxiety, and depression and makes them last longer.

10. Which feeling do scholars acknowledge is a typical and common human emotion?

Sadness Most scholars acknowledge that anger, joy, fear, sadness, and disgust are common and typical human emotions

5. What does the darkest side of multitasking involve?

Safety Multitasking creates a number of problems, but safety concerns are its darkest side. Texting while driving, for example, kills thousands each year.

11. When Gabrielle describes her vacation in French, her language is more romantic and emotional than when she uses English to describe the same images and events. Which theory or hypothesis best explains this difference?

Sapir-Whorf

Alexithyemia

Scholars call this condition alexithymia—a difficulty identifying and talking about feelings, which can lead to relational challenges.

7. When your friend describes her recent family vacation, you remark only on the part that involves her attractive brother. What kind of listening are you using?

Selective listening

Selective listening

Selective listening is responding only to the parts of a speaker's remarks that interest you, ignoring or rejecting everything else.

2. You remain attentive, smiling and nodding occasionally as your roommate describes her day. What kind of listening are you engaged in?

Silent listening Silent listening allows you to stay attentive and nonverbally responsive without offering any verbal feedback.

Stage hogging

Stage hogs express their ideas without inviting others to share theirs.

3. Which feature should you look for in a company if you want to experience less stress and higher satisfaction not only in your job, but also your home life?

Supervisors who are active, empathic listeners

8. Praise and offers to help are which type of listening response?

Supporting

6. __________ of emotions by husbands is a strong predictor of dissatisfaction and discord in the early years of heterosexual marriage.

Suppression Men are more likely to experience what scholars call alexithymia—a difficulty in identifying and talking about feelings, which can lead to relational challenges and problems.

10. When coworkers digress, you remind them to get to the point and concisely explain how a problem will affect a project deadline. You are what kind of listener?

Task-oriented Concerned about efficiency and meeting deadlines, task-oriented listeners encourage others to be organized and concise.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and linguistic relativity

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the best-known declaration of linguistic relativity, the claim that a language both reflects and shapes the worldview of those who use it.

Fallacy of catastrophic expectations

The fallacy of catastrophic expectations assumes that if something bad can happen, it probably will.

fallacy of causation

The fallacy of causation is the irrational belief that emotions are caused by others and not by the person who has them.

fallacy of overgeneralization

The fallacy of overgeneralization occurs when a person bases a belief on a limited amount of evidence.

connotations

The ideas or feelings a word invoke, its connotations, are often more important than its denotations.

Rational-emotive approach

The rational-emotive approach assumes unproductive cognitive interpretations are at the root of debilitative emotions.

Fallacy of approval

This fallacy is based on the idea that it is vital—not just desirable—to obtain everyone's approval.

helplessness

This fallacy suggests that forces beyond our control determine satisfaction in life.

"But" statements

X-but-Y statements have the effect of negating the X clause.

12. To motivate others, it's best to use the language of __________ rather than __________.

choice; obligation "Choice" wording, which focuses on decisions made (e.g., will, going to), is more motivating than "obligation" language, which conveys grudging acquiescence (e.g., should, have to).

4. "Don't you think you should pay your rent before you take a vacation?" This is an example of a(n) __________ question that __________.

counterfeit; traps the speaker This query, which directs someone toward a desired response, is a leading counterfeit question that traps the speaker.

6. Rather than discussing distinct __________, communication scholar Julia Wood describes masculine and feminine __________ whose members have been socialized to share communication goals, strategies, and methods of interpretation.

cultures; speech communities Julia Wood uses the term speech communities to describe groups who share gendered communication practices.

2. John Gottman identified two distinct parenting styles: emotion coaching and emotion __________.

dismissing These different approaches have different and powerful effects on development; children who grow up in families where parents dismiss emotions are at higher risk for behavioral problems.

10. Early research on listening indicated that people remember how much of what they hear immediately after hearing it, even when they listen mindfully?

half

1. What is the physiological component of listening?

hearing

10. While selective listening focuses only on topics of interest, __________ tunes out unpleasant topics.

insulated listening

1. Research shows that emotional __________ is positively linked with empathic listening abilities, psychological well-being, and leadership attributes.

intelligence

8. After getting a promotion at work, you say that you'd like to eat out somewhere nice for a change. You feel like celebrating, but your partner thinks you are implying he is cheap. This scenario illustrates a low degree of __________.

listening fidelity

10. A liar sometimes displays true feelings in brief, unconscious displays called ____________.

microexpressions

4. Studies show that media __________ has a negative effect on learning and remembering.

multitasking Research does not support the belief that multitasking is an efficient and effective way to communicate.

6. Paraphrasing __________ information is more difficult than paraphrasing __________ information.

personal; factual Restating factual information is relatively easy. On the other hand, it takes a sensitive ear to listen for others' thoughts, feelings, and wants.

4. When your professor hands back your term paper and says, "Meet me in my office after class. We need to talk," you begin to worry, a reaction influenced by which rule of language?

pragmatic

5. Effective paraphrasing involves __________ the speaker's words.

rephrasing

3. Communication scholar Deborah Tannen views men's communication style as _________ talk, which is __________ oriented.

report; task Tannen is well known for contrasting the task-oriented report talk of men with the relationship-oriented rapport talk of women.

5. Interpersonal listening is defined as the process of receiving and __________ others' messages.

responding to Receiving and responding to others' messages is the definition of interpersonal listening.

11. Which type of language helps you accept responsibility for your feelings?

"I" language "I" language makes it clear we own our feelings.

3. Although we're capable of understanding speech at rates up to __________ words per minute, the average person speaks much more slowly.

600 Although people are capable of understanding speech at rates up to 600 words per minute, the average person speaks much more slowly—between 100 and 140 words per minute.

parasocial relationship

A parasocial relationship describes enduring, one-sided bonds that fans develop as they follow media characters.

5. When your mom asks how you are feeling, instead of responding, "I feel awful," you describe your condition as "vulnerable, anxious, and overwhelmed." What does your response exhibit?

A robust emotional vocabulary Communication research identifies a robust emotional vocabulary as a sign of emotional intelligence. The more specific your word choice, the better insight you have into exactly how you are feeling, what caused it, and what you should do about it.

5. Who is more likely to ask, "Are you doing okay?"

A woman in a heterosexual relationship Research has found that women in lesbian or heterosexual relationships are more focused on the emotional needs of their partners than men in gay or heterosexual couples.

11. Which type of listening response allows others to avoid responsibility for their decisions?

Advising

4. Your boyfriend's reluctance to talk about his feelings tends to create problems in your relationship. What do researchers of emotional expression call this condition?

Alexithyemia

Understanding

Attaching meaning to a message, understanding is a stage of the listening process composed of several elements, including syntax, word choice, and context.

attending

Attending involves focusing on some messages and filtering out others.

2. What do researchers call temporary hearing loss caused by continuous exposure to the same tone or loudness?

Auditory fatigue

Auditory fatigue

Auditory fatigue is a temporary loss of hearing caused by continuous exposure to the same tone or loudness.

"It" statements

Because "It" statements are imprecise, they can help a speaker avoid taking responsibility for a message.

6. "Rude people make my blood boil" is a statement that conveys feelings in which of the following ways?

By relating what's happening to you metaphorically

7. Which adjective describes mindful listening?

Careful Mindful listening involves giving careful and thoughtful attention and responses to the messages you receive.

12. "Never go to bed angry" is an old adage that is most relevant to which guideline for emotional expression?

Choose the best time and place to express your emotions. This old adage supported by recent scientific research makes it clear we own our feelings.

10. Etsuko, who is Japanese, found her Caribbean vacation frustrating because of the locals' laid-back "island time." These cultural differences involve which aspect of nonverbal communication?

Chronemics

Chronemics

Chronemics is the study of how people use and study time.

8. You have butterflies before giving a big speech. When you tell yourself they're a sign of your excitement rather than your fear or apprehension, you are employing which component of emotions?

Cognitive interpretations

3. You recognize the difference between feeling in control and feeling mighty. What does researcher Lisa Feldman Barret call this sensitivity to nuance?

Higher emotional granularity Descriptions of emotions that demonstrate higher specificity, or granularity, promote self-understanding and help others make sense of your behavior.

7. When your sister, a morning person, laughs at your funny story over breakfast but yawns at your amusing anecdote over dinner, which element of listening helps you understand these different responses?

Context

4. Which is a strategy of linguistic affiliation and accommodation?

Convergence

5. According to research, which is a characteristic of feminine speech?

Conversing to maintain relationships Conversing to maintain relationships stands in contrast to conversing to establish control with the masculine style.

9. Which of the following statements is TRUE about emotional labor on the job?

Correctional officers claim their jobs require them to manage competing emotions and juggle conflicting demands.

12. Which style involves listening for inaccuracies and inconsistencies?

Critical

Defensive listening

Defensive listeners, projecting their own insecurities onto others, may misconstrue innocent remarks.

8. "You finished that report in record time!" you say to a coworker, who takes your praise as criticism. People who perceive innocent comments as personal attacks are engaged in what kind of listening?

Defensive listening

"I" language

Descriptive "I" messages are recommended in confrontations when the other person doesn't perceive a problem.

3. Which of the following is a closed question?

Did you like the movie? Closed questions encourage only a limited range of answers, such as yes or no.

1. You are quick to express negative feelings about coworkers, displays of emotion that your Japanese colleague finds overly candid and demonstrative. These differences illustrate which cultural spectrum of behavior?

Individualism versus collectivism One of the most significant factors influencing emotional expression is the position of a culture on the individualism-collectivism spectrum. Collectivistic cultures, such as Japan, prize harmony in their "in-group" and discourage expression of negative emotions that might upset relationships among people who belong to it.

9. Discretely adopting a power pose for a couple of minutes before an interview performs which function of nonverbal communication?

Influencing ourselves Research suggests that prior to a job interview, you can boost your confidence and create a more forceful presence by discretely holding a power pose for a minute or two.

2. A headache is an example of which barrier to listening?

Noise

5. Which external component of emotions is generally ambiguous and can easily be misread?

Nonverbal behavior

5. Which of the following is a display of nonverbal immediacy in a typical job interview situation?

Shaking hands firmly Job seekers are coached to dress professionally, offer firm handshakes, and smile often and genuinely to help influence employers to hire them. These kinds of cues signal warmth and involvement, known as nonverbal immediacy.

9. When a friend tags you in a party photo on Facebook, you find the attention both flattering and worrisome as you told another friend you had to babysit all weekend. Which guideline for emotional expression is most relevant to this scenario?

Share multiple feelings.

12. Which topic is a man more likely to speak tentatively about?

Shopping Conversation topics can interact with gender to influence speech.

12. Which listening response should you typically employ first?

Silent listening It's probably wise to begin with responses from the left side of the listening response spectrum: silent listening, questioning, paraphrasing, and empathizing.

9. In meetings, a coworker typically interrupts colleagues to interject her thoughts, not acknowledging or seeming to care about the contributions of others. Your coworker exhibits which poor listening habit?

Stage hogging

1. Which of the following statements about naming and identity is TRUE?

The claims of those with names that are more difficult to pronounce are less likely to be believed.

Context

The context of a message, which includes the time of day, aids understanding of communication.

12. Dressing more formally—whether in a business suit, lab coat, or uniform—tends to enhance perceptions of __________ and expertise.

credibility

4. You consider it a compliment when a trusted friend calls you an overachiever, but a criticism when a competitive co-worker labels you such. This illustrates how the same __________ can cause different emotions.

activating event The activating event—being called an overachiever—is the same in both cases, yet your interpretations and the emotions they produce are quite different.

11. Asking for feedback helps address __________ language, which consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition.

ambiguous

3. Whereas hearing is a physiological process, __________ is a psychological one that is part of the selection stage of perception.

attending

6. "You make me so mad I could scream!" you declare to your partner during a heated argument. Your statement illustrates the fallacy of __________.

causation

8. You work in customer service for a company that has a high volume of dissatisfied consumers who often express their anger in hostile and combative ways. Consequently, you must often engage in __________.

emotional labor

4. "But" statements can be useful at times as a __________ strategy.

face-saving

3. Increased heartbeat, blood pressure, and adrenaline secretions are all symptoms of fear. These can occur when couples engage in intense conflicts, a condition marriage researcher John Gottman calls __________.

flooding Gottman calls this condition "flooding" and has found that it impedes effective problem solving.

2. Appropriate control of your emotions, also known as __________, is 1 of the 5 attributes of __________.

self-regulation; emotional intelligence

5. Reappraising an event takes place through a form of intrapersonal communication called __________.

self-talk

3. We agree that we eat food and drink beverages due to which rules of language?

semantic

2. Unusual names can be a symbol of __________ with the African American community, whereas less distinctive names can be a form of assimilation with the majority culture.

solidarity

7. In mainstream U.S. society, the unwritten rules of communication discourage the direct __________ expression of most emotions.

verbal People tend to act out rather than talk out their emotions.

9. You are unhappy with your domestic partner's lack of pitching in with household chores. Your partner doesn't perceive a problem, however. What type of language should you use when broaching this topic with him?

"I" language

"I" statements

"I" language most clearly identifies the speaker as the source responsible for a message.

3. One early study claimed that __________ percent of the emotional impact of a message comes from a nonverbal source.

93

Disclaimer

A disclaimer is a type of powerless speech that attempts to distance a speaker from remarks that might be unwelcome.

8. "I was disappointed when I learned that you had asked someone else to join us for dinner." Which "I" statement is missing from this assertive message?

A statement that describes the consequences of the other person's actions

11. Because you didn't pay me back the loan as you promised, I was late with my rent that month. Which "I" statement is missing from this assertive message?

A statement that describes your feelings

3. Which metaphor suggests one of the most significant characteristics of nonverbal communication?

A transmitter that is always on

Convergence

Adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom one wants to identify, convergence is a strategy of affiliation or accommodation.

Assertive message

Assertive messages are composed of three different types of "I" statements: one describes the other person's behavior (inviting someone else to dinner); one describes your feelings (disappointment); and one describes the consequences the other's behavior has for you (e.g., having to make more food for dinner).

8. Which statement is TRUE about childhood play that affects gendered socialization?

Childhood games are segregated by sex and structured by different rules about how to speak and act. Gendered socialization stems in part from childhood games segregated by sex and structured by different rules about how to speak and act.

3. While out at a club, you use certain words and phrases whose meanings are understood only by other members of your fraternity who are there. This is an example of which linguistic strategy?

Divergence

Divergence

Divergence involves speaking in a way that emphasizes differences.

10. You have made your point in a text message. Now it's the other person's turn to respond. Which form of punctuation performs a function similar to a pause in face-to-face conversation by signaling turn-taking?

Ellipsis ( . . . )

11. Nodding the head up and down, an accepted way to indicate agreement in most cultures, is an example of what communication concept?

Emblem

9. When you disapprove of a friend's remark, you call her "insensitive." When you approve, you call her "insightful." What do researchers call language like this, which appears to describe something but actually reveals the speaker's attitude toward it?

Evaluative

10. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is associated with which concept?

Linguistic relativity

9. Research participants reading transcripts were largely unable to identify gender on the basis of word choice. This finding supports which approach to language and gender?

Minor differences

1. The statement "men are from North Dakota, women are from South Dakota" reflects which approach to gender?

Minor differences This play on the title of John Gray's book Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus suggests that gender differences are not as major as Gray claims.

12. Which of the following statements is the lowest level of abstraction for the description of "a considerate neighbor"?

My neighbor calls me every Friday before she goes shopping to see if I need anything. Specific behavioral descriptions (such as calling ever Friday before shopping) make abstract words and statements less so.

2. Which statement is TRUE about creating and maintaining relationships?

Nonverbal displays of affection—such as sitting close, holding hands, winking, and gazing—are strongly connected to satisfaction and commitment in romantic relationships. Nonverbal communication plays an important role at all stages of a relationship, creating, maintaining, and reflecting degrees of satisfaction.

Powerless Language

Powerless language uses tentative and indirect word choices (such as "I guess" and "Okay?"), as well as hedges and hesitations.

7. Which rules make ethnic or racial teasing acceptable among members of in-groups?

Pragmatic

4. Which nonverbal cues help control verbal interaction?

Regulators

10. Being asked on a survey to rate your response from 1 to 5, with 1 being "strongly like" and 5 being "strongly dislike," is an effort to combat problems stemming from which kind of language?

Relative

microexpressions

Researchers call these unconscious facial displays microexpressions because they happen so quickly.

8. Which nonverbal behavior can improve your memory?

Sitting up straight Research shows that sitting up straight can improve your mood and self-esteem, and even your memory.

"Man bites dog" and "Dog bites man" are statements that consist of the same words but have different meanings due to which rules of language?

Syntactic

Syntactic

Syntactic rules govern the way words are arranged.

empowered refusal

The word choice "don't" rather than "can't," for example, is an example of what researchers call the language of empowered refusal.

"I/we" statements

There is value in both "I" and "we" messages in relational communication, as these pronouns demonstrate both autonomy and connection.

Relative

Using relative terms without explaining or quantifying them can lead to communication problems.

12. Which statement is TRUE about women's nonverbal communication compared to that of men?

Women are more vocally expressive.

4. What has research revealed about gender differences in communication on Facebook?

Women refer more to people in their lives.

2. "Charming," you remark sarcastically to a friend after she offends the waiter. Which statement describes your communication?

Your tone of voice is nonverbal, and your words are verbal.

6. Nonverbal communication is better suited to expressing __________ than it is ideas.

attitudes

6. Nonverbal immediacy is associated with communication __________.

competence

8. Often more important than the dictionary meanings, or denotations, of a word are the feelings it evokes, which are called __________.

connotations

10. Many of the language differences that first appear to be sex-related may actually be due to other factors such as occupation and __________.

power A growing body of research suggests that many of the language differences that first appear to be sex-related may actually be due to other factors such as occupation and power differences in the relationship.

9. Problems occur because people attach different meanings to the same message. This is due to the __________ nature of language.

subjective

1. The claim that words are arbitrary and have no meaning in themselves refers to the __________ quality of language.

symbolic

7. Briefly adopting expansive poses such as hands on hips or spreading out your arms can increase your sense of power and __________.

tolerance for pain Holding these postures for just two minutes creates chemical changes in the body—higher testosterone and lower cortisol that increase you sense of power and tolerance for pain.