COM 231 Chapter 17 Review Questions.

1. Why is credibility? What two factors exert the most influence on an audiences perception of a speakers credibility?

1. Credibility is the audience's attitude toward or perception of the speaker. -A speakers credibility is affected by two primary factors—competence and character.

9. What is analogical reasoning? Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

Analogical reasoning compares two similar cases to draw the conclusion that what is true in one case will also be true in the other. *key term -When arguing for a new policy, you should find out whether it has been tried elsewhere, you may be able to claim that your policy will work because it has worked in liked circumstances.

8. What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

Causal reasoning tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects. *key term -The fact that one event happens after another doesn't mean that the first is the cause of the second.

11. What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speeches.

Emotional appeals are intended to male listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, fearful, reverent, or the like -Three way to generate emotional appeal are to use emotionally charged language, vivid examples, and speak with sincerity and conviction,

4. What is evidence? Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?

Evidence consists of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disprove something. -Careful listeners are skeptical of unsupported claims and generalizations. Strong evidence is particularly important when the speaker is not recognized as an expert on the topic and when the target audience opposes the speaker's point of view.

10. What are ten logical fallacies discussed in this chapter?

Hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty

2. What are the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?

Initial credibility is... *key terms*

7. What is reasoning from principle? How is it different from reasoning from specific instance?

Reasoning from principle involves moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion. *key term -It's the exact opposite of reasoning from specific instances.

6. What is reasoning from specific instances? Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?

Reasoning from specific instances involves progressing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion. *key term -Because you can never give enough specific instances in a speech to make your conclusion irrefutable, you should supplement them with testimony or statistics.

3. What are the three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?

Speakers can enhance their credibility by explaining their competence, establishing common ground with the audience, and delivering speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

5. What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?

Speakers should use specific evidence, current evidence, evidence from credible sources, and make clear the point of the evidence.