COM 2500 Final

Cohesion

When group members "identify with and like the group's task and other group members," the group has

task-oriented groups

also called secondary groups; groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions

Based on Bandura's research, a reason why dangerous behavior in media might inspire copycat behavior is because:

audiences might perceive that behavior is rewarded with positive outcomes

true

Interpersonal communication takes place between people whose lives mutually influence one another in unique ways.

good moral character

Referred to as arete by Aristotle and "trustworthiness" in persuasion theory, ethos that shows moral and ethical values.

good sense

Referred to as phronesis by Aristotle and "competence" in persuasion theory, ethos that shows knowledge and experience.

Cultivation Theory's explanation for media effects is closest to the following earlier theory:

Social Learning Theory

openness / closedness

Sometimes I want to share what I'm feeling with my best friend, but sometimes I just can't. The tension is:

self-presentational goals

Talk that adapts our communication in order to be perceived in particular ways accomplishes:

communal goals

Talk that helps us "get things done" in our relationships accomplishes:

relational goals

Talk that helps us initiate, maintain and/or dissolve relationships accomplishes:

routines and rituals, rules and norms, storytelling, idioms

The building blocks of relationship culture include:

tertiary group

The following are all types of small groups *except*:

establish criteria for solutions

The goal setting stage of the functional model is effectively equivalent to this step of the reflective thinking model:

Referred to as eunoia by Aristotle, ethos that demonstrates a concern for the audience's best interests.

goodwill

Social Learning Theory focuses on the following:

how audiences learn from the behaviors modeled in media messages

In the "birthday dinner scene" from the film The Joy Luck Club (1993), Waverly brings her White fianceé Rich to a dinner with her traditional Chinese family. Rich commits several etiquette faux pas that he is unaware of due to his cultural identity. He downs one small serving of wine and pours himself a second glass before everyone else, who just has "half an inch, just for taste." He also helps himself to a big serving of the best dish before everyone else has had some. Waverly's family is offended. This intercultural tension is due to differences in this dimension:

individualism vs collectivism

neutralizing

individuals compromise, creating a solution where neither person's need is fully satisfied:

Groups make better decisions than individuals because they "share a common purpose and a common fate":

interdependence

Whenever we perceive something new, we interpret what it means by running it through our mind's collected, categorized structures of past perceptions in order to determine what the new thing is most like. These structures are called:

schemata

Your fellow employees at work are a _____ group; your circle of best friends is a _____ group.

secondary; primary

The following are all dialectical management strategies:

separating neutralizing reframing segmenting

any representation of meaning

sign

primary groups

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

When a team member fails to contribute due to the lack of an other-centered orientation:

social loafing, cohesion

the party involved in communication who sends a message to an audience

source

a representation of meaning that is arbitrarily determined and meaningful only through social convention

symbol

A group has ______ when diverse member characteristics complement each other, leading to better results

synergy

Representation Theory comes out of this larger tradition of media scholarship:

the Cultural Studies school of Stuart Hall

interdependence

the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.

Which one would likely be the exigence of a rhetorical situation?

the need to increase widget sales for the company

All of these are constraints in a rhetorical situation except:

the objective is to boost widget sales by 25%

The dotted line on the bottom of the Semantic Triangle Model demonstrates the following premise of the theory:

the relationship between sign and referent is unstable; the same sign can represent multiple referents

In the organization stage of perception, our minds apply principles of similarity, difference, and proximity. The "proximity" principle is that:

things that are close together in space and/or time are connected or related to each other

"Noise" does not have to be physical, sensory distraction.

true

An individual family, pair of best friends, or romantic partners can constitute a culture all by themselves:

true

Aristotle and his teacher, Plato, disagreed on the value of rhetoric as an art.

true

Conformity in a group can increase membership satisfaction and improve task performance.

true

For Hall, powerful media sources are the only ones able to construct a subject's meaning(s).

true

For Hall, subjects do not have a single, fixed meaning; media representations actually construct a subject's meaning(s).

true

If enough people share an oppositional reading and act together, they can exert power over a dominant media source.

true

Interpersonal communication takes place between people who desire to get to know each other as individuals.

true

The Reinforcement Theory holds that the biggest effect of media messages is just to reinforce prior-held opinions.

true

The hypodermic needle theory is primarily seen as inaccurate by media researchers.

true

Which group structure is better for speed and efficiency?

wheel

messages sent in response to other messages

feedback

relationship schemata

Cognitive structures that serve as blueprints for relationships based on perceptions from previous learned experiences:

Ricky Bobby is a high school sophomore whose family has a long history in pro stock car racing -- both his dad and his uncle are famous NASCAR drivers. His teacher, Ms. Beauregarde, is grading essays on "my career plans," and reads Ricky Bobby's account of how he wants to drive NASCAR. She comments on the essay, "I bet your family has made a real impression on you! " Ms. Beauregarde is doing the following: (select all that apply)

- applying the proximity principle - external attribution

society

- laws and regulations for public conduct - economic system and financial institutions

George wants to ask Lorraine to the Enchantment Under the Sea Dance, but is really nervous. Working with his new friend Marty, he brainstorms some things to say when he walks up to her in the malt shop. He finally makes his play, and makes her smile, but then Biff accosts him, twisting George's arm behind his back and insulting him. George is helpless until Marty distracts Biff with an insult, goading Biff into chasing him outside. George has: (select all that apply)

- presented "on-stage" behavior - engaged in facework - experienced a face threat

Culture

- stories of community history passed down through generations - traditions that instill norms for appropriate behavior

Identify accurate statements about implicit bias from the following (select all that apply):

-It is possible to develop awareness about and even unlearn implicit biases. - Implicit biases function without our conscious knowledge. - Implicit biases are culturally learned.

Janey Problem is a 6th grader from a troubled, abusive home. She used to be a bully, but over the summer has changed a great deal due to some caring therapy. Her 5th grade teacher from last year, Ms. Simple, is the advisor of the school safety patrol. Janey applies for a position in the patrol, and describes her desire to get a fresh start. Ms. Simple decides against it, thinking, "once a mean kid, always a mean kid" Ms. Simple is doing the following: (select all that apply)

-horns effect -fundamental attribution error

The hypodermic needle theory assumes the following premises: (select all that apply)

1. media audiences are passive receivers 2. mass media messages have direct, powerful effects 3. media audiences will all react to messages the same way

The "gatekeeping" function of mediated communication means: (select all that apply)

1. media sources determine what info audiences receive (or not) 2. media sources determine where, when and how audiences get information 3. media sources control access to any info an audience can't personally see 4. media gatekeeping is a source of important social and cultural power

Classical philosophers like Cicero saw rhetoric as valuable in order to: (select all that apply)

1. providing resources for action in uncertain, probable circumstances 2. improving decision-making through deliberation 3. participate fully in public life

Identify the three (3) elements of the perception process.

1. selection 2. organization 3. interpretation

Identify the four (4) elements of the reflected appraisal process.

1. self-concept 2. behavior 3. response of significant others 4. perceptions of events

Identify the eight (8) elements of the transmission model of communication.

1. source 2. encoding message 3. message 4. channel 5. receiver 6. decoding message 7. noise 8. context

According to Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, a productive team should be able to be fed by this many pizzas:

2

reframing

A response where the two ends of the dialectic are not viewed as opposing or contradictory:

His definition of rhetoric: "the ability, in each particular case, to identify the available means of persuasion"

Aristotle

Segmenting

Divides life into spheres; different needs are satisfied in different parts of life:

neutralizing

Individuals compromise, creating a solution where neither person's need is fully satisfied:

According to the functional perspective on group decision-making, the sequential order of the steps is critical.

False

The primary power of media influence in the two-step flow theory is the quality of the media message.

False

True or False: Mizzou students whose major resides in the Department of Communication are Communications majors.

False

separating

Favors one end of the dialectical continuum and ignores the other, or alternates between the extremes

relational oriented groups

Groups formed to promote interpersonal connections and that are more focused on quality interactions that contribute to the well-being of group members.

self-presentational goals

Impression management, also known as "facework," is most closely connected with:

Gerbner's "Mean World Syndrome" concept refers to the following finding of his Cultivation Theory research:

Media convince audiences that the world is more violent than it really is.

autonomy / connection

My parents always want to spend time together, and can't understand my need for alone time. These needs are in tension:

novelty / predictability

My partner wants us to try new things every weekend; I'd rather just chill at home. The tension is:

OUT-group

On the other hand, those who are different in some important ways and fall outside of this collection of similar others are one's

According to research, the following number of group members is optimal for good decision-making:

five

IN-group

People are socially disposed to prefer, and therefore identify with, others who are similar to them in a number of important ways. For any particular person, those who belong to this collection of similar others are one's

pathos

This artistic proof involves persuasive appeals based on audience emotions.

Ethos

This artistic proof involves persuasive appeals based on speaker character and credibility.

rules and norms

This building block of relationship culture gives a relationship structure, boundaries and expectations:

idioms

This building block of relationship culture helps construct unique, exclusive identity through verbal meaning:

routines and rituals

This building block of relationship culture is especially important for creating meaning in shared activities:

storytelling

This building block of relationship culture is especially important for maintaining, sharing history and values:

evaluating positive / negative characteristics

This stage in the functional model is implied, but not actually represented, in the reflective thinking model:

dialectics

[This term] refers to needs and motives we have in relationships defined by tensions between opposing forces:

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis makes this observation:

a culture's language has important effects on how that culture perceives the world

Cultivation Theory looks at the following possibility for mass media messages having an effect on an audience:

a gradual accumulation of messages that convey the same idea over time

Sally is going through Rush to join a sorority. After finding out how the recruitment period events will work, she carefully considers her options for outfits for each day while shopping, and does her homework on the various chapters she is interested in joining. Sally prepares to answer anticipated questions about her major, why she chose Mizzou, and what sort of volunteer service she did in high school. When she starts attending events, she makes sure to smile and to call the members she meets by name. Sally is...

a. preparing and presenting "on-stage" behavior b. is trying to make the most of the primacy effect c. engaged in facework D. ALL OF THE ABOVE (correct)

Reception theory says that audiences can interpret media messages in the following ways: (select all that apply)

accepting the interpretation suggested by the dominant message source negotiating parts of dominant interpretation with their own interpretation rejecting the dominant interpretation and holding an opposing alternative

sensory route on which a message travels

channel

Which group structure is better for solving complex problems?

circle, wheel

The following are all goals of interpersonal communication *except*:

communal goals

process of generating meaning by sending and receiving symbols and signs that are influenced by multiple contexts

communication

the use of technology and tactics tactics to disseminate messages to execute a marketing strategy

communications

the meaning of a word that that comes from the collection of beliefs, experiences, feelings, and cognitive connections we have with that word

connotation

Explaining "TikTok" in terms of "my favorite app," "humor," "music," "anti-Trump trolling," et cetera is expressing its:

connotative meaning

the various factors that surround and affect a communication event

context

In the reflective thinking model, before generating possible solutions a group should: (select all that apply)

define the problem analyze the problem establish criteria for solutions

A debate over a bill in Congress would involve this division of rhetoric:

deliberative

he meaning of a word that is direct or "literal"

denotation

Media sources often depict stereotypical representations of various identity groups because:

depictions reflect the ideology of media sources with dominant identities

The central premise of the limited effects paradigm of media theory is:

effects of media depend on many psychological / social audience factors

A courtroom trial argument or a scientific research presentation would involve this division of rhetoric:

epideictic

A eulogy or an inaugural address would involve this division of rhetoric:

epideictic

Communication involves messages that move back and forth between two or more persons. That mean's it's a social __________:

exchange

an ideal performance of self based on positive social actions

face

Conformity should be avoided in a small group.

false

This aspect of television made the medium more intimate than motion pictures:

it was consumed within individual households

The ancient Greeks used this term for "situational time," used to seize a window of opportunity:

kairos

The primary problem that groupthink causes is:

lack of critical thinking and evaluation

secondary groups

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

This artistic proof involves persuasive appeals based on reasoning and evidence.

logos

a perception of self-concept based on perceiving how others respond to our behaviors

looking glass self

In the "birthday dinner scene" from the film The Joy Luck Club (1993), Waverly brings her White fianceé Rich to a dinner with her traditional Chinese family. Rich commits several etiquette faux pas that he is unaware of due to his cultural identity, and Waverly's family -- especially her mother Lindo -- is offended. On the drive home, Rich asks Waverly if she told her mother Lindo that they plan to get married. Waverly tells him "it never came up" because "she'd rather have rectal cancer." Rich seems clueless about why Waverly feels such a pressing need to gain her mother's approval of her choice before getting married. This intercultural tension is due to differences in this dimension:

low power distance vs high power distance

The purpose of communication is ultimately about achieving a sense in which the parties involved have a shared understanding of what is being expressed. That mean's it's about sharing __________:

meaning

If the channel used by the source involves some kind of technology to get the message to the receiver, we refer to that technology as a ____________.

medium

a technology used to transmit a message from source to receiver

medium

the verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver

message

anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants

noise

The following are all elements of Bitzer's "rhetorical situation" except:

occasion

The following premises are assumed in the Two-Step Flow theory: (select all that apply):

opinion leaders disseminate media information to broader audiences opinion leaders disseminate media information to broader audiencesopinion leaders are influential because they are respected public sources media messages are consumed more heavily by "opinion leaders"

The following are all relational dialectic pairs *except*:

past / future

the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting experience to construct meaning

perception

the audience for a given message

receiver

the collection of thoughts, experiences, et cetera that one has when encountering either a representation and/or a represented object

reference

Identify the three (3) elements of the semantic triangle model of communication.

reference, referent, sign

the object that a sign represents

referent

Careful consideration of a belief based on its grounds and implied further conclusions is called:

reflective thinking

In the reflective thinking model, all of the following are key steps of decision-making *except*

rejecting unusable solutions

the degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context

salience