Com Midterm ch 1-7

expectancy violation theory

the idea that when social expectations are violated, attention to nonverbal communication is heightened with either positive or negative effects

syntax

the ordering of our words and sounds to convey specific meaning

grammar

the rules which dictate proper sentence and phrase construction

looking glass self

the self is accomplished by seeing ourselves as others see us

ethnography

the study of social interaction from inside specific human cultures

metaphors

unstated comparisons between things or events that share some feature

6 provisions of relationships

what do relationships offer us? -attachment -reassurance of worth -guidance -reliable alliance -social integration -opportunity to provide nurturance

ontology

what is the nature of reality? - realist: the world is real, tangible, measureable -nominalist: reality only exists to the extent that we humans are able to experience it through the names/labels we give to things we find in it -social construction: reality is a combination of the real world "out there" and our experiences with and of it

axiology

what is the proper role of values in research and theory building? - 3 positions of scientists and scholars: keep values out of inquiry, limit or embrace the values inherent in inquiry, values should drive inquiry

norm of reciprocity

when we reveal something about ourselves the other person will typically respond with similar information

postpositivist

-quantitative researcher -explain, predict, control social behavior -ontology: social constructionist -epistemology: objectivists, scientific method -axiology: values out

interactional model

-reciprocal and ongoing -sender/receiver become "interpreters": both encode/decode messages -messages are interpreted according to individual/shared experiences -both interpreters negotiate meaning in the message

Relational Dialectics Theory

-relational tensions between opposing forces that need resolution -3 types of dialectics: connection-autonomy, certainty-uncertainty, openness-closedness

Social Penetration Theory

-relationships move from initial interaction to greater stability through interpersonal communication -onion theory: because of the many layers to a relationships -is based on the number of assumptions

assumptions of SPT

-relationships progress from non-intimate to intimate -progress is generally systematic and predictable -relationship development includes dissolution and depenetration -self disclosure is at the heart of relational development

signs vs symbols

-signs: literal -symbols: ambiguous, multiple interpretations (associations come from past experience)

Communication

-social process: people and interactions -never ending spiral, always changing -utilizes signs and symbols: concrete/abstract -interpret/establish meaning -environment (context) -shared meaning making

vocalics

-sounds and rhythms but not actual words that come out of a person's mouth -aka paralanguage -tone, inflection, laughter, crying

linear model

-source dominated - considers feedback and noise -source--> message --> receiver -transmissional view

theory of nonverbal coding systems

-states that groups/clusters of behaviors convey meaning -ex: body movements, gesticulations, facial expressions

environmental factors

-temp, weather, smells, lighting, designs -walking into grandmas house and smelling those delicious pies: love for baking and family

interpretive research

-textual analysis, qualitative researcher -seek to understand -O: no measurable reality, knowledge is local -E: interaction between observer and intellectual community -A: accept researchers values

facial expressions

-the use of the face's mobility in communication

imaginative function

-to delight or entertain the speaker and/or listener -reciting poetry or singing songs

relational function

-to establish, define, and maintain relationships -small talk

ritualistic function

-to meet a social convention -praying in church or delivering a commencement address

expressive function

-to state personal feelings, attitudes, or thoughts -" i love that you always think of me"

theories that help explain how we develop and maintain relationships

-uncertainty reduction theory -social penetration theory -social exchange theory -relational dialectics theory

epistemology

how is knowledge best created and expanded? (scientific method) - objectivist: a scientific method based approach, studying comm from an objective/quantitative point of view - subjectivist position: closing the gap between knower and known, true understanding can only come from getting close to the topic of interest, studying comm from the point of view of those who are communicating

perception

being aware of and creating meaning from the world around us

representational communication

conveying the facts or information objectively

euphemisms

exchange with less harmful words

theory

- a unified, coherent, and organized set of expectations, concepts, and principles describing some aspect of the world (abstractions, dynamic, human constructions) - best available collection of what we know -net, lens, map

language

- building block of communication -made up of formal units combined in systematic ways to cooperatively make meaning -comprised of words, sounds, symbols -made meaningful through syntax and grammar

interpersonal communication

- communication between people in relationships -use it to engage others, manage relationships, disengage from relationships

HURIER model of listening (components of effective listening)

- hearing: paying close attention to what's said -understanding: comprehending the message -remembering: being able to recall the message -responding: replying to the sender -evaluating: assessing or judging the message -interpreting: assigning meaning or value to the message

8 functions of language

- instrumental - regulatory -informative -persuasive -relational -imaginative -ritualistic -expressive

Oculesics

- the use of pupil dilation, eye movement, and eye contact in meaning making -"sad eyes"

frames

-a specific set of expectations we use to make sense of the specific social situation we may find ourselves in at the time -frame analysis: using social cues or frames to understand our role in a given situation -ex: what is your role within the context of a room furnished with desk, a whiteboard, and a professor

culture

-a world made meaningful, socially constructed and maintained through communication -can limit, liberate, unite, or divide us

scientific inquiry

-active systematic process of discovery, leading scholars from observation to knowledge and theory 1. asking scientifically testable questions 2. engaging in systematic observation 3. developing answers

uncertainty reduction theory

-addresses the idea that we use communication to predict/explain the behavior of others in the initial stages of a relationship -when we first meet people we are primarily concerned with reducing uncertainty about them and increasing predictability about behavior of ourselves and others

situational meaning

-adjust language depending on situation -ex: telling a joke at a party conveys a different meaning than telling a joke at a funeral

social meaning

-adjust language when speaking with a specific group of people

linguistic relativity hypothesis

-asserts that the language a speaker uses influences the way he or she thinks -surfers

social exchange theory

-assumes that people assess their relationship in a cost-benefit manner -benefits of relationship-cost of relationship= value of the relationship

verbal vs nonverbal: similarities

-both verbal and nonverbal communication are influenced by rules like grammar, syntax, and language formality -both are symbolic -both are culturally influenced -involved intentionality: at times we intend to communicate a message and other times we send a message we did not intend to communicate

persuasive function

-change someone's views -a campaign ad or a political debate

physical appearance

-clothing, height, weight, body adornments (tattoos, piercings, accessories), skin color, hygiene, etc are all physical attributes that communicate meaning to others

social penetration theory: exploratory affective exchange

-comm here is more open and comfortable, less scripted -the shared info goes beyond the norm approved small talk of the previous stage but still remains at the periphery

haptics

-communicating through touch -hugs, punches, kisses, handshakes -nonverbal immediacy: using nonverbal cues to indicate closeness -expectancy violation theory

social penetration theory: affective exchange

-communication is characterized by a good deal of self disclosure -increased self disclosure -breadth and depth of topics increase

nonverbal communication

-communication which occurs when we relay messages and create meaning without the use of spoken words -93% NONVERBAL

regulatory function

-control the actions of others -"please line up in an orderly fashion"

transactional model

-dynamic -views communication process as changing -makes approach constitutive because something now exists that did not before

critical listening

-evaluating or analyzing what is being said -consider people who evaluate messages as part of their responsibilities: teachers, jury members, judges, coaches

specification of ignorance

-every conclusion creates a new series of questions

counterproductive listening styles

-fakers: pretending to listen -dependent listeners: listening to gain affinity from one's conversational partner, but missing the message -interrupters: listening only to respond -self-conscious listeners: paying more attention to their own contribution to the conversation -intellectual listeners: listening only with their heads but blocking out nuance and the larger realities of the message

types of nonverbal coding systems

-proxemics -haptics -chronemics -kinesics -vocalics -oculesics -facial expressions -physical appearance -artifacts -environmental factors -silence

framing nonverbal/verbal messages

-framing is how we use nonverbal/verbal comm together to create meaning -nonverbal can repeat, complement, contradict, substitute, regulate what we say 1. repeat: nod and then say yes 2. complement: smiling when you tell someone you're happy 3. contradict: telling your friend everything is fine when you're clearly upset in your tone 4. substitute: when you don't want to justify someone;s ridiculous comment with a response 5. regulate: when a speaker pauses in his or her speech to tell audience they are done talking

instrumental function

-helps you get what you want, express your needs -"I'd like a piece of pepperoni pizza please"

motivations in URT

-incentives: is the other person somehow rewarding to you? -deviance: are you motivated if the other acts in unexpected ways or violates rules/social norms? -prospect of future interaction: do you expect to interact with this person in the future?

types of listening

-informative -appreciative -relational -critical -discriminative

social penetration theory: orientation

-interaction between people who do not know one another -little sharing of personal info, comm based on social convention -convos are scripted and superficial

cultural meaning

-language is influences and judged by the culture in which it exists

abstract language

-language signifying concepts, qualities, or ideas

ritual view

-links communication to community, fellowship, and the representations of shared beliefs within a society

discriminative listening

-listening carefully with the ability to sift out the important info while weaning out that which is insignificant -dr making diagnosis, address all the symptoms deciding which are relevant to the diagnosis and which are not -listening to professors: pick the important stuff to write down

appreciative listening

-listening for enjoyment or pleasure -ex: listening to music, watching your fav comedian

8 misconceptions about listening

-listening is the same thing as hearing -listening is easy, natural, and effortless -listening is a matter of intelligence -listening is hard to learn -gender affects listening skill -if you read more you listen better -speaking is more important than listening -listening is primarily about understanding speakers words

informative listening

-listening to be informed, to understand the message -ex: student in a classroom or patient being told about their medical condition by a dr

relational listening

-listening to maintain relationships -ex: listening to your partner vent about his/her hard day at work or your best friends relationship problems

listening vs hearing

-listening: actively making meaning from the spoken messages of others -hearing: the physical process of receiving sounds

types of culture

-mainstream: dominant culture (american culture) -bounded/co-cultures: the smaller cultures which exist within the mainstream culture, defined in many ways (interests, gender, race)(asian americans, women, bball players)

critical thinker

-non method specific -use methods from everywhere -challenge status quo -O: agency/structure -E: emancipatory knowledge (truth) -A: political, openly

verbal vs nonverbal: differences

-non verbal is more honest -verbal is seeing and hearing while nonverbal is all 5 senses -nonverbal is continuous while verbal starts and stops

external distractions

-nonverbal distractions: speaker based distractions like when the speaker annoyingly twirls her hair while speaks -information overload: listener based distractions like when the listener focuses on more than one message (trying to pay attention to both their buzzing phone and the speaker)

artifacts

-objects we use to identify ourselves -wedding ring, white coat and stethoscope

three philosophical questions that shape scientific scientific inquiry

-ontology -epistemology - axiology

types of communcation

-organizational: businesses, organizations, corporation -family: relationship btwn siblings, single parent fams, system (everyone is affected) -group: similar characteristics -conflict -intercultural: communicating across cultures -health: communicating in health context, doctor/patient relationship, viruses and diseases (how govt calms public) -interpersonal: between 2 or few people -mass com: mass media -intrapersonal: engage in with ourselves, making decisions for yourself

4 stages of social penetration theory

-orientation -explorative effective exchange -affective exchange -stable exchange

information seeking strategies

-passive: observe the other in different social situations -active: ask others about the person of interest -interactive: engage the person in conversation and ask questions to reduce discomfort

speech community

-people who speak the same language and who not only interact by means of speech but also agree on the proper and improper use of language -speech networks: exist within speech communities (baseball team, a specific city, a hospital)

types of noise

-physical (actual noise) -semantic (linguistic influences- lawyer with legal terms) -psychological (cognitive influences- diff political views so you dont listen) -physiological (biological influences- sick)

barriers to effective listening

-physical noise -psychological noise -physiological noise -semantic noise -external distractions: information other than physical noise introduced into commuication situation that is not part of the message itself

traditions of communication inquiry

-postpositivist -interpretive -critical traditions

silence

-powerful -even when we arent comm we are

informative function

-provide information to others -giving directions to a passerby

proxemics

-use space/distance to make meaning -territory: the space you consider your personal space -distance zones: determine the meaning of the context 1. intimate: 0-18 in (personal connection) 2. personal space: 18 in- 4 ft (friendly but not intimate) 3. social space: 4 ft - 12ft (not necessarily friendly) 4. public space: 12 ft + (no communicative attachment)

kinesics

-using body motions to convey meaning -ex: waving, dancing -gesticulations: using hands/arms to communicate

chronemics

-using time to convey meaning -ex: when a person is late for a job interview or the date what does that convey to those waiting -ex: when you leave house in morning at 7am and return at 6:30 pm in a quit what can you assume

politeness theory

-we use polite language to protect face -face: the public self image that every member of a culture wants to claim for her or himself

social penetration theory: stable exchange

-you and your partner can and do talk about everything -comm here is rich, open, and free across the onion's levels

models of communication

1. linear (old, most simplified) 2. interactional model (expansive version of linear) 3. transactional model (most complex/comtemporary)

experiments

involve manipulation of one variable to measure its influence on another variable

textual analysis

is the deep reading of a message or group of messages with the goal of describing and interpreting the test

positive vs negative face wants

positive: reflected in a person's desire to feel appreciated or gain approval -negative: reflected in people's desire to be unimpeded in their actions or free from intrusion

content analysis

quantitative textual analysis that depends not on researchers' deep reading, but on their objective categorization accurate measurement based on their deep reading

surveys

rely on questionnaires and interviews to solicit self-reported data from respondents

presentational communication

someone's version of the facts or information