COM1000 midterm

Five Stages of listening

(1) hearing (2) attending: ear picks up sound and sends info to the brain and then attend (focus) on it (3) understanding: making sense of what our eardrum has picked up/interpret message (4) respond (5) remember: remember what we heard and understood from the sounds our ear picked up

monchronic culture

- A stitch in time saves nine - Time flies - agendas - Set clock/watches - Time designated driver of what happens in a day

Self-concept

- General perception of oneself - answers the question who am I - mental mirror that reflects how we view ourselves

Benefits of studying communication

- Help you become a more effective communicator - self understanding and growth - as competence builds confidence will too - critical thinking, problem-solving and teamwork

polychronic cultures

- Island time - Time is flexible - relationship based - what did you get to do list

Listening

- The receiver listens - conflict and miscommunication can occur when the receiver has a lot more going on his or her head - attempting to and making sense of what you hear

High context culture

- Use indirect/implicit type of communication - many people of high context view people who use more direct language as rude/mean and aggressive, loud, obnoxious

Six types of listening

- appreciative: listening to radio/movie; enjoyment and entertainment - task oriented: specifically listening for task/action - relationship oriented: scanning message for things related/relevant to relationship - empathic/supportive: trying to understand what person is feeling/felt; emotional intelligence important - comprehensive/analytical: you're listening to understand - critical listening: evaluating/judging; determining if source speaking credible - pseudo: fake listening

Basic nonverbal codes

- objectics - proxemics - chronemics - vocalics - kinesics - oculesis - haptics - olfactics - gustorics how we interpret or misinterpret these symbols is based upon context, culture, knowledge, exposure, and perception

Appropriateness

- relationship dimension - message is suitable for the receiver in the relationship between you within the given content - make sure it is relational appropriate (norms and expectations between you) and situational appropriate

Low context culture

- use a very direct style of communication or explicit - United States - talking to others of the same culture not much of a problem

code

- we take our thoughts, feelings, and attitudes and in order to communicate them through a channel, we convert them into codes, both verbal and nonverbal so that receivers can decode them - this conversion can be both intentional and unintentional

pupilometry

-study of size change in pupil, reflect emotional state -dilated pupils= connection -restricted pupils = no connection - dilate when we see something familiar and safe

How to be an effective communicator

1. State ideas clearly 2. communicate ethically 3. Recognize when it's appropriate to communicate 4. identify communication goals 5. Select the most appropriate and effective medium for communicating 6. demonstrate credibility 7. identify and manage misunderstandings 8. manage conflicts 9. be open minded 10. listen attentively

7 major facial expressions

1. anger: eyebrows down lips in a line 2. fear: mouth tense, eyebrows straight 3. happiness: Wrinkle around eyes 4. contempt: smirk; raises one side of mouth 5. surprise: mouth is loose, eyebrows round 6. sadness: hardest one to fake; almost always real, frown and vertical eyebrows 7. disgust: upper lip pulled up, can check if someone is thoughtfully racist

Key aspects of emotional intelligence

1. self regulation: managing emotion 2. self awareness: Understand environment and manage emotions to fit environment 3. personal internal motivation: Setting in accomplishing goals; trying new things 4. empathy: Recognizing in understanding other peoples emotions 5. social skills: interacting with others well

Self-serving bias

Attribute success to internal factors in your failures on external ones self-enhancement and self presentation When the speaker doesn't present well and blames it on bad luck

Coculture

Belonging to two different cultures - have a different communication practices within a given society

sex

Biological make up

Selective attention

Choice to select info that the person wants to see

Self disclosure

Choice you make and how much you disclose to others in the way you choose to disclose

frame of reference

Comes from past experiences, culture raised, attitudes and values, knowledge not one person has the same frame of reference effects and is affected by other elements opinions we have and feelings impacts both encoding and decoding of messages

Culture

Communication differs from one culture to another -culture encompasses learned symbols values language and norms be sensitive to culture differences and be aware

Multiple looking glass

Depending on who's perspective you are taking - example: so while one person might see you one way somebody else might see you another. Other people will continue to see you in all these different ways and it all depends on who's frame you're looking through when you see yourself

External noise

Distractions that originate in the environment ex. AC ,people, talking ,something physical/visible

internal noise

Distractions that originate within the person ex sick, emotional, bored, tired

senders

Encode and send a message

Low context culture

Explicit/direct language

The generalized other

General society or groups; how does society/certain groups view you

Damaging self face

I was really stupid of me. I should have let you know that was going to happen - Taking the own blame; defacing myself

Self-concept

Idea of self that is learned over time in the influence by internal thoughts

Culture subjective

It's relative to your point of reference

Norms

Learn the rules or expectations that guide behavior within a culture

Low uncertainty avoidance culture

More open to unfamiliar situations, diversity, and ideas

Low power distance culture

No individual or group is inherently superior to anyone else

Symbols

Not inherently meaningful meanings are in people, not in the words for example if you tell me the word owl I associate it with a nocturnal wing animal. If you show me a symbol of the word owl in a different language I will not understand it and it won't have meaning to me

Components of perceptual process

Organize, selecting, interpreting

Perceptual differences

People can interpret information drastically different. There are five major influences

presenting self or face

Public image of yourself; the way you want others to see you

In group

Refer to groups you identify with

Spotting shame

Slight forehead touch

Implicit bias

Social stereotypes on an unconscious level

Eyebrow raise

Super curious, engaged

words have

Symbol: the word reference: thought/meaning referent: image

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to judge other cultures practices as inferior to one's own - it can be easy to believe when culture values/traditions are right for everyone, but being different does not mean being wrong

internal discourse

Thanking/concentration and analysis - daydreaming, visualization, contemplation, meditation

Emotional intelligence

The ability to monitor your own and others' feelings and emotions to discriminate among them and use this information to guide your thinking in action

context/situation

The communication model all happens in the context or situation noise is some thing that can interfere: anything that impedes the sending or receiving of a message (2 forms)

Looking Glass Self (Cooley)

The image we believe other people have of us - what we see when we imagine how other people see us - derive not only from our own inner selves but with the interactions we have with other people

Perceived self

The person you believe yourself to be

perception

The process of selecting organizing and interpreting information; are used to form identity, create impressions of others, and make decisions

Role of technology in communication

The transfer of information via electron it devices such as computers tablets and smart phones known as computer mediated communication

Expectation

The way in individual believes things will turn out; this affects your decisions and influences what you believe you can achieve

Is communication symbolic

True

Content meaning

What I want you to know

Selecting information

What gets your attention and what gets ignored

Self presentation

What you choose to disclose about yourself to others and how you do that

Stereotyping

When you apply generalizations to an individual member of a group based on the assumptions and beliefs on that group example: speaker doesn't mention benefits of college because they assume audience can't afford it

Interpreting information

When you assign meaning to experiences

Relational meaning

Who we are to each other

Self discrepancy theory

asserts that we have beliefs and expectations about self (actual and potential) but do not always match with experience - Actual self: Attributes that you or someone else believes you possess - ideal self: attributes you or someone else would like you to have - ought self: attributes you or someone else believes you should possess

aural non-oral communication

aural refers to auditory sounds

eye blocking

blocking field of vision because don't want to see something; opposite of pupils dilating

kinesics

body movement; gestures, posture, facial expressions

Stereotypes

can limit our view of another person because we are quick to make judgments about who we think they are

Organize

categorize information into appropriate areas using your innate and learned knowledge proximity similarity difference

Linear communication model

claude shannon and warren weaver sender > message > receiver used for traditionally for mass communication only goes one direction

intercultural communication

communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different -do you language we choose and how loud, fast, we speak and if we use hand speaking or not can be insulting to others. May relate directly to self

Effectiveness

connected to content dimension ability to encode a message sufficiently for accurate decoding by the receiver verbal and nonverbal consistency: what we are seeing matches how we are saying it

Two dimensions of all messages

content and relationship every message carries two meanings

Two Types of Meanings

denotative:dictionary definition; what we think people think a certain word means connotative: personal meanings people associate with the symbol; very personal everybody has a slightly different meaning * all words have both of these things ex parent denotative: one who produces offspring connotative: loving, caring mother or father who takes care of his/her children

out-group

describes groups of people you see as different from yourself

Impact of mediated online communication

disinhibition: Tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences hyper personal communication: an accelerated discussion of personal topics that leads to faster relational development superficial relationships: Focus on quantity rather than quality

Hearing

does not equal listening - The physiological detection of sound; physically what's happening when ear and eardrum pick up sound waves and send information to the brain

Encoding

draw on all of our past experiences, vocab, what we know about the other person to string together various symbols that will relate a message to the other person that they will understand

Psychological

encompass emotions, attitude, and other mental factors; mindset affects perception

the want to fit in

enculturation: Process of acquiring a culture acculturation: The process through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt practices and values of another culture, while still holding onto their distinct culture

Competent communication

equals effective and appropriate

cultural

ethnic background in community shape perception Language, religion, general way of life

Non-vercal

everything else that goes along with the message examples facial expressions, clothing, distance, posture, but arms and hands are doing, and gestures

How does the context/situation affect how you communicate

example during a lecture you have a question. You would raise your hand or wait until they ask for questions. If you are hanging out with your friends, you would not raise your hand you would just ask the question

Attribution Errors

explains how people try to understand the cause of others actions internal: caused by something inside the person external: stems from situation not person stable: due to unchanging permanent factors unstable: due to changing temporary factors example: speaker receives confused looks during speech and blames it on lack of knowledge

oculesis

eye movements

High power distance culture

feel pressure to be in relationships with those in their social classes

Selective perception

filtering what you see in here to suit your needs speaker choose a topic that interests him without regard for the audiences needs

Stereotyping

generalizations negative, may cause prejudices and discrimination

Hands

helps to get message across

Social

how you view and create assumptions about others and how social status and gender affect those assumptions

High context culture

implicit indirect language

individualistic culture

individual achievement is valued over group accomplishments, and competition is valued over cooperation

selective memory bias

individuals tendency to select and remember info that reinforce stereotypes; can be offensive leading to misunderstandings resulting in damaged relationships

Types of communication

intrapersonal: talking to self dyadic: one on one (interpersonal) group: more than two people organizational: within a specific organization mass: news and emails intercultural: different ethnicities mediated: use of technology public: speakers

Visual communication

is a field that focuses only on the visual elements of communication; color in ads

Saving others face

it wasn't your fault, you didn't know. Nobody told you

Nonverbal and culture

it's important to understand who you're talking to One thing in one language may not be offensive but it is in another in the United States a thumbs up means good or OK and in other countries it is found offensive

Face work

maintaining your own image and that of others - preserving our face identity - verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors have a lot to do with this

mouth block

natural instinct trying to keep something in

Experiential

past experiences in encompass events in your life that influence the way you see the present

Significant others

people whose opinions matter most to us; example parents, celebrity, significant other, God

errors in our perception

perceptual errors can distort the way you make judgments about people situations and important topics which affects how you communicate

Self-esteem

personal evaluation of own self worth - physical, task/performance, social, spiritual - Global self-esteem: weighted (areas that matter most to hold more value) ex good task/performance self-esteem and low physical self-esteem. Value task/performance more so it's global self-esteem

Interactions with others

personal relationship between you Past experiences How will you like each other Respect cultural norms: please very big role in communication (what's acceptable and what's not)

Physiological

physical and chemical aspects of the body and how they affect perception height weight

perceptual differences

physiological influences: height/weight psychological: emotions, attitudes, other mental factors social: view and create assumptions about others cultural: ethnic background and community experiential: past experiences

high uncertainty avoidance culture

prefer to interact with other people and in situations similar to them

interactive communication model

process involving senders and receivers, influenced by feedback and fields of experience (classroom instruction, group presentations, weekly team/coworker meetings, public speakers who interpret audience feedback and modify their message as needed) broad variety of communication forms

Receivers

receive and decode message

transactional model of communication

recognizes that we simultaneously send and receive messages; a cyclical model of the communication process

senders

regardless whether or not intend to send a relational meaning along with message, the receiver will be decode both a content meaning and relational meaning

Micro expression

response to the thought process and internal emotions - Involuntary - 20 ms - people around the world have the same facial expressions to certain events - children born blind have the same facial expressions meaning that they are not taught - over 10,000 expressions

Saving selfs face

saying oh well that wasn't my fault

Three aspects of intrapersonal communication

self-concept, perception, expectation

Intrapersonal communication

self-talk, the communication we have with ourselves - purpose 1. clarify complex idea 2. Analyze difficult situation 3. solve a challenging problem 4. so on - primary function: well of self-awareness by taking in your surroundings and using that information to assess this situation; allows for self insurance, self discovery, self delusion

Communication model

sender, message, receiver, feedback, context, frame of reference

Message

sent through channels like email , phone. can be both verbal and nonverbal

olfactics

smell

Gender

socially constructed attributions associated with a particular sex

Solo vocal communication

speaking aloud to oneself

verbal

spoken, using words words and meaning with those words

Proxemics

study of personal space; different amounts of space for different people

haptics

study of touch; who, where, how long, context

gustorics

taste

reflected appraisals

the idea that people's self-images arise primarily from the ways that others view them and from the many messages they have received from others about who they are - how we go about the process of self-esteem - The looking glass self

Chronemics

the study of how humans use and structure time; kronos (greek god of time)

objectics

the study of the human use of clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes

Head tilt

tilt head to hear better; shows curiosity and interest; slight tilt with triple nod

collectivistic cultures

value group over individual and focuses on cooperation, duty, and loyalty

Masculine culture

values ambition, achievement, consumption of material goods

Feminine culture

values caretaking and service to others

vocalics

vocal sounds

Decoding

we also pool from all those things in order to filter the message and make sense of it all

Halo effect

when in impression you had in one instance influences your opinion in another instance example: speaker surprised about negative reception presenting topic and receiving positive day before

Blocking

when we cover or block a part of our body as a barrier between us and someone else - crossing arms, hold the notebook close - if someone suddenly does this, they may feel offended or uncomfortable

Recency effect

when you allow the most recent info influence your perception example: speaker fails to make a strong concluding statement

Solo written communication

writing that is not intended for others to read; diary journal personal blog

Damaging others face

you're so stupid, you never do you things the right way. You should have known to do this better - not always so direct; snide remarks