COM110 Reading/HW Notes

NCA Concepts in Communication Video

Deception Detection-When is someone lying to you? -Deception is INTENTIONAL TELLING OF A FALSEHOOD ***Law enforcement not trained correctly in Deception Detection! 1. Tension -Rigidity in Body 2. Uncertainty -No ownership of the story 3. Cognitive Load -Deception is cognitively taxing, so they will often have shorter answers and repeat themselves more often.

POPS 2.3 Speech Organization

Types of Informative Speeches 1. Topical: Points broken into categories 2. Chronological: Points are time-based or a series of steps that get a result 3. Spatial: Points arranged by how something is arranged in space or geographically Ex. Start in the northern part of California and transition South if informing about that state 4. Compare-Contrast 5. Narrative/Biographical: Points tell the story of one's life 6. Point presents a problem then a solution 7. Cause-Effect (!!!) 8. Effect-Cause Persuasive stuff in this chapter too!!!! (just nothing listed in notes yet)

Are you listening?

1. Are you giving the speaker 100% of your attention? Most of the time 2. Are you listening to understand, rather than listening to respond? Most of the time 3. Have you opened your mind to receive what is being said? Yes 4. Have you rejected the temptation to prepare your response while the other person is speaking? This is an issue 5. Are you open to changing your mind? Yes 6. Are you aware of what is not being said as well as what is being said? Yes 7. Are you taking account of the degree of emotion attached to the words? Yes 8. Are you aware of differences or similarities (culture, age, gender) between you and the speaker which may influence how you listen? Yes 9. Are you giving signals to the speaker that you are listening? Yes 10. Are you valuing the speaker and the experience they have gathered in their life so far? Yes

The Advocate by Carla Katz

-Creates the Setting at the beginning -Sets the scene in the intro -Uses humor! -Uses exaggerations for appeal! -Explains her emotions within her environment! -Rhyming? -PARAVOCALICS -TIES THE STORY TOGETHER IN THE END!!!

Rothwell Chapter 15 Foundations of Persuasive Speaking

Fallacy and Credibility... Strongly Agree, Agree, Indifferent, Disagree, Strongly Disagree Conversion of attitude and beliefs is unrealistic!!!! ---Incremental change more probable MAKE IT FEEL APPLICABLE TO THE AUDIENCE (REDUCE FIFTHHAND ACCOUNTS) For speeches of actuation, make the action fairly achievable, so to say!!! Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) ---Central Route (content of speech carefully scrutinized) ---Peripheral Route (listener looks for shortcuts to make decisions about a speech) ***Attitude change produced by the peripheral route is more persistent Proposition of Fact ---Each main point provides a reason supporting factual accuracy Proposition of Value Proposition of Policy ---Monroe's!!! (Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action)

THIRTY WAYS TO MANAGE PUBLIC SPEAKING ANXIETY

Getting Ready 1. Select a topic of interest to you 2. Prepare carefully-know your material 3. Practice-rehearse your talk with a friend 4. Know your audience 5. Challenge negative thinking-make 3 x 5 cards of positive thoughts or have friends write out inspirational thoughts for you. 6. Expect positive reactions-expect success! 7. Know the room-if unfamiliar, visit your speaking space before you talk. 8. Employ aerobic exercise strategies-daily aerobic exercise can cut anxiety by 50%. (!!!!!!!) 9. Eat for success-foods containing tryptophan (dairy products, turkey, salmon) and complex carbohydrates tend to calm the body. Eliminate caffeine, sweets, and empty calories. 10. Sleep for success-know and get the number of hours of sleep you need for optimal performance. The Day of the Presentation 11. Eat several hours before the talk-not immediately before 12. Dress for success-your success! Dress comfortably and appropriately for the situation. Look your best 13. Challenge negative thinking-Continue positive thinking (!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) 14. If you need to, express your fears to a friend 15. Review 3 x 5 cards of inspirational thoughts 16. Practice your talk one last time 17. Go to the room early to ready equipment and your podium. 18. Exercise immediately before the talk to reduce adrenalin levels. -Employ anxiety reduction techniques -Aerobic exercise -Deep muscle relaxation -Visualization strategies -Deep, rhythmic breathing (4 hold 7) 19. Use the restroom immediately before the talk 20. Take a glass of water to the talk The Presentation: A positive experience stemming from careful preparation! 21. Interpret anxiety symptoms as excitement 22. Use the podium to practice grounding strategies. Touch the podium to steady yourself and to remind yourself that you are safely connected to the ground which is firm and steady beneath your feet. 23. Take a security blanket with you-a complete typed version of your talk to only be used as a backup strategy. 24. Use tools to reduce audience attention on you. -PowerPoint presentation -Video film clips -Handouts -"Show and tell" objects to pass 25. Get out of yourself-engage the audience (!!!!!!!!!) 26. Look at friendly faces in your audience 27. Use humor as needed 28. Use the room's physical space to your advantage-walk around as appropriate. (!!!!!!!!!!) 29. Appropriately regulate your voice -Speak clearly-enunciate -Open your mouth-do not mumble -Slow down if necessary -Lower your voice-speak from your diaphragm -Project your voice-use energy when you speak -Use appropriate animation

Fisher's Narrative Paradigm

Narrative is any verbal and nonverbal interpretation which is arranged logically to generate a meaning. This communication process is influenced by the experiences and other factors from the past. The concept upholds the idea that communication happens between a narrator and the listener in the form of a story. The story includes the events that the narrator wants to communicate with the listener and does not fit in a single category. Narrative paradigm works two principles. They are Coherence Any content while communicating is effective only if it makes sense to the listener and coherence is the degree of sense making of a narrative. The effectiveness in delivering a story is influenced by three factors such as -structure of the narrative -The resemblance between stories -Credibility of characters Fidelity The second principle, fidelity defines the credibility or reliability of the story narrated. It is greatly shaped on the persuasion of the listener whether the person accept the story or not. A set of values is followed for accepting the reliability of the story. The fidelity is attained by following a series of questions. -Are the events described really factual? -Havethe facts been distorted while narrating? -The reasoning patterns followed while narrating -How does the argument in the story effect the decision making of the listener? -How are the importance of the story been narrated? Critics The narrative paradigm is a broad concept in human communication and it is almost impossible to conduct a study. To contradict this concept many philosophers believe that communication is not always narrative, for instance a fantasy story cannot be narrative as it is out of one's imagination and it will alter from the principles of narration such as the structure and reliability. Application The narrative paradigm is an innovative concept which reveals the nature of human communication. While considering communication as a form of an array of events, the people judge its credibility by understanding the reliability of the narrative. The studies can be further developed in understanding the human communication mechanism and can be applied to various fields.

Storytelling That Moves People

Persuasion is the centerpiece of business activity. But despite the critical importance of persuasion, most executives struggle to communicate, let alone inspire. Too often, they get lost in the accoutrements of companyspeak: PowerPoint slides, dry memos, and hyperbolic missives from the corporate communications department. A big part of a CEO's job is to motivate people to reach certain goals. To do that, he or she must engage their emotions, and the key to their hearts is story. There are two ways to persuade people. The first is by using conventional rhetoric, which is what most executives are trained in. It's an intellectual process, and in the business world it usually consists of a PowerPoint slide presentation in which you say, "Here is our company's biggest challenge, and here is what we need to do to prosper." And you build your case by giving statistics and facts and quotes from authorities. The other way to persuade people—and ultimately a much more powerful way—is by uniting an idea with an emotion. The best way to do that is by telling a compelling story. In a story, you not only weave a lot of information into the telling but you also arouse your listener's emotions and energy. Essentially, a story expresses how and why life changes This accumulation of antagonists creates great suspense. The protagonist has raised the idea in the bankers' heads that the story might not have a happy ending. By now, he has them on the edges of their seats, and he says, "We won the race, we got the patent, we're poised to go public and save a quarter-million lives a year." And the bankers just throw money at him. When you tell the story of your struggles against real antagonists, your audience sees you as an exciting, dynamic person. And I know that the storytelling method works, because after I consulted with a dozen corporations whose principals told exciting stories to Wall Street, they all got their money. The great irony of existence is that what makes life worth living does not come from the rosy side. We would all rather be lotus-eaters, but life will not allow it. The energy to live comes from the dark side. It comes from everything that makes us suffer. As we struggle against these negative powers, we're forced to live more deeply, more fully. So, a story that embraces darkness produces a positive energy in listeners? Absolutely. We follow people in whom we believe.

Persuasive Speaking Basic Concepts Video (10/25)

Persuasion-Induce a psychological shift closer to the desired goal of the speech Factual Claim-Asserts that something is True or False Cause and Effect Structure Comparison Pattern-Tell the Bad and then tell the Good (compare the natural condition, the unnaturally bad condition, then what happens if you alter the bad condition to a better state) ****** Value Claim-Is it right or wrong? Categorical Pattern ---Global Warming threatens _______, ________, _________. Policy Claim-Advocates Action Monroe's Motivated Sequence: 1. Attention (Have you seen ______? This could be our future.), 2. Need (Global Warming threatens ____), 3. Satisfaction (Alternative Energy Policy can reverse these trends.), 4. Visualization (Imagine "two worlds"...), 5. Action (Vote for candidates promoting alternative energy.) Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern (1. Need (What is the problem?), 2. Cause, 3. Solution) Claim determines the argument that you need to make!!!

Rothwell Chapter 7 Introductions and Conclusions

Select an engaging opener suitable for a given speech and audience -BEGIN WITH A RELEVANT QUOTATION -Use a STARTLING ATTENTION GRABBER -Use Questions: Engage your Listeners ---Use rhetorical questions or direct questions -Use POWERFUL ANECDOTES -Begin with a simple visual aid -Acknowledge praise with humor? Construct a clear purpose statement for a given speech introduction -Make it concise and precise!!! -Make it a definitive statement -Use simple language -Don't just make it a topic, but what you seek to accomplish -Make it useful for listeners ***Listeners will remember the theme ***Establish TOPIC SIGNIFICANCE Effectively establish credibility for a given speech introduction Accurately construct a preview of main points for a given speech introduction -Formal vs a more informal approach (numbering with First, Second, ... IS FORMAL) Accurately summarize main points for a given speech introduction -THESIS Accurately summarize main points for a given speech conclusion --Today, we have looked at _____, ______, and ________. Construct a memorable conclusion for a given speech -Refer to a dramatic anecdote that you told previously or dramatic example -Use a clever quotation or a rhetorical question to finish!!!

The Three Act Structure

Some elements of storytelling are overdone, but the three act structure is TIMELESS!!1 The Three Act Structure is the most effective way to tell a story! -The Setup (Act 1) -The Confrontation (Act 2) -The Resolution (Act 3) THE SETUP -Audience is introduced to the characters and the setting -In order to observe change we must know how it started -Only invested in the character when you know something about them -The opening act sets the rule (AUDIENCE WILL BUY INTO ALMOST ANYTHING YOU SET IN FRONT OF THEM) -Contains the hook (makes the audience wonder, what is going to happen next? THE CATALYST FOR THE PLOT LEADING TO A TWIST IN THE STORY, THE INCITING INCIDENT) THE CONFRONTATION -This is where the main character has their first confrontation with the antagonist (protagonist must become the hero so that they can accomplish the obstacles in front of them) -NOT ABOUT THE RESULT BUT THE JOURNEY (THIS IS THE JOURNEY!!!!) -Plot develops -DO NOT WANT THIS PART TO BE THE MOST BORING -Plot Point Changes the Direction of the Character again THE RESOLUTION -What we have all been expecting and waiting for!!! THE CLIMAX!!! Main tension of the plot is brought to its most intense point -All character complete their journey

Chapter 2 (Speech Anxiety) Themes:

Speech anxiety is fear of public speaking and the nervousness that accompanies that fear. Narrative Informative speech features 3 parts (1) challenge (2) struggle (3) resolution Fight-or-flight response happens to many when public speaking and contains an array of symptoms. Dysfunctional speech anxiety occurs when the intensity of the fight-or-flight response prevents an individual from giving a speech effectively. Functional speech anxiety occurs when the fight-or-flight response is managed and stimulates and optimum presentation. -Causes of the first are self-defeating thoughts (sabotaging your speech)... these thoughts are grounded in the fear of rejection from the audience... DO NOT EXAGGERATE THE CONSEQUENCES OF FAILURE and REMEMBER IT IS OKAY TO MAKE A MISTAKE The illusion of transparency is the overestimation of the extent to which audience members detect a speaker's nervousness. DO NOT EXPECT TO MAKE EVERYONE HAPPY! -Another cause of the first is Anxiety-Provoking Situations Uncertainty reduction theory states that public speaking gets easier over time Spotlight Effect makes this worse (just practice in various settings) Audience's opinion on the topic you are talking about can produce anxiety PRACTICE AND PREPARE!!! TRANSFORM NOVELTY INTO FAMILIARITY!!! HAVE A CLEAR AN INTERESTING MESSAGE-communication orientation PRACTICE THE SPEECH CONVERSATIONALLY STAY POSITIVE THROUGHOUT!!! USE VISUALIZATION TO COUNTER NEGATIVE THOUGHTS OF CATASTROPHE WHEN GIVING A SPEECH WITH POSITIVE IMAGES OF SUCCESS Slow, deep breaths help to reduce the fight-or-flight response! Systematic desensitization is a technique used to control anxiety, even phobias, triggered by a wide variety of stimuli.

Chapter 2 Intro to Public Speaking

The art of public speaking was practiced long before the Greeks wrote about it in their treatises more than 2,500 years ago. For Greek men, it was a way of life, a way of being, just like football and baseball are to us today. The art, or use of public speaking, is quite different today than when it was practiced by the Greeks, and then the Romans. Theirs was a time that didn't have multimedia -- television, radio, internet, movies, newspapers, and the like -- for getting their messages to the masses. the concept of public speaking hasn't changed; it has basically remained the same. We will learn how the Greeks came to develop the art and then were followed by the Romans who codified and refined public speaking. After the fall of the Roman Empire, we will see how public speaking was kept alive by just a few individuals until the Renaissance, when documents, or extants (which are treatises and writings that survived history), were discovered in Italy, and the approaches, both scientific and Humanistic, that defined the art of public speaking came about. Finally, we visit the latter part of the 19th and 20th centuries to understand contemporary public speaking. First public speaking was a tool designed to develop and cultivate one's mental faculties in order to be a "good citizen" who could serve the state well. Second, it gave a person the skills to convince a body on a matter. BUT ONE MUST HAVE MORALS IN BOTH THOUGHT AND CHARACTER. Then it became a means for entertainment during the Renaissance. Today, public speaking is all about influencing human behavior, regardless of morals.

Speaking in a Virtual Context-Marie Anderson-WFU Speaking Center and Mind your Background-Marie Anderson-WFU Speaking Center (VIDEOS)

VERY NON DISTRACTING BACKGROUND Pay close attention to: -Volume -Pitch -Tone -Rate ***THESE ARE SO IMPORTANT IN A VIRTUAL SCENARIO Draw your audience in through these tools...MAKE SURE IT FITS YOUR SPEECH Body language is crucial in virtual settings -STAND UP!!! -Maintain Eye Contact -Move with intention and Purpose to emphasize importance -Hand gestures... use them to emphasize certain things and to visually engage with the audience -Posture... maintain a good one! be professional and remain poised... NEXT VIDEO -Set the background, Set the tone (you can establish credibility and professionalism through your background) -Find a neutral (no colors) wall, or one with no patterns on it!!! -Tasteful decor and appropriate (can also leverage decor to add credibility like adding a diploma) -Make sure it is CLEAN! -Take control by keeping a good background

Virtual Speaking Tips-Wake Speaks Speaking Center

WHAT DOES MY BACKGROUND LOOK LIKE? Eliminate distractions. - Make your bed - Clean your room - Close closet and bathroom doors - Find neutral colored walls with simple decor & patterns - Find a professional space - Consider adding awards or a diploma to the background HOW CAN I ENGAGE MY AUDIENCE? - Add an arrow or sticker pointing to your camera to remind you to maintain eye contact with the camera - Utilize vocal variety to add energy and emphasize certain parts of your speech - Incorporate gestures to emphasize certain points HOW CAN I PREPARE FOR MY SPEECH? - Dress professionally to increase your credibility - Adjust the lighting to fully illuminate your face - Adjust the camera angle to show your face and body clearly to show your gestures and body language HOW CAN I PRACTICE? - Practice looking at the camera - Get comfortable with seeing yourself in live time - Record your speech and watch it from the audience's perspective

Rothwell Chapter 6 Attention: Getting People to Listen

You will not maintain an entire audience's attention for your full speech The nature of attention is a transactional process in which speakers and listeners work together to create a captivating experience Selective Attention of Listeners: Filtering Stimuli -Attention is the act of focusing on a specific stimulus to the exclusion of competing stimuli. -CANT MULTITASK YOUR ATTENTION (ONE STIMULI AT A TIME) How to be a Mindful Listener: Assisting the Speaker 1. Come prepared to Listen to Speakers 2. Avoid distractions 3. Be an active listener 4. Take notes if practical 5. Jot down new information if it is an informative speech 6. Listen critically for solid reasoning and strong evidence 7. Be ethical Speakers Attention Strategies: Triggering Listening -The Vital Appeal: Meaningfulness ---Personalize the appeal to the listeners (MAKE MEANINGFUL) -Novelty: The Allure of the New ---Unusual Topics: Choosing outside of the box ---Unusual Examples: The Anti-Sedative ---Unusual Stores: Compelling Attention ---Unusual Phrasing: Wording Matters ---Unusual Presentation: Song and Dance Humorous Appeal: Keep Listeners Laughing -Do Not Force Humor: Not everyone is funny -Use only Relevant Humor: Stay Focused (TIE THE HUMOR TO THE MAIN POINT OR THEME) -Be Sensitive to Audience and Occasion: Humor Can Backfire (USE GENTAL HUMOR) -Consider Using Self-Deprecating Humor: "I'm Not Worthy" (USE HUMOR THAT GENTLY MAKES FUN OF YOURSELF) Startling Appeal: Shake Up Your Listeners -Startling Statements, Facts, or Statistics: The "Oh WOW" Effect -Inappropriate Use: Beware Bizarre Behavior (NO OUTRAGEOUS ACTS TO GET ATTENTION OR BAD DECISIONS) Have balanced movement (NOT TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE) Intensity: Extreme Degree of a Stimulus -Intensity is concentrated stimuli. It is an extreme degree of emotion, thought, or activity.

3.2 Power of Words POPS

he more words a speaker knows and understands the meaning of, the stronger the speaker they will become. Knowing a plethora of words opens new worlds to you and having a larger lexicon allows you to understand more connotations of words you can use to enhance your messages. Words have two different types of meanings: connotative and denotative. Connotative means what the word suggests or implies, they can elicit an emotional response, a feeling, in the receiver and are subjective. These words may be open to more than one interpretation. Denotative has a meaning that is the dictionary definition. It is precise and literal. Parallelism is the balance or use of similar words or phrases to help provide rhythm, phrasing, or connection. You may use parallelism as you write your speech by wording the main points the same to help your listeners recognize each point and their connection to your overall thesis or central idea. Devices to use: -Rhythm -Repetition -Simile -Metaphor

Public Speaking Project (PSP) Chapter 4: Listening

"Hearing is unintentional, whereas listening (by contrast) requires you to pay conscious attention. Our bodies hear, but we need to employ intentional effort to actually listen." "Hearing is something most everyone does without even trying. It is a physiological response to sound waves moving through the air at up to 760 miles per hour. First, we receive the sound in our ears. The wave of sound causes our eardrums to vibrate, which engages our brain to begin processing. The sound is then transformed into nerve impulses so that we can perceive the sound in our brains. Our auditory cortex recognizes a sound has been heard and begins to process the sound by matching it to previously encountered sounds in a process known as auditory association. Hearing has kept our species alive for centuries." "When we are tuning our attention to a song we like, or a poetry reading, or actors in a play, or sitcom antics on television, we are listening for pleasure, also known as appreciative listening." "When we are listening to a friend or family member, building our relationship with another through offering support and showing empathy for her feelings in the situation she is discussing, we are engaged in relational listening." "Therapists, counselors, and conflict mediators are trained in another level known as empathetic or therapeutic listening. When we are at a political event, attending a debate, or enduring a salesperson touting the benefits of various brands of a product, we engage in critical listening. This requires us to be attentive to key points that influence or confirm our judgments." "When we are focused on gaining information whether from a teacher in a classroom setting, or a pastor at church, we are engaging in informational listening." "Bommelje, Houston, and Smither studied effective listening among 125 college students and found a strong link between effective listening and school success, supporting previous research in the field linking listening skills to grade point average." "Connecting listening skills to better leadership, Hoppe (2006) lists many professional advantages of active listening, indicating that it helps us: better understand and make connections between ideas and information; change perspectives and challenge assumptions; empathize and show respect or appreciation, which can enhance our relationships; and build self-esteem." PROFESSIONAL BENEFITS "identifying poor listening as a 'silent killer of productivity and profit,' " "Effective listening can also help you to make a better impression on employers." "If listening is done well, the communication loop is effectively completed between speaker and receiver. The speaker shares a message with the receiver, having selected a particular method to communicate that message. The receiver aims to interpret the message and share understanding of the message with the speaker. Communication effectiveness is determined by the level of shared interpretation of the message reached through listener response and feedback. When done successfully, the loop is complete, and both sender and receiver feel connected. The active listener who employs the positive attributes detailed in this chapter is more likely to be better liked, in turn increasing her self-esteem. She is also likely to be better able to reduce tension in situations and resolve conflict." PERSONAL BENEFITS The Three A's of Active Listening: Attention-"We know now that attention is the fundamental difference between hearing and listening. Paying attention to what a speaker is saying requires intentional effort on your part." "Hoppe (2006) advises active listening is really a state of mind requiring us to choose to focus on the moment, being present and attentive while disregarding any of our anxieties of the day. He suggests listeners prepare themselves for active attention by creating a listening reminder. This might be to write "Listen" at the top of a page in front of you in a meeting." Attitude-"Telling yourself this is all a waste of time is not going to help you to listen effectively. You'll be better off determining an internal motivation to be attentive to the person speaking. Approaching the task of listening with a positive attitude and an open-mind will make the act of listening much easier. Bad listeners make snap judgments that justify the decision to be inattentive." "Kaponya (1991) warns against psychological deaf spots which impair our ability to perceive and understand things counter to our convictions. It can be as little as a word or phrase that might cause "an emotional eruption" causing communication efficiency to drop rapidly." Adjustment-"So, we need to be flexible, willing to follow a speaker along what seems like a verbal detour down a rabbit hole, until we are rewarded by the speaker reaching his final destination while his audience marvels at the creative means by which he reached his important point." Barriers to effective listening: Anticipating-"Anticipating, or thinking about what the listener is likely to say, can detract from listening in several ways. On one hand, the listener might find the speaker is taking too long to make a point and try to anticipate what the final conclusion is going to be. While doing this, the listener has stopped actively listening to the speaker." Judging-"Jumping to conclusions about the speaker is another barrier to effective listening. Perhaps you've been in the audience when a speaker makes a small mistake; maybe it's mispronouncing a word or misstating the hometown of your favorite athlete. An effective listener will overlook this minor gaffe and continue to give the speaker the benefit of the doubt. A listener looking for an excuse not to give their full attention to the speaker will instead take this momentary lapse as proof of flaws in all the person has said and will go on to say." "This same listener might also judge the speaker based on superficialities. Focusing on delivery or personal appearance - a squeaky voice, a ketchup stain on a white shirt, mismatched socks, a bad haircut, or a proclaimed love for a band that no one of any worth could ever profess to like - might help the ineffective listener justify a choice to stop listening." Reacting Emotionally-"When the speaker says an emotional trigger, it can be even more difficult to listen effectively." Keep an open mind-"Effective listeners keep an open mind. Remember that listening to a point of view is not the same as accepting that point of view. Recognizing this can help you to cultivate a more open perspective, helping you to better adjust as you listen actively to a speaker." Come prepared-"Any time you enter a listening situation with some advance working knowledge of the speaker and what might be expected of you as a listener, you will be better able to adjust and engage more deeply in what is being said." Take Notes-"Taking notes can also advance your ability to be actively engaged in the speaker's words. You need not write down everything the speaker is saying. First, this is quite likely to be impossible. Second, once you are caught up in recording a speaker's every word, you are no longer listening." Providing feedback to speakers "There are many ways in which a listener can offer feedback to a speaker, sometimes even wordlessly. Keeping an open-mind is something you do internally, but you can also demonstrate openness to a speaker through your nonverbal communication." "Meanwhile, a listener sitting up straight, facing you with an intent look on his face is more likely to offer reassurance that your words are being understood." EYE CONTACT HUGE TOO "Leaning in as a listener is far more encouraging than slumping in your seat. Miller (1994) suggests the 'listener's lean' demonstrates 'ultimate interest.'" NOD YOUR HEAD TOO ASK QUESTIONS ASAP IF POSSIBLE Encourage Effective Listening "When you sit down to compose a speech, keep in mind that you are writing for the earrather than the eye. Listeners cannot go back and re-read what you have just said. They need to grasp your message in the amount of time it takes you to speak the words. To help them accomplish this, you need to give listeners a clear idea of your overarching aim, reasons to care, and cues about what is important. You need to inspire them to want to not just hear but engage in what you are saying." "Humans are motivated by ego; they always want to know "what's in it for me?" So, when you want to want to get an audience's attention, it is imperative to establish a reason for your listeners to care about what you are saying." MAKE LISTENERS CARE "Audiences are also more responsive when you find a means to tap their intrinsic motivation, by appealing to curiosity, challenging them, or providing contextualization." "Audiences also lean in further when you employ active voice. We do this in speaking without hesitation. Imagine you were walking across campus and saw the contents of someone's room dumped out on the lawn in front of your dorm. You'd probably tell a friend: "The contents of Jane's room were thrown out the window by Julie." Wait, that doesn't sound right. You're more likely to say: "Julie threw Jane's stuff out the window!" The latter is an example of active voice. You put the actor (Julie) and the action (throwing Jane's stuff) at the beginning." CUE YOUR LISTENERS USE REPETITION USE YOUR VOCAL VOLUME USE SILENCE AFTER IMPORTANT POINTS OR Q'S "Connecting with the audience through referencing things the speaker has in common with the listeners can function as an appeal to ethos. The speaker is credible to the audience because he is like them. Or, it can work as an appeal to pathos. A speaker might employ this emotional appeal in a persuasive speech about Habitat for Humanity by asking her audience to think first about the comforts of home or dorm living that they all take for granted." CONVINCE THE AUDIENCE TO ENGAGE

Public Speaking Project (PSP) Chapter 5: Audience Analysis

"This chapter is dedicated to understanding how a speaker connects with an audience through audience analysis by direct observation, analysis by inference, and data collection. In addition, this chapter explores the five categories of audience analysis: (1) the situational analysis, (2) the demographic analysis, (3) the psychological analysis, (4) the multicultural analysis, and (5) the topic interest and prior knowledge analysis." "An audience analysis is when you consider all of the pertinent elements defining the makeup and demographic characteristics (also known as demographics) of your audience." "First, you need to know that there are three overarching methods (or "paradigms") for doing an audience analysis: audience analysis by direct observation, audience analysis by inference, and audience analysis through data collection." DIRECT OBSERVATION "Audience analysis by direct observation, or direct experience, is, by far, the most simple of the three paradigms for "getting the feel" of a particular audience. It is a form of qualitative data gathering. We perceive it through one or more of our five natural senses—hearing, seeing, touching, tasting, and smelling. Knowledge that we acquire through personal experience has more impact on us than does knowledge that we learn indirectly... All you really need to do for this method of observation is to examine your audience. If you are lucky enough to be able to do this before speaking to your audience, you will be able to gather some basic reflective data... One excellent way to become informed about your audience is to ask them about themselves. In its most basic form, this is data collection. Whenever possible, have conversations with them - interact with members of your audience - get to know them on a personal level." "Clearly this cannot be done in every speaking situation, however. Often, we are required to give an unacquainted-audience presentation. Unacquainted-audience presentations are speeches when you are completely unfamiliar with the audience and its demographics." TALK WITH SOMEONE WHO MIGHT BE FAMILIAR WITH THE AUDIENCE "Audience analysis by inference is merely a logical extension of your observations drawn in the method above. It is a form of critical thinking known as inductive reasoning, and another form of qualitative data gathering. An inference is when you make a reasoned tentative conclusion or logical judgment on the basis of available evidence. It is best used when you can identify patterns in your evidence that indicate something is expected to happen again or should hold true based upon previous experiences. A good speaker knows how to interpret information and draw conclusions from that information. As individuals we make inferences—or reasonable assumptions—all the time." "Unlike audience analysis by direct observation and analysis by inference, audience analysis by data sampling uses statistical evidence to quantify and clarify the characteristics of your audience... Audience analysis by data sampling requires you to survey your audience before you give your speech." SURVERY METHODS: "The first type of survey method you should know about is the basic questionnaire, which is a series of questions advanced to produce demographic and attitudinal data from your audience... Clearly, audience members should not be required to identify themselves by name on the basic questionnaire. Anonymous questionnaires are more likely to produce truthful information. Remember, all you are looking for is a general read of your audience; you should not be looking for specific information about any respondent concerning your questionnaire in particular. It is a bulk sampling tool, only... ask more focused questions." "Another method of finding out your audience's value set is to survey them according to their value hierarchy. A value hierarchy is a person's value structure placed in relationship to a given value set. The way to determine a person's value hierarchy is to use the ordered categories sampling method. Here, each audience member is given a list of values on a piece of paper, and each audience member writes these values on another piece of paper in order according to their importance to him/her." LIKERT TYPE TESTING MAKES A STATEMENT AND ASKS AUDIENCE MEMBERS TO ASSESS THAT STATEMENT ACCORDING TO THEIR FEELINGS (UNLIKE OTHER TESTS, IT MEASURES THE EXTENT OF BELIEFS) Categories of Audience Analysis -Situational Audience Analysis category considers the situation for which the audience is gathered. -The second category of audience analysis is demography. As mentioned before, demographics are literally a classification of the characteristics of the people. Whenever addressing an audience, it is generally a good idea to know about its age, gender, major, year in school, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, et cetera... RESEARCH YOUR DEMOGRAPHICS ABOUT YOUR AUDIENCE -Unless your selected speech topic is a complete mystery to your audience, your listeners will already hold "attitudes, beliefs, and values" toward the ideas you will inevitably present. As a result, it is always important to know where your audience stands on the issues you plan to address ahead of time. The best way to accomplish this is to sample your audience with a quick questionnaire or survey prior to the event. This is known as the third category of audience analysis, or psychological description. -Demography looks at issues of race and ethnicity in a basic sense. However, in our increasingly diverse society, it is worthy to pay particular attention to the issue of speaking to a multicultural audience. YOUR PERSPECTIVE MIGHT BE DIFFERENT FROM THEIRS -Finally, if the goal of your speech is to deliver a unique and stirring presentation (and it should be), you need to know ahead of time if your audience is interested in what you have to say, and has any prior knowledge about your topic. You do not want to give a boring or trite speech. Instead, you want to put your best work forward, and let your audience see your confidence and preparation shine through. And, you don't want to make a speech that your audience already knows a lot about. ---The purpose of this section is to help you search for the highly sought-after public speaking concept called uniqueness, which is when a topic rises to the level of being singularly exceptional in interest and knowledge to a given audience. "In basic terms, an attitude is a learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an object, an idea, or an event." "Beliefs are principles or assumptions about the universe. Beliefs are more durable than attitudes because beliefs are hinged to ideals and not issues." "A value, on the other hand, is a guiding belief that regulates our attitudes. Values are the core principles driving our attitudes. If you probe into someone's attitudes and beliefs far enough, you will inevitably find an underlying value." ---"Then, we have to negotiate something called cognitive dissonance, or the mental stress caused by the choice we are forced to make between two considerable alternatives." "Many people speak different languages, so if you are translating words, do not use slang or jargon, which can be confusing." "Realize that different cultures have different cultural-cognitive processes, or ways of looking at the very concept of logic itself." "Remember that in many cases you will be appealing to people from other cultures. Do not assume that your culture is dominant or better than other cultures. That assumption is called ethnocentrism, and ethnocentric viewpoints have the tendency to drive a wedge between you and your audience." "Not only do individuals have value systems of their own, but societies promote value systems, as well. Keep in mind the fact that you will be appealing to value hierarchies that are socially-laden, as well as those that are individually-borne." "While you are trying to balance these language, cognition, cultural, and value issues, you should also recognize that some cultures prefer a more animated delivery style than do others."

POPS Chapter 1.7 Why Who?

"When you know your audience, you will be more successful, can more easily leave an impression, and will be able to tailor your message to them effectively." "Before you can tailor your message to an audience, you must understand their needs. This is especially helpful with persuasive speeches, although understanding your audience in any speech is an important aspect for success." Maslow's hierarchy of needs can be thought of as a pyramid. Our most basic needs are at the foundation and builds up from there: BOTTOM TO THE TOP 1. Physiological Needs: These are your physical needs like food, water, or sustenance—our basic needs. Example: Do you have access to food or water (if needed)? 2. Safety Needs: These are your feelings of security—that you are free from harm. You have a home or shelter from the elements or are in a safe location. Example: Are you an environment perceived as safe? 3. Social Needs: These are your family, friends, companions, and groups. When we have the security of family and friends, we feel comfortable venturing out and trying new things or doing things differently and in turn moving up to possibly a higher level on the pyramid. Example: Are you making friends or feeling supported by your peers? 4. Self-Esteem: This is when you feel good about yourself, your actions, beliefs, and values. It is an internalization of emotion and feeling. Without the support of your social elements, it is very difficult to feel worthy and have self-esteem. Good self-esteem allows you to reach for the highest level. Example:Do you realize that you are not a bad speaker? 5. Self-Actualization: This is when you step out beyond your perceived abilities and comfort level, having progressed through the lower levels of your needs being met. It is the realization of your potential or self-fulfillment of your highest needs. This could be "going for the gold," "reaching for the stars," and "being all that you can be." Example:Do you realize you can be a speaker and can impact other people through your messages? "Humans are more attuned to the things they encounter first and the things at the end. We operate under a sense of primacy (primary -first) and recency (recent -last). Primacy, in this context, is the first thing your audience hears or sees. It may be how you approach the lectern, or the energy you have with your first sentence of the introduction. The first portion of your speech tends to stick with your audience the best. They may be more prone to listen to the middle information if you have gotten their attention first." "Recency is the last thing your audience hears and sees. It refers to how you end your speech not only in terms of what you say but also the physical energy as you leave the lectern. With the last portion of your speech, you can inspire action in your audience. They will be more likely to want to do the last things you say." "Perception is the process of becoming aware through feeling, seeing, experiencing things through the senses. Your audience holds a perception of you. Perception is how they make sense and interpret what they are seeing and hearing." YOU CANNOT REALLY AFFECT PERCEPTION AT THE END OF THE DAY "When you tailor a message for an audience, you are targeting your message to certain areas of the audience to enhance the transference and acceptance of your message. (KNOWING+TAILORING=IDENTIFYING)" "You can tailor your message, arguments, and evidence to your audience by knowing about the audiences' demographical, situational, and underlying psychological aspects. You gain this information by doing research to learn as much information on your audience as possible—this is called audience analysis. The more you know, the stronger you are as a speaker." "When speaking, seek to relate to your audience by drawing on the demographic commonalities, situational aspects, and psychological reasonings your audience has; these are the molecules." Demographics refers to a set basic identifying information about a person or in the case of a group of people, their commonalities. The underlying question of demographic analysis is "Who are they?" Some factors to analyze include: •Age:how old a person is •Education: how much schooling a person has completed •Sex: the biological status reflected in their anatomy •Gender: society's psychological perception of a person as masculine or feminine •Cultural heritage: the learned system of knowledge and beliefs a person has •Religion: a belief in a higher power •Group membership (including fraternal/sororal): a persons belonging to an organization of shared ideals •Race: a group of people with similar history, nationality, or geographic location; genetic physical attributes •Sexual orientation: a person's sexual identity relating to which gender they are attracted to •Ethnicity: a person's belonging to a social group that has similar cultural traditions •Socioeconomic factors: a person's perceived importance with respect to income and occupation "Having demographic information provides a "picture" (a snapshot) of your audience. It helps better target your audience and to work to understand and address their needs. Demographic analysis helps you create examples pertinent to a group. It allows you to narrow the focus of the main points to cover a smaller amount more deeply." "Situational analysis regarding a presentation provides information of the actual space or physical environment you may be speaking in to help you as a speaker. By doing research on where the speech will take place, you are giving yourself valuable information that can help you plan and prepare better." POINTS TO CONSIDER •Where will the presentation take place? •What is the size of your audience? •Are you speaking to a large group or just a few? •If a large group will there be a microphone? What types -a lavalier or one attached to a lectern? •What is the purpose for the speech? •Is this a formal meeting or an informal gathering? •Is there technology available? •If so, what equipment is there? •What is the time of day for your presentation? •How are the chairs arranged? •Are there chairs? Or is your audience expected to stand? •Is your audience at tables or in a lecture-style setting? •Are they in a circle or rows? •What is the temperature of the room? •Is it hot? This could make you and your audience tired—sluggish. •Is it cold? This could make your audience lose focus easily. •Is there transportation to your venue? •Do buses, light rail, ride share services have access to the area? •Is parking available? Is there a cost associated with it? Understanding the psychological aspects of your audience will impact your presentation. What are their motives for being in the audience? •What are their self-interests in being there? •Why are they there? •Are they there because they want to be? •Are they forced to be in attendance? •If so, who is forcing them? •Is it for an academic grade? •For an employer? •For a family member? •Forced audience members won't listen to the message as well as someone who is there by their own volition. •What are their needs? •If we understand their needs, then we can target specific information and/or solutions important to a particular audience. •What are their preconceived attitudes/ideas? •Are they positive, negative, or neutral toward the message, speaker, or occasion? •These factors are especially important in persuasion . •Do they agree with you? (Positive) •Do they disagree with you? (Negative) •Do they not have an opinion about the topic at all? (Neutral) •What do they know? •If they already know information on your topic, you may not have to go as in depth on the explanation or background. You can reinforce their current views. •What do they not know? •If you can find out what they don't know, you can provide information to expand their knowledge base in order to impact their decisions and choices. "If your audience seems indifferent or uninformed, they may have not yet decided on your topic. This is an ideal audience; they can be a good target for persuasion." "If possible, ask the host organization or the person who contacted you about the speech to get information about the group attending the presentation. Also, ask the host if you might be able to send a survey to the audience either electronically or printed. The survey should seek information on demographics, situation, and the views of the audience. Another method is to interview others such as past participants, current participants, and the staff at the event. You can also check local resources such as newspapers or magazines for information about the event or group. It is also recommended you visit the event facility to experience the culture of the audience and where you will be presenting." "Another method is to look at the audience's social media." Here are a few guidelines you should follow as an audience member: •Be on time! If you are late, don't interrupt the speaker. •Be courteous—treat the speaker as you would want to be treated. •Listen wholly. •Your eyes are attentive •Your ears are open •Your heart is receptive •And your mind is ready to perceive •Be responsive •Provide supportive nonverbal feedback •Head nods, chin rubbing, inquisitive eyes •Provide appropriate verbal feedback •When appropriate, tell the speaker whether you agree or disagree •Think: Saying "amen" during a pastor's sermon. •Or cheer when you agree with what is being said. •Silence your cell phone (vibration should be off, too!), smartwatch, and other wearables. •Don't text or use your devices during the presentation* •Put away distracting materials such as books, papers, computers*, etc. •Pay attention to the speaker. •Stay focused on the message. •Try not to evaluate the speaker but rather the message they are conveying. •Maintain eye contact with them—give them an audience to talk with not at. •Be open to new ideas and ways of thinking. •Be aware of the perceptions from your personal frames of reference. •Applaud when appropriate. •If the presentation is live (in-person or via a video conferencing system), applaud at appropriate times, especially at the end of a presentation. •If the presentation is prerecorded, avoid applause as it will be a distraction and the speaker is not present to receive the affirmation. •Be able to provide thoughtful and specific feedback if required and necessary.

Top Ten Ways to Conquer Your Fear of Public Speaking:

1. Figure out what scares you. Investigate your fears by making a list of the specific things that make you feel anxious or afraid. Then make a corresponding list of ways you can cope with or address these fears. 2. Breathe deeply. Practice breathing deeply and slowly. Think yoga style—breathe deeply while you're practicing, before you go on stage, and during your speech. You can also try the "calming sigh" exercise: Inhale deeply, then let out a vocalized sigh as you exhale. 3. Warm up your body before speaking. Exercise reduces tension and helps you concentrate. Getting a little bit of physical activity before your speech will calm you and help you get rid of excess nervous energy. Try taking a walk outside, doing arm circles, or stretching gently. 4. Practice. Formal practice before a speaking event will help you feel more confident about what you're going to say and how you'll say it. But informal practice in social situations (talking in class, speaking to people you don't know at a party, etc.) will also help you conquer some of your speaking anxiety and fears. 5. Visualize success. Picture yourself succeeding and having fun. Close your eyes and do a mental rehearsal of your speech once or twice before you deliver it. 6. Get enough sleep and have a good breakfast. It's important to take good care of yourself and follow your morning rituals before a speaking event. Don't drink coffee if you're not a coffee drinker (or if you're a regular coffee-drinker, make sure to get that daily cup the day of your big speech). Being rested will also help you feel less anxious. 7. Visit the space ahead of time. Get as many details as you can about the room, the audience, the equipment, your time constraints, etc. Do you need a watch, or is there a big clock at the back of the room? Will you have a podium? Where will the audience be around you? Is someone going to introduce you or will you need to introduce yourself? If you're speaking on a panel, find out about the set-up, etc. 8. Play the Worst Case Scenario game. What's the worst thing that could happen? What will you do if that does happen? Often, even the worst possible situation isn't as bad as you think. 9. Take the pressure off yourself. Very rarely does anyone give a completely perfect speech. Even the President of the United States has room to improve when it comes to public speaking, and your audience will understand if you make mistakes. Think of every speech you give, and the mistakes you make, as a stepping stone toward becoming a more effective speaker. 10. Visit an Oral Communication Tutor (OCT)! Our OCTs hold office hours seven days a week and will tutor all undergraduate and graduate students at Stanford. Tutors can videotape you, offer feedback and advice, and can even meet with you consecutively as you work to brainstorm, organize, and practice a speech. And it's free!

POPS 4.1 Informative Speeches

An informative speech is one where you give your audience information supporting a topic or thesis. Types of Informative Speeches 1. About Objects 2. About People (give their history, characteristics, etc.) 3. About Concepts 4. About Events 5. About Processes

How to stay calm under pressure TedTalk

Choking phenomenon Performance anxiety Choking under pressure boils down to focus (do not let noise collude the brain) Explicit Monitoring theories-Pressure causes someone to overanalyze the task at hand Some are more susceptible to choking than others (those who are self-conscious) Practice under stress!!!!!!!!! Have a pre-performance routine!!!!!!! Having an external focus on the goal instead of an internal focus on what exactly a person is doing is essential

Credo for Ethical Communication

DO YOU AGREE??? YES ABSOLUTELY!!!

The Art of Verbal Storytelling-Storytelling for Sustainability

Factors The Story. A good story flows naturally with a well-developed plot that takes the listener through an image-filled journey. It follows a theme and features characters that the audience can react or relate to. A good story leaves the listener with something to think about or remember; a call to action, an idea or a puzzle to solve. The Storyteller. The narrator breathes life to the story. When narrating in front of an audience, a good oral storyteller takes cues from the listener and responds accordingly. The Listener. The listener requires the most critical consideration for the storyteller. Every audience is different, influenced by the setting in which they hear the story and the circumstances that call for the story to be told. OPPORTUNITY TO SPEAK CAN BE UNEXPECTED (PHONE CALL, ETC.) Techniques Hero's Story. Perhaps the most popular storytelling technique, the Monomyth (as it is also known) focuses on the main character that struggles, departs and overcomes the challenges to come back victorious. In the context of storytelling for sustainability, this allows the storyteller to present a positive outcome or achievement that may be offered as a replicable project or effort, deserving support. The Mountain Story. The storyteller maps out the tension and drama in a story, rising up to a climactic conclusion. Rather than the usual happy ending, the storyteller may end with a call for action. This allows the storyteller to indirectly request support for a program or an effort. Nested Loops. This storytelling technique layers three or more narratives within each other. The storyteller places the most important story, the core message, at the center and uses the stories around it to elaborate or explain that central principle. In the context of storytelling for sustainability, the narrator using this technique presents comparative or relative stories, linked together. The central story holds the key message for the audience. TAILORING YOUR STORY TO DIFFERENT AUDIENCES A storyteller is often in competition for time and attention. Nowadays, people are more inclined to watch a video and view infographics rather than listen to an oral narrative. Attention spans are much shorter. The ability to see in one's mind a moving picture of a verbal story is all but lost. A storyteller is therefore required to paint a picture in a clear, concise and stimulating manner. QUICK TIPS Put a face to the story. Data is meaningless unless you give it a touch of humanity. Keep it brief and simple.Don't muddle the story. Craft your message, build it into a story and practice telling it. Avoid too many confusing details. Make it personal. Highlight your own experiences, struggles and successes. Use anecdotes and personal stories to get the message across. Don't be afraid to show your vulnerability. Connect your story to the big picture. Show how your story relates to the bigger issues in the community or society. Be relevant. Stimulate their senses. Make them feel, smell, touch, listen and see vivid pictures through descriptive language. Address the elephant in the room. There are challenges and barriers to sustainability. Be honest! Propose a positive future. Provide the listener with a glimpse of a positive outcome. Make them feel that they can be part of the solution.

POPS Chapter 1.6 Listening

Guidelines for Listening As An Audience Member •Introduction •Strong attention-getter •Credibility statement •Audience relevance •Thesis/central idea statement •Preview •Transitions •Internal previews, internal summaries, movement from idea to idea •Signposts—numbers, letters, etc. •Evidence •Examples •Stories Compare/Contrast •Data/statistics •Source citation—validation, credibility of sources cited •Language Use •Vivid•Imagery/Connotative •Descriptive•Rhythm/language and writing •Appropriate•Understandable •Creative Conclusion •Signal •Summary of concepts, points, ideas •Strong clincher/ending Audience Engagement •Personable •Passionate •Rhythm •Energy •Believable General Tips to Improve Your Listening •Be aware of how others listen differently •Desire to be a better listener •Practice the various listening styles •Become less self-oriented •Be respectful of the speaker and the message •Keep an open mind to the message •Listen for facts, keywords, feelings, and content •Listen for organizational structure •Maintain eye contact •Don't multitask •Tell someone else in order to reaffirm the message •Be patient •Practice being an active listener Tips to Listen Empathetically -Avoid being judgmental. Just let them talk. It really isn't about you. Don't decide if they are right or wrong—just listen until the end, then make a decision. •Advise them. They may request your input and information, give them your thoughts and advice. Analyze the situation. The speaker may be seeking a sounding board to analyze the situation, occurrence, or information. Be specific on your input. •Question them (nicely). They may need help finding the right to ask in a situation. You can ask them questions to allow them to see new ways of thinking regarding the situation. •Be supportive. The person may need someone to lean on, to just be there, and to provide an unbiased view. •Paraphrase what they are saying. Remembering the usefulness of paraphrasing, you may be asked to help them by paraphrasing/explaining their message to help them understand it more fully. Tips for Listening for Information or Enjoyment Tips for Listening to Evaluate Why We Aren't Good Listeners -Psychological Barriers -Message Overload -Preoccupation -Rapid Thought -Faulty Assumptions -Fear of Appearing Ignorant -Egocentrism -Selectiveness -Pseudo Listening (Faking It) -Physiological Barriers -Environmental Barriers -Lack of Training Styles of Listeners -People-Oriented-If we are people-oriented in our listening, we may want to create and maintain positive relationships. Listening with empathy falls into this category. The listener may pay attention only to the details of the speaker and not to their message. •Action-Oriented-If we are action-oriented in our listening, then accomplishing and fulfilling the task at hand may be our focus. We listen only to get the job done—not to any nuances surrounding the task or message •Content-Oriented-If we are content-oriented listeners, we look at material with the message, its meaning and credibility. We try to see it from as many perspectives as possible to better understand it •Time-Oriented-If we are time-oriented listeners, we hear what is needed to fit within a set time parameter. The message must be done and the quicker, the better—aim for short and concise. If the speaker doesn't meet their attention span and time frame, the listener may stop listening. Styles of Listening •For Information •For Enjoyment •To Solve Problems •To Evaluate (is info correct? does it impact me?) •Critically (info right or wrong) •With Empathy Process of Listening 1.Receiving 2.Perceiving 3. Interpreting 4. Reacting

Lemon Andersen performs "Please don't take my Air Jordans"

HUMOR, Non verbals, Rate, Tone, Volume changes, Pitch Wanted to transcend poetry to the world!!! How do I get people who hate poetry to love me? Because I am an extension of my work... Conversational!!! Great eye contact, mimicked voices which made it seem lived and believable I CAN MAKE MY WORDS SOUND LIKE MUSIC!!!! PARAVOCALICS ARE GREAT

How to use rhetoric to get what you want - Camille A. Langston

How do you get what you want using only words? Deliberative Rhetoric focuses on the future (imagining what effect a change might make) -Ethos (How you convince your audience of your credibility) -Logos (The use of logic and reason, citations of research and statistics, structure and content of the speech itself using factual knowledge to convince the audience) -Pathos (appeals to emotion, can incite people or rally people for peace) ***Decide which of these to use by knowing your audience

TedX Video (08/23) (1.2)

Its what you say and how you say it! SPEAK DEEPER IN THE CHEST! TALK RICH, WARM, SMOOTH Pay attention to Pace Pay attention to PItch (where did you leave my keys?) DO NOT BROADCAST THE WHOLE TIME

" I WENT FROM 3rd Grade Dropout To ULTRA SUCCESSFUL"| Rick Rigsby

LOTS OF HUMOR TO GAIN ATTENTION Starts with a huge attention grabber Enthusiasm, Paravocalics (Volume, Tone, Pitch, Rate) Simplifying his message, using direct quotes Uses pauses NON VERBALS WERE AMAZING!!! CONVERSATIONAL BY USING EYE CONTACT AND CONNECTING WELL WITH AUDIENCE WITH HUMOR! Humor actually advanced the story! Well organized with small lessons along the way SUMMARY STATEMENT WAS AMAZING IN ITS CLOSING

An artist's unflinching look at racial violence | Sanford Biggers

Looking for creative ways to spark challenging conversations Lotus!!! Shooting African figures to represent the racial violence that is imposed on Black people by the police

Miss Larchmont Returns by Nancy Mahl

Nancy Mahl gets a call from her mom on 9/11 She begins to set the scene of where she was on this day Uses Paravocalics for gaining interest Tone and pitch begins on the lower side, she elevates later Uses humor! She takes a lot of time on setting the scene She uses visual imagery and relatability for the listener Describes life with her mother although she was not entirely present -She ended up visiting and their relationship continued to blossom Act 1: 9/11 Happens and her mother calls each and every day Act 2: Her mother says that she is going to visit Act 3: Her mother visits and their relationship continues to blossom

The science of stage fright TedTalk

Negative thoughts induce fight-or-flight response Fear of ruining reputation Stage fright is inevitable for many, so practice a lot to increase familiarity and reduce anxiety Do not let your hypothalamus control you, instead, control yourself!

How my mom inspired my approach to the cello | Paul Rucker

Not sure what to make of this one...

Credibility & Citations-Video

ORAL CITATIONS Use Oral citations right before your present the information that you are presenting from the source (say the source before the info) Include the authors name, a brief intro of their credentials, title of publication, date, etc. Use an oral citation as an introductory phrase to the info that it conveys Should be brief but presented credibly DO NOT PRESENT EVERY SOURCE THE SAME WAY

PSP Chapter 16 Persuasive Speaking

Speeches to convince vs Speeches to actuate "Most of the groups that a persuasive speaker addresses are neutral audiences. These audiences are not passionate about the topic or speaker, often because they do not have enough information or because they are not aware that they should be concerned... Begin by gaining their attention. To do this you might offer a story or statistic that relates the topic directly to the dominant demographic in the audience." ETHOS -In addition to understanding how your audience feels about the topic you are addressing, you will need to take steps to help them see you as credible and interesting. LOGOS -Another way to enhance your ethos, and your chances of persuading the audience, is to use sound arguments. In a persuasive speech, the argument will focus on the reasons for supporting your specific purpose statement. This argumentative approach is what Aristotle referred to as logos, or the logical means of proving an argument. PATHOS -Pathos draws on the emotions, sympathies, and prejudices of the audience to appeal to their non-rational side. MONROE'S EXAMPLE ON HERE Proposition: You (the audience) should volunteer or donate at the Morris County Animal Protection Agency. I. Attention step A. When was the last time you saw a dog chained to a tree in a neighbor's yard, heard about a puppy mill in your town, or went into a pet store only to find dogs and cats for sale? B. I work with the Morris County Animal Protection Group and I would like to share some ways in which you can help prevent these travesties. C. First, I will describe some of the major problems in Morris County, and then I will tell you how you can get involved. II. Need step: Many animals in Morris County are abused and neglected. A. There are too many stray animals that are neither spayed nor neutered, resulting in an overabundance of cats and dogs. B. These animals often cannot find enough food to survive and the local shelter cannot accommodate such high populations. C. The cost of local spay/neuter programs is too high for our agency to handle. III. Satisfaction step: Raising $1 million for the Morris County Animal Protection Agency can effectively solve these problems. A. We could afford to spay or neuter most stray animals. B. Obtained animals could be fed and accommodated until a home can be secured for them. C. Additionally, we could subsidize spay/neuter costs for local citizens. IV. Visualization step: Imagine what we can do for our animals with this money. A. What will it be like if we can carry out these actions? B. What will it be like if we cannot do these things? V. Action appeal step: Donate to the Morris County Animal Protection Agency. A. If you want to help protect the many struggling stray animals in Morris County, make a donation to our organization. B. Your donation will make a real difference in the lives of our animals. C. We cannot effect real change for the animals of our county without each and every one of you. 1. The attention step should get the audience's attention as well as describe your goals and preview the speech. 2. The need step should provide a description of the problem as well as the consequences that may result if the problem goes unresolved. In this step, the speaker should also alert audience members to their role in mitigating the issue. 3. The satisfaction step is used to outline your solutions to the problems you have previously outlined as well as deal with any objections that may arise. 4. In the visualization step, audience members are asked to visualize what will happen if your solutions are implemented and what will happen if they do not come to fruition. Visualizations should be rich with detail. 5. The action appeal step should be used to make a direct appeal for action. In this step, you should describe precisely how the audience should react to your speech and how they should carry out these actions. As the final step, you should also offer a concluding comment.

Ruby Bridges' Influence by Valerie Walker

Started with Background and why the topic was intriguing to her (also how the topic was relatable to her) -Paravocalics for grabbing the attention of others -"so small amongst the long legs of the marshals..." -Ruby Bridges's influence on her entire life -She reenacted her emotions and actions within the story (Pick me! Pick me! Pick me!)

Effectively Communicate Complex Information: 4 Simple Steps (VIDEO)

The reasons people fail at communication is because they are stuck in their own heads and can't understand their audience 1. Simplify-The main problem with complex information is its complexity. SIMPLIFY YOUR INFORMATION 2. Focus on the problems that it solves (benefits) and not the features of the product 3. Focus on Problems 4. Practice memorizing phrases and practice pitch (after talking about the problems, talk about the benefits and solutions)

Rothwell Chapter 12 Skepticism

Claim is a generalization that remains to be proven with reasoning and evidence. Skepticism is where claims are rigorously evaluated to assess researched evidence and reasoning. Skeptics are not of one mind on controversial issues (no political affiliation that one-sides their beliefs) True belief-Accept claims without evidence Cynicism-Nay-saying, fault finding (do not seek truth, but their next target) Confirmation bias-Tendency to seek information that supports personal beliefs True believers hold to their belief by using rationalization of disconfirmation (inventing alternative explanations for contradictory evidence) Burden of Proof-Obligation to present compelling reasoning and evidence to support a claim Skepticism is based on probability, not a certainty model Your strongest speech arguments are both plausible and highly probable

Rothwell Chapter 14: Informative Speaking

FOCUS ON TEACHING (NOT CONVINCING TO CHANGE A BEHAVIOR) Do not pick a controversial topic No call to action!!! Report brief, accurate facts! Explain topics to enhance deeper understanding!!! You can even use demonstrations!!! Use storytelling!!! Use pros and cons in speeches that compare BE INFORMATIVE: Tell things that are not common knowledge Choose a topic based on who will be the audience!!! DO NOT OVERLOAD WITH INFORMATION Use body language when telling stories

Chapter 1 Intro to Public Speaking

Public Speaking builds Self-confidence Encoding-refers to the process of taking an idea or mental image, associating that image with words, and then speaking those words in order to convey a message. Decoding-the reverse process of listening to words, thinking about them, and turning those words into mental images. communicator-refers to all of the people in the interaction or speech setting. (sender and receiver are both this because they are both sending and receiving) When we speak, we observe others' nonverbal behavior to see if they understand us and we gauge their emotional state. The information we gain from these observations is known as feedback. ---Over the phone you have NO FEEDBACK The message involves those verbal and nonverbal behaviors, enacted by communicators, that are interpreted with meaning by others. The channel is very simply the means through which the message travels. In face-to-face communication the channel involves all of our senses, so the channel is what we see, hear, touch, smell and perhaps what we taste. When we're communicating with someone online, the channel is the computer; when texting the channel is the cell phone; and when watching a movie on cable, the channel is the TV. Noise-refers to anything that interferes with message transmission or reception (i.e., getting the image from your head into others' heads). --first type of noise is physiological noise, and this refers to bodily processes and states that interfere with a message. For instance, if a speaker has a headache or the flu, or if audience members are hot or they're hungry, these conditions may interfere with message accuracy. --The second type of noise is psychological noise. Psychological noise refers to mental states or emotional states that impede message transmission or reception. For example, if someone has just broken up with a significant other, or if they're worried about their grandmother who is in the hospital, or if they are thinking about their shopping list, this may interfere with communication processes as well. --The third type of noise is actual physical noise, and this would be simply the actual sound level in a room. --Cultural noise refers to message interference that results from differences in peoples' world views. Worldview is discussed in more detail below, but suffice it to say that the greater the difference in worldview, the more difficult it is to understand one another and communicate effectively. Worldview is the overall framework through which an individual sees, thinks about, and interprets the world and interacts with it. -There are five core components to our worldview.: 1. Epistemology is the way that we acquire knowledge and/or what counts as knowledge. 2.Ontology refers to our belief system, how we see the nature of reality or what we see as true or false. 3.Axiology represents our value system, or what we see as right or wrong, good or bad, and fair or unfair. 4. Cosmology signifies the way that we see our relationship to the universe and to other people. Cosmology dictates our view of power relationships and may involve our religious or spiritual beliefs. 5.Praxeology denotes our preferred method of completing everyday tasks or our approach to solving problems. concrete word-a word that describes a tangible object that can be perceived through the senses Since everyone who has eaten lasagna has had a different experience of the cuisine, we all acquire a different image in our mind when we hear the statement (CONCRETE WORD SHAPED BY WORLD VIEWS) Complicating matters is the fact that the more abstract the word becomes, the more room there is for interpretation. Abstract words(words that refer to ideas or concepts that are removed from material reality) like "peace," "love," "immoral," "justice," "freedom," "success," and "honor" can have a number of different meanings; each of which is predicated on one's worldview. In sum, the context refers to the norms that govern communication in different situations and relationships. The general purpose of a speech is usually determined by the occasion in which the speech will be presented. -The first general purpose is to inform your audience. -The second purpose for public speaking is to persuade. -The last general purpose is to commemorate or entertain. These types of speeches often strengthen the bonds between audience members from recalling a shared experience or intend to amuse audiences through humor, stories, or illustrations. 1. Useful Topic The first speaking competency is to select a topic that is appropriate to the audience and the occasion. An advanced speaker selects a worthwhile topic that engages the audience. His topic also presents the audience with new information that they did not know before the speech. 2. Engaging Introduction To formulate an introduction that orients the audience to the topic and the speaker is the second speaking competency. An advanced speaker writes an introduction that contains an excellent attention-getter. She firmly establishes her credibility. She provides a sound orientation to the topic, states her thesis clearly, and previews her points in a cogent and memorable way. 3. Clear Organization Competency three is to use an effective organizational pattern. An advanced speaker is very well organized and delivers a speech with clear main points. His points are mutually exclusive and directly related to the thesis. Further, he employs effective transitions and signposts to help the speech flow well. 4. Well-Supported Ideas Fourth on the list of speaking competencies is to locate, synthesize, and employ compelling supporting materials. In the advanced speaker's speech, her key points are well supported with a variety of credible materials, and her sources provide excellent support for her thesis. In addition, all of her sources are clearly cited. 5. Closure in Conclusion The fifth speaking competency is to develop a conclusion that reinforces the thesis and provides psychological closure. The advanced speaker provides a clear and memorable summary of his points, and he refers back to the thesis or big picture. His speech also ends with a strong clincher or call to action. 6. Clear and Vivid Language To demonstrate a careful choice of wordsis the sixth speaking competency. An advanced speaker's language is exceptionally clear, imaginative and vivid. Her language is also completely free from bias, grammatical errors and inappropriate usage. 7. Suitable Vocal Expression Competency number seven is to effectively use vocal expression and paralanguage to engage the audience. Excellent use of vocal variation, intensity and pacing are characteristics of the advanced speaker. His vocal expression is also natural and enthusiastic, and he avoids fillers. 8. Corresponding Nonverbals Eighth on the list of competencies is to demonstrate nonverbal behavior that supports the verbal message.An advanced speaker has posture, gestures, facial expression and eye contact that are natural, well developed, and display high levels of poise and confidence. 9. Adapted to the Audience The ninth speaking competency is to successfully adapt the presentation to the audience. The advanced speaker shows how information is important to audience members, and his speech is tailored to their beliefs, values and attitudes. He may also make allusions to culturally shared experiences. 10. Adept Use of Visual Aids To skillfully make use of visual aids is the tenth competency. Exceptional explanation and presentation of visual aids is characteristic of the advanced speaker. Her speech has visuals that provide powerful insight into the speech topic, and her visuals are of high professional quality. 11. Convincing Persuasion The eleventh and final speaking competency is to construct an effectual persuasive message with credible evidence and sound reasoning. An advanced speaker articulates the problem and solution in a clear, compelling manner. He supports his claims with powerful and credible evidence while completely avoiding reasoning fallacies. His speech also contains a memorable call to action.

Beyond the Call of Duty by Maxie Jones

Setting the scene (Mom died, had a teacher at school (he did not like going to school at this point), he would call on Maxie, they began to meet every day privately and they would talk, TIED IT TOGETHER PERFECTLY!!!, Used Pauses which were important, finally saw the value of this relationship (came to school everyday because there was someone there who was expecting to see him) -Gives details on the context -Tone and Pitch convey emotion -Great topic choice for emotion -Emotion from the speaker was important

TedX Video-Listening and Its Enemies

The listener dictates the quality of the speech!!! -better listening=more coherent speaker, more fluent, more interesting stories 1 listener benefits 2 people=Themself and the Speaker!!! Good listeners are good performers... Physicians that listen well have less malpractice lawsuits. Giving feedback is more dangerous than just listening!!!!!!! The enemies of listening are Boredom-Ask a person to tell you something interesting instead of basic stuff... Dominance-Gain social status through Intimidation or Listening Fear of Intimacy-Try to talk only about technical things Trauma-You should listen to the tough stuff, do not feel burdened to help Cost-Listening goes both ways... Listening is an effort. You only have so much energy, so just listen to one or two people a little more per day.

Knowing Your Audience Video

You want your audience to feel interested in the beginning, engaged in the middle, and motivated/inspired at the end of your speech To make the audience interested, think: Who are they? What do they care about? Engagement: Are they required to attend or are they attending by choice? Required means you need to work extra hard in the beginning to earn their attention... You may lose your audience if the have a preconceived bias, if they disagree with you, or if they are not in the mood for your talk. For motivation, think: What does your audience already know? What do they need to know? What are their challenges and frustrations? What is their ideal solution?

TED's secret to great public speaking | Chris Anderson (VIDEO)

Your primary task as a speaker is to transfer an idea to the audience's minds An idea is a pattern of information that helps you understand and navigate the world If ideas are communicated properly, they are capable of changing how someone thinks about the world forever and shaping their current and future actions. -Ideas are the most powerful force shaping human culture 1. Focus on one major idea-Slash back the content and focus on the single idea, explaining it properly (Give context, share examples, make it vivid!!! 2. Give people a reason to care... INVOKE CURIOSITY IN THE MINDS OF THE AUDIENCE ***Have you ever wondered why/how.....? 3. Build your idea with familiar concepts (ones that your audience already understand, keep it simple) 4. Make your idea worth sharing (who does this idea benefit? NEEDS TO BE EVERYONE!)

PSP Chapter 15 Informative Speaking

-Informative Speeches are Credible -Informative Speeches are knowledgeable -Informative Speakers Make the Topic Relevant

Examples of how to site a source

Do not say "According to..." EVERY TIME "Dr. Derek Bok, the President Emeritus of Harvard University and the author of The Politics of Happiness argues that the American government should design policies to enhance the happiness of its citizens." "In the 1979 edition of The Elements of Style, renowned grammarians and composition stylists Strunk and White encourage writers to 'make every word tell.'" According to Joseph X, a professor of Yada Yada at Blah Blah University,... Farooq Y, author of the well-researched 2010 study, Early American Nutrition and Politics, argues that... Katherine Z, a journalist writing for the prestigious New York Times, offers this example....

Your Body Language May Shape Who You Are

Non-verbal communication is key to interactions Laid-Back people are important as leaders! Respond to stress calmly High Power Poses vs Low Power Poses -High Power people have increased testosterone, along with a 25% decrease in cortisol (now you can be assertive, confident, and comfortable, instead of stress-filled) -Fake it until you become it -Master coping in a short window with a small routine -Leave a situation feeling like you left your mark ***Try power posing for 2 minutes Your body language affects your body function, as in high power posing, you are more willing to gamble and be comfortable (not stress-reactive and shutting down) **OPEN UP INTO POWER POSE BEFORE A STRESSFUL TIME

Lancaster (2019) Six Techniques for Clear and Compelling Speech

Politicians and other public figures deploy particular rhetorical devices to communicate their ideas and to convince people, and it's time that we all learned how to use them By tools, he's not talking about special software or databases — he's referring to rhetoric. ---Rhetoric has its roots in ancient Greece (think: Aristotle) as clear, convincing speech was seen as an essential component of communication and participation in a democracy. Yes, the power to persuade is just that — power. Building block #1: Breathless sentences or phrases ---Short, staccato phrases like these mimic how we speak when we're anxious and in a hurry. This technique helps communicate urgency to an audience. Building block #2: Speaking in 3s ---Humans are accustomed to things coming in 3s: whether it's judges on American Idol, bowls of porridge in a fairy tale, or sides in a triangle. Our minds and ears have been trained by speeches (Abraham Lincoln's "government of the people, for the people, by the people"); slogans (reduce, reuse, recycle); and book titles (Elizabeth Gilbert's memoir Eat, Pray, Love). "You put your argument in 3s, it makes it sound more compelling, more convincing, more credible. Just like that," says Lancaster. Building block #3: Balanced statements ---"Ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country." It's a line from president John F Kennedy's inspiring 1961 inaugural address, and one that's stood the test of time. Why? Its balanced construction, says Lancaster. "If the sentence sounds as if it's balanced, we imagine that the underlying thinking is balanced and our brain is tuned to like things that are balanced." (LOOKING AT BOTH SIDES OF THE EQUATION) ---EXAMPLE: We're working together, not against one another. Building block #4: Metaphor ---Metaphors are rich in imagery and awake immediate feelings in people, so it follows that politicians love them and sprinkle them like birdseed ("like birdseed" is a simile, not a metaphor, and similes are other strong rhetorical tools to have in your kit). At times, they can employ them to point us to an ideal or aspiration. For example, in his farewell address, president Ronald Reagan movingly invoked America, h/t to John Winthrop, as a "shining city upon the hill." Building block #5: Exaggeration ---In the same way that we get breathless when they're speaking with passion, our speech distorts in another significant way. We exaggerate. So when we're sitting down to a meal after having eaten little that day, we tell our family and friends: "I love this pizza." But when we say things like this to each other, we also realize it's a bit of distortion: We do not love the pizza in the same way that we love our children or parents or the planet, and everyone present knows that. Building block #6: Rhyming ---Rhyming's appeal comes "down to what linguists talk about as the processing fluency of language — how easy is language to swallow?" says Lancaster. "If you speak using long words and long sentences, it's like giving someone a steak and asking them to swallow it. Whereas if you give them something pithy, like a rhyme, it's like asking them to just sip on some Prosecco." ---EXAMPLE: Starting from childhood, many of us are taught concepts through rhymes — such as "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" or "i before e except after c." With their musicality, they're a pleasing informational snack that sticks in memories like a musical earworm.

How to feel more confident during a speech:

Remember: -No one is perfect, even the most talented person will mess up at least one. Therefore, do not be hindered by a mistake during a speech. Focus on effective, clear communication.

A love story for the coral reef crisis | Ayana Elizabeth Johnson

Starts with attention grabber!!! Establishes credibility!!! Uses the First, Second, .... TONS OF FACTS FOR INFORMATIVE Uses anecdotes to justify facts Slows down speaking with very important information Uses volume changes and pitch changes and rate changes!!! -Slower with more important issues -Pauses at profound moments!!! -Excitement with faster rate Uses a rhetorical question with humor!!! Transitions to the body with another attention grabber, establishing a question and importance?!? HUGE USE OF HUMOR, even uses it to address her situation (makes it fit well, lightens the mood briefly but reinstates a point) MAKES IT RELATABLE TO THE AUDIENCE BY MAKING THEM FEEL LIKE THEY CAN SOLVE THE PROBLEM WITH HER SOLUTION PROPOSAL

Rothwell Chapter 3 Audience Analysis and Topic Selection

Types of Audiences -Captive Audience->Disengaged Listeners: Listens because they feel compelled to, not for any other purposes (not for entertainment or intellectual stimulation). Examples are a retired speech class, formal ceremonies, luncheon gatherings for clubs, etc. Gaining and maintaining its interest is the primary goal. -Committed Audience->Agreeable Listeners: Assembles because they want to spend their time and energy into listening and being inspired. This audience agrees with position already and is already interested in topic. They voluntarily listen to this speech... Look to inspire, persuade, and empower listeners to act decisively. -Contrary Audience->Hostile Listeners: Example is a school board meeting where the audience can initially oppose your position. These listeners are more likely to engage in ambushing (looking for weaknesses in arguments and pouncing on perceived mistakes). Diffuse the audience's anger, assert credibility, remain unconditionally constructive in demeanor. -Concerned Audience->Eager Listeners: Gathers voluntarily due to caring about issues... They are hear to learn (NOT BE INSPIRED LIKE ABOVE). Example is a listener gathering for a book reading... Speaker should present new ideas and information in an attention-getting fashion. -Casual Audience->Unexpected Listeners: Listeners stop out of curiosity and stay until bored or sated. Try to connect with listeners immediately and create curiosity and interest. Attitude-learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably toward some attitude or object. Belief-What a person thinks is true or probable Value-The most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking or behavior. Demographics-Characteristics of an audience (THIS IS HOW YOU JUDGE ATTITUDE, BELIEFS, AND VALUES) ------Age (Generational gaps) ------Gender (do not stereotype) ------Ethnicity and Culture (be sensitive to diversity, do not exhibit a superiority about your own culture (ethnocentrism)) ------Group Affiliations Establish Identification: Connecting with the Audience -Identification is the affiliation and connection between a speaker and audience. ---Likability (be relatable) ------Social cohesion (binds us together in mutual liking) (storytelling can help) ---Stylistic Similarity: looking and acting the part ---Substantive Similarity: Establishing Common Ground ---Build Credibility: Establishing Believability ------Competence: Audience's perception of the speaker's knowledge and experience on a topic ------Trustworthiness: how truthful or honest the audience perceives the speaker ------Dynamism: Speaker's enthusiasm, forcefulness, and energy ------Composure: Be emotionally stable, appear confident, and in control of one's self. ---Adapt to the Situation: Influence of Circumstances ------Check your site to see the ins and outs of where you are speaking (formal or no? equipment sufficient?) ---Adapt while speaking: Exhibit Sensitivity ------Pick up signals sent by audience Exploring Potential Topics for a Speech -Do a Personal Inventory: You as a Topic Source (think about you as a person!!!) -Brainstorm: New Possibilites -Crowdsourcing for Topics: Group Wisdom -Scanning for Topics: Quick Ideas (Internet, books, etc. while looking for a topic) Appropriateness of Topic: Blending Topic and Audience -Speaker Appropriateness: Suitability for You (gauge your interest and credibility) -Audience Appropriateness: Suitability for your Listeners (surfing in a Kansas audience is a no) -Occasion Appropriateness: Suitability for the Event ---A general purpose identifies the overall goal of your speech: to inform, describe, explain, demonstrate, persuade, celebrate, memorialize, entertain, or eulogize. Narrowing the Topic: Making Subjects Manageable -Staying within your time limit is critical

Rothwell Chapter 1 Public Speaking

US Constitution's first amendment does not protect against hate speech Free Speech is necessary and is the only weapon against hate speech (respond with counter rallies, turn back on the opposition, etc.)... Oppressed groups know the horror of not having free speech You can use public speaking to make controversial societal change! Public Speaking is extremely valuable in community work and most jobs around the world. What is communication? What is communication competence? -Communication is a transactional process of sharing meaning with others --Communication is transactional in that it has a sender, a message, a channel, and receivers. Noise can interfere with the transmission of the message or the receivers in their reception of the message. ---However, the speaker is a sender and receiver, and so is the listener!!!! A speaker receives feedback from listeners which can be influential. ----Transactional means there is more to a speech than just the content of a message. Thus, you develop a relationship with the audience. What is Public Speaking? -Public Speaking is fundamentally an act of communication in which a clearly identified speaker presents a message in a more formal manner than mere conversation to an audience of multiple listeners on an occasion to achieve a specific purpose. -A strong connection with the audience is essential to good public speaking (as much as content of the speech is) (both quality content and resonation are essential parts, you can not have one without the other) Shared Meaning occurs when both the speaker and the receivers have a mutual understanding of a message. (MUST MAKE SENSE) -A speaker must tailor his/her speech to their audience's ability to understand your intended message. --Avoid highly abstract things or technical terminology The communication competence model will be the standard for measuring effective public speaking. -Communication competence is engaging in communication with others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate in a given context. Effectiveness is the degree to which speakers have progressed toward the achievement of their goals. Ex. inform, persuade, etc. Your topic choice, your purpose in speaking, the organizational structure and development of your speech, your style and delivery, and your use of supporting materials all must keep focus on your audience's needs, views, and expectations. Appropriateness is behavior that is perceived to be legitimate and fits the speaking context. Context is the environment in which communication occurs. Composed of: -Who communicates what to whom -Why they are communicating a message -Where it is presented -and when and how it is transmitted Ex. Preacher will not use explicit language during a sermon. Every communication context is guided by rules. (!!!) A rule "is a prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, prohibited or preferred in a given context." You can improve the effectiveness and appropriateness of your public speaking by: -Knowledge: Learning the Rules --PAY GOOD ATTENTION TO SPEAKERS -Skills: Showing not just Knowing --A communication skill is the ability to perform a communication behavior effectively and repeatedly. Clearly, fluently, concisely, eloquently, and confidently speaking to an audience are examples of such skill. -Sensitivity: Developing Receptive Accuracy --Sensitivity is receptive accuracy whereby you can detect, decode, and comprehend signals in your social environment. ---This means to be mindful of your communication. You are mindful when you think about your communication and concentrate on change what you do to become more effective. ---You are mindless when you are not cognizant of your communication with others or simply do not care, so no improvement is likely. -Commitment: Acquiring a passion for excellence --Commitment is a passion for excellence, meaning that you will accept nothing less than the best you can be and dedicating yourself to achieving that excellence. ---PREPARE, HAVE GOOD ATTITUDE -Ethics: Determining the right and wrong of speaking --Ethics is a system for judging the moral correctness of human behavior by weighing that behavior against an agreed-upon set of standards that determine right from wrong. ---Credo for Ethical Communication: Honesty (no plagiarism), Respect (listen and treat others as you want to be), Fairness (same rules in speech, like same speech time allotted), Choice (Do not coerce, but allow others to make their own decisions), Responsibility (do not provoke others to do bad things through your speeches) Plagiarism-The theft of someone else's words -Widely apparent with the internet's large amount of success --Selective plagiarism: stealing portions of someone else's speeches or writings --Blatant plagiarism: When an entire speech is stolen and presented as one's own. --Paraphrasing must also be done significantly, not just changing a word or two of what someone else said. (Pseudo-paraphrasing is when one or two words are changed) Competent public speaking is an essential element of any democratic society. -ADJUST TO AUDIENCE REACTIONS -THERE ARE NO UNIVERSAL RULES!!!

Rothwell Chapter 8 Outlining and Organizing Major Speeches

Use symbols to make it neater Divide main points into subpoints Your outline should flow in speech order (Coherence) Complete a FULL SENTENCE outline BALANCE your MAIN POINTS in terms of TIME Different types of outlines for different speeches Provide definitions for unfamiliar or technical key terms Signpost Use transitions!!!!!! Internal preview? Internal summary?

Bobby McFerrin Demonstrates the Power of the Pentatonic Scale (VIDEO) and 3 ways the brain creates meaning | Tom Wujec

(1) What strategies did the speaker use to make the complex idea easier to understand? -He used humor to keep the audience engaged and willing to participate... He made the idea easier by having energy and using himself to motivate the audience when things seemed to be waning. He was aware of his audience's engagement by keeping eye contact and looking to see if they were in tune with what he wanted them to understand. -He gave visual representations, explained it to what we could understand, outlined parts of his own body with his hand... Explained how we could use each system ourselves. GAVE EXAMPLES (2) How might you apply those same strategies to your tech talk? -Have energy, pay attention to the audience while speaking... do they look engaged? Use that same energy to keep them/reinforce their engagement. -GIVE EXAMPLES, use non-verbals to convey a message, speak simple!, explain background and then go deeper

Chapter 3 Intro to Public Speaking

-OMITTING ORAL CITATIONS IS UNETHICAL Ethics and ethical communication are not only an important part of our lives and our decision-making but also are crucial to the public speaking process. Morality is the process of discerning between right and wrong. Ethics involves making decisions about right and wrong within a dilemma. For example, you might claim that stealing is morally wrong. But is stealing morally wrong when a mother steals a loaf of bread to feed her four starving children? It's this scenario that requires an understanding of ethics. In a moral dilemma, we apply ethics to make choices about what is good or bad, right or wrong. Sometimes, ethical dilemmas are simple. Other times, they require complex choices. As public speakers, we make ethical choices when preparing and delivering a speech. We can easily be faced with a moral dilemma over what information to provide or how to accurately represent that information. Knowing the speaking setting, the audience, and our knowledge of the topic, we are able to confront ethical dilemmas with a strong moral compass. This process is made easier by our ethical standards. Ethical standards, or moral principles, are the set of rules we abide by that make us "good" people and help us choose right from wrong. The virtuous standards to which we adhere influence our ethical understanding. Ethical public speaking is not a one-time event. It does not just occur when you stand to give a 5-minute presentation to your classmates or co-workers. Ethical public speaking is a process. This process begins when you begin brainstorming the topic of your speech. Credible public speakers are open and honest with their audiences. Honesty includes telling your audience why you're speaking (thesis statement) and what you'll address throughout your speech (preview). In addition to being clear about the speech goal, honest speakers are clear with audience members when providing supporting information. Thus, responsible public speakers must actively avoid plagiarism and remain committed to honesty and integrity at all costs. The first step of ethical speech preparation is to take notes as you research your speech topic. Careful notes will help you remember where you learned your information. Recalling your sources is important because it enables speaker honesty. Passing off another's work as your own or neglecting to cite the source for your information is considered plagiarism. There are three distinct types of plagiarism - global, patchwork, and incremental plagiarism (Lucas, 2011). Global plagiarism, the most obvious form of plagiarism, transpires when a speaker presents a speech that is not his or her own work. Patchwork plagiarism is plagiarism that occurs when one "patches" together bits and pieces from one or more sources and represents the end result as his or her own. The third type of plagiarism is incremental plagiarism, or when most of the speech is the speaker's original work, but quotes or other information have been used without being cited. When speaking publicly you must orally cite all information that isn't general knowledge. share that information in your ownwords; you don't use quotation marks; but you do credit the CDC as your source. This is known as a paraphrase—a sentence or string of sentences that shares learned information in your own words. A direct quoteis any sentence or string of sentences that conveys an author's idea word-for-word. According to the APA (American Psychological Association) Publication Manual(2010), when writing speech content, you must include quotation marks around an author's work when you use his or her keywords, phrases, or sentences. One way to clearly and concisely indicate a direct quote is to take a purposeful pause right before and after the quoted material. This differentiates between your words and the source material's words. Ethical speakers share source information with the audience. -Can briefly describe author to lend credibility Ex. I really agree with Langer (1989), who wrote in her book Mindfulness, that our world is constructed from the categories we build in our mind.... VISUAL AIDS ARE IMPORTANT FOR CITATIONS TOO -Only caption photo if it does not directly conincide with the speech. CITE ALL PHOTOS (REDUCED FONT LINK) AND DO NOT USE CRAZY ANIMATIONS The fair use provision allows for copyrighted information to be shared if it is used for educational benefits, news reporting, research, and in other situations. Ensuring that you have responsible speech goals is one way to achieve ethical communication in public speaking. There are several speech goals that support this mission. This section will focus on five goals: 1) promote diversity, 2) use inclusive language, 3) avoid hate speech, 4) raise social awareness, and 5) employ respectful free speech. One important responsibility speakers have is fostering diversity, or an appreciation for differences among individuals and groups. Promoting diversity allows audience members who may be different from the speaker to feel included and can present a perspective to which audience members had not previously been exposed. One simple way of promoting diversity is to use both sexes in your hypothetical examples and to include co-cultural groups when creating a hypothetical situation. Avoiding sexist language is one way to use inclusive language. Another important way for speakers to develop responsible language is to use inclusionary pronouns and phrases. Instead, an effective public speaker could exclaim: "One way for all of us to get involved in our local communities is by picking up trash on a regular basis." This latter statement is an example of "we" language—pronouns and phrases that unite the speaker to the audience. -PERSUASIVE SPEECH=WE LANGUAGE Hate language isolates a particular person or group in a derogatory manner. It is your responsibility as the speaker to be aware of sensitive material and be able to navigate language choices to avoid offending your audience. Speakers should consider it their ethical responsibility to educate listeners by introducing ideas of racial, gender, or cultural diversity, but also by raising social awareness, or the recognition of important issues that affect societies. Raising social awareness is a task for ethical speakers because educating peers on important causes empowers others to make a positive change in the world. We live in a nation that values freedom of speech. Of course, due to the First Amendment, you have the right and ability to voice your opinions and values to an audience. However, that freedom of speech must be balanced with your responsibility as a speaker to respect your audience. Offending or degrading the values of your audience members will notinform or persuade them. The act of hearing is what our body does physically; our ear takes in sound waves. However, when we interpret (or make sense of) those sound waves, that's called listening. An ethical listener is one who actively interprets shared material and analyzes the content and speaker's effectiveness. In order to ethically listen, it's also imperative to listen with more than just your ears— your critical mind should also be at work. Conversely, listening is interrupted when we're pre-judging the speaker, stereotyping the speaker, or making mental counterarguments to the speaker's claims. You have the right to disagree with a speaker's content, but wait until the speaker is finished and has presented his or her whole argument to draw such a conclusion. Ethical listening doesn't just take place inside the body. In order to show your attentiveness, it is necessary to consider how your body is listening. A listening posture enhances your ability to receive information and make sense of a message (Jaffe, 2010). An attentive listening posture includes sitting up and remaining alert, keeping eye contact with the speaker and his or her visual aid, removing distractions from your area, and taking notes when necessary. Also, if you're enjoying a particular speaker, it's helpful to provide positive nonverbal cues like head-nodding, occasional smiling, and eye-contact. Ethical speakers and listeners are able to provide quality feedback to others. Ethical feedbackis a descriptive and explanatory response to the speaker. Brownell (2006) explains that a response to a speaker should demonstrate that you have listened and considered the content and delivery of the message. Responses should respect the position of the speaker while being honest about your attitudes, values, and beliefs. Praising the speaker's message or delivery can help boost his or her confidence and encourage good speaking behaviors. However, ethical feedback does not always have to be positive in nature. Constructive criticism can point out flaws of the speaker while also making suggestions. -USE "I" LANGUAGE BECAUSE IT IS OPIONATED Feedback can focus on the speaker's delivery, content, style, visual aid, or attire. Be sure to support your claims—by giving a clear explanation of your opinion—when providing feedback to a speaker.

Speech 1: Cultural Artifact Practice

Introduce myself and talk about credibility with my Papa's service and my desire to serve at a high capacity. Start off Relating the Topic to the TA and then to the audience (GWOT/Military family members) Then Describe how I obtained the Hat and What the Hat Stands For. -Eagles and Angels -The Operator and Piece of Uniform behind the hat (used to carry on a story) (Forest in an undisclosed location, operating at the tip of the spear) End with a huge closing point that encourages the audience to pitch in!!!

The first 21 days of a bee's life | Anand Varma

States an attention grabber -States the problem!!! -States a clear goal! *He talks slowly in his structure, making it easier to understand... He states each point of his structure clearly, uses a lead between each AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTION

Rothwell Chapter 13 Argument, Reasoning & Evidence

Argument centers around a claim and evidence to support it, with reasoning drawing conclusions from the evidence. Evidence MUST BE CREDIBLE Toulmin Structure of Argument 1. Claim-a generalization that remains to be proven with reasoning and evidence 2. Grounds (reasons/evidence)-Reasons to accept a claim and the evidence used to support those reasons. Reasons justify the claim, and evidence provides firm ground for these reasons. 3. Warrant-The evidence that links the grounds to the claim, often implied. 4. Backing-The reasons and relevant evidence that support the warrant. 5. Rebuttal-Exceptions and refutations that diminish the force of the claim. 6. Qualifier-Degree of truth to the claim (possible, plausibly, probably, highly probably)

Credibility & Citations-Videos

Credibility-The quality of being trusted and being believed ---Can be shown through various things like personal experience, research, etc. (shows that there is more than just an opinion) Credibility is important because the audience believes the speaker, increasing engagement ---Also substantiates the speaker's argument (not just an opinion, others have researched topic too) ---You look like a more competent speaker Speech materials-Provide validation to your claims through fact ---Evidence is key to validated argument ---Can use research examples, research statistics, and anecdotal experience (still use evidence that is researched in an anecdote) ***USE CREDIBLE SOURCES! -Researched, objective, valid claims is what you are looking for -Is it credible? Is it accurate, who is the author, is the information unbiased, etc.... Start looking for resources on ZSR, JSTOR, Science Direct, etc. -Journals, Studies, and Unbiased News Articles are great sources!!! ---Google Scholar is meh, but can potentially guide you into the right direction Wikipedia is NOT credible!!! ---Search Engines are not credible sources! How can you add credibility??? ---Tell the audience that you researched the topic extensively!!! ---Tell the audience you have firsthand experience with the topic (if applicable) ---Cite credible sources!!! ---Wear professional attire!!! ---Confidence in your body position and voice!!! (nonverbals) ---Cater your language to your audience!!!

POPS 4.2 Persuasive Speeches

"Persuasion is the art of changing a person's opinions, beliefs, values or actions by using logic, evidence, emotion, and reason." WHAT IS PERSUASION "Persuasion is not coercion or manipulation. Coercion is using force to mandate a change of a person's opinions, beliefs, values or action. Coercion only lasts while the force is applied. Once force is released the change will not stay." COERCION "Manipulation is using trickery to make a person change." "For persuasive speeches, it is important to use all of Aristotle's three proofs (ethos, pathos, and logos) to validate your positions and arguments." Question of Fact-For this type, you look at all the evidence of the topic you can find, and you draw a conclusion based on the evidence. Question of Value-For this type, you look to build on a Question of Fact—it is inherent for a Question of Value. You still look at all the evidence you can but then make an informed decision as to if it is right or wrong—adding a moral/ethical aspect to the question. Question of Policy-This type is the advocation of change, whether behavior, thoughts/values, or beliefs. "Persuasion is also a good opportunity to utilize a delayed thesis. This is when you don't tell your audience upfront what your persuasive intent is for them. You "hold" the thesis until toward the end of your speech. This allows you to provide evidence and then let them know specifically what you are wanting them to do or think."

Three-Act Structure-Bite-Body-Tail-IU

Act I We create a problem for a character and/or the audience. Who's the protagonist? What's his problem? How does it become his mission in the story? Who's the antagonist? First ¼ of story -What is the locale -Who are the major players -What is (are) the major conflict(s)/problem(s) -What is the narrative enigma—Will the boy get the girl?, Will planet earth be destroyed? -Major themes (a conspicuous element which repeats) -A mood is established -Conventions are established such as voice over, moving camera Plot Point I: "the plot thickens" -The "inciting incident" -Turn the story in a new direction -Sets up what Act Two is going to be -Raises the stakes -Reminder of the narrative enigma; presents the possibility of a different outcome Act II -At least ½ the entire story -Struggle to achieve the solution to the problem -Further complications to finding the solution -The cycle of struggles and complications are called reversals Plot Point II: "the longest mile" -The "Climactic Turning Point" -Protagonist's quest reaches critical mass -Possible solution is presented -Biggest cliffhanger: will the protagonist win or lose? Act III: The End -No more than ¼ of the story, usually less -The conflict or problem is resolved -Final crisis (or "rising action") plays out to climax; then to resolution -Narrative closure -Narrative aperture

Audience Analysis Video

Audience Analysis shows the audience that you have had them in mind throughout the entire preparation process Demographic Analysis-Looks at audience characteristics in broad characterizations (age, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, etc.) (DO NOT LET THIS SLIP INTO STEREOTYPING THOUGH) Attitudinal Analysis-Know about the audiences's belief's, opinions, etc. about your topic. (What does the audience know about YOU and your topic?) (How long do they expect you to speak for?) Situational Analysis-Speaker carefully considers the setting and context of the speech... (size of audience, room, technologies available, time of day, etc.) How to do an audience analysis: Observation: Qualitative, getting your own eyes on the audience and environment before you speak... (temperature of the room, size of audience, demographics, non-verbal feedback, etc.) Sampling: Surveying the audience formally or informally... pole the audience before the speech (if you have the time), or ask for a show of hands after a question during the speech. Research: Search published sources that may yield information about a particular group. Conduct interviews of audience members, ask org that invited you to speak about the audience and speaking environment.