Combined questio

Which of the following is NOT true? a. sedatives and hypnotics can lead to a state of intoxication very much like alcohol intoxication b. many severe health consequences opiate use result from the lifestyle of the addict, not the drug itself c. amphetamines and cocaine are hallucinogens that can produce psychosis with long-term use d. marijuana use may produce reverse tolerance, where smaller doses are needed to get high e. none of the above are false

c. amphetamines and cocaine are hallucinogens that can produce psychosis with long-term use

Which of the following medications is a "first-line" therapy for PTSD? a. anti-anxiety medications b. anti-hypertensive medications c. anti-depressant medications d. stimulant medications

c. anti-depressant medications

______ characteristics are influenced by _____ genes and produce traits that vary _____. a. autosomal; multiple; qualitatively b. autosomal; single; quantitatively c. polygenic; multiple; quantitatively d. polygenic; single; qualitatively

c. polygenic; multiple; quantitatively

What happens if a person is found incompetent to stand trial? a. the charges are dismissed b. the person is found "not guilty by reason of insanity" c. proceedings are postponed until the person is competent d. the person is found not guilty by reason of incompetence

c. proceedings are postponed until the person is competent

Which of the following statements is true? a) Drinking coffee lowers blood alcohol level b) Caffeine dependence is included in DSM-5 as a substance use disorder c) Hallucinogens produce only auditory hallucinations d) High doses of cocaine or amphetamines can produce psychosis, at least temporarily

d) High doses of cocaine or amphetamines can produce psychosis, at least temporarily

A year ago (when there were no vaccines and limited testing), I sneezed, sniffled, and coughed a little. Oh no! I have Covid. (Actually, I was fine. Not even a cold.) This (shared) experience best helps us to understand with disorder? A. Illness anxiety disorder B. Conversion disorder C. Hysteria D. Medically unexplained syndrome

A. Illness anxiety disorder

Cultural-familial intellectual disability is: A. Attributable to normal genetic variation and psychosocial disadvantage B. An offensive term used to justify the eugenics movement C. An acknowledgement that "intelligence" is defined, in part, based on social demands D. A misguided part of psychology's history where parents were wrongly blamed for causing children's intellectual disability

A. Attributable to normal genetic variation and psychosocial disadvantage

Teaming up with the medical center, I randomly assign 500 UVA students to wear masks and 500 UVA students not to wear masks to the first football game. I find that students assigned to the mask group have a lower rate of Covid in the week following the game compared with those in the no mask group. What can I conclude from this study? A. Being assigned to wear a mask causes a lower rate of Covid B. Being assigned to wear a mask is only correlated with a lower rate of Covid C. People who wear masks are different from people who don't wear masks (they may be more health conscious), and this third variable may be responsible for their lower Covid rates D. B and C E. None of the above

A. Being assigned to wear a mask causes a lower rate of Covid

One key element of cognitive behavior therapy with bulimia is to normalize eating patterns, so eating involves less dietary restraint. Why is this important? A. Binge eating often is reaction to excessive dietary restraint B. More normal eating in public reduces the risk of secretive, private binges C. Dietary restraint attracts attention, and people with bulimia get positively reinforced for not eating D. Normalizing eating contributes to the placebo effect of cognitive behavior therapy

A. Binge eating often is reaction to excessive dietary restraint

Which of the following is true according to your text? A. DSM-5 mental disorders diagnose only troubled individuals, not troubled relationships B. There are reliable and valid methods for diagnosing relationship difficulties C. Scapegoating involves stigmatizing someone for their emotional problems D. All of the above are true E. None of the above are true

A. DSM-5 mental disorders diagnose only troubled individuals, not troubled relationships

Which comorbid problem often occurs with bulimia nervosa and often is a focus of treatment? A. Depression B. Anxiety C. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder D. Histrionic personality disorder

A. Depression

The key to the treatment of anxiety is _____ but _______ . A. Exposure; exposure is difficult - even loved ones often "help" anxious people to avoid their fears B. Antidepressant medication; the FDA approves antidepressants only for depression treatment C. Facing and overcoming childhood fears; anxious people have never faced their childhood fears D. Therapy; anxious people rarely seek therapy, because they are too anxious to do so

A. Exposure; exposure is difficult - even loved ones often "help" anxious people to avoid their fears

In this disorder, patients feign physical symptoms in order to gain attention from health care professionals. A. Factitious disorder B. Psychosomatic illness C. Malingering D. Illness anxiety disorder

A. Factitious disorder

Carl Rogers used reflective listening and Socratic methods to steer his clients to discuss key emotional issues. This is ironic because: A. He called his approach to psychotherapy "nondirective." B. Doing so interfered with the development of empathy, which he viewed as an essential part of his treatment. C. He believed in free will. D. Cognitive-behavior therapists are more interested in thinking and behavior than emotion.

A. He called his approach to psychotherapy "nondirective."

When Anthony Fauci, Chief Medical Advisor to the President, says he recommends some policy he hopes will prevent Covid (like closing businesses) "out of an abundance of caution," he is signaling: A. His tolerance of false positive errors over false negative errors in regard to the policy. B. His tolerance of false negative errors over false positive errors in regard to the policy. C. His intolerance of both false positive and false negative errors. D. His acknowledgement that he may be making an error, either false positive or false negative.

A. His tolerance of false positive errors over false negative errors in regard to the policy.

Which is of the following is an example of a category (vs. a dimension)? A. Huntington's disease B. Depression C. Eating disorder D. Height E. A, B, and C

A. Huntington's disease

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? A. Lack of affect B. Delusions C. Hallucinations D. All of the above are negative, of course E. This categorization of symptoms no longer applies in DSM-5

A. Lack of affect

If you were to pick only one treatment for bipolar disorder, it would be: A. Mood stabilizing medication B. Cognitive behavior therapy C. Interpersonal therapy D. Behavioral activation E. Any of the above; all are approximately equally effective

A. Mood stabilizing medication

While there are exceptions, the course of schizophrenia typically is: A. Progressive and deteriorating B. Cyclical, similar to depression C. Hopeful following an initial difficult episode D. Entirely dependent on functioning during the prodromal period

A. Progressive and deteriorating

The new DSM-5 diagnosis, autism spectrum disorder, most clearly embraces what diagnostic concept? A. Quantitative differences B. Qualitative differences C. Arbitrary thresholds D. Coverage

A. Quantitative differences

Compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A. Reduce anxiety B. Cause obsessions C. Involve dissociation D. Bring pleasure

A. Reduce anxiety

An evolutionary biologist argues that differences between women's and men's sexual behavior and interests are attributable to differential parental investment. Which of the following is likely to be a key to her argument? A. Reproduction is far more costly to the human female than to the human male, involving a long pregnancy and breast-feeding immature offspring in the former case and perhaps only a few minutes in the latter B. Men value sex while women value relationships and this difference in sexuality contributes to their differential emotional connection with offspring C. Human females are more involved in caring for their offspring, and this teaches female offspring to value relationships more highly in later sexual relationships D. Male offspring are more similar to male parents, and females are more similar to female parents, and these differential genetic contributions lead to inherited patterns of sexual interest

A. Reproduction is far more costly to the human female than to the human male, involving a long pregnancy and breast-feeding immature offspring in the former case and perhaps only a few minutes in the latter

Which of the following disorders is the clearest example of qualitative differences between normal and abnormal behavior? A. Schizophrenia B. Sexual dysfunctions C. Personality disorders D. Substance abuse

A. Schizophrenia

What neurotransmitter is thought to play an important role in depression? A. Serotonin B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine

A. Serotonin

Someone with an IQ of 69 is not qualitatively different from someone with an IQ of 73. However, this quantitative difference can be a matter of life and death because: A. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment for someone with an intellectual disability B. Special services are only given to people with IQs under 70, and these treatments not only enhance intellectual function but also longevity C. People with an IQ under 70 are considered disabled and receive all kinds of public assistance, while those with higher IQs do not D. The diagnosis of an intellectual disability is so stigmatizing that it leads to a higher rate of suicide

A. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment for someone with an intellectual disability

"Three generations of imbeciles is enough!" Who offered this statement? A. The United States Supreme Court in upholding Virginia's forced sterilization laws B. John F. Kennedy when signing into law programs promoting early stimulation programs for at risk children, including Head Start C. Langdon Down in advocating for selective abortion of fetuses with genetic defects, especially Down syndrome D. The director of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in outlawing lead-based paint and citing one family with 3 generations of at least one poisoned child

A. The United States Supreme Court in upholding Virginia's forced sterilization laws

Which of the following is true about age and the risk for having a child with Down syndrome? A. The risk for Down syndrome increases with maternal age B. The risk for Down syndrome is qualitatively different before than after the maternal age 35 C. After maternal age 35, more children are born with than without Down syndrome D. All of the above E. A and C only

A. The risk for Down syndrome increases with maternal age

A basic problem with defining stress in terms of an event (e.g., losing your job) is that: A. The same event is experienced differently by different people. B. This definition of stress runs the risk of circular reasoning (a tautology). C. We cannot be sure if a life event caused an illness or if an illness caused the life event. D. Measurement of life events is unreliable.

A. The same event is experienced differently by different people.

In lecture, I said that using applied behavior analysis in the treatment of autism is kind of like "dog training" as a way to indicate that: A. The treatment is time-consuming, laborious, takes very small steps, and doesn't involve much of the typical therapeutic verbal/relationship guidance B. The bogus treatment only produces superficial effects C. As with training dogs, it is essential for therapists working with children with autism to establish a dominant position to get them to listen D. There are different "species" on the autism spectrum and training differs greatly based on who is being treated

A. The treatment is time-consuming, laborious, takes very small steps, and doesn't involve much of the typical therapeutic verbal/relationship guidance

In what way do contemporary researchers' views on psychosomatic illness differ from views held earlier? A. They now believe that all physical illnesses have psychological components. B. They now believe that only certain physical illnesses have psychological components. C. They now believe that depression is the primary cause of most of these types of illness. D. They now believe that the distinction between physical and mental illness is a false dualism.

A. They now believe that all physical illnesses have psychological components.

Introduced for the first time in DSM-IV, this diagnosis changed views about the diagnosis of autism. A. Kanner's syndrome B. Asperger's disorder C. Fragile X syndrome D. Pervasive developmental disorder

B. Asperger's disorder

Different theories about the cause and best treatment for depression: A. View either emotional, cognitive, somatic, or behavioral symptoms as driving the disorder and the primary focus for treatment B. Agree that depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain C. Tend to ignore the interpersonal contributions and consequences of depression D. Disagree about the normal function of sadness

A. View either emotional, cognitive, somatic, or behavioral symptoms as driving the disorder and the primary focus for treatment

One theory about the link between stress and illness suggests that the fight or flight response: A. Was an adaptive response to threats over the course of evolution but is a maladaptive response to most modern stressors B. Is exaggerated in people who develop stress-related illnesses; they respond to ordinary stress with extraordinarily intense responses C. Is not exaggerated in people who develop stress-related illnesses, but is triggered much more readily (by minor stressors) in people who develop stress-related illnesses D. Is paradoxically weak or absent in people who suffer from stress-related illness, an observation that underscores that a degree of fear and anger is adaptive, not maladaptive

A. Was an adaptive response to threats over the course of evolution but is a maladaptive response to most modern stressors

Which of the following is an example of the primary prevention of intellectual disabilities? a. vaccinations for rubella b. early stimulation programs for children with Down syndrome c. the Special Olympics d. enrollment in Head Start programs

A. vaccinations for rubella

Delusions found in schizophrenia typically are: A. Paranoid B. Auditory C. Mood congruent D. Visual

B. Auditory

The symptoms of conversion disorder often resemble A. flu-like symptoms B. neurological diseases C. gastrointestinal problems D. chronic fatigue syndrome

B. neurological diseases

According to Table 1-2, which profession among the following has the smallest number of clinically trained professionals providing mental health services? a. psychiatry b. clinical psychology c. social work d. mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists

a. psychiatry

What symptom distinguishes fugue from the other dissociative disorders? a. purposeful, unplanned travel b. malingering c. identity confusion d. inability to remember details of the past

a. purposeful, unplanned travel

Where do you draw the line between normal and abnormal? The question can become a problem with: a. qualitative differences b. differences in kind c. quantitative differences d. categorical differences

a. qualitative differences

These two symptoms, _____ and ______ , once defined _____ . Now they are categorized as pharmacological symptoms of substance use disorder in DSM-5. A. Tolerance; withdrawal; craving B. Tolerance; withdrawal; addiction C. Tolerance; craving; addiction D. Tolerance; addiction; craving

B. Tolerance; withdrawal; addiction

I say that "Emery therapy" is an exciting new treatment for psychological problems. According to the rules of science, which of the follow is true? A. "Emery therapy" is assumed to be effective until research proves it is ineffective. B. "Emery therapy" is assumed to be ineffective until research proves it is effective. C. "Emery therapy" is assumed to be effective only among the patients I treat personally. D. I must describe "Emery therapy" as "clinically effective" until a professional agency determines it is "evidence based."

B. "Emery therapy" is assumed to be ineffective until research proves it is effective.

Evidence indicates that mental health professionals are wrong 2 out of 3 times when they predict a patient will be violent. Unlike what U.S. Supreme Court Justice Blackmun asserted, these predictions are still better than chance. Why? A. Because false positives result in far fewer consequences than false negatives when making errors in predicting violence B. Because true positive and true negative predictions are well above chance, despite the high false positive rate C. Because violence is very common among the patients for whom mental health professionals are making these predicts D. Because the 2 out of 3 number is still statistically significant, as long as the sample size is large

B. Because true positive and true negative predictions are well above chance, despite the high false positive rate

In DSM-5, an adjustment disorder is: A. A common type of childhood externalizing disorder B. Clinically significant symptoms in response to stress that are not severe enough to be diagnosed as a mental disorder C. In an appendix of "diagnoses requiring further study" D. There is no such thing as an adjustment disorder in DSM-5; it was dropped after DSM-IV

B. Clinically significant symptoms in response to stress that are not severe enough to be diagnosed as a mental disorder

"Active, directive, nonjudgmental, teacher" best describes which kind of therapist? A. Biological B. Cognitive-behavioral C. Psychodynamic D. Humanistic

B. Cognitive-behavioral

The simultaneous appearance of two or more disorders in the same person is the definition of . A. Epidemiology B. Comorbidity C. Harmful dysfunction D. Bidirectionality

B. Comorbidity

Once Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a bell, the bell became a(n): A. Unconditioned stimulus B. Conditioned stimulus C. Unconditioned response D. Conditioned response

B. Conditioned stimulus

Civil commitment is based on the grounds of ______, but the risk must be _______. A. Insanity; imminent B. Danger to self or others; imminent C. Insanity; acted upon D. Danger to self or others; acted upon

B. Danger to self or others; imminent

A first step in the inpatient treatment of a substance problem can involve removal of the drug and treatment of subsequent, very unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. This process is called: A. Relapse prevention B. Detoxification C. Step 1 of the twelve steps D. Tolerance

B. Detoxification

One very important consequence of the polygenetic inheritance of most mental disorders is that: A. Scientists expect to soon isolate the gene that causes many mental disorders. B. Emotional problems fall along a continuum, making the threshold for defining disorder unclear and somewhat arbitrary. C. Gene-environment correlations cloud the interpretation of supposed environmental effects in causing psychological problems. D. Gene-environment interactions are assumed to be involved in causing most mental disorders.

B. Emotional problems fall along a continuum, making the threshold for defining disorder unclear and somewhat arbitrary.

Which of following statements is accurate about trends in internalizing and externalizing disorders in adolescents/young people in recent decades? A. Both internalizing and externalizing disorders have increased B. Internalizing disorders have increased, externalizing disorders have decreased C. Externalizing disorders have increased, internalizing disorders have decreased D. Both internalizing and externalizing disorders have decreased

B. Internalizing disorders have increased, externalizing disorders have decreased

Research shows that _______ dissociation following exposure to trauma is associated with developing fewer symptoms of PTSD. This finding is consistent with _______ view of dissociation. A. Less; Freud's B. Less; Janet's C. More; Freud's D. More; Janet's

B. Less; Janet's

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) do NOT help in treating which of the following problems? A. Depression B. Mania C. Anxiety D. PTSD E. B, C, and D

B. Mania

According to your text, which of the following is NOT true of treating mental disorders with medication? A. Medication often is an effective treatment. B. Medication can cure underlying chemical imbalances that cause some mental disorders. C. Medication often needs to be taken for months, years, sometimes for a lifetime. D. Many people with mental disorders do not take medication as prescribed, partly because of side effects. E. All of the above are true.

B. Medication can cure underlying chemical imbalances that cause some mental disorders.

Although not stated explicitly, there is an implicit assumption that persistent depressive disorder is: A. More chronic and less severe than major depressive disorder B. More common among men than women C. Biological in nature D. Associated with maladaptive personality characteristics

C. Biological in nature

In the required outside reading, Watts et al. (2013) argued that narcissism had a "bright side." This bright side is: A. Called "vulnerable narcissism" - vulnerable because empathy for others tempers the narcissism B. Narcissists can become leaders who are effective at "selling" their ideas C. The narcissist doesn't think they have a problem, so they report little suffering D. Narcissists tend to be quite intelligent, thus some of the excess confidence is well placed

B. Narcissists can become leaders who are effective at "selling" their ideas

In class, I used Gollum, Richard Nixon, and the Godfather (the mafia figure portrayed by Marlon Brando) as potential illustrations of what personality disorder? A. Antisocial personality disorder B. Paranoid personality disorder C. Narcissistic personality disorder D. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

B. Paranoid personality disorder

What behavior was included in the DSM-5 chapter on substance-related disorders? A. Sexual addiction B. Pathological gambling C. Internet/gaming disorder D. All of the above E. None of the above; no behaviors are listed in this chapter

B. Pathological gambling

Which of the following is NOT true of placebos and placebo effects? A. Placebo effects have been demonstrated widely in fields ranging from therapy to surgery. B. Placebos are bogus treatments that are irrelevant in legitimate therapy or modern medical practice. C. It is essential to control for placebo effects when studying new, specific treatments. D. There is debate and uncertainty about what is the best psychotherapy placebo. E. All of the above (none are true)

B. Placebos are bogus treatments that are irrelevant in legitimate therapy or modern medical practice.

It may be a bit of a stretch, but which of the following personality disorders is best exemplified by Luna Lovegood, the Harry Potter character with peculiar habits and odd beliefs? A. Histrionic personality disorder B. Schizotypal personality disorder C. Dependent personality disorder D. Borderline personality disorder

B. Schizotypal personality disorder

"The square root of the average squared distance from the mean" is the definition of: A. Variance B. Standard deviation C. Standard score D. Dispersion equation

B. Standard deviation

Cortisol, the "stress hormone," functions like: A. Antianxiety medication B. Steroids C. Adrenaline D. Serotonin

B. Steroids

The "Dodo Bird Verdict" is a conclusion that is most strongly supported by which of the following professional organizations (as discussed in additional, outside readings)? A. The American Psychiatric Association B. The American Psychological Association C. The Society of Clinical Psychology D. The American Medical Association

B. The American Psychological Association

I have said repeatedly that the future hopefully will bring more and more refined diagnoses that help mental health professionals to identify specific causes for some subset of a given mental disorder. Which of the following is a recent, real example of that hope? A. The quarter-life-crisis as a recognition that the identity crisis still exists but now occurs later B. The discovery of Rett's disorder as a genetic condition that produces autistic-like behavior C. The division of externalizing disorders into more refined and valid categories of ADHD, ODD, and CD D. Cultural-familial intellectual disability as a recognition of environmental influences on intellectual development

B. The discovery of Rett's disorder as a genetic condition that produces autistic-like behavior

Incidence refers to: A. The number of active cases, both old and new, during a specific period of time. B. The number of new cases during a specific period of time. C. The number of cases expected during the course of a lifetime. D. The number of cases that lead to a significant disease burden during a specific period of time.

B. The number of new cases during a specific period of time.

Recent revisions of the DSM have focused on descriptive diagnosis based on the appearance (symptoms) of different disorders. This focus is largely attributable to a desire to increase: A. The validity of diagnosis B. The reliability of diagnosis C. The coverage of diagnosis D. All of above E. A and B only

B. The reliability of diagnosis

I asked members of the class to tell me what height they considered to be "tall." Why? A. To illustrate that we need to understand normal before we can understand abnormal B. To show how thresholds vary in people's definitions, including of mental disorders C. To demonstrate cultural and gender differences in what is considered normal D. To reveal how it is wrong to turn a dimension into a category

B. To show how thresholds vary in people's definitions, including of mental disorders

Does a diagnosis tell us anything of value about the past, present, or future is a measure of: A. The DSM-5 B. Validity C. Clinical importance D. Coverage

B. Validity

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of the JAMA article by Fournier et al. (2010) on antidepressant medication (ADM) assigned as an outside reading? A. ADM is no different from placebo B. ADM is no different from placebo in cases of severe depression C. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo for mild/moderate depression but large benefits for severe depression D. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo across all levels of the severity of depression

C. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo for mild/moderate depression but large benefits for severe depression

MZ twins have a concordance rate for schizophrenia of ______ suggesting that _____. A. Nearly 100%; genes (which have not yet been specifically identified) cause the disorder B. About 80%; genes play a stronger role in schizophrenia than in most mental illnesses, although the disorder probably is multiply caused C. About 50%; environmental influences interact with genetic risks to cause the disorder D. About 30%; even though the heritability is very high (because the DZ concordances is about 15%), genes alone do not contribute much to the disorder

C. About 50%; environmental influences interact with genetic risks to cause the disorder

When I get the early symptoms of a migraine, I keep doing what I'm doing instead of going into a dark room to relax, as is often recommended. My actions help to prevent pain. This is an example of: A. Problem-focused coping B. Repression C. Altering illness behavior D. Altering health behavior E. None of the above

C. Altering illness behavior

The most effective, evidence-based treatment for classic autism is: A. Antidepressant medication B. Antipsychotic medication C. Applied behavior analysis (intensive behavior therapy) D. Play therapy

C. Applied behavior analysis (intensive behavior therapy)

In lecture, I presented a case study of a young man who thought that, like basketball player Hank Gathers, he was about to have a massive heart attack based on an undiagnosed heart condition. His fears caused him to panic. He was eventually found to have a benign arrythmia. This case was an example of: A. Beck's idea of magnification B. A somatic symptom disorder C. Catastrophic misinterpretation D. Beck's idea of overgeneralization

C. Catastrophic misinterpretation

In comparison to other mental disorders, schizophrenia has long been recognized to be a very serious problem that researchers assume must be biological in nature. Which of the following is the most accurate lesson that research on genes, neurotransmitters, and brain imaging for schizophrenia holds for parallel research on other mental disorders? A. The slow but steady progress suggests hope for similar progress in identifying specific genes, neurotransmitters, and brain regions involved in different mental illnesses B. The long stall in forward movement followed by sudden progress suggests that developing more refined diagnoses will be essential to research in all mental illness C. Despite improved general understanding, the difficulties identifying specific genes or neurotransmitters with clear causal links suggest caution about finding quick answers D. The medical model has proven to be limited, and a return to psychological perspectives on mental illness will be needed in the future

C. Despite improved general understanding, the difficulties identifying specific genes or neurotransmitters with clear causal links suggest caution about finding quick answers

In a cartoon in the textbook, a tearful dog patient says angrily to a cat psychotherapist, "You haven't a clue what I'm talking about do you?" The main quality that the dog is complaining that the cat lacks is: A. Intelligence B. Genuineness C. Empathy D. The ability to understand barking

C. Empathy

How does the DSM-5 define trauma? A. A horrific event that occurs outside of the realm of ordinary human experience B. An event involving actual or threatened death to oneself or others that produces intense fear, helplessness, or horror C. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (involving violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (but not through media exposure) D. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (not limited to violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (including media exposure)

C. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (involving violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (but not through media exposure)

Jocelyn, the woman in the video shown in class earlier in the semester who engaged in sadomasochistic relationships, would not be considered to have a DSM-5 mental disorder because: A. She had been a victim of sexual abuse by her father B. She had been a victim of sexual abuse by a masochistic man C. Her current relationship did not cause her distress or interfere with her functioning D. Jocelyn WOULD be considered to have a paraphilic disorder because of her sadomasochistic behavior

C. Her current relationship did not cause her distress or interfere with her functioning

Which of the following is true about fragile-X syndrome? A. The disorder originally was diagnosed by a weakening or break on the X chromosome B. Most boys but only about 1/3 of girls with fragile-X have an intellectual disability C. The disorder is now known to be transmitted genetically D. All of the above are true E. A and C only

D. All of the above are true

"You need to be careful about the effects of calling someone 'schizophrenic,' 'manic,' or 'LD.' That stigmatizes people and make others treat them differently." This concern is most closely associated with: A. The humanistic paradigm B. The DSM-5 C. Labeling theory D. Psychoanalytic theory

C. Labeling theory

If a trait is entirely determined by genes. Which of the following would be expected in a twin study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? A. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance. B. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have a zero percent concordance C. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance D. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

C. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance

Which of the following is NOT true about identifying mental health problems in children? A. Adults, not children, typically bring a child to the attention of a mental health professional B. Parents, and parents and teachers, often disagree about whether or why a child has a psychological problem C. Parents are more likely to agree that a child has an internalizing problem than and externalizing problem D. All of the above are true E. B and C only

C. Parents are more likely to agree that a child has an internalizing problem than and externalizing problem

Kid: "I want an ice cream cone." Parent: "No, it's dinner time." Kid: "Now! Ice cream!!" Parent: "I said, No!" Kid: "ICE CREAM, ICE CREAM, ICE CREAM!!!" Parent "OK. Here's your ice cream. Just be quiet!" In this example, the child is _____ and the parent is _______ .

C. Positively reinforced; negatively reinforced

Which of the following is NOT true about ADHD? A. Thresholds for defining the disorder differ substantially in the U.S. versus Europe B. ADHD appears to be strongly genetic, but no specific contributing genes have been identified C. Psychostimulant medication has a paradoxical effect on children with ADHD D. None of the above (all are true) E. A and C only

C. Psychostimulant medication has a paradoxical effect on children with ADHD

Which of the following statements is NOT true of personality disorders? A. The disorders are particularly difficult to treat B. The diagnosis is about "who you are" more than "what disorder you have" C. Research identifies genetic risk and early trauma as key contributors to the disorders D. The diagnosis often is applied after the fact, for example, following a difficult divorce

C. Research identifies genetic risk and early trauma as key contributors to the disorders

Which of the following statements is accurate? A. People exposed to the same trauma are equally likely to develop PTSD B. The experience of trauma is random, a matter of bad luck (or good luck) C. Resilience is the most common response to trauma D. Treatments for PTSD do not attempt people to overcome avoidance because it is an expected and understandable reaction to trauma exposure E. None of the above

C. Resilience is the most common response to trauma

A researcher tests a new treatment. In a carefully designed study, she randomly assigns patients to her new approach or to a no treatment control. Eureka! The new treatment is different from no treatment according to careful data analysis. Bummer. The clients who received the new treatment don't report feeling much differently. The results show that the new treatment is ________ but not _______ . A. Internally valid; externally valid B. Efficacious; effective C. Statistically significant; clinically important D. A good example of psychotherapy outcome research; a good example of psychotherapy process research

C. Statistically significant; clinically important

Assisted suicide is: A. A suicide pact, one that is too often made by groups of adolescents B. A slogan used by those campaigning against prescribing psychostimulants to children (who later are at risk of drug addiction and overdose, as a result) C. The hotly debated procedure (now legal in a few states) where physicians might help a terminally ill patient to commit suicide D. A legal term where a mental health professional or hospital is held responsible for a patient's suicide due to negligent treatment

C. The hotly debated procedure (now legal in a few states) where physicians might help a terminally ill patient to commit suicide

The term equifinality refers to: A. The false belief that the mind and body are disconnected. B. The idea that there is one primary cause leading to one mental illness. C. The idea that there are multiple causes leading to one mental illness. D. The idea that we can never identify the cause of a mental disorder. E. The false belief that the mind and body are inherently connected.

C. The idea that there are multiple causes leading to one mental illness.

In lecture, I conducted a mock line-up, where I concluded that one woman must have committed a crime, because I was sure the others in the line-up didn't. I was demonstrating: A. The importance of carefully eliminating rival hypotheses. B. The unreliability of eyewitness testimony. C. The problem with diagnosis by exclusion. D. How labeling can lead to a self-fulfilling prophesy.

C. The problem with diagnosis by exclusion.

Both the lecture and the text emphasized the importance of both "common factors" and "active ingredients" in different psychotherapies. Which of the following statements best captures this point? A. A combination of medication and therapy often is most effective treatment. B. Sugar pills work, indicating that they are both a placebo and contain active ingredients. C. The therapeutic relationship makes all therapies more effective; even medication works better when patients trust their physician (perhaps, in part, because they are more likely to take their meds). D. Different therapy paradigms have different ideas about psychotherapy process, but they all involve some form of a "talking cure."

C. The therapeutic relationship makes all therapies more effective; even medication works better when patients trust their physician (perhaps, in part, because they are more likely to take their meds).

In the J, K, and family case study presented in lecture, a therapist used intense short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with them in an effort to rapidly tear down defenses. This was a bad idea because: A. J already had the treatment and it failed B. Research shows this treatment only works with psychotic depression C. The treatment increases expressed emotion, which should be decreased in schizophrenia D. The therapist was not well trained in this effective but very difficult and potentially risky approach

C. The treatment increases expressed emotion, which should be decreased in schizophrenia

An important problem with the so-called anti-anxiety medications is that: A. They take at least a month before producing any clinical benefits B. They are equally effective in treating depression C. They are highly addictive D. All of the above E. A and B only

C. They are highly addictive

Which of the following is an example of a primary prevention effort to reduce cardiovascular disease? A. biofeedback about high blood pressure B. stress management for Type A behavior C. anti-smoking advertising for children D. weight loss programs for cardiac patients

C. anti-smoking advertising for children

Two distinctive aspects of Erikson's theory of development are his: A. Inclusion of adult development and focus on how unresolved childhood conflicts affect growth B. Belief that there is a long moratorium in adult development and inclusion of at least some adult development C. Exclusive focus on intrapsychic conflict and belief that there is a long moratorium in adult development D. Inclusion of adult development and focus on key psychosocial conflicts throughout the life span

D. Inclusion of adult development and focus on key psychosocial conflicts throughout the life span

Which of the following results best illustrates why it is important to distinguish between statistical significance and clinical importance in treatment outcome studies? A. 75% of people improved in Treatment X and 25% in Treatment Y, and the result would be due to chance less than 10 times out of 100 B. 75% of people improved in Treatment X and 25% in Treatment Y, and the result would be due to chance less than 5 times out of 100 C. 75% of people improved in Treatment X and 74% in Treatment Y, and the result would be due to chance less than 10 times out of 100 D. 75% of people improved in Treatment X and 74% in Treatment Y, and the result would be due to chance less than 5 times out of 100

D. 75% of people improved in Treatment X and 74% in Treatment Y, and the result would be due to chance less than 5 times out of 100

As shown in a figure in the text, the relationship between stress and well-being appears to be U-shaped. This reflects the fact that: A. Stress causes problems with well-being, but illness also causes stress B. Some people are impervious to stress; others are highly sensitive to stress C. Stress plays a role in illnesses of moderate severity, but not in either serious illness or excellent health D. A moderate level of stress is healthful; too much or too little stress can be a problem

D. A moderate level of stress is healthful; too much or too little stress can be a problem

According to lecture - and the Disney movie Inside Out, showing your sadness to others is: A. A way of warning others of potential risks to them B. A form of passive-aggressive behavior C. A sign of weakness that leads to social rejection (even in "enlightened" societies) D. A signal to others that you need help and understanding

D. A signal to others that you need help and understanding

What foundational change occurred between 1961 and 1973 in regard to intellectual disabilities? A. For the first time, the diagnosis was allowed to be applied to children belonging to all ethnic and racial groups B. The IQ threshold for defining the disorders was lowered from 2 to 1 standard deviation below the mean C. The Supreme Court case of Roe v Wade, together with improvements in genetic testing, allowed parents to detect intellectual disability in fetuses and perhaps decide to have an elective abortion D. All children with intellectual disabilities, no matter how seriously impaired, were required to be educated in regular classrooms with normal peers during this period of time

D. All children with intellectual disabilities, no matter how seriously impaired, were required to be educated in regular classrooms with normal peers during this period of time

Which of the following forms of validity is important for understanding psychopathology? A. Predictive B. Concurrent C. Etiological D. All of the above E. Trick question! Validity is not important to understanding abnormal behavior. Only reliability matters.

D. All of the above

Which of the following frequently is an element of therapy with suicidal people? A. Reducing lethality, possibly including hospitalization B. Negotiating agreements about postponing suicidal behavior C. Arranging extra support from family and friends during the crisis D. All of the above E. A and C only

D. All of the above

Which of the following is true about the distinction between endogenous and exogenous depression? A. The first term refers to internally caused depression; the second to externally precipitated depression B. The sensible distinction is often used by in practice by mental health professional C. The two diagnoses cannot be distinguished reliably in scientific research D. All of the above E. A and B only

D. All of the above

Which of the following statements is true? A. It is possible to be legally insane and mentally ill B. It is possible to be legally sane and mentally ill C. It is possible to be legally insane and not mentally ill D. All of the above E. A and B only

D. All of the above

Which of the following statements is true? A. There is no evidence that psychostimulants have long-term benefits for the treatment of ADHD B. Psychostimulants may have long-term benefits for the treatment of ADHD C. It is extremely difficult to detect long-term benefits of psychostimulants for the treatment of ADHD because medication often is stopped (and perhaps restarted) and other treatments are tried D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

If I wanted to argue against using psychostimulants to treat ADHD, saying the medicine is mostly an easy fix to get children to behave in school, which of the following is NOT a fact I might use to support my argument? A. Medication is typically prescribed for when children are in school but not weekends and holidays B. Psychostimulants improve children's behavior, but benefits for learning are more uncertain C. Psychostimulants have short-term benefits but long-term benefits have not been demonstrated D. All of the above are facts that could be used to argue against psychostimulants E. A and B only

D. All of the above are facts that could be used to argue against psychostimulants

According to lecture and your text, which of the following is true of antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia? A. Patients need to take medication for prolonged periods of time, often for life B. Relapse is common as patients often stop taking medication C. Serious, sometimes irreversible side effects can result from the prolonged use of medication D. All of the above are true E. A and B only

D. All of the above are true

Historically, the term "hysteria" included the disorders_______ . The problem was once thought to only occur among _______ , as indicated by the Greek derivation of the term. A. Multiple personality and psychosomatic illnesses; the easily hypnotized B. Multiple personality and psychosomatic illnesses; women C. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; the easily hypnotized D. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; women

D. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; women

How do conversion disorders differ from what used to be called "psychosomatic disorders"? A. Unlike psychosomatic disorders, conversion disorders are not "all in your head". B. Psychosomatic disorders make no sense neurologically. C. Conversion disorders are unrelated to psychological stress. D. Conversion disorders involve no known underlying organic impairment.

D. Conversion disorders involve no known underlying organic impairment.

According to your text, which of the following is NOT true of grief? A. Kubler-Ross theorized that grief has five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance B. Research indicates that there is no one "right" way to grieve C. Grief is more intense following "off time" losses, for example, when a child dies before a parent D. DSM-5 includes a new diagnosis, complicated grief, for unusually intense or prolonged grieving E. All of the above are true

D. DSM-5 includes a new diagnosis, complicated grief, for unusually intense or prolonged grieving

Exposure and response prevention is an effective psychological treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder. The treatment involves: A. Reliving terrible memories without obsessing or becoming compulsive B. Self-help and social support modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous C. A combination of medication and cognitive behavior therapy D. Exposure to sources of anxiety and prevention of usual compulsive response to exposure

D. Exposure to sources of anxiety and prevention of usual compulsive response to exposure

Which of the following is true? A. The medical model has worked in leading to the discovery of specific causes for most mental disorders. B. While there is no widely accepted definition of abnormal behavior, the DSM has adopted the "person distress" definition. C. Brain imaging techniques can now be used to identify several carefully defined mental disorders. D. Homosexuality was once classified as mental disorder in the DSM.

D. Homosexuality was once classified as mental disorder in the DSM.

"Stephanie" the former grad student who was sexually assaulted (the case in Chapter 7) allowed me to share her story to educate others, so that something good could come from her horrible experience. Which of the following best characterizes her willingness to allow me to put her case in the text? A. Prolonged exposure therapy B. Imagery rehearsal therapy C. Emotional processing D. Meaning making

D. Meaning making

Converting the cost of a gallon of gasoline in different countries into dollar terms and then computing the average cost of a gallon of gas throughout the world is a lot like the logic of: A. Reliability B. Validity C. Dependent variables D. Meta-analysis

D. Meta-analysis

While you're surfing the web looking at cool stuff, there are a series of digital codes lighting up in your computer. While you're experiencing thoughts, feelings, etc, there are a series of codes lighting up in your brain. This observation illustrates the fallacy of which "ism"? A. Holism B. Reductionism C. Humanism D. Mind-body dualism

D. Mind-body dualism

Suicide rates are highest among: A. Teenagers B. Young adults C. Middle aged adults D. Older adults

D. Older adults

When someone is watching us, we change our behavior (think: spotting a police car on the highway). In terms of the assessment of psychological problems, this phenomenon is known as: A. Defensiveness B. Projection C. Reaction formation D. Reactivity

D. Reactivity

Borderline personality disorder refers to: A. Someone who almost meets DSM criteria for a personality disorder B. Someone who is close to being psychotic C. Someone who combines elements of different personality disorders D. Someone with intense fears of abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and emotional instability

D. Someone with intense fears of abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and emotional instability

One of your required extra readings was an essay called, "I had Asperger's Syndrome. Briefly." In this essay, the author argued: A. That DSM-5 made a big mistake in dropping the Asperger's diagnosis B. That this milder form of autism is much easier to treat C. That the requirement limiting the diagnosis to those under that the age of 18 is ridiculous D. That it can be damaging to label quirky kids as having a mental disorder

D. That it can be damaging to label quirky kids as having a mental disorder

16 . Why did lecture and the text highlight the fact that, in a recent study, 2/3 of school children identified as suffering from autism spectrum disorder had not previously received the diagnosis or treatment? A. The finding indicates that the diagnosis is stigmatizing, and many people therefore avoid identifying children as suffering from autism spectrum disorder B. The finding shows that, even with increased awareness, many children with autism spectrum disorder still are not identified C. The finding underscores the need for earlier identification of autism spectrum disorder D. The finding reflects a change in practice to now diagnose many less severe cases

D. The finding reflects a change in practice to now diagnose many less severe cases

Which of the following is true about the DSM-5? A. The manual includes evidence on most effective treatments for each disorder. B. The manual includes evidence on typical causes of each disorder. C. Both A and B D. The manual does not address either treatments or causes.

D. The manual does not address either treatments or causes.

Which of the following questions best reflects the continuing influence of theoretical paradigms on the contemporary practice of psychological treatment? A. Is this treatment evidence based? B. Do you know the difference between Freud, Watson, and Rogers? C. What is more important active ingredients or common factors? D. What is your theoretical orientation?

D. What is your theoretical orientation?

Over a decade ago, in the middle of the panic over vaccines and autism, The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development offered this cautiously worded statement despite several studies showing no link between vaccines and autism, "There is no evidence to date that the MMR vaccine causes autism." This cautious statement reflects the fact that: A. The science wing of the federal government is prohibited from taking strong positions. B. There was strong correlational evidence linking vaccines and autism. C. The burden of proof falls on those who disagree with a hypothesis. D. You can never accept the null hypothesis.

D. You can never accept the null hypothesis.

I find that people in unhappy close relationships are more likely to be depressed. I conclude that troubled relationships cause depression. Am I right? A. Maybe not. Depression might cause unhappy relationships B. Maybe not. Bad living circumstances might cause both depression and troubled relationships C. Maybe not. I didn't study a random sample of people with unhappy relationships. D. All of the above E. A and B only

E. A and B only

Which of the following is true about research on different treatments of depression? A. Interpersonal therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication all produce clinically important change B. Cognitive therapy is more effective than interpersonal therapy C. Interpersonal therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication all have substantial relapse rates D. All of the above E. A and C only

E. A and C only

Case studies can be useful for: A. Testing hypotheses B. Generating hypotheses C. Illustrating problems D. Heightening awareness of human suffering E. B, C, and D

E. B, C, and D

I want to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy versus psychodynamic therapy. I get 50 therapists in Charlottesville to join my study, half are cognitive-behavioral, half psychodynamic. Each therapist enrolls 10 of their clients in my study. They are carefully and thoroughly assessed before and after treatment by objective interviewers blind to what treatment was given. I find that psychodynamic therapy clients show more improvement over time. What can I conclude from this study? A. Psychodynamic therapy causes more improvement, at least among this group of patients B. Psychodynamic therapy may cause more improvement, but maybe not. Patients who go to psychodynamic therapists may be more ready to change. C. Psychodynamic therapy may cause more improvement, but maybe not. Psychodynamic therapists may be better therapists apart from whatever treatment they use. D. Psychodynamic therapy may cause more improvement, but maybe not. Patients who go to psychodynamic therapists may be wealthier and have better relationships and these life circumstances may be what causes more change over time. E. B, C, and D

E. B, C, and D

If I had my way, some future diagnostic system would include the diagnosis "freeze-flight-fight-fright disorder". Which of the following is NOT something I suggested would be a benefit of this potential classification? A. The diagnosis would explain the frequently observed link between anxiety and anger B. Like NIMH's proposed diagnoses, the diagnosis is grounded in biological understanding C. The diagnosis offers an evolutionary based hierarchy of reactions to threat D. The diagnosis improves understanding of experiences like feeling cornered and trapped E. None of the above; all are suggested benefits

E. None of the above; all are suggested benefits

In the above graphs (shown in lecture), the changing slope of the regression lines (the straight lines) across quartiles of genetic risk for substance abuse provide evidence for: *Quizlet won't let me add the picture without a premium membership* a) A gene-environment interaction b) A gene-environment correlation c) Differential heritability d) The influence of the shared environment

a) A gene-environment interaction

Which of the following is a key difference between anorexia and bulimia? a) Anorexia is a source of pride; bulimia is a source of shame. b) Anorexia never involves binging and purging; bulimia is defined by binging and purging. c) Anorexia is strongly influenced by perceived body shape; bulimia is minimally influenced by perceived body shape d) Anorexia is most common among higher SES groups; bulimia is equally common among all SES groups

a) Anorexia is a source of pride; bulimia is a source of shame.

Susan is a 19 year old with a body mass index (BMI) of 17. She is obsessed with eating healthy and terrified that she will gain weight if she breaks her eating rituals. She insists that she looks "pretty good," but would look better if she could drop a couple of more pounds. She describes eating two cookies as a "binge." The best diagnosis for Susan is: a) Anorexia nervosa b) Bulimia nervosa c) Obsessive-compulsive disorder d) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a) Anorexia nervosa

One key element of cognitive behavior therapy with bulimia is to normalize eating patterns, so eating involves less dietary restraint. Why is this thought to be important? a) Binge eating often is reaction to excessive dietary restraint b) More normal eating in public reduces the risk of secretive, private binges c) Dietary restraint attracts attention, and people with bulimia get positively reinforced for not eating d) Normalizing eating contributes to the placebo effect of cognitive behavior therapy

a) Binge eating often is reaction to excessive dietary restraint

The powerful urge to use a drug and spending a great deal of time planning and acquiring it defines: a) Craving b) Tolerance c) Withdrawal d) Addiction

a) Craving

Which comorbid problem often occurs with bulimia nervosa and often is an important focus of treatment? a) Depression b) Anxiety c) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder d) Histrionic personality disorder

a) Depression

"Reverse anorexia" and the "Adonis complex" are sometimes used to describe what problem in males? a) Excessive emphasis on extreme muscularity b) Negative attitudes toward thin women c) Obsessive exercise that actually harms the body d) Narcissism based on one's physical appearance

a) Excessive emphasis on extreme muscularity

Every symptom of this DSM-5 diagnosis includes the descriptor "enduring pattern." a) Personality disorder b) Anorexia nervosa c) Substance use disorders d) Paraphilic disorder

a) Personality disorder

A researcher who seeks to identify early markers of schizophrenia in the hopes of preventing the disorder before it begins is most interested in the _______ of the disorder. a) Prodomal phase b) Disorganized phase c) Schizoaffective phase d) Residual phase

a) Prodomal phase

According to the results of the National Health and Social Life Survey (and Figure 12-4), who is the least likely individual to be responsible for forced sex? a) a stranger b) an acquaintance c) someone the victim knows well d) someone with whom the victim was in love

a) a stranger

The need for admiration, grandiosity, lack of empathy, and an exaggerated sense of self-importance describe: a) narcissistic personality disorder b) schizoid personality disorder c) antisocial personality disorder d) borderline personality disorder

a) narcissistic personality disorder

While deciding custody according the "children's best interest" principle sounds appealing, the legal standard has the problem that a. "Best" is poorly defined b. the standard values children's rights more highly that parents' authority c. the standard values parents' authority more highly than the state's duty to protect d. it has been ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court

a. "Best" is poorly defined

The insanity defense is raised in about what percentage of criminal trials? a. 1% b. 10% c. 25% d. 50%

a. 1%

About how many people seen in psychological treatment do not meet criteria for the diagnosis for any mental disorder? a. 50% b. 10% c. 5% d. 1%

a. 50%

The relationship between stress and well-being appears to be U-shaped. This means: a. A moderate level of stress is healthful; too much or too little stress can be a problem b. Stress causes problems with well-being, but illness also causes stress c. Stress accumulates like toxins in a U-shaped vessel and this causes illness d. Some people are impervious to stress; others are highly sensitive to stress

a. A moderate level of stress is healthful; too much or too little stress can be a problem

Based on a figure appearing in both the text and in lecture, which of the following is NOT true about men's and women's report of reaching orgasm in their primary heterosexual relationship last year? a. Both men and women report reaching orgasm during sexual activity over 50% of the time b. both men and women report that men reach orgasm more frequently than women c. Men overestimate how often women reach orgasm in comparison to women's reports d. All of the above are true e. A and B only

a. Both men and women report reaching orgasm during sexual activity over 50% of the time

Why does DSM-5 group pica (chewing nonnutritive substances, a problem typically found among very young children with intellectual disabilities) together with anorexia (typically found among high-achieving young adult women)? a. Both problems involve eating/feeding b. Both problems are thought to stem from excessive serotonin reuptake c. Both problems are thought to stem from difficulties in breast feeding d. Both problems respond best to cognitive-behavior therapy treatments

a. Both problems involve eating/feeding

DSM-5 takes a _______ approach to classification, treating disorders as if they are ________ from normal behavior. a. Categorical; qualitatively b. Categorical; quantitatively c. Dimensional; qualitatively d. Dimensional; quantitatively

a. Categorical; qualitatively

Research on the cause of mental disorders almost always must use the _______ because _______. a. Correlational study; factors thought to cause disorders can't be manipulated practically or ethically b. Experiment; this is the most highly controlled research method. c. Case study; it is essential to take an idiographic approach to causality d. Meta-analytic method; scientists must aggregate results across studies

a. Correlational study; factors thought to cause disorders can't be manipulated practically or ethically

Depression is a syndrome. This means: a. Depression involves a cluster of symptoms, not just sad mood b. Depression is a DSM-5 diagnosis c. Depression is a medical disease, not just a psychological one d. All of the above e. A and B only

a. Depression involves a cluster of symptoms, not just sad mood

Which diagnostic distinction for mood disorders has the most predictive validity in terms of treatment response? a. Depressive disorders versus bipolar disorders b. Major depressive disorder versus persistent depressive disorder c. Exogenous versus endogenous depression d. Major depressive disorder versus premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a. Depressive disorders versus bipolar disorders

Which of the following relates to the concept of the "reliability" of a diagnosis? a. Different clinicians give the same diagnosis for the same patient b. A diagnosis reflects biological reality, not some social construction; the diagnosis "carves nature at its joints" c. The diagnosis accurately leads to a better treatment d. The diagnosis has a clear, theoretical definition, for example, "neurosis"

a. Different clinicians give the same diagnosis for the same patient

The two broad, philosophical grounds for civil commitment are the state's _____ and it's _____. a. Duty to protect its citizens; police power b. duty to substitute judgement for youth and impaired people; paternalistic duty c. paternalistic duty; constitutional authority d. constitutional authority; police power

a. Duty to protect its citizens; police power

The "Maudsley Method" is a promising, new, family-based approach to treating anorexia that: a. Has parents take over teens' diet, explaining that "food is medicine" needed until weight is gained b. reorients "slim ideal" and reframes other family values to emphasize "we are" not "we are what we eat" c. gives teens control in areas other than eating with message "be good, not perfect" d. Confronts patients with the dangers of emaciation, essentially saying "you may be blind, but we aren't"

a. Has parents take over teens' diet, explaining that "food is medicine" needed until weight is gained

George Franklin was convicted of the murder that occurred over 20 years earlier. His conviction was later overturned. What aspect of this case is of interest to psychologists? a. His daughter's "recovered memories" were the basis for Franklin's conviction. b. One of Franklin's multiple personalities eventually emerged and confessed to a crime committed by an "alter". c. Franklin committed the crime during a dissociative fugue that lasted for two decades. d. Franklin claimed he committed the murder as a result of a hypnotic induction that he never emerged from.

a. His daughter's "recovered memories" were the basis for Franklin's conviction.

In his blog (extra reading assignment), Allen Frances (who directed the DSM-IV) criticized DSM-5 primarily for: a. Including too many "fads" in its list of diagnoses b. Emphasizing reliability over validity, since the public is ultimately concerned with the value of a diagnosis c. Dropping key diagnoses from DSM-IV, especially hebephiliia, sex addiction, and psychosis risk d. Being a pawn of Big Pharma

a. Including too many "fads" in its list of diagnoses

Intellectual disabilities (formerly mental retardation) are some of the best diagnosed and understood mental disorders. Still, the terms for the disorder often are changed, as old terms come to carry a stigma. Which concept best describes this phenomenon? a. Labeling theory b. Learning theory c. Psychoanalytic theory d. The biopsychosocial model

a. Labeling theory

Suppose a trait is entirely determined by the nonshared environment. Which of the following could be expected in a twin study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance. b. MZ twins would have fifty percent concordance, DZ twins would have a zero percent concordance c. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance.

I conduct a study where I randomly assign 100 people with depression either to work with Albert Ellis doing Rational Emotive Therapy or Carl Rogers doing Humanistic Therapy. Half of the people drop out of the Ellis group, while everyone completes therapy in the Rogers group (a statistically significant difference). But when I compare people who completed Ellis with those who completed Rogers, the Ellis completers are less depressed (also statistically significant). What can I conclude? a. People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy b. Rational Emotive Therapy is more effective for depression than Humanistic Therapy c. Either Rational Emotive Therapy or Ellis as a therapist is more effective for depression than either Carl Rogers or Humanistic Therapy (you can't separate the therapy from the therapist) d. A and B only

a. People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy

"The total number of active cases, both old and new, that are present in a population during a specific period of time." a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Disease burden d. Epidemiology

a. Prevalence

Who is most likely to treat somatic symptom disorder? (Hint: This is why DSM-5 created this grouping.) a. Primary care physicians b. Psychiatrists c. Clinical psychologists d. "New Age" holistic health care providers

a. Primary care physicians

I'm really mad at you, but I can't admit this to myself. So instead I think you're really mad at me. This is an example of: a. Projection b. Sublimation c. Displacement d. Reaction formation

a. Projection

According to epidemiological surveys, which of the following traumatic events is associated with the highest probability of the victim developing a posttraumatic stress disorder? a. Rape b. Natural disaster c. Serious car crash d. Being mugged

a. Rape

The fact that _________ often are identified following the diagnosis of conversion disorders makes clear the problems involved in _______ . a. Real physical illnesses; diagnosis by exclusion b. Deliberate attempts at malingering; the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis c. Mood disorders; treating mental illness in medical settings d. Traumatic childhood experiences; relying on retrospective reports

a. Real physical illnesses; diagnosis by exclusion

The fact that _________ often are identified following the diagnosis of conversion disorders makes clear the problems involved in _______ . a. Real physical illnesses; diagnosis by exclusion b. Deliberate attempts at malingering; the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis c. Mood disorders; treating mental illness in medical settings d. Traumatic childhood experiences; relying on retrospective reports

a. Real physical illnesses; diagnosis by exclusion

The textbook indicated which of the following about psychotherapy and placebo effects? a. Since both placebos and psychotherapy produce change through psychological means, psychotherapy researchers need to study what makes placebos work b. Placebos (sugar pills) and placebo effects only occur for medications, so there is no need to worry about placebo effects in psychotherapy c. Placebo effects only "trick" people into feeling better. Real psychotherapy has nothing to do with placebo effects. d. Psychotherapy appears to be mostly a placebo. There is no reason to expect researchers to uncover "active ingredients" that are effective in treating different disorders.

a. Since both placebos and psychotherapy produce change through psychological means, psychotherapy researchers need to study what makes placebos work

In lecture, I suggested that an entirely new way to classify anxiety disorders might involve an evolutionary approach, for example, freeze-flight-fight-fright. What organization currently is also searching for an entirely new way of classifying and studying mental disorders? a. The National Institute for Mental Health b. The DSM c. The American Medical Association d. The American Psychological Association

a. The National Institute for Mental Health

When rats are forced to swim in cold water from which they cannot escape: a. The animals that give up and appear "depressed" have depleted serotonin as a result of the experience. b. The animals do not appear "depressed" because of their high level of physical activity. c. The animals appear "depressed," but only if there is an opportunity to escape that they fail to detect. d. The animals appear "depressed," but only if they previously had a chemical imbalance in the brain.

a. The animals that give up and appear "depressed" have depleted serotonin as a result of the experience.

As discussed in the Thinking Critically about DSM5 box in Chapter 11, which of the following is true about labeling a problem behavior like sex addiction as a mental disorder? a. The mental disorder classification implies the absence of personal responsibility b. "addiction", "compulsion", "impulse control disorder" are essentially symptoms c. Our understanding of neural reward pathways can now guide the diagnosis d. All of the above e. A and C only

a. The mental disorder classification implies the absence of personal responsibility

DARE, Scared Straight, recovered memory therapy, and facilitated communication are treatments that all share: a. The potential to do harm b. The potential to prevent problems from developing in the first place c. Initial skepticism about their effectiveness until research proved they worked d. They were treatments developed based on psychodynamic principles

a. The potential to do harm

The website of the American Psychological Association (wrongly) states "comparisons of different forms of psychotherapy most often result in relatively nonsignificant difference." The conclusion is an example of: a. The allegiance effect b. The "Dodo Bird Verdict" c. The placebo effect d. The "Barnum Effect"

b. The "Dodo Bird Verdict"

A basic problem with defining stress in terms of an event (e.g., losing your job) is that: a. The same event has been shown to cause different levels of life change for different people. b. This definition of stress runs the risk of circular reasoning (a tautology). c. People experience life changes all the time, but we cannot be sure that this is the cause of their stress. d. Measurement is unreliable.

a. The same event has been shown to cause different levels of life change for different people.

The "objects from Emery's desk drawer" demonstration was intended to illustrate: a. There are different ways to classify things for different purposes b. Classification is an arbitrary creation of the human mind c. In the end, how you decide to classify things, including Pluto, comes down to politics d. In the end, there is one and only one way to classify things

a. There are different ways to classify things for different purposes

The diagnosis of many mental disorders has low levels of reliability. This means that: a. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about whether an individual has a disorder b. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about what caused a mental disorder c. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about the best way to treat a disorder d. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about what diagnoses belong in the DSM-5

a. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about whether an individual has a disorder

According to Erik Erikson, the resolution of the identity crisis typically occurs during _____; contemporary views suggest that the identity crisis actually _____. a. adolescence; may not be resolved until young people are well into their 20s b. adolescence; occurred at a much later age during Erikson's time c. the late teens or early 20s; may be foregone today due to economic pressure to succeed early in life d. the late teens or early 20s; is resolved during middle adolescence, the most critical age for establishing roles such as a "jock", "popular", "druggie" etc

a. adolescence; may not be resolved until young people are well into their 20s

Which condition is comorbid with classic autism in the majority of cases? a. an intellectual disability b. a genetic disorder c. fragile X syndrome d. savant abilities

a. an intellectual disability

Avoidance can be negatively reinforcing. This is a particular problem for: a. Anxiety disorders b. Conversion disorders c. Multiple personality disorders d. Depressive disorders

a. anxiety disorder

How should we characterize separation anxiety anxiety in a 1-year-old child? a. as normal fear b. as a sign that the mother or father is dependent on the child, not vice versa c. as a needed DSM5 diagnostic category that takes development into account d. as a risk factor for the development of generalized anxiety disorder

a. as normal fear

How is information transmitted between nerve cells? a. by release of neurotransmitters at the synapse b. by release of of neurotransmitters along the axon c. By changes in electrical potential along the axon d. By changes in electrical potential in the synapse

a. by release of neurotransmitters at the synapse

There are two different ways of classifying intellectual disabilities, one based on _____ and the other based on ______. a. cause; IQ b. IQ; adaptive behavior c. known biological cause; cultural familial intellectual disability d. behavior in school; behavior at home

a. cause; IQ

Which comorbid problem often occurs with bulimia nervosa and often is an important focus of treatment? a) Depression b) Anxiety c) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder d) Histrionic personality disorder a) Depression

a. depression

"Understanding abnormal behavior within the context of normal development" is the definition of: a. developmental psychopathology b. neurodevelopmental disorder c. adjustment disorder d. psychosocial development

a. developmental psychopathology

As discussed in the text, attenuated psychosis syndrome was a proposed attempt to: a. diagnose schizophrenia in the prodromal phase b. distinguish schizophrenia from schizophreniform disorder c. identity a new subtype of schizophrenia with a more optimistic prognosis d. recognize that symptoms of schizophrenia are sometimes feigned as a form of malingering

a. diagnose schizophrenia in the prodromal phase

Trisomy 21 is another name for a. down syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Kanner's syndrome d. fragile x syndrome

a. down syndrome

What research evidence supports the idea that it is important to "click" with your therapist? a. findings that a positive client-therapist relationship predicts better outcomes across different approaches to therapy b. Evidence that Carl Rogers' humanistic therapy is more effective than other approaches c. Evidence that YAVIS therapists are preferred by their clients d. Evidence based on behavioral observations that therapy is more effective when clients openly tell their therapists how much they like him or her

a. findings that a positive client-therapist relationship predicts better outcomes across different approaches to therapy

Case studies can be useful for ______ hypotheses, but case studies cannot be used to _____ hypotheses. a. generating; test b. operationalizing; define c. forming null; test null d. psychoanalytic; explore cognitive-behavioral

a. generating; test

Your text offered this quote for an advocate of ______. "Freedom to be insane is an illusory freedom, a cruel hoax perpetuated on those who cannot think clearly by those who will not think clearly." a. greater paternalism in treating the mentally ill b. greater libertarianism in treating the mentally ill c. the abolition of the insanity defense d. the expansion of the insanity defense

a. greater paternalism in treating the mentally ill

The prevalence of depression among older adults is: a. higher than among younger adults b. lower than among younger adults c. the same as young adults a. all of the above

a. higher than among younger adults

Many years ago, I became violently ill after eating a BLT sandwich in a diner with a friend. It was a coincidence; I got the flu. But I still get nausea when I think of eating a BLT. But I don't bet upset about eating at diners or eating with friends. This strong association of BLT and nausea is an example of: a. Preparedness b. Introceptive exposure c. Panic d. Compulsion

a. preparedness

I'm having shoulder problems. If getting a steroid injection reduces my pain beyond chance levels, but I still hurt a lot and can't play tennis, you would say that the treatment produces results are: a. statistically significant but not clinically significant b. clinically significant but not statistically significant c. both statistically and clinically significant d. neither statistically nor clinically significant

a. statistically significant but not clinically significant

What was one of the changes in laws governing insanity that occurred after the Hinckly case? (guy who attempted to kill Reagan) a. the burden of proof was shifted to the defense from the prosecution b. the standard of proof was changed from "beyond a reasonable doubt" to "preponderance of the evidence" c. mental health professionals were given greater latitude to determine insanity d. the "product test" was given greater weight in determining insanity

a. the burden of proof was shifted to the defense from the prosecution

An epidemiologist studies the rates of depression in a community over a one-year period. Her calculation of the annual incidence will be based on: a. the number of new cases that developed that year b. the number of preexisiting cases that year c. the number of active cases on the last day of the year whether new or pre exisiting d. the number of new cases that developed during the year in comparison to the prior year

a. the number of new cases that developed that year

Which of the following is an accurate statement of predicted demographic trends in the 21st century? a. the proportion of the oldest-old will grow rapidly b. older men will begin to outlive women in the next 20 years c. the so-called "aging of the baby boom generation" will be a bust because of rapid immigration d. the trend toward greater longevity will be reversed due to a shortage of health care

a. the proportion of the oldest-old will grow rapidly

Some experts argue that multiple personalities are produced by iatrogenesis. The means that multiple personalities are caused by: a. Treatment b. Self-hypnosis c. Misinterpretation of the bible d. Unknown, individualized causes

a. treatment

In the case of Buck v Bell, concerned with eugenics, the United Supreme Court a. upheld Virginia's forced sterilization laws b. ruled that sterilization can be mandated in cases of "substituted judgement" c. decided that forced sterilization was permissible only in cases where an intellectual disability has a known biological cause d. finally overturned Virginia's forced sterilization laws

a. upheld Virginia's forced sterilization laws

One theory about the link between stress and illness suggests that the flight or fight response: a. was an adaptive to threats over the course of evolution but is a maladaptive response to most modern stressors b. is exaggerated in people who develop stress-related illnesses; they respond to ordinary stress with extraordinary intense responses c. isn't exaggerated in people who develop stress-related illnesses, but is triggered much more often (by minor stressors) in people who develop stress-related illnesses d. is paradoxically weak or absent in people who suffer from stress-related illness, an observation that underscores that a degree of fear and anger is adaptive, not maladaptive

a. was an adaptive to threats over the course of evolution but is a maladaptive response to most modern stressors

In the above graphs (shown in lecture), the changing skew of the distribution graphs (the curved lines showing more people further to the right in each successive graph) across quartiles of genetic risk provide evidence for: *Quizlet won't let me add the picture without a premium membership* a) A gene-environment interaction b) A gene-environment correlation c) Differential heritability d) The influence of the shared environment

b) A gene-environment correlation

The personality disorder that is closest to being a synonym for psychopathy is: a) Paranoid personality disorder b) Antisocial personality disorder c) Schizoid personality disorder d) Borderline personality disorder

b) Antisocial personality disorder

True story. In a recent article from Virginia magazine, a UVA medical center professor explained that, he could study children's "past lives". Why? Because human consciousness exists apart from the activity of the brain. This statement best represents which of the following "isms" discussed in chapter 2? A. holism b. reductionalism c. dualism d. humanism

c. dualism

What evidence would make K (or any parent), whose husband J suffered from schizophrenia, worry about the well-being of their children? a) Children who are reared by a parent with schizophrenia are at twice the risk of developing the disorder b) Children who have a biological parent with schizophrenia are about 15 times more likely to suffer from the disorder c) Parents who suffer from schizophrenia are 5 times more likely to abuse their children d) All of the above e) None of the above

b) Children who have a biological parent with schizophrenia are about 15 times more likely to suffer from the disorder

Gambling disorder is ________ in DSM-5. a) Listed in an appendix of "conditions for further study" b) Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on substance-related disorders c) Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on paraphilic disorders d) Not included

b) Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on substance-related disorders

As we saw from my quick self-test in class, in evaluating drinking problems the two leading measures of alcohol difficulties both rely heavily on: a) The average number of drinks you consume per day b) Suggestions that you or others already think you have a problem c) Indications of increased tolerance and withdrawal symptoms d)Admission of using drinking to relieve unhappy moods or relationship problems

b) Suggestions that you or others already think you have a problem

In the detailed case history of schizophrenia (J & K), I mentioned that J would call me at home. The fact that I could "talk him down" so that he could understand that his delusions were not real but a part of his disease showed: a) How people with schizophrenia can, with a little guidance, come to see that their delusions are illogical b) That J had at least some insight into his illness c) How a patient's use of hallucinogens can exacerbate their delusional symptoms d) All of the above e) A and B only

b) That J had at least some insight into his illness

Evolutionary theories argue that men and women should differ in their mating strategies (sexuality) because of differences in parental investment. Parental investment refers to: a) The different value that men and women place in being a father versus a mother b) The different amount of time men and women contribute biologically toward producing offspring c) The different biological and social costs of rearing children, especially the disproportionate effort that parents put into raising boys versus girls d) The difference in offspring's bonding with mothers versus fathers, which, in turn, make men less committed to their partner than women

b) The different amount of time men and women contribute biologically toward producing offspring

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of survey results about sexual problems such as erectile failure, trouble with lubrication, premature ejaculation, or trouble reaching orgasm? a) These problems are rare in the general population, occurring among less than 1% of people, and a sign of sexual dysfunction b) These problems are quite common, occasionally occurring among 10-20% or more of the population c) These problems are quite common in sexual relationships between strangers but not in relationships between committed partners d) These problems are typically a symptom of deeper emotional or relationship difficulties

b) These problems are quite common, occasionally occurring among 10-20% or more of the population

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Psychology has no accepted definition of "normal," which makes it tricky to define "abnormal" b. All mental disorders involve personal distress, but mental health professionals are reluctant to define mental disorders based on this subjective criterion c. In the former Soviet Union, some political dissidents were said to have a mental disorder d. All of the above are true

b. All mental disorders involve personal distress, but mental health professionals are reluctant to define mental disorders based on this subjective criterion

You prescribe antidepressants to one of your patients who calls two days later to rave about their benefits in lifting his obsessions. You suspect this is a placebo effect, because a. Antidepressants are for depression. Duh! b. Antidepressants generally take 4 to 6 weeks before producing psychological benefits. c. Obsessions are not known to be helped by any medication. d. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder are notoriously susceptible to placebo effects.

b. Antidepressants generally take 4 to 6 weeks before producing psychological benefits.

Freud and Erikson's theories emphasize what essential feature that is overlooked by most other views of the cause of normal and abnormal behavior? a. Both highlight biological drives b. Both underscore the importance of developmental stages c. Both emphasize that most of our impulses are unconscious d. Both identify the key role of cultural and historical values

b. Both underscore the importance of developmental stages

Expert witnesses: a. Must be appointed by the judge, not hired by one side or the other b. Can testify to opinion not just fact c. Almost always agree with each other d. Can reliably answer legal questions

b. Can testify to opinion not just fact

One straightforward difference between cognitive-behavior therapy and humanistic therapy is: a. Humanistic therapist are empathic; cognitive-behavior therapists are not b. Cognitive-behavior therapists talk more than humanistic therapists c. Cognitive-behavior therapists are not interested in emotion; emotion is the primary focus of humanistic therapy d. Humanistic therapists offer more interpretations than cognitive-behavior therapists

b. Cognitive-behavior therapists talk more than humanistic therapists

These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client assigned homework to monitor conflict with family and to try out new ways of relating to them." The orientation of this therapist is probably a. Humanistic b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Biological

b. Cognitive-behavioral

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. the cause of most mental disorders is unknown b. DSM5 classifies mental disorders based on their cause c. the same DSM5 diagnosis is likely to have many different causes d. like cancer or heart disease, many mental disorders are thought to be "lifestyle diseases" e. all of the above are true

b. DSM5 classifies mental disorders based on their cause

The so-called recovered memory movement assumed that victims of child sexual abuse routinely suffered from: a. Dissociative fugue b. Dissociative amnesia c. Dissociative identity disorder d. Depersonalization/derealization disorder

b. Dissociative amnesia

I shared results from my own studies: Mediation had far more positive benefits for families than the litigation of child custody disputes. But rural courts with few resources might not experience the same level of benefits from mediation. In terms of psychotherapy outcome research, this is an issue of: a. Statistical significance versus clinical significance b. Efficacy versus effectiveness c. Blind versus double-blind study d. All of the above e. None of the above

b. Efficacy versus effectiveness

What term best captures the concept that the same disorder can have multiple causes? a. Etiology b. Equifinality c. Reductionism d. Systems theory

b. Equifinality

Using your new language from Psych 3410, you tell your girlfriend. "You're all (sex and aggression)!" Turns out she's taking psych too. She retorts, "You're all (guilt)!" a. Id; ego b. Id; superego c. Ego; id d. Ego; superego

b. Id; superego

You attend a lecture where an eminent authority shows all kinds of cool brain images showing differences between the brains of trauma victims and people not subjected to trauma. He says, "Trauma causes brain damage." Using your critical thinking, you ask him if he's aware of twin studies showing that a. MZ twins who both have been exposed to the trauma of combat show damage to different areas of the brain b. MZ co-twins of people suffering from PTSD also show supposed "damage" to certain brain structures even though they haven't experienced PTSD c. DZ twins and MZ twins are equally likely to experience trauma and have similar fMRI results following trauma exposure d. Studies of MZ twins exposed to trauma at different times shows that the brain can heal given sufficient time following trauma

b. MZ co-twins of people suffering from PTSD also show supposed "damage" to certain brain structures even though they haven't experienced PTSD

Compared to major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder is: a. Highly genetic b. More chronic and less severe c. More common among men than women d. All of the above e. A and B only

b. More chronic and less severe

One theory (that you will soon learn about) is that anxiety is maintained by avoidance. You get anxious about doing something, avoid it, and avoidance lowers your anxiety. In operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d. Response cost

b. Negative reinforcement

Communication between neurons occurs when ______ are released from the ______ of one neuron into the ______ and received at the receptors of another neuron. a. Neurotransmitters; nucleus; dendrites b. Neurotransmitters; axon terminal; synapse c. Neuromodulators; dendrites; synapse d. Neuromodulators; nucleus; dendrites

b. Neurotransmitters; axon terminal; synapse

The highest rate of suicide in the U.S. is found among: a. Younger black men b. Older white men c. Younger white women d. Older black women

b. Older white men

The serenity prayer ("God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; the courage to change the things I can; and wisdom to know the difference") is a plea for the wisdom to know when to use _________ vs. _________. a. Pessimism; acceptance b. Problem focused coping; emotion-focused coping c. Repression; optimism d. Secular coping; religious coping

b. Problem focused coping; emotion-focused coping

"Your depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in your brain." What "ism" is this statement an example of? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

b. Reductionism

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Signaled stressors cause more anxiety than unsignaled stressors because of the worry they produce. b. Repression is associated with increased psychophysiological reactions to stress. c. Coping that involves appealing to a higher power leads to passive acceptance rather than active efforts at change. d. Being in control of a stressor increases anxiety due to the added sense of responsibility.

b. Repression is associated with increased psychophysiological reactions to stress.

It may be a stretch, but which of the following personality disorders is best exemplified by Luna Lovegood, the Harry Potter character with peculiar habits and odd beliefs? a. histrionic PD b. Schizotypal PD c. dependent PD d. borderline PD

b. Schizotypal PD

Why is it important to distinguish between statistical significance and clinical importance in treatment outcome studies? a. Clinical importance is based on subjective judgment, not statistical procedures. b. Statistical significance may reflect relatively trivial changes in the patients' adjustment. c. Statistical significance can be determined only in a true experiment. d. Clinical importance involves case studies, whereas statistical significance involves empirical research.

b. Statistical significance may reflect relatively trivial changes in the patients' adjustment.

_________ is especially important to recognize in psychotherapy outcome research because it is impossible to conduct ________. a. The gene-environment correlation; research that manipulates human genes b. The allegiance effect; double-blind studies c. The difference between cause and correlation; true experiments d. Meta-analysis; clinically significant research

b. The allegiance effect; double-blind studies

Here is a bullet point from one class slide: "One hope is that a single, specific cause will be discovered for more refined diagnoses." This refers to: a. The DSM-6 will classify disorders according to their cause. b. There probably are multiple subtypes of "depression," "schizophrenia," etc., some of which may be discovered to have a single cause. c. The biological paradigm, specifically the "medical model," has been very successful in identifying causes of mental disorders d. Unlike normal psychological experience, mental disorders are located in the brain and improved brain imaging techniques are showing us precisely where.

b. There probably are multiple subtypes of "depression," "schizophrenia," etc., some of which may be discovered to have a single cause.

Why am I studying twins in my research on the link between marriage/marital status and depression? a. To control for the genetic aspects of depression b. To control for genetic and shared environmental selection into marriage c. To control for gene-environment interactions in causing depression and marriage d. To control for the effects of an unhappy marriage on depression

b. To control for genetic and shared environmental selection into marriage

Why did I bring up the distinction between exogenous and endogenous depression in lecture? a. To illustrate the underinclusiveness of the DSM. b. To illustrate limitations with the current diagnosis, as this theoretically sensible distinction cannot be made reliably. c. To show how some diagnoses have demonstrated etiological validity. d. Because this diagnosis is sure to appear in DSM-6.

b. To illustrate limitations with the current diagnosis, as this theoretically sensible distinction cannot be made reliably

Does the diagnosis tell me anything about the cause, course, or best treatment of this disorder? This question is a concern about: a. Reliability b. Validity c. Coverage d. Thresholds

b. Validity

In addition to an IQ test, which of the following instruments might be critical to making a diagnosis of an intellectual disability? a. Scholastic Aptitude Test b. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

b. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales

In what way does the heat sensitive picture of earth from space (found in Chapter 4) teach us to appreciate basic limitations in brain imagining techniques? a. The image reminds us of the importance of appreciating different levels of analysis b. While impressive, the image illustrates limitations in meaning and degree of resolution c. The image reminds us that we need to take a systems approach in all sciences d. While fascinating, the image reminds us of the importance of theory and research; after all, we once thought the world was flat

b. While impressive, the image illustrates limitations in meaning and degree of resolution

I routinely advise undergraduates to take a couple of years off before starting grad school in order to make sure they really want to pursue their chosen career, take a break from schooling, and just live a little. My advice is similar to Erikson's concept of: a. identity diffusion b. a moratorium c. a life-cycle transition d. psychosocial development

b. a moratorium

Feelings of extreme elation that are out of proportion to reality are a symptom of a. Dissociative disorder b. Bipolar disorder c. Fugue d. Agoraphobia

b. bipolar disorder

Compared to DSM IV definition of autistic disorder, the DSM5 definition of autism spectrum disorder is like: a. the unreliable diagnosis of personality disorders becoming reliable b. changing the cutoff for intellectual disability from 70 to 85 c. treating ADHD as qualitatively different from normal attentional problems d. distinguishing schizophrenia from schizoaffective disorder

b. changing the cutoff for intellectual disability from 70 to 85

"Active, directive, nonjudgemental, teacher" best describes what kind of therapist? a. Biological b. cognitive-behavioral c. psychodynamic d. humanistic

b. cognitive-behavioral

Majorie has just experienced a traumatic event, and she is feeling cut off from herself and her environment and reports feeling like a robot. A mental health professional would say that Marjorie is experiencing a. Derealization b. depersonalization c. dissociative amnesia d. fugue

b. depersonalization

Knowing _____ is not only essential for assessing potential psychological disorders of childhood but also for judging adult behavior within the context of adult development. a. the difference between externalizing and internalizing b. developmental norms c. temperament d. social clocks

b. developmental norms

"The disruption in normally integrated processes in memory, consciousness, memory, or perception" is the definition of: a. The unconscious b. Dissociation c. Amnesia d. Fugue

b. dissociation

Inhibited sexual arousal disorder in women is most similar to which disorder in men? a) dyspareunia b) erectile dysfunction c) premature ejaculation d) hyperactive sexual dysfunction

b. erectile dysfunction

Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia? a) flat affect b) hallucinations c) lack of insight d) creativity

b. hallunciations

Behavior genetics focuses on _____, while evolutionary psychology focuses on ______ a. gene-environment interactions; gene-environment correlations b. how genes make people different from one another; how genes make people like another c. Genetic contributions to abnormal behavior; genetic contributions to normal behavior d. genetic influences at one point in time; genetic influences across development

b. how genes make people different from one another; how genes make people like another

Which of the following is NOT true about medications used in the treatment of mental disorders? a. Effective psychoactive medications offer only symptom relief b. Psychoactive medications often need to be taken for a very long time c. Psychiatrists prescribe the great majority of psychoactive medications d. Psychoactive medications often have unpleasant side effects, and this can affect use e. All of the above

c. Psychiatrists prescribe the great majority of psychoactive medications

Emery has hope that scientists may discover single, identifiable causes for some mental disorders if: a. the biopyschosocial model is widely adopted and paradigms are abandoned b. new, narrow subtypes of current disorders are identified, as has occurred with intellectual disabilities c. scientists recognized the importance of gene-environment interactions d. human subject committees allow scientists allow scientists to manipulate the human genome

b. new, narrow subtypes of current disorders are identified, as has occurred with intellectual disabilities

In class, I used Gollum, Nixon, and the Godfather (mafia figure played by Brando) as potential illustrations of what personality disorder? a. antisocial PD b. paranoid PD c. narcissistic PD d. obsessive-compulsive PD

b. paranoid PD

What behavior was included in the DSM5 chapter on substance-related disorders? a. sexual addiction b. pathological gambling c. compulsive internet/phone use disorder d. all of the above e. none of the above

b. pathological gambling

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect one of psychiatrist Allen Frances' concerns about the DSM5 (as said in his article): a. DSM5 contains changes are that are scientifically b. people involved in DSM5 were influenced unduly by "Big Pharma" (drug companies) c. DSM5 turns too many normal life problems into mental disorders d. The APA is unduly influenced by profits generated by DSM5 e. B and D

b. people involved in DSM5 were influenced unduly by "Big Pharma" (drug companies)

Which of the following treatments is totally discredited and never practiced today? a. ECT b. prefrontal lobotomy c. psychoanalysis d. all of the above e. A and B only

b. prefrontal lobotomy

In DSM-5, conversion disorders are classified as a type of: a. Dissociative disorder b. Somatic symptom disorder c. Anxiety disorder d. PTSD

b. somatic system disorder

Which of the following is NOT true of treatments for sexual dysfunction? a. education is an effective treatment for some sexual dysfunctions b. talk therapy tends to be more effective for female dysfunction, while medical treatments tend to be effective for male dysfunction c. many interventions for sexual dysfunction are based on behavioral principles d. treating performance anxiety can help treat sexual dysfunction e. None of the above are false

b. talk therapy tends to be more effective for female dysfunction, while medical treatments tend to be effective for male dysfunction

Rett's syndrome is no longer considered part of the autism spectrum in DSM5 because: a. the motor symptoms of the syndrome are now viewed as due to neurological problems, not a preservation of sameness b. the gene causing Rett's was discovered in 1999, and the syndrome is now viewed as a known neurological cause of intellectual disability c. the new DSM5 diagnostic criteria excluded Rett's, which was defined by all the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder except without impairments in communication or intelligence d. Andreas Rett, who claimed to have identified a new form of autism, was found to have fabricated his research results in order to further his academic career

b. the gene causing Rett's was discovered in 1999, and the syndrome is now viewed as a known neurological cause of intellectual disability

An important problem with the so-called anti-anxiety medications is that a. They are equally effective in treating depression b. They are highly addictive c. They take at least a month before producing any clinical benefits d. They do not alleviate anxiety

b. they are highly addictive

______ and ______ are traditional criteria for defining addiction, but ______. a. craving; withdrawal; some substance use disorders do not involve demonstrated craving and withdrawal b. tolerance; withdrawal; they are only 2 of 11 possible symptoms of substance use disorder in DSM5 c. tolerance; withdrawal; DSM5 added craving as a third criterion for defining addiction d. craving; withdrawal; DSM5 doesn't require these symptoms to diagnose behavioral addictions

b. tolerance; withdrawal; they are only 2 of 11 possible symptoms of substance use disorder in DSM5

Your roommate tells you that his therapist suggested he was "self-medicating" with alcohol. The therapist means: a. your roommate was drinking while taking prescription drugs that interact badly with alcohol b. your roommate was using alcohol to try to alleviate psychological troubles like anxiety c. your roommate was drinking because he enjoyed getting "buzzed" d. your roommate was using alcohol as an excuse for his misbehavior

b. your roommate was using alcohol to try to alleviate psychological troubles like anxiety

Assertive Community Treatment for schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses involves: a) Aggressively hospitalizing patients who cannot care for themselves in addition to those who are dangerous to themselves or others b) A civil commitment procedure where a court orders patients to receive outpatient therapy and enabling hospitalization if they fail to comply with orders c) Actively engaging outpatients, including assertive efforts like home visits, to insure compliance with treatment such as taking medication d) Actively identifying community resources, for example, group homes, to ensure that services are available for the mentally ill in the least restrictive alternative setting

c) Actively engaging outpatients, including assertive efforts like home visits, to insure compliance with treatment such as taking medication

The "five factor" model or "big five" refers to the five: a) Major drugs of abuse b) Most common sexual dysfunctions (in men and women) c) Dimensions of normal personality d) Culture of thinness belief that even small clothing sizes are too large

c) Dimensions of normal personality

Which of the following grouping of drugs is NOT accurate? a) Psychomotor stimulants include amphetamines and cocaine b) Sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics include barbiturates and benzodiazepines c) Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, and PCP d) Opiates include opium, morphine, and heroin

c) Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, and PCP

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a) The literal meaning of "schizophrenia" is "split mind." b) The 2nd generation, "atypical" antipsychotics were thought to offer hope for treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. c) Lower social class is a cause of schizophrenia not a consequence of the illness. d) Diagnostically, schizophrenia can be confused with psychotic affective disorders (e.g., psychotic depression).

c) Lower social class is a cause of schizophrenia not a consequence of the illness.

In the assigned outside reading, Watts et al. (2013) argued that narcissism had a "bright side." This bright side is: a) Called "vulnerable narcissism" - vulnerable because empathy for others tempers the narcissism b) The narcissist doesn't think they have a problem - the personality pattern is ego syntonic c) Narcissists can become leaders who are effective at "selling" their ideas d) Narcissists tend to be quite intelligent, thus some of the excess confidence is well placed

c) Narcissists can become leaders who are effective at "selling" their ideas

A common technique of sex therapy is sensate focus which involves: a) Intense stimulation of the sexual organs prior to intercourse b) Concentrating on achieving orgasm oneself, not on your partner c) Practicing enjoying nonsexual physical contact with your partner d) Enjoying your partner with every sense except touch (sight, smell, hearing, even taste)

c) Practicing enjoying nonsexual physical contact with your partner

Your text includes a cartoon of a doe dumping a buck for another buck with really big antlers. She says, "It's not you. It's natural selection." Great break up line, but big deer antlers really are a result of ________ . a) Inclusive fitness b) Sexual selection, specifically intersexual competition c) Sexual selection, specifically intrasexual competition d) The coevolution of males and females

c) Sexual selection, specifically intrasexual competition

Detoxification involves: a) Treating family members to help them to stop enabling their loved one's abuse b) A life-threatening reaction to binge drinking c) The gradual process of removing a drug when a patient has become dependent on it d) Exposing yourself to more and more of a drug until you overcome its initial, negative effects

c) The gradual process of removing a drug when a patient has become dependent on it

What do research results tell us about the effectiveness of psychological treatments for sexual offenders? a) Most offenders can be helped. b) Only the offenders who admit their guilt can be helped. c) The results have been discouraging. d) Psychological treatment works best when combined with medications.

c) The results have been discouraging.

The ADH and ALDH genes, which are found disproportionately among Asians, have been shown to have what effect on alcoholism? a) They increase the risk for alcoholism b) Paradoxically, they only increase the risk for alcoholism among non-Asians, evidence for a gene-environment interaction c) They protect against the development of alcoholism by causing an adverse reaction to alcohol consumption d) They were once thought to protect against the development of alcoholism, but scientists now recognize that this mistaken conclusion was due to gene-environment correlation (Asian culture does not condone excessive alcohol consumption)

c) They protect against the development of alcoholism by causing an adverse reaction to alcohol consumption

The key difference between avoidant and schizoid personality disorders is a) Avoidant personality disorder has closer etiological ties to mood disorders than schizoid personality disorder does. b)Those with schizoid personality disorder tend to become extremely dependent on others; those with avoidant personality disorder manage to maintain their independence. c) Those with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone; those with avoidant personality want to be liked by others but are afraid of disapproval. d) Those with avoidant personality disorder suffer from self-induced social isolation; those with schizoid personality disorder are isolated by others reactions to them.

c) Those with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone; those with avoidant personality want to be liked by others but are afraid of disapproval.

In approximately what year did the population of people in mental hospitals peak in the US? a. 1900 b. 1930 c. 1950 d. 1990

c. 1950

The JAMA article by Fournier et al. (2010) on antidepressant medication (ADM) concluded that: a. ADM is no different from placebo b. ADM is no different from placebo in cases of severe depression c. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo for mild/moderate depression but large benefits for severe depression d. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo across all levels of the severity of depression

c. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo for mild/moderate depression but large benefits for severe depression

Around the same time that the emotional Jenny McCarthy video that we watched was made, The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development offered this statement, "There is no evidence to date that the MMR vaccine causes autism." This contrast in tone illustrates an important idea: a. Even the federal government can be corrupt, or at least in denial b. Science can be unfeeling. We need advocates to humanize the suffering caused by mental illness c. As an inquiring skeptic, you should be persuaded more by cool, objective arguments than hot, emotional ones d. Case studies are valuable in addition to correlational studies and experiments

c. As an inquiring skeptic, you should be persuaded more by cool, objective arguments than hot, emotional ones

The humanistic paradigm assumes that normal and abnormal behavior are a matter of free will. In contrast, all three other major paradigms assume: a. Insanity is a limitation on free will b. Normal behavior is a matter of free will but abnormal behavior is not c. Both normal and abnormal behavior are determined by potentially knowable factors d. Free will can be measured using the biopsychosocial model

c. Both normal and abnormal behavior are determined by potentially knowable factors

In lecture, I gave a case study of a young man who thought that, like basketball player Hank Gathers, he was about to have a massive heart attack based on an undiagnosed heart condition. His fears caused him to panic. This case was an example of a. Beck's idea of magnification b. A somatic symptom disorder c. Catastrophic misinterpretation d. Beck's idea of overgeneralization

c. Catastrophic misinterpretation

DSM-5 classifies mental disorders on the basis of: a. Hypothesized causes b. Most effective treatments c. Description (symptoms) d. Theory rather than research

c. Description (symptoms)

On the radio this weekend, I heard someone arguing that human consciousness may exist apart from activity in the human brain. (This is true. The speaker was trying to explain near-death experiences.) This speaker best represents which of the following "isms"? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

c. Dualism

The key to the treatment of anxiety is _______ but ________ . a. Taking anti-anxiety medication as prescribed; many people do not take their medication b. Uncovering the deeper source of anxiety; the treatment is expensive and slow moving c. Exposure to the source of anxiety; exposure can be difficult to achieve d. Antidepressant medication; the FDA approves antidepressants only for depression treatment

c. Exposure to the source of anxiety; exposure can be difficult to achieve

Which of the following is NOT true of grief (as discussed in lecture)? a. People grieve differently in response to irrevocable and revocable losses. b. Grief is one example where a state similar to depression is precipitated by an environmental event. c. Grieving is a creation of the human psyche. d. Grief is difficult to study, because it unfolds over time and can differ from person to person.

c. Grieving is a creation of the human psyche.

Compared with physical illnesses, mental disorders rank where in terms of disease burden (effect on life expectancy)? a. mental disorders create more disease burden than all physical illnesses put together b. #2 following cardiovascular disease ahead of cancer c. Last, all major physical disorders create a greater burden d. Trick question, only physical illnesses are assessed for disease burden.

c. Last, all major physical disorders create a greater burden

Mental disorders appear to be polygenic. This means that: a. Scientists surely will identify the gene responsible for various disorders one day b. The same gene contributes to multiple disorders, so identifying candidate genes should help to cure multiple disorders c. Many genes are involved in producing a disorder, producing variation that looks like the normal distribution even with only a relatively small N of genes d. All of the above e. B and C only

c. Many genes are involved in producing a disorder, producing variation that looks like the normal distribution even with only a relatively small N of genes

The New York Times video (required) argued that the McMartin Preschool case showed that: a. Ritualistic child sexual abuse is far more common than we want to imagine b. With the aid of puppet therapists, children can be accurate eyewitnesses c. Media excess can create public hysteria even in the absence of hard evidence d. Successful prosecution can clean up long-hidden abuses

c. Media excess can create public hysteria even in the absence of hard evidence

Which of the following is NOT true of psychotropic medications used to treat mental disorders? a. Medication often is a safe and effective alternative b. Medication typically only offers symptom relief c. Medication is prescribed mostly be psychiatrists d. All of the above are true

c. Medication is prescribed mostly by psychiatrists

Most people are resilient in the face of trauma. This means: a. Despite their PTSD, most people find ways to cope with the demands of their life b. Most people recover from their PTSD without treatment c. Most people "bounce back" from the distress of trauma and do not develop PTSD d. Most people experience no distress when confronted with trauma

c. Most people "bounce back" from the distress of trauma and do not develop PTSD

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. People exposed to the same trauma are equally likely to develop PTSD b. Dissociation during trauma is an adaptive defense mechanism that predicts a decreased likelihood of future PTSD c. People who are more anxious and easily upset before a trauma are more likely to develop PTSD after a trauma d. The experience of all trauma is random, a matter of bad luck (or good luck)

c. People who are more anxious and easily upset before a trauma are more likely to develop PTSD after a trauma

What research area focuses specifically on how psychological stress influences the immune system? a. Infectious disease b. Psychophysiology c. Psychoneuroimmunology d. Behavioral medicine

c. Psychoneuroimmunology

A cognitive-behavior therapist and a humanistic therapist are arguing about the effectiveness of their respective treatments. The cognitive-behavior therapist says dozens of studies support her approach. The humanistic therapist says, while her approach hadn't been studied, research to date has always been contradicted by true believers in cognitive behavior therapy. In terms of research issues, what legitimate arguments can the cognitive behavior therapist (first in choices below) and the humanistic therapist (second in choices below) offer against each other? a. The placebo effect (common factors) accounts for much of the benefit of psychotherapy; you can never prove the null hypothesis. b. Process research is more relevant than outcome research; outcome research is more relevant than process research c. The burden of proof rests with the proponent of a hypothesis; the allegiance effect explains findings to date d. some therapies are little more than a placebo; therapy effectiveness has been demonstrated but not therapy efficacy

c. The burden of proof rests with the proponent of a hypothesis; the allegiance effect explains findings to date

In the debate between "lumpers" and "splitters" about anxiety disorders, the splitters argue that a. People with anxiety disorders are split off (dissociate) from reality. b. People with anxiety disorders may show physiological, behavioral, or cognitive symptoms but do not need to exhibit all three. c. There are several separate and distinct anxiety disorders. d. Pathological anxiety is qualitatively different from normal anxiety.

c. There are several separate and distinct anxiety disorders.

Why are braining imaging procedures not widely used for the diagnosis of mental disorders? a. The procedures are currently too expensive to be used in routine clinical work and instead are only used to diagnose mental disorders in research studies b. Brain imaging is routinely used by psychiatrists in making diagnoses, but other mental health professionals (who far outnumber psychiatrists) are not trained in using the technique c. There is no evidence that these procedures can be used to identify mental disorders d. In fact, braining imaging procedures became the diagnostic standard with the publication of DSM-5

c. There is no evidence that these procedures can be used to identify mental disorders

What is the best no treatment control group in psychotherapy outcome research? a. No treatment. Duh! b. A sugar pill c. This is a tricky question with no clear answer, because people in a "no treatment" group seek "treatment" in the form of talking to friends or family, asking advice, and so on d. Trick question! You don't need a no-treatment control group in a treatment study

c. This is a tricky question with no clear answer, because people in a "no treatment" group seek "treatment" in the form of talking to friends or family, asking advice, and so on

I urged you to appreciate both "common factors" and "active ingredients" in different psychotherapies. This means: a. A combination of medication and therapy often is most effective b. Sugar pills work, meaning they contain both placebos and active ingredients c. While we want specific treatments for specific disorders, we need to remember that aspects of the helping relationship make all therapies more effective d. Of course, the different therapy paradigms have different ideas about psychotherapy but they all involve some form of a "talking cure"

c. While we want specific treatments for specific disorders, we need to remember that aspects of the helping relationship make all therapies more effective

Rational suicide is A. A bizarre suicide b. a description of the logic teenagers follow in justifying suicide based on mistaken assumptions about their life never getting better c. a controversial term for suicides among those facing painful, terminal illness, particularly older adults d. the hotly debated procedure (now legal in a few states) where physicians might help a terminally ill patient commit suicide

c. a controversial term for suicides among those facing painful, terminal illness, particularly older adults

An advance psychiatric directive is: a. a procedure that must be followed as a part of civil commitment proceedings b. a professional responsibility to warn the potential victims of violence that they may be in danger c. a legal instrument completed by mental patients about their treatment preferences in the event that they become psychotic d. a type of informed consent required before beginning potentially dangerous psychiatric treatments

c. a legal instrument completed by mental patients about their treatment preferences in the event that they become psychotic

What are status offenses? a. crimes that are illegal at any age b. behaviors that are disruptive but not illegal c. acts that are illegal only if you are a minor d. behaviors that are legal but morally questionable

c. acts that are illegal only if you are a minor

What is the first step of the AA 12 step program? a. recognizing that you have a problem and agreeing to seek therapy for it b. checking into a hospital detox program to get past physiological addiction before stopping drinking c. admitting you are powerless over alcohol and unable to manage drinking on your own d. hitting bottom

c. admitting you are powerless over alcohol and unable to manage drinking on your own

Teenagers often engage in rule violations, so it is essential to distinguish between ______ and _______ antisocial behavior. a. externalized; internalized b. manipulative; rebellious c. adolescent-limited; life-course-persistent d. intentional; unintentional

c. adolescent-limited; life-course-persistent

The _____ of personality disorders is evident in ______ a. reliability; their appearance in DSM5 b. validity; the rejection of dimensional definitions of personality disorders in DSM5 c. comorbidity; DSM5's grouping of personality disorders into clusters d. Enduring nature; DSM5's criterion of repeated help seeking as a part of the diagnosis e. All of the above

c. comorbidity; DSM5's grouping of personality disorders into clusters

which of the following is known as the "stress hormone"? a. adrenaline b. epinephrine c. cortisol d. norepinephrine

c. cortisol

Mental disorders are currently classified on the basis of A. causes b. most effective treatments c. descriptive features d. all of the above e. A and B only

c. descriptive features

You get angry over a low grade, but instead of getting mad at the professor, who intimidates you, you later pick a fight with your roommate for no apparent reason. This is an example of: a. projection b. sublimation c. displacement d. reaction formation

c. displacement

How does the DSM5 define trauma? a. A horrific event that occurs outside of the realm of ordinary human experience b. an event involving actual or threatened death to oneself or others that produces intense fear, helplessness and fear c. exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (involving violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (but not through media exposure) d.exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (involving violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (including media exposure)

c. exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (involving violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (but not through media exposure)

Jocelyn, the woman in the video shown in class earlier in the semester who engaged in sadomasochistic relationships, would not be considered to have a DSM5 mental disorder because: a. She had been a victim of sexual abuse by her father b. she had been a victim of sexual abuse by a masochistic man c. her relationships did not cause her distress or interfere with her functioning d. In fact. Jocelyn would be considered to have a paraphilic disorder

c. her relationships did not cause her distress or interfere with her functioning

Attempts to predict violence are especially likely to result in what type of error? a. high true positive rates b. high true negative rates c. high false positive rates d. high false negative rates

c. high false positive rates

"You need to be careful about the effects of calling someone 'schizophrenic', 'manic', 'manic', 'LD'. That stigmatizes people and make others treat them differently." This concern is most closely associated with: a. the biopsychosocial model b. the DSM5 c. labeling theory d. psychoanalytic theory

c. labeling theory

According to your text, perhaps the two keys to successful adjustment later in life are: a. resolving the late adult identity crisis, accepting the inevitability of death b. getting good treatment for anxiety and depression c. maintaining good physical health and close relationships with family and friends d. reminiscing about the past, planning on rejoining loved ones about the future

c. maintaining good physical health and close relationships with family and friends

A particularly severe form of depression, one that may respond best to biological treatments perhaps including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is called: a. major depressive disorder b. persistent depressive disorder c. melancholia d. there is no such diagnosis

c. melancholia

Which of the following is NOT a libertarian position in relation to mental health and the law? a. assisted suicide should be legal b. committed mental patients should have the right to refuse treatment c. mental patients should be hospitalized if they are unable to care for themselves d. the insanity defense should be abolished

c. mental patients should be hospitalized if they are unable to care for themselves

Endorphins are endogenous neuropeptides that are closely related chemically to a) Alcohol b) Cocaine c) Morphine d) Nicotine

c. morphine

Which of the following is NOT an eating and feeding disorder listed in DSM-5? a) Binge eating disorder b) Rumination disorder c) Obesity d) None of the above are DSM-5 eating and feeding disorders e) B and C only

c. obesity

Repetitive, intrusive thoughts are called a. phobias b. flashbacks c. obsessions d. compulsions

c. obsessions

These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client uses denial to protect herself from inner rage at family members." The theoretical orientation of this therapist is most likely: a. Humanistic b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Biological

c. psychodynamic

What can a caretaker do to prevent the intellectual disabilities associated with PKU? a. use behavior modification b. obtain an intrauterine blood transfusions c. put the child on a long-term phenylalanine free diet d. get vaccinated against the illness prior to becoming pregnant

c. put the child on a long-term phenylalanine free diet

Skinner taught rats to press a lever for food. However, the rats taught Skinner to feed them when they pressed. This is an example of: a. reverse causality b. operant casuality c. reciprocal causality d. circular thinking

c. reciprocal causality

Which of the following is a mental disorder listed in DSM5? a. sexual addiction disorder b. ego-dystonic homosexuality disorder c. sexual masochism disorder d. all of the above e. A and C only

c. sexual masochism disorder

In ADHD, hyperactivity is most notable in: a. psychological testing b. the presence of the child's parents c. structured situations d. anxiety-provoking situations

c. structured situations

A depressed mood is familiar to almost everyone. Clinical depression is different and diagnosed only when a. someone with a depressed mood consults a mental health professional b. the depressed mood is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain c. the depressed mood is accompanied by other symptoms d. someone with a depressed mood has suicidal ideation e. A, B, and C only

c. the depressed mood is accompanied by other symptoms

Reactivity refers to a. A defense mechanism where you attack others before being attacked yourself b. the prejudice that becomes apparent when people learn you have a mental disorder c. the fact that people tend to change in therapy, even though you seek treatment so you can change d. the tendency to resist change in therapy, even though you seek treatment so you can change

c. the fact that people tend to change in therapy, even though you seek treatment so you can change

Weight suppression is ______ and it is important because ______. a. the anorexic's fear of gaining weight; it interferes with the success of treatment b. the ideal embraced by many young women in industrialized societies; the standard is responsible for increased rates of of eating disorders c. the highest adult weight minus current weight; it predicts the maintenance and onset of bulimia d. weight loss due to food insufficiency or a metabolic disorder; it is NOT considered to be an eating disorder

c. the highest adult weight minus current weight; it predicts the maintenance and onset of bulimia

Which of the following is NOT true of the symptoms of major depressive disorder? a. several symptoms may take the form of one extreme or another (weight loss or gain, for example) b. thoughts of suicide can be a symptom of depression c. the presence of depressed mood is required for a diagnosis d. depression involves cognitive, behavioral, emotional and somatic symptoms, and different approaches emphasize different symptoms in theories of causation and treatment approaches e. All of the above are true

c. the presence of depressed mood is required for a diagnosis

In the J.K. and family case study presented in lecture, a therapist used intense short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with them in an effort to rapidly tear down defenses. This was a bad idea because: a. J already had treatment and it failed b. Research shows this treatment only works with psychotic depression c. the treatment increases expressed emotion, which should be decreased in schizophrenia d. the therapist was not well trained in this effective but very difficult and potentially risky approach

c. the treatment increases expressed emotion, which should be decreased in schizophrenia

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Even divorce is partially genetic b. Behavior genetics studies reveal nothing about the mechanism of genetic transmissions c. estimates or heritability increase as environmental variation increases d. All of the above are true

c.estimates or heritability increase as environmental variation increases

According to your text, which of the following is true of antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia? a) Patients need to take medication for prolonged periods of time, often for life b) Relapse is common as patients often stop taking medication c) Serious, sometimes irreversible side effects can result from the prolonged use of medication d) All of the above are true e) A and C only

d) All of the above are true

An operational definition is: a) A theoretical idea about an internal state or how someone thinks or feels b) An everyday, working belief about psychological motivations and emotions c) A temporary belief that is situation specific not an enduring trait d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

An operational defintion is: a) A theoretical idea about an internal state or how someone thinks or feels b) An everyday, working belief about psychological motivations and emotions c) A temporary belief that is situation specific not an enduring trait d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

How does DSM-5 define an addiction? a) Based on the number of symptoms a patient meets for diagnosis b) Based on the presence of craving and withdrawal c) Based on a list of psychological factors d) DSM-5 does not distinguish addiction from other substance use problems

d) DSM-5 does not distinguish addiction from other substance use problems

According to your text and lecture, which of the following is the most widely accepted evolutionary account of schizophrenia? a) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on creative genius b) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on working memory c) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on normal, adaptive skepticism or defensiveness d) Schizophrenia is difficult to explain in evolutionary terms, as the symptoms seem to have no adaptive purpose

d) Schizophrenia is difficult to explain in evolutionary terms, as the symptoms seem to have no adaptive purpose

Borderline personality disorder refers to: a) Someone who almost meets DSM criteria for a personality disorder b) Someone who is close to being psychotic c) Someone who combines elements of different personality disorders d) Someone with intense fears of abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and emotional instability

d) Someone with intense fears of abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and emotional instability

Our class discussion about the overemphasis placed on women's appearance, especially thinness, and what a father can do to encourage positive self-esteem and health in his daughter's bears closest resemblance to: a)The expressive writing component of eating disorder prevention programs b)The healthy eating component of eating disorder prevention programs c) The assessment only component of eating disorder prevention programs d) The dissonance component of eating disorder prevention programs

d) The dissonance component of eating disorder prevention programs

Which of the following characterizes a man with gender dysphoria? a) is depressed because of his sexual identity b) holds a delusional belief that he is a woman c) is sexually aroused by dressing as a woman d) believes that, in spite of his anatomy, he is really a woman

d) believes that, in spite of his anatomy, he is really a woman

A dramatic style, excessive emotionality, attention seeking, inappropriate sexual seductiveness characterize: a) narcissistic personality disorder b) schizoid personality disorder c) antisocial personality disorder d) histrionic personality disorder

d) histrionic personality disorder

Hyperactive sexual drive disorder: a) is included in DSM-5 under sexual dysfunctions b) is included in DSM-5 under paraphilic disorders c) is included in DSM-5 under sexual addictions d) is not included in DSM-5

d) is not included in DSM-5

Which of the following contemporary circumstances complicates the definition of abnormal behavior? a. there is no agreed upon definition of normal behavior b. there is no agreed upon definition of what constitutes abnormal behavior c. beliefs and values influence what people consider to be abnormal d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. all of the above

Girls who reach menarche at a younger age attract boys who are older and more interested in their physical appearance/sexuality compared to girls who reach menarche at an older age. Age at menarche is strongly influenced by genes. This is an example of: a. Polygenic attraction b. Genetic predestination c. A gene-environment interaction d. A gene-environment correlation

d. A gene-environment correlation

Which of the following could be a compensatory behavior that is a part of bulimia nervosa? a) Self-induced vomiting b) Intensive exercise c) Rigid fasting d) All of the above e) Trick question. Bulimia nervosa does not include compensatory behavior

d. all of the above

In a few years, you'll see headlines like, "Autism spectrum disorders have far better outcomes than previously thought." Because you took this class, I hope you will remember to attribute this to: a. Current advances in our knowledge of the cause of the disorder b. Current advances in our knowledge of the psychological treatment of the disorder c. current advances in our knowledge of the biological treatment of the disorder d. A much broader definition of of autism spectrum that includes more high functioning cases e. A and B only

d. A much broader definition of of autism spectrum that includes more high functioning cases

When people hear, "It's genetic," we tend to think there's a gene for the condition. I suggested, however, that this conclusion is wrong-headed when it comes to psychological disorders. Something can be genetic and still: a. Involve quantitative differences. You can be a "little bit" depressed, ADHD, eating disordered etc b. Be affected by genes indirectly. We don't necessarily have a gene "for" a given disorder. Genes may contribute indirectly to risk by influencing personality, body type, appearance, age at menstruation, etc. c. Be influenced by the environment. As with PKU, the environment can influence whether or not a genetic predisposition is expressed. d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an established, evidence-based treatment for depression? a. Antidepressant medication b. Cognitive behavior therapy c. Interpersonal therapy d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is true about the results of the Collaborative Research Program for the treatment of depression (discussed in lecture)? a. A substantial placebo effect was found b. Antidepressant medication, cognitive behavior therapy, and interpersonal therapy all outperformed placebo c. Antidepressant medication, cognitive behavior therapy, and interpersonal therapy all had substantial relapse rates d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

You are using an experimental design to study the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy versus humanistic therapy in the treatment of depression among first year students adjusting to college. Which of the following is a dependent variable you may well want to include in your study? a. Whether students will meet the criteria for a depression diagnosis after treatment b. whether students still meet the criteria for a depression diagnosis after treatment c. Whether GPA changes after treatment d. all of the above e. A and B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing? a. Personality inventory; MMPI b. Projective test; Rorschach inkblot c. Brain imaging; MRI d. All of the above are correct pairings

d. All of the above are correct pairings

I find that people in unhappy close relationships are more likely to be depressed. I conclude that troubled relationships cause depression. Which of the following is true about my conclusion? a. My conclusion might be right b. Depression might cause unhappy relationships c. Bad living circumstances might cause both depression and troubled relationships d. All of the above are true e. B and C only

d. All of the above are true

I randomly assign students worried about "what are you going to do after graduation" either to talk with Mom or talk with a humanistic therapist. My hypothesis is that the objectivity of the humanistic therapist will make students more relaxed and help them to make better post-graduation choices. Which of the following is NOT true of this study? a. this is an experiment b. talking with Mom is an attempt to control for placebo effects c. If humanistic therapy proves more successful, I cannot be sure that is due to the therapists' objectivity d. All of the above are true e. B and C only

d. All of the above are true

Which of the following is true? a. different classification systems have value for different purposes b. Psychology has well-accepted classification systems, but politics prevent their broad acceptance c. The DSM once classified mental disorders based on psychoanalytic theory d. All of the above are true e. A and C only

d. All of the above are true

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Homosexuality once was listed in the DSM as a mental disorder, but it was removed in the 1970s b. Hypersexual disorder was considered for inclusion in DSM-5 but was not included in the final version c. Sexual masochism is listed as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but only is a disorder if it causes significant personal distress or impairment in functioning d. All of the above are true

d. All of the above are true

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a. Many normal people report experiencing intrusive, unacceptable thoughts on occasion. b. The content of obsessions typically involves social unacceptable themes like sex, violence, or contamination c. Obsessive-compulsive disorders are no longer classified as anxiety disorders in DSM-5 d. Antianxiety drugs are the most common and effective medication for OCD

d. Antianxiety drugs are the most common and effective medication for OCD

Regulates the function of various bodily organs with little or no conscious control. This is the: a. Endocrine system b. Psychophysiology c. Somatic nervous system d. Autonomic nervous system

d. Autonomic nervous system

Historically, the term "hysteria" included the disorders _______. The problem was once thought to only occur among _______ , as indicated by the Greek derivation of the term. a. Multiple personality and dissociative amnesia; the easily hypnotized b. Hysterical disorders (e.g., hysterical blindness) and psychosomatic illnesses; adolescents c. Depression and anxiety; people with a dramatic personality style d. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; women

d. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; women

How do conversion disorders differ from what used to be called "psychosomatic disorders?" a. Conversion disorders are not "all in your head." b. Psychosomatic disorders make no sense neurologically. c. Conversion disorders are unrelated to psychological stress. d. Conversion disorders involve no known underlying organic impairment.

d. Conversion disorders involve no known underlying organic impairment.

Nonsuicidal self-injury involves: a. Threats to commit suicide that are purely manipulative in nature b. Compulsive participation in reckless "extreme" sports, leading to frequent self-harm c. Efforts to kill the psychological self, but not the physical self d. Deliberate self-harm that may help regulate intense, negative emotion

d. Deliberate self-harm that may help regulate intense, negative emotion

I have a clinically depressed client who is also very angry. Based on lecture, which of the following is NOT a reasonable hypothesis to hold about my client's anger? a. I might wonder if his depression is anger turned inward, as Freud hypothesized b. I might wonder if, as a man, he is more comfortable expressing anger than sadness c. I might wonder if his anger is simply a reaction to the chronic unpleasant state of being depressed d. I might wonder if he is really depressed, since depressed people rarely are angry

d. I might wonder if he is really depressed, since depressed people rarely are angry

Acute Stress Disorder was included in the DSM because: a. The symptoms of this problem clearly differ from those of posttraumatic stress disorder b. Most people who have been exposed to trauma seek out mental health care shortly afterwards c. Acute stress disorder actually is more enduring than posttraumatic stress disorder d. It was hoped that early intervention would prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder

d. It was hoped that early intervention would prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder

______ is akin to "working the refs" in pursuit of answers. ______ is like official review. a. Psychology; biology b. Paradigms; the biopsychosocial model c. Social science; natural science d. Law and politics; science

d. Law and politics; science

Suppose a trait is entirely determined by the shared environment. Which of the following could be expected in a twin study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance. b. MZ twins would have fifty percent concordance, DZ twins would have a zero percent concordance c. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

Converting the cost of the gallon of gasoline in different countries into dollar terms and then computing the average cost of gasoline by gallon throughout the world is a lot like the logic of: a. reliability b. validity c. dependent variables d. Meta-analysis

d. Meta-analysis

Which of the following is NOT true about the treatment of anorexia nervosa? a. weight gain often is an initial goal, and may require hospitalization, forced or intravenous feeling, pr strict behavioral programs b. Many individual therapies have been tried but none have clear research support c. Medication or nutritional counseling typically offer little benefit d. None of the above (all are true) e. B and C only

d. None of the above (all are true)

Mental health professionals here at UVa are trained to offer critical incident stress debriefing in the event that students should experience widespread trauma. Based on evidence from your text, this intervention should: a. Dramatically lower cases of ASD and PTSD. b. Resolve ASD more rapidly and therefore prevent new cases of PTSD. c. Reduce cases of ASD but only slightly lower cases of PTSD. d. Show no benefit for either ASD or PTSD, and perhaps produce harmful effects.

d. Show no benefit for either ASD or PTSD, and perhaps produce harmful effects.

In lecture, I suggested that future classification systems might include diagnoses like "fight or flight" disorder. I raised this possibility to suggest: a. Current mental disorders include problems with excessive anxiety and sadness but not excessive anger b. Catchy phrases like "fight or flight" are easy to remember and advocate for, illustrating how politics comes into the process of creating the DSM c. The statistical model of classification must consider that extremes at both ends of a distribution often are abnormal, for example, mania or depression, fight or flight d. The basis for classifying disorders may well change in the future, for example, basing classification on evolutionary psychology

d. The basis for classifying disorders may well change in the future, for example, basing classification on evolutionary psychology

What is the theoretical basis for defining a mental disorder in DSM-5? a. The problem is a harmful dysfunction b. The problem causes personal distress c. The problem is not culturally sanctioned d. There is no unifying theoretical definition; in the end, DSM-5 is an agreed upon list

d. There is no unifying theoretical definition; in the end, DSM-5 is an agreed upon list

Describe the format of the typical double-blind study of psychotherapy. . a. neither the patient nor the therapist knows which treatment is being delivered b. a placebo control group is used, but the treatment appears to be "real" to the patient and the therapist c. neither patients nor therapists know a study's hypothesis d. Trick question! You cannot conduct a double blind study of psychotherapy

d. Trick question! You cannot conduct a double blind study of psychotherapy

Based on the videos we watched in class, which of the following was NOT a part of the therapy of Albert Ellis: a. Challenging "irrational" beliefs b. urging Gloria to accept his point of view c. talking frequently d. adopting a socratic, "Columbo" style of teaching

d. adopting a socratic, "Columbo" style of teaching

In lecture, we discussed possible evolutionary functions of sadness/depression including: a. a way to recruit social attention and/or resources b. a "reset" indicating that your current situation is not working and needs change c. seasonal shutting down of resources, akin to habituation d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. all of the above

Researchers question assertions that dissociative identity disorder is far more common than assumed because: a. Most cases are diagnosed by a handful of ardent advocates b. The diagnosis grew rapidly following the popularity of the book and movie Sybil c. Dissociative disorders are rarely diagnosed outside of the U.S. and Canada d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following analogies between science and the law is accurate? a. The burden of proof lies on the proponent of a hypothesis (as it does on the prosecution: you are innocent until proven guilty) b. You never prove the null hypothesis, you just fail to reject it (as you never prove innocence but instead may be found "not guilty") c. False "proof" is viewed as a worse error than the failure to prove something that is, in fact, true (it is better to let 10 guilty people go free than to imprison one innocent person) d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a problem with diagnosing personality disorders? a) The diagnosis of most personality disorders is quite unreliable b) The line dividing abnormal from normal personality is not clear c) The symptoms are typically ego syntonic, thus self-report is suspect because people often do not view their symptoms as problems d) All of the above e) A and B only

d. all of the above

According to your text, which of the following is an accurate conclusion about the treatment of alcoholism and substance use disorders? a)Short-term improvements are common, but so is relapse b) While there is no evidence that one treatment is clearly most effective, alcoholics anonymous (AA) and similar peer treatments seem to help achieve abstinence c) People who reduce consumption typically improve in their health and life functioning too d) All of the above are accurate e) A and C only

d. all of the above are accurate

Which of the following is a right held by mental patients committed to a mental hospital? a. the right to treatment b. the right to treatment in the least restrictive environment c. the right to refuse treatment, at least in some circumstances d. all of the above are rights of committed patients e. none of the above; involuntary commitment means patients lose their rights

d. all of the above are rights of committed patients

Which of the following was NEVER a formal ground for the insanity defense? a. the inability to distinguish right from wrong b. experiencing an "irresistible impulse" an inability to control your actions c. the behavior was a product of a mental illness (the product test) d. all of the above were grounds for insanity at some point in US history

d. all of the above were grounds for insanity at some point in US history

Even if I get the early symptoms of a migraine, I keep doing what I'm doing and this helps to alleviate my pain. My action is an example of: a. emotion-focused coping b. repression c. finding an outlet for frustration d. altering illness behavior

d. altering illness behavior

What medication has a "black box" warning for adolescents and why? a. psychostimulants, they have the potential to be abused by adolescents b. anti-anxiety medications, they have the potential to become addictive, particularly when used by adolescents c. antipsychotic medications, they have been overused in the treatment of bipolar disorder among adolescents d. anti-depressants, they may increase suicidal thoughts among adolescents

d. anti-depressants, they may increase suicidal thoughts among adolescents

The most effective evidence-based treatment for autism is: a. antidepressant medication b. antipsychotic medication c. ECT d. applied intensive behavioral therapy

d. applied intensive behavioral therapy

In contrast to the legal system's philosophy, how does (must) psychological science view human behavior? a. as basically good, without need for legal control b. as a product of free will c. as influenced by intraphysics factors more than social or legal ones d. as determined by biological, psychological and social forces

d. as determined by biological, psychological and social forces

Which of the following statements is NOT true about anorexia and bulimia? a. the prevalence of both increased dramatically later in the 20th century b. the symptoms of the disorders often overlap, as some women with anorexia will occasionally binge and purge and some women with bulimia have a history of anorexia c. Both are more common among young females of a higher socioeconomic status d. both disorders are ego syntonic, which makes treatment difficult e. all of the above are true

d. both disorders are ego syntonic, which makes treatment difficult

Whether I think DSM includes too many disorders or does not include enough, my concern is one about the manual's: a. reliability b. validity c. coverage d. categorical approach

d. categorical approach

In lecture, I referred to "classic" autism. The NYT outside reading referred to "classic" ADHD. Why was it necessary to refer to "classic" in these two instances? a. DSM5 distinguishes between classic and and atypical cases of each disorder b. Autism and ADHD have high comorbidity, so it is necessary to refer to classic (pure) cases, where children only suffer from one disorder c. Treatments from each disorder are only effective for classic cases; they can actually have paradoxical effects on non classic cases d. definitions of the disorders have expanded so rapidly that it is necessary to refer to past, narrower (classic) diagnoses

d. definitions of the disorders have expanded so rapidly that it is necessary to refer to past, narrower (classic) diagnoses

The family life cycle refers to the a. family genealogy b. motivation to leave a legacy by having children and perpetuating the family lineage c. framework that some therapists use in helping families grieve the pain of divorce d. developmental course of changing family relationships

d. developmental course of changing family relationships

Roger's client-centered therapy is closely associated with the concept of a. interpretation b. countertransference c. directiveness d. empathy

d. empathy

Exposure and response prevention is an effective psychological treatment for OCD. The treatment involves: a. reliving terrible memories without obsessing or becoming compulsive b. self-help and social support modeled after AA c. a combination of medication and CBT d. exposure to sources of anxiety and prevention of usual compulsive response to exposure

d. exposure to sources of anxiety and prevention of usual compulsive response to exposure

While psychologists disagree about human nature, two qualities that evolutionary psychologists are very likely to include (and are listed in your text) are: A. classical and operant conditioning b. positive and negative emotions c. extraversion and neuroticism d. forming attachments and striving for dominance

d. forming attachments and striving for dominance

_____ are sensory experiences not caused by actual external stimuli, and in schizophrenia they are most likely to be _____. a. delusions; paranoid b. delusions; visual c. hallucinations; visual d. hallucinations; auditory

d. hallucinations; auditory

Professors turn test averages into letter grades. Some set stricter cutoffs; some are more lenient. This is analogous to what important point(s) about the diagnosis of mental disorders: a. Mental disorders are qualitatively different from normal behavior b. Abnormal behavior differs from normal behavior only by a matter of degree c. The cutoff for diagnosing a mental disorder can be rather arbitrary d. All of the above e. B and C only

e. B and C only

A friend becomes an investment banker. He works for 90 hours a week for 20 years, gains 50 pounds, smokes, and eats lots off fatty food. He develops heart disease. Given this description, what explanation of the link between stress and illness BEST explains how he got sick: a. Selye's general adaption syndrome-he reached the stage of exhaustion b. Cannon's idea that he cannot return to homeostasis c. His body's normal repair functions have become impaired d. his illness is caused indirectly by poor health behavior

d. his illness is caused indirectly by poor health behavior

"I believe in people's basic goodness. Unless society distorts this natural impulse, humans will exercise their free will toward positive ends." This statement is most likely to be made by someone who is: a. Biological b. cognitive-behavioral c. psychodynamic d. humanistic e. too little info to tell f. A and B only

d. humanistic

Through easily confused, negative reinforcement and punishment are quite different; with negative reinforcement, behavior ______ with the aversive stimulus is ______, and with punishment behavior ______ when the aversive stimulus is _____. a. decreases, removed, increases, introduced b. decreases, introduced, increases, removed c. increases, removed, increases, introduced d. increases, removed, decreases, introduced

d. increases, removed, decreases, introduced

Which of the following is NOT one of the "big five" normal personality factors? a. neuroticism b. openness to experience c. conscientiousness d. intuitiveness

d. intuitiveness

Two psychologists agree on the diagnosis of personality disorder 82% of the time. Is this adequate? a. yes. anything above 70% agreement is considered adequate b. yes. this is much higher than usual levels of agreement for personality disorder. c. maybe. personality disorder is a stigmatizing label. Agreement really should be higher. d. maybe. Chance agreement needs to be taken into account in evaluating the rate.

d. maybe. Chance agreement needs to be taken into account in evaluating the rate.

"Stephanie," the former grad student who was sexually assaulted in the case in Chapter 7 allowed me to share her story to educate others. Which of the following best characterizes her willingness to allow me to put her case in the text? a. Prolonged exposure therapy b. Imagery rehearsal therapy c. Emotional processing d. Meaning making

d. meaning making

Based on the lecture, the text, and outside readings, which of the following is most accurate? a. mental health professionals agree about the best treatments for different disorders b. mental health professionals agree that medication is only a superficial treatment for problems like depression, which therapy produces long-term change c. mental health professionals agree the most of the effectiveness of psychotherapy is due to common factors, not active ingredients d. mental health professionals disagree about the most effective treatments , whether they produce lasting change, and whether the success of psychotherapy is due to common factors or active ingredients

d. mental health professionals disagree about the most effective treatments , whether they produce lasting change, and whether the success of psychotherapy is due to common factors or active ingredients

Interpretation is a psychoanalyst's main tool for: a. encouraging free association b. overcoming resistance c. maintaining therapeutic neutrality d. promoting insight

d. promoting insight

If I wanted to argue AGAINST using psychostimulants to treat ADHD and that instead we should put more resources into schools, which of the following is NOT a fact I might use to support my argument? a. medication is typically prescribed for when children are in schools but not weekends, holidays etc b. psychostimulants clearly improve children's behavior, but benefits for learning are more uncertain c. psychostimulants have short-term benefits but long-term benefits have not been demonstrated d. psychostimulants lead to drug abuse e. all of the above are facts that could be used to argue against psychostimulants

d. psychostimulants lead to drug abuse

Two clinical psychologists each interview and diagnose a group of patients. The extent to which they agree on the diagnosis of each patient is a measure of the: a. validity b. coverage c. inclusiveness d. reliability

d. reliability

What is the central problem in paraphilias? a. excessive sexual desire b. psychological problems prevent normal sexual desire c. the individual feels no guilt about their behavior d. sexual arousal is detached from a reciprocal, loving adult relationship

d. sexual arousal is detached from a reciprocal, loving adult relationship

A dimensional model for classifying personality disorders was considered but the traditional system was maintained because the dimensional model was: a) Less reliable that the traditional system b) More reliable but less valid than the traditional system c) Overinclusive, including many normal personality problems as disorders d) Simply too complicated

d. simply too complicated

Which of the following is NOT true about medications in treating schizophrenia? a. antipsychotic medication is the primary treatment, and is quite effective in alleviating positive symptoms b. continued use of antipsychotic medications can reduce relapse rates, but many patients do not take their medication c. prolonged use of antipsychotic medication can lead to severe, irreversible motor symptoms d. so-called "second generation" antipsychotic medications are more effective in alleviating negative symptoms, but more likely to produce tardive dyskinesia e. None of the above are false

d. so-called "second generation" antipsychotic medications are more effective in alleviating negative symptoms, but more likely to produce tardive dyskinesia

The percentage of patients who commit acts of violences is highest among patients with which type of disorder? a. schizophrenia b. major depression c. bipolar depression d. substance abuse/disorder

d. substance abuse/disorder

What is the current consensus regarding the relationship between ADHD and ODD? a. the two disorders are basically the same b. ADHD tends to resolve itself over time; ODD is more often a lifelong problem c. ADHD is often an outgrowth of ODD d. the two are separate but highly comorbid disorders

d. the two are separate but highly comorbid disorders

How does the DSM5 classify childhood disorders? a. they are coded as neurodevelopment disorders b. they are divided into internalizing and externalizing disorders c. They are classified as Psychological Disorders of Childhood d. there is no longer a separate classification for childhood disorders; childhood versions or various disorders are now grouped with the related adult diagnoses

d. there is no longer a separate classification for childhood disorders; childhood versions or various disorders are now grouped with the related adult diagnoses

The competitive, hostile, urgent, achievement striving personality style that has been linked with risk for heart diseases is known as: a. Narcissistic personality disorder b. Antisocial personality disorder c. Pessimistic bias d. Type A behavior pattern

d. type A behavior pattern

In 2010, Teresa Lewis was executed in Virginia for being a "mastermind" in a plot to kill her husband (her friends carried it out). Her tested IQ was 72. Based on a 2014 Supreme Court Ruling in Hall v Florida, her case may have reached a different outcome today because the Supreme Court ruled: a. the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment for someone with an intellectual disability b. because of the potential for manipulation, the death penalty can only be applied if a defendant with a borderline IQ directly commits a murder c. Only testimony by the defendant's expert witness can be included in trial d. when someone's IQ is in the 70-75 range, a strict cutoff cannot be used to exclude a potential diagnosis of intellectual disability for death penalty considerations

d. when someone's IQ is in the 70-75 range, a strict cutoff cannot be used to exclude a potential diagnosis of intellectual disability for death penalty considerations

Ten years ago, in the middle of the panic over vaccines and autism, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development offed this cautiously worded statement despite several studies showing no link between vaccines and autism, "There is no evidence to date that the MMR vaccine causes autism." The caution reflects the fact that: a. The science wing of the federal government is prohibited from taking strong positions b. there was strong correlational evidence linking vaccines and autism c. the burden of proof falls on those who disagree with a hypothesis d. you can never accept the null hypothesis

d. you can never accept the null hypothesis

Scientists are now convinced that vaccines do not cause autism, but it is important to revisit this controversy because: a. People are desperate for answers to mental disorders, and this makes them susceptible to false promises b. Bad information is readily available and easily spread, especially in the Internet Age c. You need to understand that the burden of proof falls on the proponent of any hypothesis. You need to prove that your idea is true - I don't need to prove that you are wrong d. All of the above e. A and B only

d.All of the above

The extended case history of schizophrenia (J & K) illustrated how: a) Helpful improvements in functioning can be achieved with proper medication and coordinated therapeutic support b) The expression of anger (high expressed emotion), while understandable, can exacerbate symptoms c) For some psychological problems, the therapy relationship is unimportant - medication and treatment technology are the keys to success d) All of the above e) A and B only

e) A and B only

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the conclusion that the image of women in popular culture plays a role in the development of eating disorders? a) The disorders are more common in professions in which appearance is highly valued such as models, dancers, and actresses b)The prevalence of eating disorders has increased in recent decades as, in industrialized societies, the image of the ideal woman has grown thinner c) Girls who are exposed more to the popular media have more body dissatisfaction d) The disorders are particularly common among adolescents and young women, ages at which females are more susceptible to media influences e) All of the above

e) All of the above

In lecture, I argued that Freud was wrong in the details, but you should still know about his psychoanalytic theory because: A. his ideas have had a major influence on Western culture b. when viewed as broad metaphors, there is much that may be right about Freudian theory c. He offered a very specific, testable theory that generated scientific research d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

The New York Times video (required) on the treatment of Sybil, the famous case of multiple personality disorder, noted that her therapist: a. Used hypnotic drugs while searching for hidden personalities b. Searched for and suggested memories of childhood trauma c. Admitted to exaggeration once public hysteria about multiple personalities grew d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

The increase in the diagnosis of autism in the last two decades corresponded with the introduction and growing use of GMOs. But your extra reading and lecture pointed out that: a. correlation doesn't mean causation b. The increased diagnosis is largely or fully attributable to looser diagnostic criteria c. Scientists are not interested in exploring untested questions d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

Which of the following sexual problems was considered for inclusion in the DSM5 but ultimately NOT included? a. Hypersexual disorder b. gender dysphoria c. rape d. all of the above e. A and C only

e. A and C only

Which of the following is NOT thought to contribute to the risk of depression? a. stressful life events b. troubled relationships c. cognitive distortions d. genetic risk factors e. All of the above are thought to contribute to depression

e. All of the above are thought to contribute to depression

According to the text, which of the following is a disadvantage of the clinical interview? a. some people may be unwilling to provide rational accounts b. people may be reluctant to discuss embarrassing or frightening experiences c. Information is subjective and potentially distorted d. Interviewers can influence their client's accounts e. All of the above are true

e. All of the above are true

Which of the following is NOT true of alcohol consumption? a. Males and females metabolize alcohol at different rates b. metabolism of alcohol is affected by body weight c. The US Department of Health and Human Services defines moderate drinking as consuming one alcoholic beverage a day for women and two for men d. Binge drinking is defined as consuming 5 alcoholic beverages in a short amount of time (a couple of hours) e. All of the above are true

e. All of the above are true

Which of the following is an accurate statement about Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? a. he divided stages based on key developments in sexuality b. he included development during both childhood and adult life c. he defined each stage with a central conflict d. he argued that fixation at an early stage was a key problem in coping with developmental disorders e. B and C only

e. B and C only

The New York Times magazine article, "Selling Attention Deficit Disorder" (extra reading) attributed the increased use of psychostimulant medication in the treatment of ADHD (ADD) to: a. broadened definitions of ADHD in children b. drug company marketing to prescribing physicians c. drug company marketing to parents d. increased diagnosis of adult ADHD e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is an established, evidence-based treatment for depression? a. Antidepressant medication b. Cognitive behavior therapy c. Interpersonal therapy d. All of the above e. None of the above d. All of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a concern about the diagnosis and/or treatment of psychological disorders of childhood? a. parents and children often disagree about the nature or existence of a child's psychological problem b. parents, teachers, and other adults often disagree about the nature or existence of a child's psychological problem c. behavior that is considered "normal" changes with age d. children's behavior is strongly influenced by family, school and peer contexts e. all of the above are concerns

e. all of the above are concerns

If I wanted to argue IN FAVOR of using psychostimulants to treat ADHD, which of the following is NOT a fact that I might use to support my argument? a. research shows that medication is effective in up to 70% of cases b. research shows that medication is significantly more effective than the main psychological alternative, behavioral therapy, at least in the short run c. medication is a relatively inexpensive treatment d. medication is fast acting e. all of the above are facts that can be used in favor of psychostimulants

e. all of the above are facts that can be used in favor of psychostimulants

Which of the following statements has research clearly demonstrated to be true? a. dissociation is an adaptive psychological defense b. multiple personality disorders do not exist but are created through role playing c. recovered memories never are accurate d. all of the above are true e. none of the above

e. none of the above