Combo with "A&P 2 Chapter 17" and 1 other

what would be the effect of a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins

it would lower plasma osmotic pressure, reduce the ability to fight infection, and decrease the transport and binding of some ions, hormones, and other molecules

A. AB+

Which of the following blood types is considered the universal recipient? A. AB+ B. AB- C. 0- D. 0+

C. plasma

Which of the following is NOT one of the formed elements in blood? A. erythrocytes B. platelets C. plasma D.leukocytes

fibrinogen

a blood plasma protein that plays an essential role in blood clotting

tissue factor

a mixture of lipoproteins and phospholipids released from the surfaces of damaged cells that initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting

extrinsic pathway of blood clotting

a rapid series of reactions occurring within seconds of trauma, initiated by tissue factor (TF) that leaks into the blood from cells outside blood vessels

hemostasis

a sequence of quick, localized, and carefully controlled responses that stops bleeding

How long does Erythropoieses take?

5-7 days

What are the 4 ABO blood types?

A, B, AB, O

Platelets are cell fragments formed from A.megakaryocytes B.lymphocytes C.myeloblasts D.monoblasts

A.megakaryocytes

What is the difference between granulocyte and agranulocyte.

Agranulocyte doesn't have any visible granules, while granulocytes do.

What plasma protein is most important for the blood's colloid osmotic pressure?

Albumin

D.biliverdin

An example of a waste product from the breakdown of hemoglobin is__________. A.transferrin B. jaundice C.hemoglobin S D.biliverdin

Name the largest leukocyte

Monocyte

This agranulocyte has a U-shaped nucleus and light blue to purple cytoplasm

Monocyte

Name the most common leukocyte

Neutrophil

These granulocytes are the defenders; they kill bacteria

Neutrophil

The universal blood donor is O- since this blood type lacks the A, B, and Rh antigens. True/False

True

C. A antigens and anti-B antibodies

Type A blood contains __________ A. A antigens and anti-A antibodies B. B antigens and anti-B antibodies C. A antigens and anti-B antibodies D. B antigens and anti-A antibodies

Carbohydrate groups on the surfaces of erythrocytes determine blood type and are known as

antigens

3 types of formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

The process of red blood cell production is known as

erythropoiesis

vitamin K is a fat soluble, and some dietary fat is required for its absorption. how could a diet of fruit juice and water have an effect on blood clotting

fruit juice and water do not contain fats, which are required for vitamin K absorption, leading to a vitamin K deficiency. This would lead to a decreased production of several clotting factor-- most notably,, prothrombin,. As a result, clotting time would increase

What cell gives rise to all formed elements?

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

list the three major types of plasma proteins

- albumins -globulins -fibrinogen

list five major functions of blood

1. transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes 2. regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids 3. restricting fluid losses at injury sites 4. defending against toxins and pathogens 5. stabilizing body temperature

Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing

A laboratory examination of blood yields information that can be used to evaluate a person's current state of health

histamine

A substance that increases the flow of gastric juices in the stomach and dilates the walls of small blood vessels.

The ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)? A.antigens A and B B.antigen Rh C.antigen D D.antigen O

A. antigens A and B

What vitamin is necessary for certain clotting factors to operate during coagulation? A. vitamin K B.vitamin E C.vitamin C C.vitamin D

A. vitamin K

What cells are categorized as a Agranulocytes? A.lymphocytes and monocytes B.reticulocytes and erythrocytes C.eosinophils and basophils D.neutrophils and basophils

A.lymphocytes and monocytes

What is the event called when endothelial cells and hepatocytes produce anticoagulants?

Blood Clotting

D.von Willebrand factor

During the first step of platelet plug formation, the chemical produced by endothelial cells at the site of injury is called __________. A. thrombin B. fibrinogen C. tissue factor D. von Willebrand factor

This granulocyte has a bilobed nucleus with red cytoplasmic granules

Eosinophil

These granulocytes target parasitic worms and release anti-inflammatory substances in allergic reactions

Eosinophils

Name the process that produces erythrocytes

Erythropoieses

Platelets can undergo mitosis and perform repairs if damaged. True/False

False

List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes

Granulocyte - Are all roughly spherical in shape. They are larger and much shorter lived (in most cases) than erythrocytes. They characteristically have lobed nuclei (rounded nuclear masses connected by thinner strands of nuclear material). Functionally, all granulocytes are phagocytes to a greater or lesser degree. Neutrophil - 50-70%, multilobed nucleus, Acute infection Eosinophil - 2-4%, bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules, Parasites Basophil - 0.05 - 1%, bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules, Inflammatory Infections Agranulocyte - lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Although they are similar structurally, they are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types. Their nuclei are typically spherical or kidney shaped. Lymphocyte - 25-45%, large spherical nucleus, Immunity Monocyte - 3-8%, kidney-shaped nucleus, Chronic Infection

What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?

Hemaglobin

What prevents blood loss in a broken vessel

Hemostasis

A.eosinophil

If a patient has a parasitic infection, you would expect an elevated __________ count. A.eosinophil B. basophil C.erythrocyte D.T lymphocyte

This agranulocyte has a spherical nucleus and light blue cytoplasm

Lymphocyte

T cells and B cells are examples of?

Lymphocytes

This granulocyte has 3-5 lobes in its nucleus and does not have a stain in its cytoplasmic granules

Neutrophil

which blood type can be safely transfused into a person with type O blood

ONLY type O blood

Liquid extracellular matrix, made up of water (90%), plasma proteins (8%), and solutes (1%)

Plasma

D. megakaryocytes

Platelets form from large cells called __________. A.macrophages B.lymphoblasts C.thrombocytes D. megakaryocytes

What help to have safer blood transfusions?

Surface marker or antigens

Name the 2 lymphocytes

T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte

A. vascular spasm

The first step of hemostasis is __________. A. vascular spasm B. coagulation C. thrombolysis D. platelet plug formation

D.erythropoietin

The hormone released by the kidneys in the figure is __________. A. adrenalin B.vitamin K C.hemoglobin D.erythropoietin

Name some blood disorders that become more common with age

The most common blood diseases that appear during aging are chronic leukemias, anemias, and clotting disorders

A. Hematocrit

The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes is called A. hematocrit B. plasma C. formed elements D. buffy coat

A. thrombolysis

The process by which a blood clot dissolves is called __________. A. thrombolysis B. coagulation C. anticoagulation D. clot retraction

Describe how leukocytes are produced

The production of white blood cells, is stimulated by chemical messengers. These messengers, which can act either as paracrines or hormones, are glycoproteins that fall into two families of hematopoietic factors, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors, or CSFs. are named for the leukocyte population they stimulate

Function of anticoagulants

To inhibit coagulation

identify the five types of white blood cells

-neutrophils -eosinophils -basophils -monocytes -lymphocyctes

identify the composition of the formed elements in blood

-red blood cells -white blood cells - platelets

A centrifuged sample of blood shows 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. What percent of the blood is composed of leukocytes and platelets?

1%

list the three primary functions of platelets

1. release chemicals important to the clotting process 2. form a temporary path in the walls of damaged blood vessels 3. reduce the size of a break in the vessel wall

C.hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

What cell gives rise to all formed elements? A. erythroblast B. proerythroblast C. hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) D. reticulocyte

Protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains each associated with a heme molecule. -Co2 binding site -each carries 1 CO2

What is globin?

Complex of 4 pigment molecules each containing 1 iron. -Oxygen binding site -each iron carries and oxygen

What is heme?

Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use

When a patient's blood volume is so low that death from shock is imminent, there may not be time to type blood, or appropriate whole blood may be unavailable. Such emergencies demand that blood volume be replaced immediately to restore adequate circulation. Fundamentally, blood consists of proteins and cells suspended in a salt solution. Replacing lost blood volume essentially consists of replacing that isotonic salt solution. Normal saline or a multiple electrolyte solution that mimics the electrolyte composition of plasma (for example, Ringer's solution) are the preferred choices.

C. negative feedback loop

When fibrin levels increase, thrombin production is inhibited. This is an example of a __________. A.positive feedback loop B.vascular spasm C.negative feedback loop D.fibrinolysis

D.in an Rh- person who has been previously exposed to Rh antigen and sensitized

Where are anti-Rh antibodies produced? A. in every Rh+ person, even if they have not been previously exposed to Rh antigen B. in every Rh- person, even if they have not been previously exposed to Rh antigen C. in an Rh+ person who has been previously exposed to Rh antigen and sensitized D. in an Rh- person who has been previously exposed to Rh antigen and sensitized

A. type O-

Which of the following blood types is considered the universal donor? A. type O- B. type O+ C. type AB- D. type AB+

B. donor with O- blood

Which of the following donors will be suitable for a recipient with type A+ blood? A. donor with B+ blood B. donor with O- blood C. donor with AB- blood D. donor with AB+ blood

A.They are incapable of oxidative catabolism

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of platelets? A.They are incapable of oxidative catabolism. B.They do not have a nucleus. C.They are cell fragments. D.They contain granules with clotting factors and enzymes.

C.to protect vital organs

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of blood? A. to maintain body temperature B. blood clotting C. to protect vital organs D. to transport and exchange gases

D.Albunin

Which of the following is a plasma protein? A. tissue factor B. electrolytes C. hemoglobin D. albumin

D.monocyte

You are observing a blood slide under the microscope and you see a large cell with a U-shaped nucleus and light blue cytoplasm. You identify this cell as a __________. A.basophil B.lymphocyte C.neutrophil D.monocyte

platelet plug

a collection of platelets at the site of a damaged blood vessel that helps slow or stop blood loss

neutrophil

a common type of granular leukocyte with granules that stain pale lilac; nucleus has 2-5 lobes connected by very thin strands

anemia

a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced

a sample of red bone marrow has unusually few megakaryocytes. what body process would you expect to be impaired as a result?

a decreased number of megakaryocytes would interfere with the blood's ability to clot properly, because fewer megakaryocytes would produce fewer platelets

formed element

a general term for any of the blood cells, including the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

antigen

a glycoprotein or glycolipid that occurs in characteristic combinations on the surfaces of RBCs; also called agglutinogen

leukemia

a group of red bone marrow cancers in which abnormal WBCs multiply uncontrollably and interfere with normal blood cell production

red bone marrow

a highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue

monocyte

a large type of agranular leukocyte with a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus

erythrocyte

a mature red blood cell (RBC)

intrinsic pathway of blood clotting

a more complex and slower series of reactions, occurring over several minutes of trauma, that is activated by chemicals that are either in direct contact with blood or contained within the blood

antibody

a plasma protein that reacts with the A or B antigens in a mixture of two different blood types; also called agglutinin

describe hemoglobin

a protein composed of four globular subunits, each bound to a heme molecule, which gives red blood cells the ability to transport oxygen in the blood

lymphocyte

a type of agranular leukocyte that helps carry out cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses; large, round, and darkly-stained nucleus

Rh blood group

a type of blood characterized by the inheritance of a specific antigen on the surface of RBCs; first discovered in the blood of a monkey

globulin

a type of blood plasma protein that includes the antibodies

basophil

a type of granular leukocyte characterized by a pale nucleus and large granules that stains blue-purple with basic dyes; the 2-lobed nucleus is often hidden by the granules

eosinophil

a type of granular leukocyte characterized by granules that stain red-orange with acid dyes and a bi-lobed nucleus

leukocyte

a white blood cell (WBC)

how would the hematocrit change after an individual suffered a significant blood loss

after a significant blood loss, the hematocrit--the amount of formed elements (mostly red blood cells ) as a percentage of the total blood--will be reduced

the clumping of RBCs as a result of an incompatible blood transfusion where the antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to the antigens on the donated RBCs

agglutination

sickle cell disease

an inherited condition in which a person's RBCs contain an abnormal type of hemoglobin that bends the RBC into a curved shape, making them very easy to rupture

hemophilia

an inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after very minor trauma

bilirubin

an orange pigment that is one of the end products of hemoglobin breakdown in liver cells (hepatocytes) and is excreted as a waste material in bile

Nora was exposed to radiation that caused her red bone marrow to make less red blood cells. This condition is known as

aplastic anemia

how do basophils respond to an injury

basophils respond to an injury by releasing a variety of chemicals, including histamine and heparin. Histamine dilates blood vessels and heparin prevents blood clotting. Basophils also release other chemicals that attract esinophils and other basophils to the area

why is venipuncture a common technique for obtaining a blood sample

because superficial veins are easy to locate, the walls of veins are thinner than those of arteries, and blood pressure in veins is relatively low, so the puncture wound seals quickly

in what way would a disease that causes damage to the liver affect the level of bilirubin in the blood

bilirubin would accumulate in the blood, producing jaundice, because diseases that damage the liver, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, impair the liver's ability to excrete bilirubin in the bile

What ions are necessary for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways to the coagulation cascade?

calcium ions

Some rat poisons contain a toxin that block's the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would have problems with

coagulation

which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut

contain a large amount of neutrophils, because these phagocytic white blood cells are the first to arrive at the site of an injury

vascular spasm

contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of a damaged blood vessel to prevent blood loss

dave develops a blockage in his renal arteries that restricts blood flow to the kidneys. what effect will this have on his hematocrit?

dave hematocrit will increase, because reduced blood flow to the kidneys triggers the release of erythropoietin, which stimulates an increase in erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation)

The cells and fragments suspended in plasma

formed elements

Destruction of blood (breakdown of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin).

hemolysis

The stoppage of bleeding is known as

hemostasis

why can't a person with type A bloody safely receive blood from a person with type B blood

if a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, which contains anti-A antibodies, the red blood cells will agglutinate (clump), potentially blocking blood flow to various organs and tissues

which specific plasma protein would you expect to be elevated during a viral infection

immunoglobins (antibodies)

What forms the majority of blood?

leukocytes platelets buffy coat plasma

What is the 2nd most common leukocyte

lymphocyte

Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies?

lymphocyte

Name the 2 types of agranulocytes

lymphocyte and monocyte

Describe the chemical composition of hemoglobin.

made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment. Globin consists of four polypeptide chains—two alpha and two beta —each binding a ringlike heme group. Each heme group bears an atom of iron set like a jewel in its center . A hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen because each iron atom can combine reversibly with one molecule of oxygen. A single red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, so each of these tiny cells can scoop up about 1 billion molecules of oxygen

What is the most common type of leukocyte in a healthy adult?

neutrophil

clotting factor

one of the chemicals activated in a sequence that triggers a cascade of reactions that ultimately produce a large quantity of fibrin

what two components make up whole blood?

plasma and formed elements

define thrombocytopoiesis

platelet production

Hemostasis is mediated by platelets erythrocytes monocytes lymphocytes

platelets

explain the difference between platelets and thrombocytes

platelets are non nucleated cell fragments in mammalian blood, whereas thrombocytes are nucleated platelets in non mammalian vertebrate blood

Discuss the composition and functions of plasma.

straw-colored, sticky fluid Although it is mostly water (about 90%), plasma contains over 100 different dissolved solutes, including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes and products of cell activity, ions, and proteins. Function of Plasma 1.Carries nutrients including glucose which is the primary source of energy for cell metabolism. 2.Hormones are transported around the body in plasma attached to plasma proteins. 3.Contains inorganic ions which are important in regulating cell function and maintaining homeostasis. 4.Contains clotting agents and on exposure to air it will form a clot. Aids healing and stops bleeding. 5.Contains antibodies (gammaglobulins) to help resist/fight off infections.

what is the function of surface antigens on RBC's

surface antigens on RBC's are glycoproteins or glycolipids in the plasma membrane, they determine blood type

unless chemically treated, whole blood will coagulate in a test tube. This clotting process begins when Faction XII becomes activated. which clotting pathway is involved in this process

the activation of Factor XII initiates the intrinsic pathway

which type of cell would you find in elevated numbers in a person who is producing large amounts of circulating antibodies to combat a virus

the blood of a person fighting a viral infection would contain elevated numbers of lymphocytes, because B lymphocytes produce circulating anti-antibodies

hematocrit

the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs

phagocytosis

the process where neutrophils and macrophages ingest bacteria and dispose of dead matter

blood transfusion

the transfer of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream or directly into the red bone marrow

The most abundant component of plasma is water ions proteins gases

water

Describe the structure and function of platelets.

•Platelets are not cells in the strict sense. About one-fourth the diameter of a lymphocyte, they are cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large cells (up to 60 μm in diameter) called megakaryocytes •Platelets are essential for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels are ruptured or their lining is injured. By sticking to the damaged site, platelets form a temporary plug that helps seal the break

Give examples of hemostatic disorders. Indicate the cause of each condition

•Thromboembolic disorders-conditions that cause undesirable clot formation •Bleeding disorders-arise from abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation •Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)- involves both wide spread clotting and severe bleeding

Name the least common leukocyte

Basophil

These granulocytes secrete heparin and histamine

Basophil

This granulocyte has an S-shaped nucleus and dark purple granules

Basophil

Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions

•Blood types has a classification which is based on two things: ABO group - depends on two antigens; antigen A and antigen B. which lie on the surface of the red blood cell (RBC) A person having an A antigen on his RBC cells will show a blood type of A A person having a B antigen on his RBC cells will show a blood type of B A person having both A & B antigens on his RBC cells will show a blood type of AB A person having neither of those antigens will show a blood type of O Rhesus factor - the rhesus factor, which depends on a single antigen; antigen D, which also lies on the surface of the RBC A person having a D antigen is called an Rh positive, e.g. A, B and D antigens' presence exhibit a blood type of AB+ (universal acceptor) A person without the D antigen is called an Rh negative, e.g. Neither A, nor B, nor D antigens' presence exhibit a blood type of O- (universal donor). Both factors combine to form the blood types as we know them today •if you transfuse type B blood cells into a type A person then that persons immune system won't recognise the type B antigens as part of the body and will attack them just as it would invading bacteria. Transfusion reactions can range from the mild such as a fever too the more serious such as lung injury and acute heamolytic reaction where donor red cell are rapidly destroyed which is bad. (life threatening medical emergency bad)

Give examples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder

•Leukopenia (loo_ko-pe_ne-ah) is an abnormally low white blood cell count commonly induced by drugs, particularly glucocorticoids and anticancer agents. •Leukemia, literally "white blood," refers to a group of cancerous conditions involving white blood cells. the renegade leukocytes are members of a single clone (descendants of a single cell) that remain unspecialized and proliferate out of control, impairing normal red bone marrow function. the red bone marrow becomes almost totally occupied by cancerous leukocytes and immature WBCs flood into the bloodstream. The other blood cell lines are crowded out, so severe anemia and bleeding problems also result. Other symptoms include fever, weight loss, and bone pain. Although tremendous numbers of leukocytes are produced, they are nonfunctional and cannot defend the body in the usual way. •Infectious Mononucleosis Once called the kissing disease, infectious mononucleosis is a highly contagious viral disease most often seen in young adults. Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, its hallmark is excessive numbers of agranulocytes, many of which are atypical. The affected individual complains of being tired and achy, and has a chronic sore throat and a low-grade fever. There is no cure, but with rest the condition typically runs its course to recovery in a few weeks.

Describe the process of hemostasis. List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting.

1. vascular spasm - In the first step of blood vessel repair, the damaged blood vessels respond to injury by constricting (vasoconstriction), triggers include direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets, and reflexes initiated by local pain receptors. 2. Platelet Plug Formation - the second step of blood vessel repair, platelets play a key role in hemostasis by aggregating (sticking together), forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall 3. Coagulation - The third step in blood vessel repair, blood clotting, reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a "molecular glue" for the aggregated platelets

Life span of a erythrocyte

100-120 days

blood

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder

Anemia "lacking blood" is a condition in which the blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity. It is a sign of some disorder rather than a disease in and of itself. Its hallmark is blood oxygen levels that are inadequate to support normal metabolism. Anemic individuals are fatigued, often pale, short of breath, and chilly. Caused by Blood loss - hemorrhagic anemia Not enough blood cells produced - Iron-deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia is due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. An autoimmune disease in which the stomach mucosa atrophies, and it most often affects the elderly Too many RBC destroyed Thalassemias "sea blood" are typically seen in people ofMediterranean ancestry, such as Greeks and Italians. One of the globin chains is absent or faulty, and the erythrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin. Sickle-cell anemia, the havoc caused by the abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS), results from a change in just one of the 146 amino acids in a beta chain of the globin molecule.This alteration causes the beta chains to link together under low-oxygen conditions, forming stiff rods so that hemoglobin S becomes spiky and sharp. This, in turn, causes the red blood cells to become crescent shaped when they unload oxygen molecules Polycythemia "many blood cells") is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity, causing it to sludge, or flow sluggishly. Secondary polycythemias result when less oxygen is available or EPO production increases. The secondary polycythemia that appears in individuals living at high altitudes is a normal physiological response to the reduced atmospheric pressure and lower oxygen content of the air in such areas. Blood doping, practiced by some athletes competing in aerobic events, is artificially induced polycythemia. Some of the athlete's red blood cells are drawn off and then reinjected a few days before the event. The erythrocytes are quickly replaced because the erythropoietin mechanism is triggered shortly after blood removal. Then,when the stored blood is reinfused, a temporary polycythemia results. risk of stroke and heart failure due to high hematocrit and high blood viscosity

Name the 3 anticoagulants

Antithrombin 3, Heparin Sulfate, Protein C

All red blood cells in an adult originate in the A.heart B.red bone marrow C.liver D.spleen

B.red bone marrow

Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue.

Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste. Depending on the amount of oxygen it is carrying, the color of blood varies from scarlet (oxygen rich) to dark red (oxygen poor). Blood is more dense than water and about five times more viscous, largely because of its formed elements. Blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45, and its temperature (38C or 100.4F) is always slightly higher than body temperature. Blood accounts for approximately 8% of body weight. Blood is the only fluid tissue in the body. The microscope reveals that blood has both cellular and liquid components. Blood is a specialized type of connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the formed elements, are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix called plasma (plaz mah). The collagen and elastic fibers typical of other connective tissues are absent from blood, but dissolved fibrous proteins

Normal blood pH should fall between A.6.95 and 7.15 B.7.15 and 7.25 C.7.35 and 7.45 D.7.65 and 7.85

C. 7.35 and 7.45

How much blood does the average adult have? A.1.5 L B.3 L C.5 L D.7 L

C.5 L

What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma? A.15% B.45% C.55% D.75%

C.55%

Select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis. A. vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, thrombolysis, clot retraction B. vascular spasms, coagulation, platelet plug formation, clot retraction, thrombolysis C. platelet plug formation, vascular spasms, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis D. vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis

D. vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis

During a transfusion, incompatible antigens can be introduced. Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens, causing them to clump together, or __ A.granulate B.activate C.coagulate D.agglutinate

D.agglutinate

Which of the following must occur first during hemostasis? A. clot retraction B. thrombolysis C.formation of fibrin D.formation of thrombin

D.formation of thrombin

What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis? A. liver B.spleen C.pancreas D.kidney

D.kidney

The function of red blood cells is to A. phagocytize bacteria B.stop blood loss from an injured blood vessel C.transport nutrients to the body's cells and tissues D.transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

D.transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

thrombin

DURING THE 2ND STAGE OF BLOOD CLOT FORMATION ____ IS FORMED

List eight functions of blood.

Distribution 1.Delivering oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to all body cells. 2.Transporting metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites 3.Transporting hormones from the endocrine organs to their target organs. Regulation 4.Maintaining appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage heat loss. 5.Maintaining normal pH in body tissues. Many blood proteins and other blood-borne solutes act as buffers to prevent excessive or abrupt changes in blood pH 6.Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. Salts (sodium chloride and others) and blood proteins act to prevent excessive fluid loss from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. Protection 7.Preventing blood loss •Plasma proteins and platelets initiate clot formation 8.Pre venting infection •Antibodies •Complement proteins •WBCs

Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes.

•small cells, about 7.5 μm in diameter. Shaped like biconcave discs—flattened discs with depressed centers—they appear lighter in color at their thin centers than at their edges. Bound by a plasma membrane but lack a nucleus (are anucleate) and have essentially no organelles. •RBC function is to transport respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). •Blood cell formation is referred to as hematopoiesis (hem ahto-poi-e sis), or hemopoiesis (hemo, hemato = blood; poiesis = to make). This process occurs in the red bone marrow On average, the marrow turns out an ounce of new blood containing some 100 billion new cells each and every day.