Combo with ap human: chapter 14 -- resources and 5 others

When did cattle ranching dominate Texas agri.?

1867-1885

When did the italians conquer Eritrea and Ethiopia?

1890, the 1930s

When did the Dutch loose control of South Africa and who to?

1902, the British

When did the British loose control of South Africa?

1948

When did the communist party gain control of china and make it the people's republic of China?

1949

When were the Nationalists forced to flee China and travel to Taiwan?

1949

What two countries was Germany split into from when to when?

1949-1990 -- federal republic of Germany (West) and the Democratic Republic of Germany (East)

When did the human pop begin to increase faster than expansion of agri land?

1950

What are some examples of the warsaw pact in action?

1956 -- Hungary -- asked for help to crush uprising that threatened communist control of gov 1968 -- Czechoslovakia -- deposed gov. committed to reforms

When Cyprus gain independence from Great Britain?

1960

When was the amount of US land devoted to agriculture highest?

1960

Until when did the US not recognize Taiwan and China as two separate countries because it didn't want to accept communist rule of China?

1971

What types of agriculture are found in commercial regions?

-- mixed crop and livestock -- dairying -- grain -- ranching -- Mediterranean -- commercial gardening -- plantation

What are the two types of financial services offered by LDCs?

-- offering offshore financial services -- back-office functions (BPOs)

high land costs in CBDs

-- one hectare of land in CBD of NY or London could cost 100 millions of $ if even available -- prices particularly high in Tokyo because buildings limited to about 3 stories by gov and tax restrictions due to Earthquakes despite current data suggesting modern skyscrapers might be better X parcel of land size of page of textbook would cost 10,000s of $ -- resulted in 2 characteristics 1. land used more intensively in center of city 2. some activities excluded from center due to high cost of space

Ur

-- one of the earlies in Urban settlements -- in Mesopotomia -- name means fire -- home of Abraham prior to journey to Canaan in circa 1900 BCE -- compact -- covered 100 hectares -- walled -- most prominant structure was ziggurat -- three story temple and command center of city and surrounding hinterland X 4 more stories added in 6th century X surrounded by dense network of winding narrow streets and courtyards

List some ways intensive subsistence farmers maximize crop production on their small plots?

-- paths kept as narrow as possible -- irregularly shaped areas still planted rather than left idle -- livestock rarely permitted on potential crop land -- little grain grown for livestock

intenisve land use

-- people build farther up and down -- utilities, transportation network, and pedestrian centers located underneath XEx: XX loading docks XX subways XX parking garages XX pedestrian walking streets to sheild people from weather and motor vehicles XX telephone wires XX sewage and water utilities

What are some defining of characteristics of pastoral nomadism?

-- people depend on animals rather than crops for survival -- people usually consume grain rather than meat, usually traded for animal products, or from workers hired to practice sedentary agri. in exchange for animal products and protection, or that they plant in recently flooded areas, and then return later in the year to harvest (may be tended to by women and children year-round or during rainy periods nomads may remain there to grow crops, and then increase the size of the herd and migrate in search of food and water during dry ones) -- animals not slaughtered for food, though dead ones might be eaten

How are LDCs such as Kenya producing agri. products that can be sold to MDCs in exchange for supplies that will improve agri?

-- people in MDCs will buy things like crops that are otherwise out of season -- women practice sub-farming to feed family, and also produce things like clothing, jewelry, baked goods, and other objects for sale in local markets that will generate revenue for the household since men don't often share income -- men farm things for export

In 2005, how were the headquarters of transnational corporations distributed?

1/4 in US, 2/3 in West Europe (namely France, Germany, and UK)

What percentage of all Americans in relation to African Americans live in cities

1/4, 1/2

What percentage of the world's electricity is supplied by nuclear power?

1/6

Nilo-Saharan

10 million

What percentage of irrigated land is waterlogged due to poor drainage and where is it mainly located?

10%, Asia and South America

How many were in 2007?

106

What percent of the world's land area is currently cultivated?

11%

Who signed the Law of the Sea and when?

117 countries, 1983

What percent of America's population is African American?

12

How much more farmland was there in the US in 2000 than in 1900?

13%

How many islands does Indonesia comprise, and where do 2/3 of the pop live and why?

13,677, Java because soil (derived from volcanic ash) is most fertile in region and Dutch established colony there

What amendment outlawed slavery?

13th

What percent of America's population is Hispanic

14

How many Asian and African countries were part of the UN in 1945?

15

How many people approximatly are pastoral nomads?

15 million spread out over 20% of Earth's land area

When did the Dutch arrive in South Africa?

1652

When did urbanization start to occur in MDCs and why has it been occuring continually since then?

1800, people have increasingly been leaving rural areas because less workers are needed, while they have increasingly been lured to cities by the opportunity for jobs, first industrial ones than service ones

When did most of Latin America gain independence?

1800-1824

When did the US ban bringing in additional Africans as slaves?

1808

When were railroads first used to transport dairy products and what had the max milkshed been until then?

1840, 50 km (30 miles)

When was petroleum first pumped and when did it become important?

1859, the widespread diffusion of the automobile in the twentieth century

When was the Organization on Security and Cooperation?

1975, comprises 55 members, renamed OSCE after Cold War, expanded to encompass most warsaw pact countries, forum for countries committed to stopping conflict in Europe, especially in places like the Balcans and Caucasus

When were Apartheid laws repealed?

1991

When were NK and SK first admitted into the UN as separate nations?

1992

When was Hong Kong returned to China and by who?

1997 by the British

When was Macao returned to China and by who?

1999 by the Portugese

What is the most notable example of a protest against the WTO?

1999 in Seattle, outside meeting, 55000 protesters gathered , crowd had to be controlled by police using tear gas and rubber pellots over 3-day period

How many hectares of land have been desertificated around the world?

2 billion (5 million acres)

What percentage of the population of Anglo-America are farmers?

2%

Japanese

2% 1. Japanese 122 million The rest are negligable

In MDCs, women on average get _____ the amount of income men get.

2/3 ($12,000 less)

Where is most mining of iron ore occurring?

2/3 -- China + Brazil + Australia

In 2004, how was foreign direct investment distributed based on development?

2/3 from MDC to MDC and 1/3 from MDC to LDC ( 1/2 to China, almost 1/4 to other Asian countries,1/4 to Latin American countries,and less than 10% to African countries)

In most MDCs, what fraction of the GDP do services generate? In most LDCs?

2/3, <1/2

What percentage of fish caught are consumed directly and what happens to the rest?

2/3, most of the rest is turned into fish meal to be fed to hogs and poultry

How many regions can the world be catagorized int and what are they?

9: 1. Eastern Europe 2. Western Europe 3. East Asia 4. Southeast Asia 5. South Asia 6. Middle East 7. South Pacific 8. Anglo-America 9. Latin America

What percentage of the world's pop. engage in shifting cultivation?

<5%

What is an example of a mountain boundary?

Andes Mountains between Chile and Argentina

Where and by who is Bangladesh fragmented?

Angarpota and Dahagram ceparated from rest of Bangladesh on all sides by 178 meter by 85 meters Tin Bigha corridor

Which major regions are considered more developed?

Anglo-America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, plus Japan, and the South Pacific

What is the only large land mass on Earth that isn't part of a state and who claims it?

Antarctica: 1. UK 2. New Zealand 3. Argentina 4. Australia 5. Chile 6. Norway 7. France

What are some of the other few countries in which commercial grain farms are found?

Argentina, Australia, France, and the UK

What was the first city-state to attain a pop. of 100,000 people?

Athens

Christmas Islands

Australia

Cocos Islands

Australia

Norfolk Island

Australia

What is the world's leading country in organic farming?

Australia

What is the suspected route for the Austronesian and austro-asiatic language families?

Austric

What were the five most populous cities in 900.

Bahdad, Constantinople, Kyoto (in Japan), and Changan and Hangchow (in China). -- Agra (India), Cairo, Canton (China), Isfahan (Iran), and Osaka (Japan) also ranked among the world's most populous cities

What country accounts for one third of the world's econ. growth, has a GDP per capita that has risen faster than in any other country, is second in the size of its economy only to the US, and is the primary driver of the world economy, particularly that of East Asia?

China

Who are the five permanent members of the Security Council?

China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US

in possession of 100s of nuclear weapons

China, France, UK,

Where have efforts to resettle nomads been particularly vigorous?

China, Kazakhstan, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Syria

Where is Phosphate located?

China, Morocco, and the US

Where are iron reserves?

China, Russia, Ukraine, Australia

Where is the processing of the cocaine based?

Columbia

What is an example of a changing river boundary that has caused problems for states?

Rio Grande, separating Mexico and US since 1848, frequently meanders off course, International Boundary and Water Commission -- jointly staffed by both countries -- oversees treaties governing border and settles differences

What is the world's largest state and how large is it?

Russia, 17.1 square km (11% of world's land area)

What is the largest state in the world to have the second type of fragmentation, where is it fragmented and by who?

Russia, Kalingrad region (16000 square km) located on BalticSea is separated by Lithuania, virtually all 400,000 residents are Russian

What are some African examples of countries that, though multinational, have unitary governments so as to give one nationality power over all others?

Rwanda, Ghana, and Kenya

What are some other names for the Western Sahara?

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic or Polisario Front

Who is the world's leading importer of rice?

Saudi Arabia

What countries comprise Great Britain?

Scotland, England, and Whales

What happened between NK and SK in 2000?

Separated families were allowed to cross the border and reunite.

What happened in Cyprus in 1974?

Several Greek Cypriot military officers who favored unification if Cyprus and Greece staged coup, Turkish army invaded to protect Turks, elected government restored in a few months

When and where was the Chinese communist party created?

Shanghai's french concession, in 1921

Which were the most important of China's eight treaty ports?

Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, and Hankou

Why is it declining?

Shifting Cultivation is inefficient

Outside of North America, what country takes the advantage of smart driving technology the most?

Singapore

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in Southeastern Asia?

Sino-Tibetan, Mandarin, Austronesian/Papuan/Vietnamese/Javanese

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in East Asia?

Sino-Tibetan, Mandarin, Korean/Austro-Asiatic

What is the route of the Sino-Tibetan language family?

Sino-caucasian

What is an exemple of a successful Balkan nation state?

Slovenia

Through where do the landlocked states of Botswana Lesotho and Swaziland as well as the Congo Democratic Republic, Zambia, and Zimbabwe ship most of their goods.

South Africa

Where were livestock first domesticated and which kind?

Southeast Asia -- dog, pig, chicken

Where does Suaer believe vegetative agriculture originated?

Southeast Asia -- people there fished, so therefore more sedentary and had more time to focus on agri., first plants domesticated there probably included roots like taro and yam, tree crops such as banana and palm

Where in Europe can ranching be found?

Spain and Portugal

Who were the first Europeans to participate in the african slave trade?

Spanish, Portugese

Why was Apartheid created?

The Afrikaners resisted widespread release of African governments to Black natives from their European masters. They created Apartheid to perpetuate these feelings and white dominance

What is the problem with public transit?

The fares often don't cover the running costs?

How has the US government reduced the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions?

Companies can buy and sell allowances for how much they can release, but most find it more profitable to simply install anti-pollution machines and sell their allowances

What is going on in Caucasus?

Conflicts that had been constantly being prevented by the Soviet Union government have no erupted into, in many cases, full scale conflict as each ethnicity tries to carve out its own nation state

What countries have the highest welfare benefits?

Denmark, Norway, Sweden

After World War 2, when Ethiopia became independent, what did the United Nations give it?

Eritrea

Where did the modern movement to organize the world into states originate?

Europe

What does the world island consist of?

Europe, Asia, Africa

When and where was the two feild crop rotation system developed?

Europe, the fifth century

What lead to the breakup of Yugoslavia?

The longtime leader of Yugoslavia (ruling from 1950--1980) Joseph Broz Tito died and old animosities resurfaced.

If so many jobs have outsourced, how are MDCs still MDCs?

The majority of service jobs still need to be done near the consumer.

What countries does the horn of Africa encompass?

Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia

Why?

EU wants to maintain agri in member states, particularly France because it wants to preserve rural village life

What common divisions among areas of cities cities are associated with divisions between caucasians and blacks/hispanics or between high income and low income?

East Side / West Side , North Side / South Side

What part of Europe has been most hurt by acid rain and why?

Eastern Europe, the poor policies of the Soviet Union, particularly the Czech Republic

French Polynesia

France

Mayotte

France

New Caledonia

France

St. Pierreanmd Miquelon

France

Wallis and Futuna

France

What countries are in the Sahel region?

Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad

What is the major problem with recycling plastic?

If even just a little bit of a different type of plastic is in the mix, it is ruined

developing nuclear weapons

Iran

Who took control of much of Somalia in 2006aand how?

Islamic militias, They overthrew the waring warlords, each of which controls a clan.

suspected of having nuclear weapons

Israel

Which countries have tried to resolve the conflict in Lebanon by sending in troops and what has happened each time?

Israel -- effort failed US -- left after 271 Marines killed in barracks by car bomb in 1983 Syrians -- gained control of Lebanon due to ancient claim, but were forced to leave in 2005

When did the division of North Korea become permanent?

It became permanent in the late 40s when troops on both sides withdrew and independent governments were established

What did Ethiopia do to Eritrea and what was the result?

It disolved its legislature. Eritreans rebels started a 30-year fight for freedom.

What has been happening to the fish population?

It has been decreasing due to over fishing: The UN estimates 1/4 of fish stocks have been overfished, 1/2 fully exploited, and only 1/4 underfished

How has India fragmented itself?

It has separated itself from the the Cooch Behar Districtby leasing the Tin Bigha Corridor to Bangladesh

Why is Brussels an important world city?

It is an important center for EU activities

What is happening to the amount of land devoted to shifting cultivation?

It is declining

What is happening to ranching in Argentina today and why?

It is declining because, except on very dry land, crop growing is more profitable

What is happening to pastoral nomadism?

It is declining.

Why is Kazakstan the perfect place for conflict between ethnicities?

It is divided ... 53% Altaic language-speaking, Muslim Kazakhs and 30% Indo-european, Eastern orthodox Russians

homelessness

It is estimated on a given night, 1 million Americans sleep outdoors because they have nowhere else to go, usually because... -- they can't afford housing and have no regualr income -- 1/3 are individuals unable to cope in society after being released from hospitals or other institutions -- 1/4 are children -- also a serious problem in LDCs

What is happening to LDCs' share of the world's milk.

It is increasing

Describe healthwise diets in MDCs vs. LDCs.

MDCs: people take in more calories and proteins than they necessarily need LDCs: most people recieve less than minimum amount of proteins and calories reccomended by UN

What are some of the oldest?

Knossos on Crete, troy in Asia Minor (Turkey), Mycenae in Greece ALL CITY STATES AND TRADING CENTERS

What are the ten most populous cities in the world (not in order), are they in MDCs or LDCs, and what trend does this show?

LDCs -- Buenos Aires, Delhi, Dhaka, Jakarta, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mexico City, Mumbai, Sao Pualo MDCs -- NY and Tokyo Cities in LDCs tend to be more heavily populated than cities in MDCs

Where is shifting cultivation primarily practiced?

LDCs in humid low-latitude regions, like the Amazon Jungle area, Central and West Africa, Southeast Asia including Indochina / Indonesia / New Guinea

What is the average annual per capita GDP in LDCs vs. MDCs?

LDCs: $4000 MDCs: $27000

What is the natural increase rate in MDCs vs. LDCs?

LDCs: 1.5% MDCs: 0.01%

What is the infant mortality in LDCs vs. MDCs?

LDCs: 6% MDCs: 0.5%

What is the percentage of people working in agriculture in LDCs vs. MDCs?

LDCs: 60% MDCs: 5%

How many years does the average student attend schools in LDCs as opposed to MDCs?

LDCs: a couple MDCs: 10 years

How much did the GDP increase on average in LDCs and MDCs between 1990 and 2005?

LDCs: from $800 to $4400, MDCs: $10,000

Who was responsible for the bombing of Pan AM Flight 103 over Lockerbie Scotland?

Libyan government-sponsored terrorists -

What are Yugoslavia's five nationalities?

Macedonians, Serbians, Slovenes, Croats, and Montenegrins

What ended hopes of peace between Muslims and Hindus and the creation of a single state containing both?

Mahatma Gandi's assination in 1948

What is the biggest rChristian sect in Lebanon and by how much?

Maronite, 2/3 of the country are adherents to this religion, split from the Catholic Church in the 7th century CE

What are some examples of states that have engaged in smart growth?

Maryland, Washington, Oregon, Tennessee

higher-protien cereals

Most people in MDCs obtain protien by consuming meat, but people in LDCs mainly eat wheat, corn, or rice, all of which have a low protien content. Scientists are experimenting hybrids of all of them to induce a higher one.

What happened in Korea in 1950?

NK invaded SK, facilitating a 3-year war that with a cease-fire, though no official documents were ever created stating it's over. The two countries are now once again divided along the 38th parallel.

OAS

Organization of American States, includes all 35 states in the Western Hemisphere, headquarters located in Washington DC, promotes social, econ., and cultural links between member states

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, includes... -- Algeria -- Libya -- Qatar -- Saudi Arabia -- UAE -- Iraq -- Iran -- Venezuela -- Nigeria -- Indonesia

What is the most populated colony still in existence, how many love there, and what is their relationship with the colonial master's government?

Puerto Rico, 4 million, peole are citizens, but are not represented in congress, and cannot vote

What are the effects of these?

impair vision and alertness, cause respiratory diseases, result in photochemical smog (hydrocarbons in particular)

What is an example of a way that Maryland officials are trying to preserve agri. land?

improving roads in already buit-up areas rather than extending them through rural areas

When did the colonial era begin?

in 1400s when Europeans sailed West for Asia, but discovered America

How has what is being traded changed?

in 1980s -- LDCs traded mostly minerals and agricultural products, in 2005 -- 4/5 of exports from LDCs were manufactured goods

Give an ex. of ridge tillage in action.

in Iowa, RT gained favor for production of organic and herbicide-free soybeans which people will pay more for than regular ones

What is this caused by?

in LDCs, widespread migration to Urban areas from countrysides whether there are jobs or not and high natural increase rates -- in Africa, high natural increase rates result in 3/4 of urban growth

In what three principal ways is energy used?

in businesses, transportation, and homes

Where are people likely to cluster in LDCs and why?

in places similar to where people live in European cities: -- wealthy in center and in a sector extending out from it -- poor in suburbs

Why did the US pass Public Law 480, the Agricultural, Trade, and assistance Act of 1954 and what does Title I and II of it state?

in response to the increasing global demand for food imports -- grain is to be sold at low interest rates --grantes shall be given to needy groups of people

How does large size create social differences between urban and rural settlements?

in rural settlement, everybody knows everybody, but in a city, you can only knwo a small fraction of people, most of whom you meet for a specific purpose -- ex: X your supervisor X your lawer X supermarket cashier X electrician

Who redistricts in most European countries?

independent commissions, which generally try and make equally populated, homogenous districts

indirect electric conversion

indirect electric conversion: solar radiation converted to heat, than to electricity

Why does the Brundtland report say that China will play a key role in the amount of pollution in 21st century?

industry there is increasing rapidly -- mostly powered by coal -- 16 of 20 most polluted cities in world in China -- 10% of the GDP is lost to damages caused by pollution like medical bills and crop loss

What is Latin America's overall development hindered by?

inequitable income distribution

What caused petro prices to drop to all-time low in the 1980s and 90s, and what consequences did it have in the 90s which allowed OPEC to climb back up to producing half of the world's oil?

inflation, surplus of fuel at low prices resulted in people in MDCs using more

What facilitated one of the most rapid rates of population increase in the mid-twentieth century despite the inhospitable climate?

injection of Western medicine and tech

quesi-state

kinda-sorta state

What is a problem with a sprawl?

land not utilized efficiently due to swiss cheese pattern of neighborhoods, creating less countryside, more infrastructure needed

Describe the usual distribution of the land to individual familes in shifting cultivation.

land owned by vill as whole, cheif or ruling council allocates patch of land to each family and allows it to retain output, individuals may also have right to own or protect certain trees surrounding village

When the Allied powers were redividing Europe up into new countries after WW1, what did they base their decisions on?

language similarity

Where are business services concentrated?

large Metropolitan areas like Chicago, Los Angeles, NYC, and San Francisco

The larger the market area, the ____ the range and the threshold.

larger

The larger the range and threshold of a service, the ____ the settlement it is in.

larger

Jim Crow laws

laws enacted by southern states separating balcks from whites, named for song and dance act that was offensive to blacks

In what three ways may a city today be geographically defined?

legal boundaries, continuously built-up area, and a functional area

smart growth

legislations and regulations that reduce suburban sprawl and protect farmland

In general, the farther away a dairy farm is from a major urban center, the _______ of its output is devoted to fresh milk.

less

LNG

liquefied natural gas, a popular method of transporting NG over seas: primarily to Asian markets

Describe the usual political organization of people who practice this.

live in small villages and grow food on surrounding land, which village controls, well-recognized boundaries between different villages

What determines the crops grown by each village?

local customs and taste, individual families usually plant their own crops and harvest them at the best time, so communal planting area can contain a lot of different crops

What is it being replaced by?

logging, cattle-ranching, and cultivation of cash crops

How do govs encourage gentrification?

low-cost loans and tax breaks which make up for the large expense of it

What are its econ. pros and cons?

lower revenues, lower costs

What were Nato and the Warsaw Pact designed to do?

maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe

What are major importers of iron ore?

major steel-producing countries of Western Europe + Japan, and US

What did the division of South Asia result in?

mass migration of people who had been caught on the wrong side of the religious boundary

Al Qaeda

means "foundation" in Arabic, founded by Osama Bin Laden in 1990 and funded by his inheritance, first created to oppose Saudi Royal Family and destroy Israel to free 3 holiest Islamic sites, declared war on US because it supported both, contains an estimated 2000 members spread over 34 countries

GDI

measures improvements in standard of living for women

nonferrous

metal not utilized in the production of steel or iron

Standarad metropolitan statistical area

method used by bureau before 1983 similar to MSA

What are some wekanesses in China's performance?

middle management is weak, quality control is minimal, banking is primitive, legal protection is inadequate, rapid development of resources as China has become largest consumer of steel, copper, coal, and cement, and second largest of petroleum behind the US

warsaw pact

miliatry agreement among communist Eastern European Countries to defend eachother in case of attack

After WW2, what did many countries join in addition to the UN?

military alliance

drive to maturity

modern technology diffuses from few industries to wide variety of industries which then experience rapid growth comparable to that of takeoff industries, workers become more skilled and specialized

What are the problems arising from the transition to sovereignties in Eastern Europe?

The transition from a communist economy is leading to difficulties in reintegration with the rest of the world.

True or false: Industries such as the manufacture of farm equipment, fertilizers and pesticides, and seed distribution are part of agribusiness.

True

True/False: Farms have been subsidized even more in Europe.

True

True/False: Most solar energy companies are owned by large petroleum conglomerates.

True

True/False: Whereas in the past, ethnicities and certain types of businesses were segregated by floor, today, gov. laws in Europe and the US encourage them to be separated by territory.

True

True/False: urban settlements were usually surrounded by walls, even after cannonballs made them ineffective.

True -- Paris, for ex, surrounded itself with new walls in 1840, and did not completely remove them until 1932

What did Cyprus's constitution gaurantee?

Turkish minority would have substantial share of elected offices and control over its own culture, education, and religion

Anguilla

UK

Ascension

UK

Bermuda

UK

Cayman Islands

UK

Falkland Islands

UK

Gibralter

UK

Guernsey

UK

Isle of Man

UK

Jersey

UK

Montserrat

UK

St. Helena

UK

Turks and Caicos Islands

UK

What were root crops mainly used for?

fed to animals during winter

What are the two types of Metropolitan govs?

federation and consolidation

urea

fertilizer most commonly produced in Europe, which is 46% nitrogen

What caused China to have fallen behind the level of development achieved by North America and Europe in the twentieth century?

a century worth of civil wars and foreign incasions

central city

a city surrounded by suburbs

What has been going on in Sudan since the 1980s?

a civil war between the Black Christian and Animist rebels in the Southern provinces and the Arab Muslim-dominated government in the North

Where did European countries minus Portugal aoperate most of the slave trade in africa?

a coastal running along the west coast between Liberia and the Congo

periodic market

a collection of individ. vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on a specified day -- usually mobile -- provides goods to residents in LDCs and rural areas in MDCs -- offer fresh food brough in from country side in urban areas -- varies by culture -- Ex: X in most Muslum countries, vendors come once a week in ech of 6 cities, save on Friday, which is the Muslim day of rest X in Africa, ranges from 3-7 days X in Korea, two 15 day cycles fit in a lunar month

What have researchers found in relation to mechanical and chemical methods of killing weeds?

a combination of the two is far more successful than either one alone

economic base

a community's unique collection of basic industries -- important because exporting by basic indies brings money into local econ. stimulating provision of more nonbasic ones X attracts additional workers, facilitating increase in consumer services to compensate

air pollution

a concentration of trace substances occurring at a greater level than in average air

balance of power

a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances

council of government

a council comprising representatives from many different local govs designed to make decisions involving a Metropolitan area overall

pastoral nomadism (definition)

a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals

specialty farming

a form of truck farming in which farmers grow crops that have limited but increasing demand by affluent customers like asparagus, peppers, mushrooms, strawberries, and nursery plants that has spread to New England as a far more profitable alternative to dairy farming.

nationality

a group of people tied together to a particular place through legal status and cultural tradition

Where, overall, are most of the world's proven reserves of natural gas?

a handful of Asian countries

What is an Al Qaeda and name an example.

a local terrorist organization aligned ideologically with Al Qaeda that deal with country-specific concerns, Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia

central place

a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area, so called because it is centrally located to allow max accessibility

central place

a market for the exchange of goods or services by people attracted from the surrounding area, generally centrally located to allow for maximum accessibility, which creates a regular pattern of settlements

ridge tillage

a system of planting crops in rows on the same ridge tops 10-20 cm apart year after year

central place theory

a theory first proposed in the 1930s by the German geographer Walter Christaller based on his studies of Southern Germany which explains how services are regularly distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements forms (at least in MDCs) -- states that MDCs comprise series of market areas in the shape of hexagons of various sizes unless interrupted by physical features which overlapp and can even encompass one another based on the size of the settlement -- the nesting pattern (not an actual official term)

What is the treaty of Antarctica

a treaty signed in 1959 and renewed in 1991 which provides a legal framework for managing Antarctica. Under it, countries are allowed to establish research stations there, but nothing military related

frontier

a zone where no state exercises complete political control

How many gallons of water does the average American consume per day?

about 1400

In how will long will the world's proven deposits of gas likely be gone?

about 60 years

How was growth of ranching on the South American pampas stimulated?

accessibility of the ocean, better climate than the US West, land was divided into separatly owned ranches in the 19th century

photovoltaic

active solar energy system, convert solar energy directly to electricity (direct current) instead of heat, which can be stored (indirect current)

Where is the Cannabis sativa plant (the source of Marijuana) grown?

all over the world

federal state

allocates strong power to units of local government within the country

Where are the Middle eastern states with large petroleum reserves located?

along the Persian golf or on the Arabian peninsula

In Latin America, where is the level of development relatively high?

along the South Atlantic coast between Curitiba, Brazil, and Buenos Aires

Where in Eastern Europe have people converted more rapidly to Western Europe's succesful market economy?

along the border: -- Czech Republic -- Hungary -- Poland -- Slovakia -- Slovenia

What is the most widely use nonferrous metal?

aluminum

sustainable agriculture

an agricultural practice that preserves or enhances environmental quality increasingly being adopted by commercial farmers

What is the Boserup thesis?

an explanation for why pop. growth influences the distribution of types of sub. farming presented by the economist Ester Boserup

organic farming

an increasingly popular type of sustainable agri

What is the legal definition of a city?

an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit -- has locally elected officials, the ability to raise taxes, the responsibility for providing essential services -- city boundaries defined as area within the gov's jurisdiction

truck farming

another name for commercial gardening and fruit farming used because "truck" was an Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities

service

any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it

clustered rural settlement

aplace where a number of familes live in close proximity to eachother, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings -- contains farn structures, homes, barns, and consumer services, like religious structures, schools, shops, and sometimes a handful of public and business services -- also called a hamlet or village -- fields generally limited to radius of 1-2 km

To what does it apply best to?

areas likie the Great Plains which are not heavily industrialized nor interrupted by many major physical features like mountains or rivers

What did France do with the people it colonized?

asimilate them into French culture and educate an elite group to provide local administration (most of these leaders retained close ties with French even after colonies gained freedom)

What was the the max population of the city of Rome?

at least 250,000 inhabitants, though some say it might have been 1 million

What is one way to measure the level of education in a country?

average amount of school years attended

List some examples of a cereal grain

barley, oats, wheat, rye

What mineral resources are in Guinea?

bauxite

What three stages of development of resulted in this?

before European colonization, during the European colonial period, and since independence

precolonial cities

before European powers established colonies, few cities existed in Latin America, Asia, and Africa: -- in Africa, cities could be found along the West coast, Egypt's Nile River Valley, and Islamic empires in the North and East -- in Asia, cities could be found in Islamic empires in Southwest Asia, as well as in South and East Asia, especially in China, Japan, and India -- in Latin America, cities were found mainly in Mexico and the Andean highlands of Northwest South America

When did the US pass through which stages?

before independence -- stage 1 first 1/2 of 19th century -- stage 2 mid 19th century -- stage 3 late 19th century -- stage 4 early 20th century -- stage 5

What are some examples of some geometric boundaries?

between US and Canada (mainland and Alaska), between Libya and Chad

nonbasic industries

enterprises whose customers live in the sane community, essentially consumer services

Chicago Climate Exchange

established in 2003 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, companies set quotas for themselves, if they get under these, they can sell the surplus allowance, if they go over, they are fined

Historically, what was the most important energy source world wide?

biomass fuel -- like wood, plant material, and animal waste -- can be burned directly or converted to charcoal, alcohol, or methane gas

What comprises 90% of nonmetallic mineral extraction?

building stones and earthen material used for building

More than 1/2 of electricity in the US currently comes from what?

burning coal

What provides mush of the remaining energy in less developed societies?

burning wood and hydroelectric power

How has Morocco tried to prove that it controls the Polisario Front?

by building a 3000 km long wall around the territory to keep out rebels

How does fair trade increase the amount of money returned to the original producer of the good?

by cutting out the exploitative middlemen

passive solar energy system

captures energy without special devices

How did most African Americans get to the North?

cars and buses, on US Route 1 (two-way lane parallel to I95) along the est coast, or (if they were migrating from Alabama and other landlocked southeastern states) US routes 25 and 21

What were rest crops used for?

cattle grazing and restoration of nitrogen in soil

What is the significance of the fertile crescent?

center for land and sea communication in ancient world, origin of city states

What area does the Heartland or Pivot Area comprise?

central Eurasia roughly analogoues to the Russian Empire and Soviet Union except for its far Eastern section

What is the half the land bordering the Mediterranean sea devoted to?

cereal farming

command and control centers

cities that contain centers for major corp., well-developed banking facilities, and concentrations of other business services, as well as important educational, medical, and public institutions -- Ex: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Indianapolis, Kansas, City, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland (Oregon), St. Lois, and Seattle

specialized producer-service center

cities that offer a more narrow, specialized variety of services, -- one group specializes in research and development activities related to a specific industry X Ex: XX motor vehicles in Detroit XX steel in Pittsburgh XX office equipment in Rochester, NY XX semiconductors in San Jose, CA -- another group specializes in gov. and edu., notably state capitols with major universities X Ex: XX Albany XX Lansang XX Madison XX Raleigh-Durham

What did the Kerner Commission write in 1968?

cities were divided into two separate and unequal societies: one black and one white

What are the five basic shapes of states?

compact, prorupted, elongated, fragmented, and perforated

call center

companies, mainly in India (since any educated person there speaks English, but can paid a low wage), in which workers aer contracted to answer calls. When you finally talk to someone after calling a company's "800" number, or recieve an annoying random advertising call, it's usually from someone at a call center.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

comprised 7 EasternEuropean communist states plus Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam, established to promote trade and sharing of natural resources, dibanded in early 1990s

What three models have been created to help explain where different types of people live in an urban area?

concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models

What was another main reason for rejecting communism altogether?

concetration on basic industry ment not many consumer goods and severely lower level of comfort, which people could tell after seeing Western European lifestyle on TV

What weakened OPEC's influence in the 1980s and 1990s?

conflicts between member countries

What are the three types of services?

consumer services, business services, public services

multinational states

contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing eachother as distinct nationalities

In the US, what crop do mixed farmers most often select and why?

corn because of higher yields per year than other crops

Where is 2/3 of the world's wine produced?

countries that border the Mediterranean sea

metropolitan statistical area

created by the US Census Bureau as a more applicable way of defining a city's area of influence than than the UA, includes... -- an urbanized area with pop. of at least 50,000 -- the county within which the city is located -- adjacent counties with a high pop. density and a large percentage of residents working in city's county 362 MSAs designated in 2003, encompassing 83% of US pop. , comprise about 20% of US land area, urbanized area generally only comprises 10% of MSA

What did Britain do with the people it colonized?

created different local government structures depending on that region's culture, a decentralize approach which helped protect each area's diverse culture

In milder parts of the non wet rice dominated region, more than one harvest can be achieved some years through the skilled use of _____?

crop rotation -- the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

What is a major cause of fatal tetanus among infants in India?

cutting the umbilical cord with a dirty knife

Where does the inability for women to live much longer than men derive from?

death due to childbirth

basic industries

define a settlement's distinctive econ. structure, export primarily to consumers outside settlement

What did this form the basis of?

development of Western European states like England, Spain, and France

sustainable development

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

What mineral resources are in Botswana and Congo?

diamonds

Describe the relationship between different groups of nomads in correlation to the area in which they migrate.

every group controls a piece of territory and will invade another group's only in a time of emergency or if war is declared, the goal being to possess territory containing enough needed resources for you and your herd to survive

True/False: While econ. activities have become more centralized, especially in manufacturing, modern inventions reinforce rural life instead of a clustered urban one.

false, econ activities have become more decentralized especially in manufacturing, while modern inventions reinforce urban life

True of false: once the land used in slash and burn is infertile, it is completely abandoned.

false: friut trees may still by grown there

True/False: a good portion of the Mediterranean region of California is also devoted to cereal growth.

false: mostly fruit and vegie horticulture (contains most horticulture of any region with a Mediterranean climate)

What type of Asian climate inhibits intensive subsistence farmers from growing wet rice?

harsh winters and low summer precipitation levels

breeder reactor

harvest plutonium from waste products of nuclear fuel, but this is more lethal and can cause deaths and injuries in an accident and is easier to fashion into a bomb -- consequentially, few have been made

What do some firms do to insure evenly distributed labor year round despite wheat only growing in one particular half of the year? Give an ex.

have two farms: one in spring and one in winter wheat belt: workers migrate from one to the other after harvests are complete as does machinery so as to reduce costs. Ex: combine companies start working in Oklahoma in early summer and work their way northward

What were the consequences of the boycott in the US?

heavy metal industry (steel) never fully recovered in US due to raised energy prices

What are some hazardous wastes?

heavy metals, PCB oils from electric equipment, Cyanides, solvents, acids, caustics

What two activities are excluded from the CBD?

high rents and land shortages discourage two main activities: -- factoriesn -- X industrial port activity moving to old inner city ports thanks to manuverability of current vessels X cities demolishing derelect warehouses and peirs on their water fronts in favor of commercial buildings and tourist attractions -- residents -- X rich people used to build mansions downtown while poor people lived in conjested dirty living areas X people abandoned downtown living for both push/pull factors XX push factors -- XXX high rent XXX unpleasant living conditions XX pull factors (mainly to suburbs) -- XXX large amount of land available XXX nicer standard of living XXX cheaper XXX newer schools X downtown living growing again, particularly among people without kids

Traditionally, what have companies done with their back-office staff? Why have they ceased this practice?

housed them in the same building, rising rents in downtown cities

For whose consumption are most of the crops in the Mediterranean grown?

human (horticulture forms commercial base of Mediterranean agri.)

Which renewable resources are used the most?

hydroelectric and biomass (by far), followed by geothermal, wind, then solar

Yugoslavia was a very ethnically and linguistically diverse country. What kept the grouos unified?

economic interests

age of mass consumption

economy shiftsfrom production of heavy industry like steel and energy to consumer goods, like motor vehicles and refrigerators

What later supplemented this?

energy from burning wood or flowing water

Traditional Society

not yet started development, very high percentage of people work in agriculture, large percentage of national wealth to "nonproductive activities" like warfare and religion

fallow

nothing planted

What happened to farms with milk cows in the US between 1980 and 2000?

number decreased by 2/3, but number of cows decreased by 1/8, and annual production increased by 1/4

The closer people are the border of a service's hinterland, the more likely they are to _______.

obtain services from another node

What do the offshore islands consist of?

offshore countries like the British isles and Japan

Why are governments reluctant to do anything about emission resulting in acid rain?

often the affects are not felt in the same place as emissions

What 3 of the world's substances provide 5/6s of the world's energy?

oil, coal, and natural gas

What are the two most important cash crops grown in area of Mediterranean agri.?

olives and grapes

Describe the 29000 biggest farms in the US.

on average -- -- 1,200 hectares (3000 acres) -- sell $3 million worth of agri. products per year -- comprise only on 1.4 % of US farms -- account for 48% of all agricultural sale

what type of environment is it practiced in?

on semiarid or arid land where veg. too sparse or soil too poor to support crops

Where is geothermal energy mostly used?

on tectonic rifts -- Japan -- California -- Italy -- Iceland -- Indonesia -- New Zealand

What are the two types of fragmented states?

ones separated by water, and ones separated by another state

How is Al Qaeda organized?

organized into cells comprising sleeper agents that never have direct contact with eachother

prorupted state

otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension, Ex and why: -Congo, Belgians carved out proruption along Zaire river to give colony access to the Atlantic -Afghanistan, British made it so that Russia didn't share a border with pakistan -former German colony of Southeast Africa, gave colony access to Zambezi River, disrupted communications between British colonies

What percentage of the people in the world are farmers?

over 40%

Thanks to refrigerated rail cars, what is the average max milkshed today?

over 500 km (300 miles)

In most European countries, what percentage of health costs does the gov. pay for on average?

over 70%

What mineral resources are in Nigeria?

petroleum

Which of the three major fossil fuels is being depleted the most?

petroleum

What three elements fertilize the soil?

phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen

What are the two types of boundaries?

physical and cultural

unitary state

places most power in the hands of central government officials

Where is double cropping common?

places with warm winters such as South China and Taiwan (relatively rare in India), here it usually involves alternating between wet rice and dry crop like wheat or barley

Describe the type of settlement popular with the first settlers of the Southeast.

plantation: owner lived in mansion surrounded by service buildings including laundry, kitchen, dairy, and bakery

pfp

policy framework paper, outlines structural adjustment program which includes econ. goals, strategies for achieving objectives, and external financing requirements that LDC will use to meet objectives, must be turned in by LDC before institutions agree to relieve debt because they fear debt relief with no strings attatched will perpetuate bad habits in LDCs

takeoff

rapid growth generated in a limited number of econ. activities, while these few industries achieve tech advances, others remain dominated by traditional practices

What is the one exception to this?

rapid transit: Their are two types -- 1. fixed heavy rail -- like subway 2. fixed light rail -- like trolley, which is making a modest come-back -- California is leading state in the development of rapid transit

What does a combine machine do?

reaps, threshes and cleans

Where is the biggest market for solar energy?

remote locations and LDCs where many people don't have electricity

Where is the biggest market for solar energy?

remote locations and LDCs where most people don't have access to a power grid

Brundtland Report

report by Grow Harlem Brundtland in 1987 for the UN which said that, for the economy to grow efficiently, the environment must be protected

What did he say came next?

seed agriculture -- the production of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization (practiced by most farmers today)

What are roundup-ready seeds, and what are they causing?

seeds genetically modified to be resistant to herbicides and pesticides, causing some weeds to be resistant to herbicides

For most of the twentieth century, which development model has been largely preferred?

self-sufficiency model, AKA balanced growth, most eastern European, and African countries + China and India have at one point tried this

What did suburbs used to be built around?

self-sustaining community clustered around a railway stop

Dairy farmers that are far away from consumers are more likely to...?

sell their output to processors who make butter, cheese, dried, or evaporated milk

What practice has the government of Sudan enforced?

separation between the sexes

micropolitan statistical area

smaller urban areas that must include -- UA with pop. of 10,000 -- 50,000 -- the county it's in -- adjacent counties tied to city 560 micropolitan areas in US, contain 10% of US pop., mostly located around Southern and Western communities previously considered rural

How do farmland preservation efforts traditionally identify prime agricultural land?

soil quality

passive solar energy

solar energy captured without special devices -- interest in solar energy has waxed and waned since it was theorized based on the price of other energy

What is that crop used for?

some consumed by people as oil, margarine, and other food products, but most is fed to pigs and cattle

Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia

source of 60% of the world's Opium, centered in Myanmar, and extending into Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam

What is a city state?

sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside whose boundaries are delineated by walls (usually) and controls the the agricultural land outside of them

What is the second most important crop in the US and what is it used for?

soybeans: mostly animal feed, but also tofu -- widely consumed by people in China and Japan, and soybean oil used as hidden ingredient in most US foods

What is the trend for gerrymendering in the United States?

stacked vote

perforated state

state that completely surrounds another one, Ex: Lesotho

What does the Law of the Sea state?

states have exclusive rights to aquatic resources within 200 miles, countries with less than 400 miles between them have to work out treaty

peripheral model

states that an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by ring road that divides it from a large suburban area also surrounding it

density gradient

states that the number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the central city increases

In the more developed regions, where are more people likely to live?

suburbs

The three models work best for cities in what area of the world?

the US

What is the world's largest commercial producer of grain?

the US, by far: Anglo-America produces half of world's wheat exports, North American prairies often called the world's "breadbasket"

Who created the HDI index, when, and how does it work?

the US, the UN selects one econ. factor (GDP per capita), two social factors (literacy rate and education), and one demographic factor (longevity). Highest possible HDI is 1.0. Highest one in existence is .963 -- Norway, and lowest is .281 -- Niger. The other two-dozen lowest-ranking countries are also in sub-saharan Africa.

Who originally was part of the Warsaw Pact?

the USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania

What happened to both of them?

the Warsaw Pact was disbanded, Nato membership expanded to include most of former warsaw pact countries, but the number of actual troops decreased drastically

Where are Asian Americans clustered?

the West

What does the GEM measure?

the ability of women to participate in achieving the process of making such improvements

proven reserve

the amount energy in fossil fuel deposits that have been discovered already

potential reserve

the amount of energy in deposits that are undiscovered but thought to exist

greenhouse effect

the anticipated increase in Earth's temp. caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface

market area or hinterland

the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted

hinterland or market area

the area surrounding a service which customers are attracted to

ranching

the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

self-determination

the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

What do the outlying islands consist of?

the continents of North America, South America, and Australia

rank-size rule

the country's nth largest settlement has 1/n the pop. of the largest settlement -- closely followed in the US and a handful of other countries including among the smaller settlements of several MDCs in Europe, but not the larger settlements -- Ex: the fourth largest city in a country has 1/4 the pop. of the largest

agriculture

the deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

What is happening in Poland?

the formerly communist government is now becoming federal

Who made the most widely used map of where the major types of SA and CA are practiced today?

the geographer, Derwent Whittlesey, in 1936

What is a substantial econ. problem faced by cities today?

the growing gap between the cost of public services required for low-income inner-city neighborhoods and the amount available to pay for them

horticulture

the growing of fruits, vegies, flowers, and tree crops

What are the two regions in Sub-Saharan africa where ethnic conflict have been particularly complex and brutal?

the horn of Africa and Central Africa

Where in Africa is the food supply problem particularly severe?

the horn of Africa: Somalia, Ethiopia, and Sudan

What did Mackinder refer to the rest of the world island and offshore islands as?

the inner crescent

green revolution

the invention and rapid diffusion of more efficient agricultural methods during the 1970s and 1980s

primate city rule

the largest city -- called the primate city -- has more than twice as many people as the second largest -- Ex: in Denmark, Copenhagen (primate city) has 1 million inhabitants, while the second largest urban area, Arhus, has only 200,000 -- followed by many larger settlements in European countries as well as many LDCs

When did factories start producing farm machinery in place of handmade wooden equipment?

the late eighteenth century -- first all-iron plow made in 1770s

preservation

the maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible -- all animals and plants have a right to live no matter the cost -- nature is not a resource for human use

range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service ( generally measured in the time it takes to get there), or the radius of the theoretical circle drawn to delineate the market area, which itself is irregular so as to encompass only the areas where it is closer to its consumers than a competing service

biogeographic diversity

the measure of the number of species in a given area

Until when did both occur on the same spot and why did it stop?

the mid-1900s when tech, gov policies, and econ encouraged farmers to become more specialized

Where does this mostly occur in the US?

the midwest

Which side did many of the people in the Somalia take?

the militias because they wanted to restore order.

threshold

the minimum number of people needed to support a service

What is these countries' dilemma?

the more land used to grow crops for export, the less their is available for growing crops to feed the people of the country

prime agricultural land

the most productive farmland, spanning 200,000 hectares (500,000 acres), has been lost to urban sprawl

What is a major difficulty in making regional decisions?

the multiplicity of local govs, all of whom are looking out for their own interests

Kerner Commission

the national advisory commision on civil disorders

What is the main obstacle to using renewable resources more?

the needs of cars -- electric cars are more costly and offers a smaller range -- fuel cells are being considered but they need a more efficient distribution system

Having determined the optimal hinterland for a service, what location within it would maximize profit?

the one that minimizes the time it takes to reach the service for the largest number of people

What did he refer to all remaining land as?

the outer crescent

biochemical oxygen demand

the oxygen consumed by decomposing organic waste in an aquatic environment

literacy rate

the perentage of a country's people who can read and write. MDCs: exceeds 98%, LDCs: less than 60%

What is the major physical problem faced by inner-city neighborhoods

the poor condition of housing, most of which was built before 1940

How is the size of the hinterland determined based on threshold?

the population of the people which the service applies to in it

What does the amount of raw materials in a country measure today?

the potential development of the country

wet rice

the practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded feild to promote growth

urban renewal

the process by city govs identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and then turn the land over to private developers -- national gov. grants help city govs do this

what is straw

the threshed stalks of wheat and barley

What is happening in France?

the traditionally unitary government is becoming more federal

After what treaty were foreign companies allowed to set up factories in treaty ports?

the treaty of Shimoneski in 1895 which ended the first Sino-Japanese war

biomass

the use of organic material for fuel -- Ex: wood and crops -- problems: X biomass needed elsewhere X the amount of energy used in production is often equal to the amount produced

productivity

the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

Gross Domestic Product Per Capita (GDP)

the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country normally during a year

biodiversity

the variety of species across Earth as a whole or in a specific place

Which side of the Somali conflict did the US back and why?

the warlords because the militias were believed to by sympathetic to terrorists

True or False: Groups are frequently divided into herding units of five or six families and choose routes based on the most likely water sources during various seasons of the year depending on how dry or how wet that year is.

true

True/False: As recently as the 1950s, the reverse was true.

true

True/False: Nitrogen is ubiquitous.

true

True/False: People are currently ignoring large iron deposits in favor of using smaller, more accessible ones, saving the formers for later.

true

True/False: Since the twentieth century, dairy farmers have specialized in either fresh milk production or other products like butter and cheese.

true

True/False: The Roman empire encouraged urban settlement.

true

True/False: Urbanization has stopped in most MDCs because the percentage of people living in urban areas simply can't increase much more.

true

True/False: many small local landfills are closing in favor of a few large regional ones.

true

True/False: most farms practicing MCL only grow crops or raise animals, and than just trade one for the other with another farm

true

True/False: the Sahel region is also facing extreme starvation

true

True/False: truck farms are highly efficient operations, and truck farmers are generally willing to experiment with new varieties, seeds, and fertilizers to maximize that.

true

True/false: more women than men vote in most places.

true

True/False: A disproportionatly large amount of wealthy people live in cities. What has this lead to?

true,many leisure services cluster in cities and highly specialized and luxury products are more likely to be sold there like concerts, operas, night clubs, libraries, museums, sporting events, and theaters -- Ex: London presents more plays than the rest of the UK combined, and New York nearly has more theaters than the rest of the US combined

What mineral resources are in Niger?

uranium

In LDCs, where are people moving to?

urban areas

In Latin America, where do most people live?

urban areas, Mexico City Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires are among world's ten largest cities

How do factories affect the temperature of water and how does this affect aquatic life?

use water for cooling than discharge warm water into lakes and streams, killing life in them

What is producticvity measured in. Explain the concept. Give some statistical examples.

value-added per worker -- the profit made of of the product minus the money it took to make it. Ex: -- $80,000 in US -- $70,000 in Japan -- $1000 in China -- $500 in India

fair trade

variation of international trade model in which products are made and traded according to standards that protect workers and small businesses in LDCs

According to the cultural geographer, Carl Sauer, what was the earliest form of agriculture?

vegetative planting -- the reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots

Where is mixed crop and livestock farming most common?

west of Appalachians and east of 98 degrees west longitude in the US and in Europe from France to Russia

What is the most important grain and what is its significance?

wheat -- used to make bread flour -- world's leading export crop

colonial cities

when Europeans gained control of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, they expanded existing cities to provide colonial services like administration, military command, and international trade, as well as housing for colonists -- existing native towns were either demolished, like Tenochtitlan before it was replaced by Mexico City, or simply left alone in favor of building an entirely new settlement, usually nearby, like New Delhi -- built by the British near the old city of Delhi -- because the ideas of the conquered cities were at complete odds with European ones -- colonial cities generally had wider streets, public squares , larger houses surrounded by gardens, and much lower density -- all colonial cities followed standardized plans X Ex: the grid pattern used in Spanish cities outlined by the Laws of the Indies drafted in 1573

pollution

when more waste is added than a resource can accommodate, generally greater in places with larger numbers of people

social area analysis

when social scientists compare the distribution of various characteristics and create an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live

consolidation

when the govs of the city and the county work together, generally in the same building

where did African Americans arriving in cities in the migration waves of the 20th century live?

where the few who had migrated in the 19th century were already living, called ghettos

Has the gap in GDP between LDCs and MDCs widened or lessoned over the past quarter century?

widened

What does it mean is the GDI is higher than the GEM?

women possess greater percentage of country's resources than power over allocation of them

What are the four levels of cities that play a major role in the provision of producer and other business services in the global econ in order of most to least?

world city, regional command and control center, specialized producer service center, dependent center

What is the significance of Wal-mart?

world's biggest retail company, partnered with China

What percentage of New York City's pop is Latino?

1/4

Indo-European

48% 1. Spanish -- 322 million 2. Hindi -- 329 million 3. English -- 309 million 4. Portugese -- 177 million 5.Bengali -- 171 million

How many members did the UN have when it was first established in 1945?

49

Where are most of the world's oil reserves located

5 Middle Eastern Countries have 60% of reserves -- 20% -- Saudi Arabia -- 10% -- Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, UAE (each) Venezuela and Mexico have most extensive oil reserves in Western Hemisphere -- US -- 2% (but produces 10% of world's oil) -- Canada -- 14%

Austronesian

5% 1.Javanese -- 75 million 2. Sunda -- 27 million 3. Indonesian adn Malay -- 23 million 4. Cebuano -- 20 million \ 5. Tagalog -- 15 million

When did recorded history begin?

5000 years ago

Afro-Asiatic

6% 1. Arabic -- 195 million 2. Cushitic -- 29 million 3. Chadic and Hausa -- 24 million 4. Amharic -- 17 million 5. Oromo -- 15 million 6. Somali -- 12 million 7. Berber -- 9 million 8. Hebrew and Tigrinya -- 5 million

What are the percentages of reliogions in Lebanon?

60% -- Muslim, mainly Shiites 30% -- Christian 10% -- other

How many less farms and farmers were there in the US in 2000 than in 1900?

60% and 85%

Describe the rate of consumption of NRs in the US in the 60s vs. 70s.

60s -- increased rapidly 70s -- increased at a much slower rate

At our current rate of use, how long will the world's uranium reserves last?

70 years

In 2000, how many Americans said that they were caucasian?

75%

When was the 3-field system introduced?

8th century

Amerindian

9 million

True or False: The World Bank supports deforestation with loans to finance development schemes that involved clearing of forests.

False: it did until recently

True/False: Since the 1940s, use of public transit has greatly increased.

False: it has greatly declined

True/False: Drug use in inner-cities has been increasing less rapidly in recent years than in the suburbs.

False: more rapidly

True/False: the population of cities in the South and West has grown more slowly in recent years.

False: more rapidly

in possession of a handful of nuclear weapons

North Korea

Describe the ratio of women legislatures to male ones throughout the world.

Northern Europe: 1/3 other MDCs: 1/5 LDCs: 1/10 >

Where are most settlements that have an econ. base of manufacturing durable goods clustered? Nondurable goods like textiles?

Northern Ohio and Southeastern Wisconsin, near Southern Great Lakes / Southeast, especially in the Carolinas

When and where was the four field system first used?

Northwest Europe, 18th century

Where is 98% of the world's Coca leaf grown?

Northwest South America, particularly Bolivia, Columbia, and Peru.

Svalbard

Norway

What area is most affected by acid rain?

Ohio

What is the least polulated colony in the world, whose is it, how many people live there, how big is it, what is its history,and how do the people make money?

Pitcairn, Britain, 47, 5 km squared, settled in 1790 by British mutineers under command of Captain William Bligh, they sell fish and postage stamps to collectors

What is happenning to the suburbs nearest to the central city?

Poorer people are moving to them from gentrifying communities where the rich are moving to, while the middle class moves to suburbs that are farther out

green belts

gov-mandated rings of open space around cities in Europe

Name some examples of nomadic groups

-- the Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and North Africa -- the Masai of East Africa

name some other states with over or equal to 5 million square km in order of size

-China -Canada -US -Brazil -Australia

Name the three highest percentages of Hispanics from each country

1. Mexico -- 64% 2. Puerta Rico -- 10% 3. Cuba -- 4%

What does the typical worker recieve per hour in an MDC as opposed to an LDC?

$15 vs. $2

What countries are responsible for generating most of this?

-- 1/3 -- US -- 1/3 -- France + Japan

What countries have most of the world's proven coal reserves?

-- 1/4 -- US -- > 1/4 -- China and Russia -- 1/3 -- India, Australia, South Africa

What countries contain the most natural gas reserves?

-- 1/6 -- Iran and Qatar (each) -- 3% -- US (but accounts for 1/4 of production) -- 1/4 -- Russia

What is an example of the USSR using military force to establish more sympathetic govs. in its allies

-- 1956 -- Hungary -- 1968 -- Czechoslovakia -- 1979 -- Afghanistan

What is an example of the US using military force to establish more sympathetic govs. in its allies

-- 1965 -- Dominican Republic -- 1983 -- Grenada -- 1989 -- Panama

What are some examples of terrorist attacks on the US besides 9/11?

-- 1995 -- Oklahoma City Federal Building Bombing -- 168 people killed by an American terrorist angry about 80 death resulting from FBI seige and attack on Waco Religious Center in Texas -- 1998 -- US embassy bombing in Tanzania and Kenya -- killed 190 people, injured 5000 -- 2000 -- USS Kole bombing in Yemen

Since 9/11, what are some examples of other bombings Al Qaeda has been indicated in?

-- 2003 -- bombings in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia -- killed 35 -- 2004 -- attacks on oil company offices in Khobr -- 2003 -- truck bombs in Istanbul killed 29 people at two synagogues and 32 at British consulate and Britsh bank -- 2005 -- American owned hotel in Jordan

What is responsible for how much of this?

-- 34% -- overgrazing -- 30% -- deforestation -- 28% -- agricultural overuse

What countries produce most of the world's coal?

-- China -- 40% -- US -- 20% -- 25% -- Australia, Russia, and South Africa

South Pacific

-- HDI -- 0.87 -- not central to economy because of small pop. and peripheral location -- HDIs of Australia and New Zealand those of MDCs X due to British colonialism, 90% of people have British ancestry in these two places X export mainly food -- other people live scattered across LDC islands -- econ. increasingly tied to East Asian one, especially Japan's

Middle East

-- HDI: .68 -- much of it is sparsely inhabited desert -- most things have to be imported -- becuase of petroleum reserves, middle east only region in world where exports are more valuable than imports -- only region in world whose development not hindered by lack of capital -- great tension between countries with and without large petroleum reserves

Sub-Saharan Africa

-- HDI: 0.51 -- smallest pop. density of any LDC region -- highest rate of natural increase in world -- major source of minerals like diamonds, Chromium, Platinum, and Manganese -- despite low pop. density, dry or tropical climate only allows for so little agriculture that it is very hard to feed everyone -- agricultural output declined because land is so overworked

South Asia

-- HDI: 0.58 -- includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan -- pop. density and natural increase rate among highest in world -- India world's leading producer of jute (used tomake burlap and twine), peanuts, sugarcane, wheat, rice, and tea. Also has reserves of uranium, buaxite (Al ore), coal, manganese, Iron ore, and Chromite (Cr ore) -- India principal benficiary of Green Revolution, beginning in 1960s -- agricultural depends heavily on Monsoon Season -- India has world's fourth largest economy

Southeast Asia

-- HDI: 0.58 -- suffered from half a century of continuos warfare -- Japan, France, UK, and Netherlands all had to withdraw colonies because of it -- both France and US fought unsuccessfully to prevent communist take-over of Vietnam durin Vietnam war, which lasted from 1950s to 1975 -- Loas and Cambodia also been devastated by wars -- tropical climate not condusive to agriculture -- econ. development limited by active volcanoes , several mountain ranges, frequent typhoons, and pccasional tsunamis -- because of unique vegetation, farmers focus on growing things used in manufacturing like palm oil, copra (coconut oil), natural rubber, kapok (ceiba tree fibers used for insulation and filling), abaca ( fibers from bana leaf stalks used to make fabrics and ropes), and rice -- has large percentage of world's petroleum reserves and tin -- econ. growth slowed over past decade because corrupt gov. officials spent the money unwisely -- some areas, particularly Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Philippines, have had rapid development -- Malaysia major manufacturer of cars and other consumer goods -- region major textile manufacturer

Why did the New England settlers arrange their settlements like this?

-- common at center of land grant X group granted area of land by English gov 4-10 square miles -- church played a central role in daily activities: X everyone in group usually belonged to the same church and were seeking religious freedom X settlement leader generally official of the puritan church -- good for defense against attacks by natives

Eastern Europe

-- HDI: 0.8 --only place where HDI has declined since UN made it in 1990 X was just behind Western Europe in 1990 X was on level with Latin America by 2000 X legacy of region's communist rule -- when the communist Bolshevik party gained control of Russia in 1917, and than other countries in region like... X Albania X Yugoslavia X Bulgaria X Czechoslavakia X East Germany X Hungary X Poland X Romania they achieved rapid development during 50s and 60s X annual per capita GDPs increased from several hundred $ to several thousand $ thanks to businesses being run by gov. instead of privately

Western Europe

-- HDI: 0.93 --on global scale, displays cultural unity because almost everyone speaks Indo-European language and adheres to Christianity X individual languages and religious practices been long-time source of conflict -- competition among Western European nationalities caused many wars, most notably world wars, but since end of WW2, been relatively unfied -- greater migration of Muslims and Hindus there from LDCs offsets unity Xmain cause of pop. growth -- level of development highest in core area: X West Germany X Southeast UK X Northeast France X North Italy X Switzerland X Southern Scandinavia X Belgium X Netherlands X Luxembourg -- Peripheral region -- X South Italy X Portugal XSpain X Greece lags somewhat in development, causing HDI to be slightly lower than Anglo-America -- has to import food, energy, and minerals X without colonies to do this, Western Europe has to pay for it X does this by, in return, providing high value goods and services, like insurance, banking, and luxury motor vehicles -- elimination of most internal econ. barriers has made it world's largest economy and richest market X econ. growth still lags somewhat behind Anglo-America because some local govs. unwilling to give up some existing jobs and social services

Anglo-America

-- HDI: 0.94 -- US and Canada -- least diverse in language patterns or religion than any other region X 90% of people speak English as first language and are Christian X creates some minor tension between majority and minority at times, but also means that most people are able to participate in region's economy -- lots of minerals and natural resources -- leading provider of many high tech, financial, management, and high-tech services, as well as entertainment, recreation equipment, mass media, sports, and other services that support leisure time -- Americans -- the leading consumers and world's largest market for many products -- few Americans farmers but large aspect of work-force engaged in some aspect of producing or serving food

Japan

-- HDI: 0.94 -- comprise some of world's most heavily farmed land -- high physiological density -- lacks most resources needed for basic industry -- third major economic center X achieved in part by concentrating resources in vigorous education systems and training programs to create skilled labor force -- Japanese companies spend twice as much as US firms on research and development X gov. provides further assistance to develop new products and manufacturing processes

Name some examples of countries that have developed via international trade despite lack of natural resources.

-- Japan -- Switzerland -- Singapore -- South Korea

What are some examples of water boundaries in Eastern Africa?

-- Lake Albert between Congo Democratic Republic and Uganda -- Lake Victoria between Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda -- Lake Taganyika separating Congo Democratic Republic, Tanzania, Burundi, and Zambia -- Lake Mwera between Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia -- Lake Malawi between Malawi and Mozambique

In the past, where was the water pollution? Where is it today

-- MDCs X Ex: River Thames -- LDCs due to untreated water X still less water pollution per person

Where is the agri. land most threatened by urban growth in the US?

-- Maryland -- between Washington DC and Baltimore, 63% farmland there prime, 32% has important environment features, 23% high pop growth pressures / 4% has all three, 25% had two factors

Give some examples of areas where overlapping MSAs create contiguous urban complexes

-- Megalopolis or Boswash Corridor -- extends from North of Boston to South of Washington -- the Southern Great Lakes between Chicago and Milwaukee on the West and Pittsburg on the East -- Southern California from Los Angeles to Tijuana -- Ruhr -- in Germany, includes cities of Dusseldorf, Essen, and Dortmund -- Randstand -- in the Netherlands, includes the Hague, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam -- Tokaido -- in Japan, includes Tokyo and Yokohama

What caused the oil shortage of 1974?

-- OPEC countries mad at Western MDCs for supporting Israel in 1973 war -- boycotted beginning in winter of 1973/1974 -- stopped boycott in 1974, but raised oil prices drastically

Describe crop distribution for shifting cultivation.

-- Southeast Asia -- rice -- South America -- maize (corn) and manios (cassava) -- Africa -- Millet and Sorghum

How do they reduce the hardships of the poor families who are forced to move because of gentrification?

-- US law as well as that of many other Western European countries requires that they be reimbursed for moving expenses and increased rent over a 4-year period -- the govs rent rennovated inner-city housing throughout the city for low-income families through public housing and other programs dispersed

What are some examples of cities in the US with lots of talented people? What are some examples of ones without many?

-- Washington DC, Boston, San Francisco, Seattle -- Las Vegas

What were some other independent hearths for vegetative agri.?

-- West Africa -- oil-palm treed and yam -- Northwestern South America -- the manoic, sweet potato, arrowroot, diffused to Central and eastern portions of South America

What are the hearths for seed agriculture?

-- West India -- diffused to Southwest Asia, where livestock was first used in the production of crops through plowing, than across Europe and through Northern Africa X diffused from Greek islands and mainland Northwestward along the Danube River to Baltic and North Seas and eventually to Ukraine X also diffused from Southwest Asia east to Northwestern India and Indus River Plain -- Northern China -- millet diffused from here to South Asia and Southeast Asia X though it is unknown, rice (most important crop in much of Asia) is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia -- Ethiopia -- millet and sorghum domesticated, agri. did not diffuse widely from here -- Southern Mexico -- (extended into Guatemala and Honduras) origin of squash and corn farming -- Northern Peru -- squash, beans, and cotton domesticated, llama, alpaca, and turkey

plantation farming

-- a form of commercial agri. found in tropics and subtropics, especially in Latin America, Africa, and Asia -- plantation -- a large farm that specializes in one or two crops X usually found in LDC but owned by European or Anglo-American X usually in a sparsely inhabited place onto which workers must be imported and provided with food, housing and social services -- crops generally processed before shipped so shipment less bulky and therefore cheaper -- work distributed as evenly as possible throughout year to take full adventage of large labpr force

After the communist revolution in China in 1949, how was agri. land split up, what was the gov hoping to accomplish, did they, and is it still around today? If not, what is?

-- agri. land distributed to communes which consisted of several small villages of usually no more than several hundred people -- by combining several small fields into one, they hoped to improve efficiency because equipment could be shared and larger projects like terracing could be carried out quicker -- no, productivity only increased a little bit because the people worked less effeciently when it was for the gov rather than themselves -- no, communes still hold legal ownership, but they give out contracts to individuals -- AAR, productivity increased greatly

Latin America population demographics

-- almost everyone is Roman Catholic -- almost everyone speaks either Spanish or Portugese -- large percentage of people trace ancestry back to indigenous people living there prior to the arrival of Europeans or African slaves

What are some renewable power sources?

-- biomass -- hydroelectric -- geothermal -- wind -- solar

What are some proposed solutions for the disposal of nuclear waste and why have none of them been implemented?

-- burial at sea -- burial in abandoned mines -- in deep layers of rock salt -- rocketing it into the sun Nobody wants nuclear waste near their community

incineration

-- burning of trash into ashes -- heat generated can be used as power source -- increased to the point where 1/6 of all trash is incinerated -- also pollutes: X releases toxins into the air while some remain in ash

In the past, how have companies tried to dispose of hazardous waste?

-- burying them in metal drums X soil erosion can expose these and corrosion can often cause them to leak -- shipping them unscrupulously to West Africa

What are the three main component of urban air pollution?

-- carbon monoxide -- caused by improper combustion -- hydrocarbons -- caused by improper combustion and paint solvents -- particulates -- like dust and smoke particles

Describe the history of cattle ranching in the US.

-- cattle first brought to Americas by Columbus on second voyage because they were sufficiently hardy to survive long voyage -- cattle pop. increased dramatically on wild, but abundant, pastures on fronteir between North and South America -- immigrants from Spain and Portugal (only two European countries with tradition of cattle ranching) began ranching in Americas -- taught it to settlers from North Europe or Eastern US who moved to Texas and other fronteir territories in the 19th century -- expanded in 1860s due to demand for beef in East Coast cities -- challenge for ranchers was to transport cattle from texas to eastern markets X had to drive cattle on hoof several hundred km to railway XX reached Abilene in 1867, which was made into a prosperous and booming frontier town that year by Joseph G. McCoy, but moved farther West after a few years XX most famous route was Chisholm Trail which began near Brownsville at the Mexican border and extended through Texas, then Oklahoma, and Kansas XXX though it has many branches, main route went through Austin, Waco, Fort Worth, and Caldwell XXX roughly follows U.S. Route 81 today XX Western Trail became more important in 1870s when railroad terminus moved farther west X if they could get them to Chicago, they would be paid $30-40 a head as opposed to $3-4 in Texas -- once their, cattle slaughtered and processed by meat-packing companies and sold to consumers in East

Range Wars

-- cattle ranching declined in importance in the 1880s because it came into conflict with sedentary agri. -- early US ranchers adhered to "The Code of the West" X had no legal status X stated that ranchers had range rights, allowing their cattle to graze on open land and had access to scarce water sources X AAR, cattle ranchers owned little land (the land their cattle grazed on was gov-owned), only cattle -- US began to sell land to farmersto grow crops -- ranchers than tried to drive farmers out by cutting fences on public land X most potent weapon was barbed wire, first commercially produced in 1873 -- farmers eventually won -- large cattle ranches theh began to emerge on lan too dry for crop farming -- today, 60% of cattle grazing takes place on gov-leased land

What problems hinder the use of coal?

-- causes much more pollution than other FFs X potential to make environment near mines and industrial plants dangerous for human health -- coal mining dangerous and very often gives miners health problems like black lung disease -- can cause ground to literally sink (land subsidence) -- heavy, bulky, expensive to transport

Describe the layout of most precolonial Islamic cities

-- centered around religious core, such as a mosque as well as a commercial core such as a bazaar or market place -- gov. buildings and homes of wealthy families surrounded the core -- narrow winding streets led from the core to other quarters -- people with less wealth lived farther away from the core -- recent migrants lived on the city's edge --commercial activites arranged in concentric and heirarchical pattern radiating from core 1. higher status businesses related to religious activities such as selling religious books, incense, and candles 2.secular businesses like leather works, tailors, rug shops, and jewelers 3. sellers of food products 4. blacksmiths, potter, basket makers, etc. -- quarter would be reserved for Jews, another for Christians, and another for foreigners

What are the two arrangements that clustered rural settlements generally take on?

-- circular -- central open space surrounded by structures -- linear -- buildings clustered along road, river, or dike to facilitate communication X fields extend behind buildings alond narrow strips

What crops are likely to be grown on Latin American plantations vs. Asian ones?

-- coffee, sugarcane, bananas -- rubber and palm oil

What has the US gov. done to try and make coal more environmentally friendly

-- mine safely laws -- improved mine ventilation -- automation of mining -- safety programs -- smaller workforce -- US Clean Air Act now requires utilities to use better quality coal or install scrubbers on smoke stacks

concentric zone model

-- created by E.W. Burgess in 1923 -- states that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings X center -- CBD where nonresidential activities concentrated X second ring -- zone of transition XX contains industry and poorer quality housing X third ring -- zone of working-class homes XX contains modest older houses occupied by stable, working class families X fourth ring -- newer and mroe spacious homes for middle-class Americans X fifth ring -- commuter's zone, beyond contigous built-up area

Describe the origin of the urban settlement.

-- date back to the beginning recorded history in the Middle East and Asia -- may have originated in Mesopotomia and diffused to Egypt, China, and South Asia's indus river valley or it may have originated independently from all four hearths

multiple nuclei model

-- developed by geographers C.D. Harris and E. L. Ullman in 1945 -- states that a city includes more than one center center around which activities revolve X ex. of these nodes include... XX port XX hotel XX neighborhood business center XX university XX park -- states that some acitivities are attracted to particular nodes X Ex: pizzeria, bookstore, and well-educated residents may cluster around a university

sector model

-- developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt\ -- states that districts develop on wedges -- most expensive and newest housing found on the outer edge of a corridor extending from downtown to outer edge of city -- industrial and retailing activities develop along good transportation lines -- look at model in book on page. 439

Describe the diffusion of urban settlements to the rtest of the Mediterranean.

-- diffused rapidly during the 7th and 8th century BCE -- often, one settlement would establish a new settlement to fill gap in trade route and open new markets -- Ex: X city-state of Syracuse in Southeastern Sicily established new city-states in Sicily and Italy between 750 and 700 BCE X Marseille (than called Masilia) in France founded settlements along coast of present day Spain in the 6th century BCE

What were the disadvantages of the clustered rural settlement arrangement used in New England?

-- discontinuous fields meant extra time spent between them, more roads had to be built to connect small lots, farmers were restricted in what they could plant -- not good for large pop.

What are the two main consequences of the difference in energy consumption between regions?

-- due to increasing pop and increasing industry, LDCs are starting to consume more fossil fuels -- MDCs will soon have to compete with LDCs for fossil fuels

How has Japan become such a great industrial power?

-- econ.developed by taking advantage of one of country's only, and its greats resource: a large workforce willing to work for low wages -- gov. encouraged manufacturers to sell products in other countries at lower prices than than domestic competitors -- consequentially, Japan became known for its low-cost products -- began to specialize in high-quality, high-value products like electronics and cameras

What are some challenges for dairy farmers?

-- economic difficulties because of decling revenues and rising costs -- labor intensive -- high costs of feeding cows during winter when there are no pastures for grazing

wind power

-- economically feasible in five US states -- does not disrupt natural environment -- some argue windmills are potential for birds and bats

International trade

-- emphasizes atleast one resource that country can dominate in the selling of -- says each country in one of 5 stages of Rostow's model -- MDCs -- stage 4 or 5 -- LDCs -- one of three earlier ones What

self-sufficiency

-- equitable investment distribution all sectors of country's economy and all regions -- reduicing poverty more important than making a few people wealthy -- equitable income increase rates throughout country -- nurses fledgling businesses in LDCs by iscolating them from large international companies -- does this by fixing quotas, setting high taxes, and requiring licenses on imports -- restricts local businesses from exporting -- didn't allow currency conversion -- anti-Laissez Faire

World Trade Organization

-- established by countries representing 97% of world trade to promote the international trade development model in 1995 -- through this, countries can negotiate international trade agreements, or the reduction/elimination thereof -- also negotiate international movement of money by banks, wealthy individuals, or corporations -- also protects intellectual property in age of internet -- countries bring accusations to it that another country has violated a WTO agreement, it is authorized to rule on the validity of these accusations and order remedies if it sees fit

Describe the process of shifting cultivation.

-- every year, villers choose area for planting surrounding vill -- remove dense veg. from area using axes and other sharp things, save econ. useful veg. (efficient strategy used is to weaken small trees by notching, then cutting down large tree so that it takes formers with it) -- debris burned on windless day under carefully controlled conditions -- rains wash fresh ashes into soil, providing needed nutrients -- area prepared for planting usually with simple tool like hoe (animals and plows rarely used), potash (potassium) left over buring debris used as fertilizer

Describe early business services in relation to the origin of settlements.

-- everyone in settlement needed food, so they brought in extra just in case of drought or conflict: early transportation services -- food needed to be stored, so settlements became warehouses -- settlements sometimes were used as nuetral ground for the people living there to trade with those of other settlements, so fservices like regulating transactions, setting fair prices, keeping records, and creating currency system: first professional services

What four strategies can increase food supply?

-- expand the land area used for agri. -- increase the productivity of land now used for agri. -- identify new food sources -- increase exports from other countries

important alloying elements

-- manganese -- South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Ukraine, and Gabon X most of reserves in South Africa and Ukraine -- Chromium --South Africa, Kazakhstan, and India -- Titanium -- Australia, South Africa, and Canada X Australia has most of reserves -- Magnesium -- China (can be extracted from saltwater brine) -- Mo -- US, Chile, China X US has most of reserves -- limited in supply: X Ni -- Russia, Australia, Canada X Sn -- China, Indonesia, Peru X Tungsten (W) -- China

skyscrapers

-- first built in Chicago in 1880s X made possible by two inventions 1. iron-frame buildings 2. elevators -- city distinguished mainly by unique skyline -- originally created problems because tehy blocked sunlighted and facilitated high winds via the artificial canyons they created X many govs in Europe and NA made zoning in early 20th century -- now buildings too close together again X reviving old problems that were cured by modern tech like artificial lighting and air conditioning X might cause energy issues -- Ex of vertical geography X the nature of an activity influences whcih floor it occupies XX lower levels tend to be retail XX high levels tend to be offices and apartments

Name some examples of some treaty ports and when they were established.

-- five set up by treaty of Nanjing in 1842 which ended the first Opium War (1840-1842) 1. Shanghai 2. Ningbo 3. Fuzhou 4. Xiamen 5. Guangzhou

Describe early public services in relation to the origin of settlements.

-- followed religious activities into early settlements -- political leaders lived in settlements -- to protect land claims, people became soldiers -- to protect settlement, people built walls around it on which soldiers were stationed

back offices

-- functions include... X processing insurance claims, payroll management, transcription work, and other routine clerical activities X centers for responding to billing inquiries related to credit cards, shipments, and claims, or technical inquiries related to installation, operation, and repair -- LDCs attracted them for two main reasons... X low wage rates X the ability to speak English -- resulted in it only being attractive in LDCs with substantial portion of English speakers like the Philippines, Malaysia, and India

high range shops

-- generally highly specialized X customers patronize them infrequently -- many have moved with D-stores to suburb malls -- some have retained location in CBD or moved to other location in city for proximity to scenic or widely trafficked area -- many have agglomerated into downtown malls or streets which are attractive because they offer recreation in addition to products X Ex: renevated downtown historical markets

high threshold shops

-- generally large department stores X often agglomerate onto one street XX called 100% street -- currently, many d-stores closing CBD branch X relocating to suburban malls

central business district

-- generally oldest part of city (original settlement) -- where businesses have in past tended to cluster -- compact -- easiest part of city to reach usually X focal point of transportation -- usually less than 1% of the landmass -- commonly called downtown -- generally center of city

What were the benefits of the enclosure movement?

-- greater agri. efficiency, because farmer did not waste time moving between fields, and with the introduction of farm machinery of the industrial rev., farms operated more efficiently at larger scale -- former villers moved to urban areas and became factory workers

What are the effects of acid rain?

-- harmful to human respiratory health -- kills trees

What kind of services locate in the CBD and why?

-- highly specialized ones or ones in need of highly skilled employees because of central location -- proximity to other businesses or ones that require info quickly to establish close relationships X Ex: XX lawers XX bankers XX journalism XX advertising XX finance

Describe the history of the GR.

-- in 1950s, series of experiments were conducted under Dr. Norman Borlag thanks to funding by Rockefeller and Ford Foundations to produce a higher yield form of wheat -- decade later, a miracle wheat seed had been successfully created that was less sensitive to variation in day length, responded better to fertilizers, and matured faster -- project funded by the same two organizations in the Philippines created miracle rice seed in the 1960s X hybrid of Indonesian rice and Taiwan dwarf rice X hardier and increased yields

What are some other names for squatter settlements?

-- in Latin America -- barrios, barriadas, favelas -- in North Africa -- bidonvilles -- in India -- bustees -- in Turkey -- gecekondu -- Malaysia -- kampongs -- Philippines -- barung-barong

What are potential consequences of the Greenhouse effect?

-- increased temp. -- melting of polar ice cap -- loss of real estate

Describe the history of ranching in Australia

-- interior opened for grazing in 19th century X sheep more common than cattle -- until 1860s when large ranches with fixed boundaries were established, water facilities were expanded, and stock improved, shepherding practiced on open range -- ranching eventually confined to drier areas in favor of wheat production -- throughout the world, a similar historical pattern has been followed

What are some examples of foods that, while under-eaten, have the potential to be very nutritous staples?

-- krill -- seeds -- soybeans

suburbanization of retailing

-- large shopping areas separated via zoning from residential areas -- corner stores been replaced by shopping agglomerations of various forms, often at junction of several major roads X malls become social centers X rely on major anchor stores

What two options do people in squatter settlements generally have to improve their standard of living?

-- legally rent a slum from a landlord -- illegally move to higher quality abandoned or vacant housing close to the center of the city

What is attractive about ridge tillage?

-- lower production costs -- less machinery required, needing only one or two tractors, and a row crop cultivator (makes ridges) -- soil conservation -- non-compacted area beneath ridge means that over several years organic matter, water capacity, and earthworm pop. will increase in the ridge soil. Channels left by earthworms and decaying roots immprove water drainage -- greater yield from same number of crops

What characteristics of cities attract talented individuals?

-- mainly cultural diversity -- to some extent, the most job opportunities and financial incentives

How has China become economically powerful in the 21st century?

-- manufacturing increased dramatically -- pays workers very low wages -- now makes 2/3 of world's microwaves, DVD players, photocopiers, and shoes

dependent centers

-- provide relatively unskilled jobs -- dependent on decisions made in world and regional command and control centers and specialized producer service-centers -- four subtypes in US: 1. resort, retirement and residential centers XEx: XX Las Vegas XX Orlando XX Fort Lauderdale XX Albuquerque X clustered mostly in South and West 2. manufacturing centers X Ex: XX Buffalo XX Chattanooga XX Erie XX Rockford X clustered in old Northeastern manufacturing belt 3. industrial and military centers XEx: XX Huntsville XX Newport XX San Diego X clustered mostly in South and West 4. Mining and industrial centers XEx: XX Charleston (West Virginia) XX Duluth

offshore financial services

-- provide two important functions in the global econ. 1. tax advantages -- taxes on income, profits, and capital gains virtually nonexistent 2. privacy -- people who are getting sued or a divorce can put some of their money away in offshore accounts -- Ex: Cayman Islands -- primarily island countries in Carribean or Pacific

What are the reduction strategies?

-- recycling -- reducing discharges -- expanding the capacity of the environment

What options do cities have to try and close this gap?

-- reduce services by closing libraries, eliminating some public transit routes, collecting trash less frequently, and delaying replacement of outdated equipment in schools -- to raise tax revenues -- can drive out wealthy people and industry -- expand tax base -- especially through construction of new CBD projects X tax collected from single high rise far more than tax collected from smaller buildings demolished X can take money away from projects to help inner-city neighborhoods

How does high pop. density create social differences between urban and rural settlements?

-- requires people to become more specialized to ensuere that urban settlement functions smoothly -- encourages people to compete in groups for survival

How are countries in Europe trying to combat sprawl?

-- restrict construction to existing suburbs -- gov-planned extensions of small towns or new towns

retail services serving downtown workers

-- sell more functional services X Ex: rapid photocopying, clothes, dry-cleaning, shoe repair, groceries (outside North America, these tend to have limited in Europe due to preferences of shopkeepers and gov.) XX lots of lunch shopping -- expanding in CBDs -- many cities trying to preserve downtown shopping district X one method is to ban motor vehicles on streets, just pedestrian walking para create shopping streets

Describe early consumer services in relation to the origin of settlements.

-- settlements were established so that people had permenant resting places for the dead X lead to priests required to perform services for dead which lead to temples -- women made household objects and educated the children X these services evolved over 1000s of years into schools, libraries, theaters, museams, and other institutions that created/stored groups' calues, and passed them on from gen. to gen. -- people needed fuel, shelter and other goods, so settlements became manufacturing centers X men gathered needed resources X women used them into make goods and maintain household -- if one person could make something but not something else, he could trade former for latter, so settlements became retail centers

What types of agriculture do SA regions include?

-- shifting cultivation -- pastoral nomadism -- intensive subsistence (wet-rice dominant) -- intensive subsistence (other)

What are some benefits of crop and livestock farming?

-- since animal products can be produced year round, income does not vary as much with season as it would if only crops were being grown -- permits farmers to distribute work load more evenly throughout year because, while livestock require constant attention, crops mostly only need it during the spring when planted and fall when harvested

cities since independence

-- since independence, cities have become focal points of change as millions migrate to them in search or work -- wealthy generally push out from the center on either side, following a narrow spine containing containing offices, shops, zoos, parks and other attractive amenities, as well as more readily available and reliable utilities such as electricity and water

What are the advantages of Al?

-- stronger, more resistant to corrosion, and lighter than iron -- supplies seem inexhaustible because, at current rates, it won't run out for 1000 years

acid precipitation and deposition

-- sulfur and nitrogen oxides are released from burning fossil fuels into the atmosphere -- here they combine with oxygen to form sulfuric and nitrogen acid -- in some cases, they dissolve in water, forming acid precipitation -- in others they simply fall to Earth, acid deposition

How is the optimum location for a department store determined?

-- sutiable site one that has potential to bring in enough sales to justify capital spent on building it -- determined by estimating sales that would be made in that area 1. market area defined as the zip codes where 2/3 to 3/4 of its customers live X based on this, for non-upscale d-stores, most geos estimate range to be about 15 minutes X threshold typically about 250,000 people living within the range XX amount of money available in area to spend also very important 2. market share -- proposed d-store will have to share customers with competititors, if the store will still be able to be profitable is determined via the analog method X one or more existing stores identified in location of proposed d-store X information about viability of proposed d-store depicted via GIS XX one layer depicts market area of it (determined in step 1) XX other layers depict characteristics of people living around it like distribution of households, average income, and competitor's stores

What are some names used to describe the cleared area resulting from slash and burn?

-- swidden -- ladang -- milpa -- chena -- kaingin

Describe the revival of Urban in Europe.

-- the 11th century when fuedal lords began establishing rural settlements via charters given to residents in exchange for fighting for the lord, which people much preferred to serfdom -- urban dwellers began to expand their trade X surplus from countryside brought in for sale or exchange X markets expanded through trade with other cities XX this was enhanced by construction of new roads and more use of rivers -- by 14th century, Europe covered by network of small market towns serving needs of particular lord X largest ones served as power centers for fuedal and church leaders -- towns were dense, with structures attatched to eachother going right up to the wall itself

What are some reasons for gentrification?

-- the houses are larger and more substantially constructed but cheaper -- the houses may possess attractive architectural details -- proximity to cultural and recreational facilities -- eliminates strain of commuting on crowded free-ways and public transit -- appeals to childless couples who don't care about quality of schools

Explain what is going on in Romania regarding the heirarchy of settlements

-- there are no settlements with 320,000-2 million people, or 1000 -- 10,000 people -- creates harships for people who have to travel long distances to reach Urban areas to access services like shops and hospitals -- since most Romanians don't have cars, gov. has to pay for bus service -- recognizing this, gov. has placed restrictions on growth of largest city, Bucharest , which has approx. 2 million inhabitants, (second largest has 320,000) X need permit to move there X new services like better roads, schools, apartments, and hospitals, built in smaller rural settlements

What changes did the communists make?

-- took control of most of agricultural land -- in some villages, officials gave each farmer specific task, distributed food to family based on needs, and sold the rest to wealthy urban residents -- in others, farmers rented land, recieved orders to grow specific crops, and sold anything above quota for there own profit

Titris Hoyuk

-- urban settlement in Turkey dating back to 2500 BCE -- houses varied in size but similar in design and arranged in regular pattern because walls and streets laid out first -- temples and other public buildings in center -- cemetary outside city walls -- covered about 50 hectares -- had pop. of about 10,000 -- abandoned after 300 years and never covered by newer buildings, leaving it well preserved

What two main practices were revolutionized in the GR?

-- use of chemicals like fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides -- genetic engineering

hydroelectric power

-- used the most by Brazil, than Canada, followed by China -- dams can cause erosion, disrupt ecosystem, and flood land -- used by many LDCs

What are the three main sources of most water pollution?

-- water using industries -- municipal sewage -- agriculture

What do sustainability's critics argue?

-- we are too late X Ex: WWF Living Planet Report -- Earth's resources are infinite

Where do people tend to live in European cities and why?

-- wealthy people -- tend to live in places close to royal palaces as well as near the center of the city so that they are closer to all of the shops and various other cultural facilities and have opportunities to occupy restored old buildings -- poor people -- tend to live in the suburbs near factories and the industrial district

In North America, what the three areas in which grain production is particularly conentrated?

-- winter-wheat belt -- Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma X wheat planted in Autumn, develops stron root system before growth stops in winter, insulated under snow blanket in winter, ripe by the beginning of summer -- spring-wheat belt -- the Dakotas, Montana, Southern Saskatchewan, Canada X wheat planted in spring and harvested in late summer because of severely cold winters THESE TWO PRODUCE 2/3 OF WHEAT GROWN IN US -- Palouse Region -- in Washington State

smog

-- worst in US is in Denver due to temperature inversion -- other bad smog is in Santiago, Chile, and Mexico City -- MDCs tried to stop smog through strict regulations X Ex: requiring catalytic converters in cars -- this has been offset by greater number of people driving

Describe Zimbabwe's problems with shipping it's goods out of sea ports.

--1965 -- British colony of Southern Rhodesia, white minority declared itself independent state , surrounding-black countries terminated trade, except for South Africa which also had white minority-dominated government, main railway went tthrough black-dominated Botswana, which did not cooperate -- 1974 -- government completed new railway which directly into South Africa -- 1979 -- whites gave blacks right to vote, gov became black-dominated, now opposed racial policies of South Africa, tried to limit trade with it or use of its seaport -- 1980 -- gained independence, became Zimbabwe -- closest seaport Biera, in Mozambique, railway there from Zimbabwean capital of Harare to there called Biera Corridor -- 1976-1992 -- Mozambique has civil war, Zimbabwe sends troops to protect Biera corridor, but seaport badly maintained -- other Mozambique seaports like Nacala (North) and Maputo (South) even worse -- Benguela railway, which runs from Atlantic to Zambia has been disrupted since 1975 by civil war in Angola -- Tazara line which runs from Zambia to Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is unreliable and frequently shut down to land slides

What three world cities stand out in a class of their own?

--Tokyo, London, and New York stand out in catagory of their own X each is the largest city in one of 3 main regions of more developed world X world's most important stock eschange operates here X contain large concentrations of financial and realted business services -- second tier of major world cities includes Chicago, LA, Washington DC, Frankfurt, Brussels, Paris, Zurich (Western Europe), and Sao Paulo and Singapre (only two in LDC regions) X major corps may have headquarters here -- third tier of secondary world cities includes Houston, Miami, San Francisco, Toronto, Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, Manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei, Berlin, Madrid, Milan, Rotterdam, Vienna, Buenos Aires, Caracus, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg (Africa), and Sydney

Name some UN microstates (1000 km squared or less)

-Andorra -Antigua -Barbuda -Barbados -Dominica -Grenada -Kiribati -Leichtensten -Maldives -Malta -Micronesia -Nauru -Palau -St. Kitts and Nevis -St. Luchia -San Marino -St. Vincent and Grenadines -Sao Tome e Principe -the Seychelles -Singapore -Tonga -Tuvalu

Name two cities in Morocco that are still under the control of Spain, since when, how many people, if any, have been given autonomy in each one, and what the general attitude toward Spanish rule is in each city.

-Ceuta and Melila -were annnexed by Spain 500 years agi along with the most of the rest of the Northern Mediteranean -in 1994, 75000 people in Ceuta, 65,000 in Melila -want to stay part of Spain

Where is the fertile crescent located?

-Eastern end comprises Mesopatamia, which is centered in the valley formed by Tigris and Euphrates in Present-day Iraq -curves pver desert, turning South to encompass Mediterranean coast through persent day Syria, Lebanon, Israel -Western end comprises nile river valley

Name some examples of islands formerly formerly or still in Indonesia that did not join voluntarily and how they gained their independence, if they did.

-Timor-Leste, gained independence fron Portugal in 1975, few months later Indonesia invaded, after long struggle, UN held referandum in 1999, when majority was for independence, pro-indonesia soldiers went on rampage, terrorizing people until UN officials had to take over until independent sovereign state could be established in 2002 -West Papua, tried to break away like Timor-Leste, but failed because, unlike former, there weren't as many countries challenging Indonesia's right to rule it

Before the 1800s, what kind of political units was the eccumene organized into?

-city-states -empires -tribes -unorganized territory

What percent of America's population is American Indian

1

What is the advantage of nuclear power?

1 kg of enriched nuclear fuel produces 2 million times the energy in 1 kg of coal

How much coal is left, and at our present rate of consumption, how long is it expected to last?

1 quadrillion metric tons: 200 years

By what percent is the world consumption rate of petroleum increasing annually?

1%

Name the countries with the highest remittances in billion and order and exactly how much is sent to them.

1. Mexico -- 25 2. India -- 24 3. China -- 23 4. Philipppines -- 15 5. Lebanon -- 6 6. Morocco -- 5 7. Bangladesh and Pakistan -- 4.5 8. Poland, Russia, Brazil, Egypt, Columbia, and Vietnam -- 4

What were the two main waves of African American migration West and North?

1. 1910s and 1920s 2. 1940s and 1950s brought on by need for war machines and work shortage caused by worldwars before in formers and equal demand for civilian goods afterword

On what three occasions has the UN grew?

1. 1955 -- 16 European countries that had been under Nazi rule joined 2. 1960 -- 17 joined, all but one were former African colony of Britain or France 3. early 1990s -- 26 joined, primarily resulting from break-up of USSR and Yugoslavia, also because admission of several microstates

Niger-Congo

1. Benue-Congo -- 98 million (group) 2. Kwa -- 49 million (group) 7. W. Atlantic -- 13 million 8. Mande -- 6 million 9. Moore -- 5 million

Under Apartheid, what four races are people divided into, and what are the current percentages?

1. Black -- 75% 2. White -- 14% 3. Colored (mix of two) -- 8% 4. Asian -- 3%

Name the percentages of Asians from each country

1. China -- 23% 2. India -- 19% 3. Philippines -- 18% 4. Korea and Vietnam -- 10% each 5. japan -- 7% 6. Other -- 13%

For what language family is Nostratic the suspected route? List them from largest to smallest

1. Indo-european 2. Afro-Asiatic 3. Dravidian 4. Altaic 5. Uralic

List the percentages and order of people adopting and innovation in Roger's model

1. Innovators -- 2.5% 2. Early Adopters -- 13.5% 3. Early Majority -- 34% 4. late Majority -- 34% 5. laggards -- 16%

Korean

1. Korean -- 67 million The rest are negligable

Name the countries whose remittances make the highest percentages of their GDP

1. Lebanon -- 26 2. Philippines -- 15 3. Morocco -- 10 4. Bangladesh -- 7 5. Vietnam -- 6 6. Pakistan -- 4 7. Egypt -- 3.5 8. Mexico -- 3 9. Columbia and India -- 2.5 10. Poland -- 1 11. China -- .75 12. Russia and Brazil -- .25

Uralic

1. Magyar -- 13 million 2. Finnish -- 5 million

Describe the three categories of jobs.

1. Primary Sector: directly extracts resources materials from Earth (includes any type of hunting). 2. Secondary Sector: manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products 3. Tertiary Sector: involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment like retailing, banking, law, education, and gov.

Which empires, in chronoligical order, conquered Mesopatamia?

1. Sumerians 2. Assyrians 3. Babylonians 4. Persians

Lsit in order the five greatest exporter of rice in the world.

1. Thailand 2. India 3. US 4. Vietnam 5. Pakistan

Austro-Asiatic

1. Vietnamese -- 67 million 2. Khmer -- 7 million 3. Santali -- 6 million

How does it work in order of the year?

1. a cereal grain is planted in field A, while field B is left fallow 2. field B is planted, field A is left fallow so that each field produced 3 harvests every 6 years

List some examples of some boundaries that have strengthened.

1. between Croatia and Slovenia (once both part of Yugoslavia) 2. between Lithuania and Russia ( both once part of USSR)

In North and Central Africa, what animals are most frequently herded in PN?

1. camel -- can go without water for a long time, carry heavy loads, and move rapidly, but has long gestation period (twelve months) and is greatly bothered by flies and sleeping sickness) 2. goats -- need more water, but are tough and agile and can survive on virtually any vegetation 3. sheep -- relatively slow moving, selective in which plants they eat, require more water

How can a community's basic econ. activities identified?

1. compute average amount of workers employed in particular indy 2. compare percentage to percentage of workforce in country in that indy 3. if percentage is much higher in local community, than that indy is basic econ. activity

Describe the history of occupation of the Polisario front.

1. controlled by Spain until 1976. 2. almost immediatly after its withdraw, area annexed: -- Northern portion by Morocco -- Southern portion by Mauritania 3. Mauritania withdrew 3 years later 4. Morocco controls most inhabited part 5. the rebelling region and morocco agreed to cease-fire in 1991 under supervision of UN peace-keeping forces. 6. UN keeps trying to hold referandum for residents of front to see how many want independence, but it keeps getting postponed

What three strategies are being developed regarding the creation of new food sources?

1. cultivating oceans 2. developing high-protien cereals 3. improving palatability of rarely consumed foods

Why is the crude death reate lower in LDCs?

1. diffusion of medical technology has sharply reduced amount of cases of several diseases 2. MDCs have more old people

Where do funds given to LDCs so they can finance development come from?

1. direct investment from transnational corporations 2. loans from banks

What are the steps to growing rice?

1. farmer prepares feild for planting via plow (distinguishes it from shifting cultivation) usually drawn by water buffalo or oxen 2. plowed land flooded with water collected from rainfall, river overflow, or irrigation (too much / too little can damage crop (particular problem for those dependent on monsoon rains)) 3. dikes and canals repaired to ensure right amount of water 4. rice seedlings which have been growing for about a month in the nursery (asually about 1/10 of feild (the field is called the Sawah)) 5. kept submerged for about 3 months (or 3 times the amount of time spent in the nursery) 6. rice is harvested by hand, usually with a knife -- chaff (husks) separated from the seeds by the heads being threshed via beating them on the ground and treading on them barefoot -- threshed rice placed on tray and lighter chaff is winnowed (allowed to blow away) 7. if rice is to be consumed by the farmer, the hull (the outer covering) is removed via mortar and pestle 8. if it is to be sold commercially, it is usually polished and whitened

What three policies has the US gov. created to deal with this problem?

1. farmers are encouraged to avoid producing crops that are in excess supply. Instead, to prevent soil erosion and re-fertilize it, farmers should produce fallow crops like clover. 2. It sets target price for commodity calculated based on past prices in relation to other goods today, and pays farmers the difference. 3. It buys surplus production and sells or donates to foreign govs. it also distributes some to low income Americans who recieve food stamps in part to stimulate their purchase of additional food.

What are the two distinguishing characteristics of shifting cultivation?

1. farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning debris 2. farmers grow crops on cleared field for only a few years max til soil nutrients depleted, then leave it fallow for many years so soil recovers

What were the three main policies featured in the five year plan for economic growth developed by the USSR's national planning commission, Gosplan?

1. heavy industry is essential -- producing iron, steel, machine tools, petrochemicals,mining equipment, locomotives, and armaments. Also promoted development of mining, electric power, and transportation 2. disperse production facilities out West more, so if country is invaded from West, the impacts won't be quit as detrimental. Also it would promote equal development throughout country. 3. locate factories near sources of raw materials (this was partially to place less priority on consumer goods)

What were the rings, in order from closest to farthest, that Von Thunen theorized formed around a market.

1. horticulture and dairy 2. wood lots (where timber is cut for construction and fuel, closeness of which to the market is important because of its weight) 3. crop rotation 4. grazing (requires lots of space)

What steps do geos follow when applying the gravity model to find the best location?

1. identify possible site for service 2. within range of service, identify where every possible user lives 3. measure distance from location to potential users 4. divide each user based on these measurements 5. Sum all of the results of potential users divided by distances 6.select second possible location for service and repeat setps 1-5 7. compare results of step 5 for all possible sites: one with highest score is the best location

What were the three major migration flows of African Americans?

1. immigration from Africa to the American colonies in the 18th century 2.immigration from the US south to Northern cities in the first half of the 20th century 3. immigration from inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during the second half of the twentieth and first half of the twenty-first centuries

What are the three main causes of the region's relatively low HDI as determined by Alternative Human Development Index specially constructed by a team of Arab Scientists for the UN?

1. lack of political freedom 2. low education and literacy rates 3. lack of opportunities for women

Describe its diffusion in order of migration.

1. moved eastward to China and Japan and Westward through India to Southwest Asia, tropical Africa, and Mediterranean lands

What two factors have affected the density gradient?

1. number of people living in the center has decreased resulting in a gap in the center of the gradient 2. trend towards less density difference within Urban areas -- density within suburbs has increased -- suburbs have also spread out more

What are the three levels of involvement for states in the Middle east providing support for terrorism in increasing order?

1. providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries 2. supplying weapons money and intelligence to terrorists 3. planning attacks using terrorists

What five principal features distinguish subsistence agriculture from commercial agriculture?

1. purpose of farming -- in SA, it's to survive and crops are only sold if there is a surplus and there are sold directly to consumers, in CA, it's to sell crops to processing companies 2. percentage of farmers in labor force -- 1/10 in MDCs, more than one half in LDCs 3. use of machinery -- primarily on commercial farms, like corn pickers, planters, tractors, and combines 4. farm size -- average farm in US is 171 hectares (444 acres/ mostly family-owned and operated) 5. relationship of farming to other businesses -- commercial farming closely tied to other businesses

What are the two ways that suburbs are segregated?

1. residents are separated from commercial and manufacturing activities because they're confined to specific areas 2. housing in suburbs is built for people of a specific social class

How does it work?

1. root crop in Field A, cereal in Field B, rest crop (like clover, which helps restore field) in Field C, cereal in Field D 2. cereal in Field A, rest crop in Field B, cereal in C, root crop in D rotation continues for two more years before cycle starts again, so that each field passed through cycle of four crops: root, cereal, rest, another cereal

What were the main reasons why Eastern Europeans countries rejected this communist economic structure after the collapse of the USSR?

1. scarce funds were used to meet annual production targets rather than long-term investments like updating equipment and redeploying workers 2. despite large amount of farmland, had to import food from West due to inneficient agricultural practices 3. orders sent from gov. offices hundreds of miles away often not implemented in factories 4. some targets impossible to reach others ignored: no reason to work if you will gat paid anyway and manager can't fire you 5. factories polluted air and water, and people were unable to petition gov. to fix it

What three principle practices distinguish sustainable agri. from conventional agri.?

1. sensitive land management 2. limited use of chemicals 3. better integration of crops and livestock

What are the eight qualifications of a state?

1. sovereignty 2. you have your own land 3. have permanent pop. 4. have to have econ.activity -- your own form of currency -- businesses of some sort 5. power of social engineering 6. transportation system 7. able to porvide public service and police power 8. recognized as state by other states

How is the quality of the education measured?

1. student/teacher ratio 2. literacy rate

What complexities must a sustainable agri farmer be aware for C and L intergration to be successful?

1. the right of land used for L to land used for C: -- animals can be fenced into pastures located on steeper areas while C are grown on flatter land reduces soil erosion -- results in loss of veg. cover 2. animal confinement: -- ethical debate -- areas of high L density can lead to a lot of above/underground pollution -- smell reduces quality of life in nearby communities 3. extreme weather conditions: -- droughts can require farmer to reduce number of L -- L can buffer drought effects, especially in Medi. regions, by eating unnecessary plants that can lead to fire 4. feeding and marketing in animal production systems flexible: -- feed costs largest single variable cost in any L operation -- this variability can financially cushion farmers

What two characteristics of fossil fuels cause great concern for the future?

1. the supply of fossil fuels is finite 2. fossil fuels are distributed unevenly throughout the globe

List the five stages of Rostow's model.

1. traditional society 2. preconditions for takeoff 3. the takeoff 4. drive to maturity 5. the age of mass consumption

Altaic

1. turkish -- 50 million 2. Azerbaijani -- 31 million 3. Uzbek -- 18 million 4. Kazakh -- 8 million 5. Uyghur -- 7 million 6. Turkmen -- 6 million 7. Mongolian -- 5 million

What three problems have hindered countries outside the four Asian dragons and the Middle East from using teh international trade model?

1. uneven resource distribution 2. market stagnation -- the world market is expanding slower than it has 3. increased dependence on MDCs -- the cost of building takeoff industries in LDCs to secure future improvement doesn't leave nough resources left to take care of people now , so they end relyign on MDCs

What are the three types of gerrymandering?

1. wasted vote -- spreads opposition supporters across many districts, but in the minority 2. excess vote -- concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts 3. stacked vote -- links distant areas of likeminded voters, usually via narrow corridors

What are the two major misuses of resources

1. we deplete scarce resources, especially petroleum, natural gas, and coal 2. We destroy resources through pollution of air, water, and soil

What is the current proven reserve?

1.3 trillion barrels of petroleum, 175 million cubic meters of natural gas, and 1 quadrillion metric tons of coal

What are the five groups that the 15 republics of the soviet union have been divided into?

1.Baltic -- Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 2. European -- Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine 3. Central Asian -- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan 4. Caucasus -- Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia 5. Russia

How would you determine if a location was profitable for a service?

1.Take a survey to see how much people spend on average in a week on that service and how far they are willing to drive to get to that service. 2. Use the former to calculate the threshold based on how much the service needs to make in a week 3. Draw a circle on a map based on the latter, accounting for competition 4. If the number of people in the circle is greater than the threshold you calculated in step 2, it would be profitable.

How much of the world's land area is used for shifting cultivation?

1/4

What percent of the US labor force works in food production and service related to agribusiness such as food processing, packaging, distributing and retailing

20%

In what year did the amount of people lving in urban areas exceed the amount living in Urban areas for the first time in history?

2008

How many microstates are there?

24

The typical nomadic family has how many?

25 to 60 goats/sheep or 10 to 25 camels

How many people practice it?

250 million across 36 million square km (14 million square m)

When were urban settlements first established in the Eastern Meditteranean?

2500 BCE

What is the world's current consumption rate of petroleum per year, and if it continues, how long will the petroleum last?

26 billion barrels a year: 50 years

How long can an area usually support crops after slash and burn before the nutrients in the soil are too depleted, the weeds are too overgrown (usually rapid weed growth occurs after slash/burn), or both?

3 years or less

In North America, what percentage of workers are in services?

3/4

What percentage of the world's people live in LDCs?

3/4

In MDCs what percentage of the population live in cities vs. LDCs? What group of LDCs is the exception to this rule?

3/4, 2/5, Latin America -- has percentages comparable to MDCs

How many countries utilize nuclear power?

30

Along approximatly what parallel does the North-South Split run?

30 degrees north

How many different naturally occurring minerals are there?

3000

From when to when did the Egyptian empire last?

3000 B.C. -- 4th century B.C.

How many provinces did the Roman Empire comprise at its height?

38

How many nationalities does Russia have?

39

What percent of America's population is Asian

4

Caucasian

4 million

Dravidian

4% 1. Telugu -- 69 million 2. Tamil -- 66 million 3. Malayalam/kannada -- 35 million

What were the zones that Berlin was divided into, and how many were there?

4, US, France, UK, USSR

How much has income increased in LDCs vs. MDCs over the past quarter century?

4,000 vs. 20,000

How many Africans face famine?

40 million

What happened in 1975 in Lebanon and why?

A civil war between privately funded militaries belonging to different religious sects to gaurd their territories becuase, when the gov. was originally created, the majority of the country was Chistian. But now, the magority are Muslims, who were demanding social and economic equality. The gov. was unable to cope with the changing conditions.

What does the Von Thunen Model state?

A commervial farmer initially considers which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on market location. In choosing what to farm, he considers two costs: the cost of transporting the crops being grown vs. their total value. This also demonstrates the principle that the closer a farm is to a market, the more likely it is to go farm a crop with higher transportation costs.

Where are landlocked states most common and how common are they there?

Africa, 15/54 countries,

AU

African Union, promotes econ. integration in Africa, comprises UK, 53 former British colonies, other African countries, and island countries in the Carribbean and Pacific

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in Middle East and Northern Africa

Afro-Asiatic, Arabic, Nilo-Saharan

Between the collapse of the Roman empire and the diffusion of the industrial revolution to Europe, where were most of the world's largest cities located?

Asia

What two LDC regions in particular export drug crops (crops that can be turned into drugs)?

Asia and Latin America

Where is NATO headquarters?

Belgium

What are the fourteen European states in NATO?

Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey, the UK, Spain, France (last two didn't contribute as much)

Name some examples of elongated states

Chile, Malawi, Italy, Gambia

Where are the world's proven potassium reserves?

Canada, Russia, and Ukraine

What is an example of an edge city?

Cherry Hill

What cities attracted ethnic groups in the early 20th century and why?

Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, other midwestern cities, to work in the steel and automotive industry

What are three other important nonferrous elements with limited supply?

Copper, Zinc, Lead

EU

European Union, contains 27 countries, keeps growing, Croatia and Turkey want to join, but time table hasn't been set, removed most barriers to free trade, people can pass across borders without stopping, introduction of the Euro has turned Europe into the world's wealthiest ecnonomy

Why are there not as many high rise buildings in European cities?

European cities want to preserve their historic cores -- Ex: X no high rise buildings allowed in Paris X Warsaw rebuilt entire historic districtdestroyed in WW2

In Plessy vs. Ferguson, how did the Louisiana court justify segregation?

Every one, while separate, was equal

Other Puerto Rico, what are some colonies containing 100,000 the 300,000 people and whose are they?

French Polynesia, Mayotte, and New Caledonia (France), Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands), Guam and US Virgin Islands (US)

Where is the earliest evidence of seed agriculture in Europe?

Greece, Crete, and Cyprus

What two ethnicities is Cyprus's green line boundary dividing what percentage of the overall population does each one occupy?

Greeks in south -- 78%, Turks in North -- 18%

What are the two exclaves of Denmark?

Greenland and the Pharos Islands

What two port cities did Japan reluctantly agree to open in 1854, and what four did it open subsequently?

Hakodate and Shimoda / Nagisaki, Niigata, Yokohama, and Kobe

What states are less than one percent of African Americans?

Idaho, Montana, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming

Who is the world's biggest producers of milk?

India

What country has the world's largest labor force engaged in services?

India -- mainly patent researchers insurance claim processors, architectural drafters, radiologists, and software executives -- English-speaking people available -- college grads. there willing to do same work for less

in possession of several dozen nuclear weapons

India and Pakistan

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in North America?

Indo-European, English, Amerindian/Eskimo-Aleut

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in South Asia

Indo-European, Hindi, Dravidian/Marathi/Telugu/Tamil

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in Eastern Europe and Russia

Indo-European, Russian, Uralic

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in Latin America?

Indo-European, Spanish/Portugese, Amerindian

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in Western Europe?

Indo-European, Spanish/Portugese/English/German, French/Italian/Uralic

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in Oceania?

Indo-European/Australian, English, Austronesian

What is the most exterme example?

Indonesia (13,677 islands)

What do defenders of shifting cultivation say?

It is the most environmentally sound approach for the tropics because other forms of agri use things such as fertilizers and pesticides and permanently clear feilds which can damage soil, cause severe soil erosion, and upset balanced ecosystems. I t could also reduce local diversity

Why is solar power not utilized that much?

It is too expensive

What do critics say about shifting cultivation?

It should be replaced by more sophisticated agri. methods that produce higher yeilds of crops per year

Why did the Europeans go to war with the Nazis when they invaded Poland but not Hungary or Czechoslovakia?

It was a nongerman-speaking country

How did Yugoslavia come into existence?

It was created after World war 1 by the allies to unite several ethnicities that spoke similar Slavic languages

What happened to North Korea at the end of WW2?

It was divided along the line of 38 degrees North Latitude into two occupation zones: one controlled by USSR, one controlled by US

When people say petroleum reserves will run out, what do they really mean?

It will become so environmentally unfriendly, and costly to extract petroleum and other fossil fuels, that alternative, green fuel sources would be optimal

Why is Peru particularly sensitive to overfishing?

Its catch of anchovies, its most important fish, declined by more than 75% between 1970 and 1973.

Where, on what, and when did the first african Americans arrive in the US?

Jamestown VG, Dutch ship, 1619

For many years up until the end of WW2, what country had Korea been a colony of?

Japan

What is the world's leading grain-importing country?

Japan by far, followed by China

In business services, where have jobs increased, and where have the decreased? For the latter question, why?

Jobs have increased in the professional services sector. Jobs have decreased in the finance and transportation sector because of imporved efficiency, which results in less workers being needed.

In consumer services, where have jobs increased, and where have the decreased? For the latter question, why?

Jobs have increased most rapidly in health services, but have also increased in recreation and entertainment. Retailing has not increased because, though more stores are being opened, less workers are needed.

In the early 1800s, what city becamse the world's most populous?

London, ending a several-century-long competition between Beijing and Constantinople

Who consumes the most fossil fuels?

MDCs

What is the life expectancy to the decade in LDCs vs. MDCs?

MDCs -- 70s, LDCs -- 60s

In the past, who has produced the most fossil fuels? Is this expected to continue in the 21st century?

MDCs, no -- ex: many coal mines have closed in Europe

What is the crude death rate in MDCs vs. LDCs?

MDCs: 10 per 1000 LDCs: 8 per 1000

What is the crude birth rate in MDCs vs. LDCs?

MDCs: 11 per 1000 LDCs: 24 per l000

How many people, on average out of every thousand, own landline telephones, motor vehicles, and who use the internet in MDCs vs. LDCs.

MDCs: 500, 400, 300 / LDCs: less than 100 for all them

What percent of the GDP was spent on health care in MDCs vs. LDCs?

MDCs: 8% LDCs: 6%

What is the ratio of women attending high school to every hundred men in MDCs vs LDCs?

MDCs: 99/100 LDCs: 60/100

what machine first permitted large scale wheat production?

McCormick Reaper -- invented in 1830, cuts grain standing in field

Where is the supply arriving in the US mostly grown?

Mexico

What mineral resources are in Gabon?

Mn

What is the smallest microstate in the UN and how big is it?

Monaco, 1.5 km squared

What are some examples of countries who act as offshore centers who are not islands?

Monaco, Leichtenstien, Andorra, Belize, Panama, Bahrain, Liberia

Aruba

Netherlands

Netherlands Antilles

Netherlands

What three regions along the East Coast did the first European colonists settle in?

New England, the Southeast, and the Middle Atlantic

Cook Islands

New Zealand

Niue

New Zealand

Tokelau

New Zealand

what is the world's largest per capita producer of dairy products, and how much of its output is devoted to liquid milk?

New Zealand, 5%

What is the dominant language family, dominant language, and other notable language families in Sub-Saharan Africa

Niger-Congo, no dominant language, indo-european/Khoisan

Are most pastoral nomads cooperating?

No

Does the US invest a lot in public transit?

No, but many European countries do.

Is Kazakhstan split and conflicted and why?

No, it has a good economy

Do dairy farmers generally sell their milk directly to consumers. If not, than to who?

No, they sell it to retailers who sell the milk to conusmers in shops or to dairy product manufacturers

Is income equal among races in South Africa?

No. Blacks were much lower

Did the communists completely suppress ethnicities?

No. They made local governmental units based in them

What regions of the Balcan peninsula have historically been controlled by what empires?

North -- Austria Hungary South -- Ottomans

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- military alliance between US, Canada, and 14 European states established during Cold War

Describe changes in the type of cattle used in ranching and their effects on the enterprise as a whole.

Originally, longhorns were used because they were able to survive long distances with little weight loss, but they susceptable to cattle ticks and parasitic insects that carried fever and were difficult to remove. Also, their meat was of poor quality. New cattle breeds introduced from Europe, like the Hereford, offered superior meat, but were not as hardy. However, today these cattle breeds are used anyway, thanks to fixed ranching and shorter truck trips to local meatpackers rather than to Chicago. While they may be raised on ranches, cattle are frequently sent for fattening on feed lots: often owned by meat processing companies.

True or False: Middle Eastern countries have always controlled their oil. If not, than who has?

Originally, oil controlled by transnational companies who gave only small % of profit to the countries, but Gov. policies changed (particularly during 1970s), making most reserves nationally owned, and heavily regulating any foreign owned ones

What has happened in public services?

Overall, it has declined, but the number of local gov employs has been expanding, where as the number of feds has been decreasing.

Where most colonies still in existence located?

Pacific Ocean/Caribbean

What has the trend regarding annexatiion now?

People prefer to create suburbs, so less occurs

What does it state?

Pop. growth compels sub. farmers to consider new farming approaches to produce enough food to feed everyone. Sub. farmers increase food supply through intensification of production, done in two basic ways: -- land is left fallow for shorter periods of time, resulting in expansion of amount of land area devoted to growing crops at any given time. Five basic stages: 1. forest fallow -- fields cleared and utilized for up to two years and left fallow for more than 20 years, long for forest to grow back 2. bush fallow -- fields cleared and utilized for up to 8 years and left fallow for up to 10 years, giving time for bushes/small trees to grow back 3. short fallow -- field cleared and utilized for two years, than left fallow for two years, giving enough time for wild grass to grow back 4. annual cropping -- fields used every year, and left fallow for few months by planting legumes and roots 5. multicropping -- fields used several times a year and never left fallow -- adopting new farming methods

What began to happen in 1100 AD?

Powerful kings began who dominated many estates began to emerge

What country serves as the transportation hub for distribution to MDCs?

Thailand

What hapened in Somalia in the 90s?

The Isaac clan declared the north (which was contolled by the British in the colonial period as opposed to Italy) declared the North a separate state and started using its own flag and controlled

Who owned the Panama canal until December 31, 1999, and who now oens it??

The US, Panama

Why is Moldova having problems reunifying with Romania?

The border between the two (marked by the Dniester River) is heavily populated with Russians and Ukrainians that are not in favor of the idea

Describe the historical attitude of the French and German people towards the border between their two countries.

The border is the Rhine River, which Germany has in the past claimed as well as the land on the French side of it all the way up to and including the Vosges Mountains -- a region called the Alcace -- because it was originally inhabited by Germanic tribes. In 1870, the region along with the neighboring province of Lorraine was captured by Prussia, which formed the core of the German Empire when it was established a year later. The Alcace was, however, regained by France after WW1 and has been their;s ever since save during the German occupation in WW2.

What is going on between the Abcasians and Ocetions in Georgia?

The former want to establish their own nation state in the Northern part of the country. The latter want the Southern part to rejoin Russia.

what problem did Bosnia/Hurtzikovina face when trying to form its own country?

The majority of the country was Bosnian Muslim, but the Serbians and croats living their wanted to break off their territories and join Serbia and Croatia. To make themselves better candidates, they began ethnic cleansing of Muslims. Consequentially, the country is divided into a federation made up of separate Croatian and Bosnian Muslim regions and a highly autonomous Serbian region

What happened to Kosovo after the breakup of Yugoslavia?

The serbians, acting on an ancient claim, immediatly took it over and began ethnic cleansing of the regions dominant ethnicity, Albanians. In response, NATO forces conducted aireal bombing raids on Serbia until Serbians agreed to withdraw all soldiers and police from Kosovo. NATO sent in 50000 troops to protect the Albanians, most of whom came back.

Describe the current attitude of the French and German people towards the border between their two countries.

There are currently no costs or legal documents required to cross it. It is almost like it is nonexistent.

What is going on between the Armernians of Armenia and the Azeris in Azerbaijan?

There has been a border despute going on since 1988 over a 5000 square km Nagorno Karabakh region

What is going on in Tajikistan?

There is a civil war even though the country is mostly the same ethnicity (79% Tajik) due to differences in political groups

What is happenning in Sri Lanka?

There is an ethnic conflict going on between the Sanhalese and the Taiml that has going on since 1983 when the country was given indendence from european rule, and before that, for almost 2000 years

What is one problem being faced by low-income low-skill level workers who can't afford automobiles?

There is not much public transit that services suburbs which is where most of the low-skill jobs are located.

What are yeild monitors used for?

They are attached to combines to determine the precise number of bushels being harvested

Describe the six major ethnicities of Somalia

They are each called clans, are divided into subclans, and are supposed to live in separate areas

What happens that allows some inner-city neighborhoods to not need rennovation?

They are maintained by the rich elite which cluster together, improving eachother's property values

What are some challenges faced by commercial farmers?

They are so efficient and they keep producing more and more, even though demand remains relatively constant due to low pop. growth. AAR they produce more than is in demand.

In the twentieth century, why did both the US and Soviet Union become such powerful industrial states?

They both contained an abundant amount of raw materials

What is NK's and SK's attitude towards eachother?

They both want to reunite but their governments are incompatible. Further progress has been slowed by NK's decision to manufacture nuclear weapons

Why are inner-city residents struggleing so much with unemployment?

They can no longer compete for jobs because fewer than half complete high school due to the environment that doesn't support good study habits they live in. Whereas in the past, they could work in low-skill factory and clerk jobs, these now require skill with electronics and computing. They no longer have as much access to low-skilled jobs like custodians and fast-food servers because these are moving increasingly into the suburbs

What is happening in the Balkans and what are they?

They comprise a rugged, mountainous region in which many different ethnicities are trying to form nation states, leading to conflict.

What happened to Urban settlements after the fall of the Roman empire and why?

They declined and even abandoned in some cases because they had relied on trade within the secure Roman Empire

What did the british do to the Indian subcontinent before leaving in 1947 and why did they do this?

They divided it into India and pakistan, which comprised to areas that were separated by India because the former was populated by Hindus and the latter was populated by Muslims. The two groups did not get along because of raids by Muslims on northern Hindu territory starting in the year 1000 .

How did MDCs recover from the boycott and what steps have they taken to prevent the consequences of such an event in the future?

They encouraged OPEC countries to invest in American and European real-estate, banks, and other safe/profitable investments / they have stockpiled surplus oil

How has the plastic industry combatted this?

They have labeled the plastic types with number -- numbers 1 and 2 are generally the only types recycled

Why are so many innercity residents virtually trapped in the underclass?

They live in a culture of poverty -- many unwed mothers are forced to choose between taking care of their children and a source of income -- No incentives for fathers to remain with their families X In fact in many cases, if father were to move back with their families, the mothers would loose their welfare benefits, and the family would financially worse off

What did the Moldovans push for after becoming independent of the Soviet Union?

They wanted to reunifiy with Romania because of very strong ethnic ties between two predating the Soviet Union

What were the South African homelands?

They were ten areas designated for blacks to live away from the rest of South Africa

What are the two major lenders of money to LDCs?

UN specialized agencies established in 1945: 1. iternational monetary fund (IMF) -- for country econ. problems that threaten expansion of international trade instead of individual projects, helps country rebuild international reserves, stabilize currency exchange rates, and pay for imports without having to impose harsh restrictions that could hamper world trade 2.world bank -- includes... X International bank for reconstruction and development --provides loans to countries to reform public administration and legal institutions, develop and strengthen financial institutions, and implement transportation and social service projects, opperates primarily in Latin America and Europe X international development association -- provides support for poor countries considered too risky for IBRD loans, opperates primarily in Africa and Asia

American Samoa

US

Guam

US

Northern Marriana Islands

US

List some examples of countries that do not recognize these claims.

US and Russia

in possession of 1000s of nuclear weapons

US and Russia

In LDCs, where are the people that have those goods mostly concentrated?

Urban areas

Why does Wirth's three part distinction no longer apply in MDCs?

Urban culture, as he describes it, now exists throughout MDCs

Other tha Indonesia, what are the most populous countries in Southeast Asia?

Vietnam and Thailand

Name some examples of US states that rely on the same for redistricting?

Washington and Iowa

Before WW2, what was the world's only major importer of grain?

Western Europe

What has lead to ethnic conflict between India and Pakistan?

a border dispute over the region of kashmir on the Northern border, resulting in guerilla warfare in that region

urbanized area

a central city + contiguous built-up suburbs where pop. density exceeds 1000 persons per square mile -- 70% of US lives in urbanized area X 40% in suburbs X 30% in central city -- does not necessarily correspond to legal boundaries

What is an example of a country who has been unable to develop because its resource is no longer as valuable?

Zambia: copper

Potential Rating Index for Zip Markets

a marketing tool used by Claritus Corp for segmentation -- the process of partitioning markets into groups of potential customers with similar needs and characteristics who are likely to exhibit the same purchasing behavior based on the theory that people who are similar cluster together -- which companies to understand where best to put their stores based on where likely customers will locate -- Ex: If the PRIZM shows that in a certain area there is a cluster of young couples who are likely to purchase cheap food, live in an apartment, drive a cheap car, and buy magazines, it is now clear what businesses would be profitable there

gravity model

a model adopted from physics which predicts the optimal location of services related to the number of people in the area and the the distance they must travel to access it -- states consumer behavior reflects two patterns 1. the greater the number of people living in the area, the greater is the number of potential customers for a service 2. the farther people are from a particular service the less likely they are to use it

What is the Von Thunen Model, when was it proposed, and by who?

a model used to explain the importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commercial farms proposed in 1826 by a farmer in North Germany named Johann Heinrich von Thunen in the book "The Isolated State"

enclosure movement

a movement occuring in Great Britian between 1750 and 1850, in which the rural landscape was transformed by combining individually owned plots of land surrounding vills. into a large individually owned farm even if it meant the gov forcing people to give up holdings-- a movement to clustered rural settlements into dispersed ones

What is the market area a good example of?

a nodal region -- region with core where characteristic is most intense

edge city

a node that forms around the ring road that is often specialized

settlement

a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services that, though they constitute under 1% of Earth's surface, are home to almost all humans

Define an urban settlement as Louis Worth did in the 1930s.

a permanent settlement displaying three distinguishing characteristics: large size, high pop. density, socially heterogenous people

ethnic cleansing

a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region

How many people today still survive by hunting and gathering? Where do such people live? What are some examples?

a quarter-million or 0.005% of the global population / isolated regions like the Arctic and the interior of Africa, Australia, and South America / the African Bushmen of Namibia and Botswana, the Aborigines in Australia

What was Lebanon once known as and what has damaged it?

a recreational center in the Middle East, fighting among religious factions since the 1970s

What is going on in Chechnya and what is it?

a region in Russia denoted by the ethnicity that lives there that has been aggressively pushing for independence in recent years. The russian gov. is afraid other ethnic clusters will follow and does not want to loose valuable petrolium reserves in that area

the Balcan peninsula

a region of southeastern Europe about the size of Texas named for the mountains that extend across the region. It includes Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, and Romania as well several countries that once comprised Yugoslavia, and has often been riddled by unrest.

nation state

a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particualr ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

resource

a substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is sociably acceptable for use

agribusiness

a system of commercial farming found in the US and other MDCs in which the farm is integrated into a large food-production industry

When did most African and Asian colonies become independent?

after WW2

Why is it called shifting cultivation instead of shifting agriculture?

agri implies greater use of tools and animals and more sofisticated modification of the landscape

In what catagory does this area have particularly high productivity?

agricultural, one of world's leading producers of wheat and corn?

Why is wine production relatively low in Africa and Asia, even where the climate is favorable for it?

alcohol avoidance in predominantly non-Christian countries

Describe settlements built by the first New England settlers

clustered settlements: -- centered around open area called common with school, church, and homes clustered around it -- settlers had houses + house lots of 1-5 acres containing barn, garden, and enclosures for feeding livestock + several disconitnous fields on periphery of settlement for growing crops -- beyond peripheral fields were pastures and woodlands for common use by all residents

What is the world's most popular source of electricity?

coal, followed by hydroelectric

Rank the three fossil fuels based on how fast they are being consumed from greatest to least.

coal, petroleum, natural gas

What mineral resources are in Congo Democratic Republic and Zambia?

cobalt

What is a good example of an industry that uses all three reduction strategies?

coking plant

squatter settlements

collections of primitive structures that are built up over time using scraps of scavenged material, in which utilties are generally either unavailable or stolen -- like running a wire from the nearest power plant to provide electricity -- usually lack schools, paved roads, telephones, or sewers -- are created to by the rapidly growing pop. of poor people that LDC cities are unable to house -- UN estimates 175 million people lived in squatter settlements in 2003 (increased from 75 million in 2000)

active solar energy system

collects solar energy and converts it either directly to electricity (like photovoltaic cells), or heat energy (which can be stored)

What is the best way to use the three models?

combined

How is the GEM calculated?

combining income and professional jobs and managerial jobs and elected jobs, best = 1

nonpoint source

comes from a big diffusion area

point source pollution

comes from a specific location

Describe normal settlements that specialize in Public services.

dipersed throughout country, generally have large university, state capital, or military base

photovoltaic cells

direct electric conversion

What arrangement dominated the midwest?

dispersed because the land was primarily settled by Middle Atlantic pioneers crossing Appalachians, land cheap and plentiful, so they bought as much as they could manage

What arrangment was used by Middle atlantic colonists and why?

dispersed rural settlements: -- settled by Germany, Holland, Ireland, Scotland, and Sweden -- settled more by individuals who bought land than by groups

Compact state

distance from center to any boundary virtually the same, Ex: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda

census tract

divisions of urban areas containing about 5000 people which the census bureau tries to correspond to the boundaries of neighborhoods, every decade, it publishes data summarizing the characteristics of people in each

How have the low wages being paid to Chinese factory workers impacted the rest of the world?

driving factory pay everywhere

How does it work?

first field planted with winter cereal, second with spring cereal, third left fallow, so that each field yielded 4 harvests every 6 years

On what kind of land is wet rice most easily grown?

flat land, primarily river valleys and deltas

What do 98% of US commercial farmers do?

frequently expand their farms by renting smaller ones nearby

Where is the corn belt, why is it called that, and what is it?

from Ohio to the Dakotas with its center in Iowa, it is the most important mixed crop and livestock farming region in US, is called that because aprox. half of crop land planted with corn

What do commercial gardening and fruit farming farmers grow?

fruits and vegies that are in high demand in MDCs like asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes

Describe normal settlements that specialize in consumer-services.

generally have recreation and entertainment centers like Atlantic City, Las Vegas, and Rheno, as well as medical centers like Rochester and Minnesota

Where does a unitary system work best?

generally nation-states characterized by few internal cultural differences nd a strong sense of national unity, especially common in Europe

On what three scales are geographers concerned about air pollution?

global, regional, local

public housing

gov-owned and maintained housing reserved for low-income households -- in US, occupants must pay 30% of their income for rent -- accounts for <2% of housing in US -- accounts for 1/5 of housing in UK X particularly clustered in Northern cities -- started to be built in 1960s and 70s -- since then, they have been mostly demolished because the large amount of low-income people clustered in such a small space resulted in high crime-rates -- currently, US gov. refuses to build any more, though some grants are available to renovate old buildings -- in the rest of Western Europe, govs generally subsidizes rent and construction costs, but building is actually owned by nonprofit organization or corporation which builds it in exchange for being able to build other structures in certain otherwise unavailable places

How is commercial grain agri. different than mixed crop and livestock?

grain grown primarily for human consumption -- output usually sold to manufacturers of food produts like snack-food and breakfast cereal

pasture

grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals as well as land used for grazing

underclass

inner-city residents outside of the gentrified-neighborhoods, who are trapped in a cycle of poverty, substance-abuse, high-rates of unemployment, illiteracy, bad schools, inadequate police, fire protection, shops, hospitals, other healthcare facilities, and other econ. and social problems

What is the chief characteristic of crop and livestock farming?

integration of crop and livestock: -- most of land used to grow crops, but these are often fed to livestock -- on average 3/4 of income derived from animal products -- livestock manor can be used to improve soil fertility to grow more crops

foreign direct investment

investment made by a foreign company in the econ. of another country

What is the most widely used ferrous metal?

iron

ferrous

iron ore and other alloys metal used in the production of steel

Why are Belarusians and Ukrainians considered separate ethnicities?

iscolation from the main body of Eastern Slavs (the Russians) due to Mongolian and Polish conquests

What kind of geological formation are most microstates?

island

What do conservative critics accuse the WTO of?

it compormises sovereignty of individual countries because it can order changes in taxes and laws that it considers unfair trading practices

What are some problems with this model?

it failed to take into account cultural factors like gov. restrictions and physical features like rivers

What happened to the number of farmers in MDCs in the twentieth century? Why?

it has declined, people leaving farm business because of lack of opportunity to earn a decent income and the promise of higher paying jobs in urban areas

What do liberal critics not accuse the WTO of?

it is antidemocratic, because its decisions promote interests of large corporations rather than poor

What is happening to agricultural in California?

it is being offset by rapid urban development, but at the same time expanding into formerly arid regions, though this requires massive irrigation

What is happening to the unitary government system globally?

it is fading away and being replaced by federal

What does the presence of a regular heirarchy of settlements, such as in the US, indicate about the society?

it is sufficiently wealthy to justify the provision of goods and services to cunsumer throughout the country

Why have factories relocated?

more land, less traffic conjestion creates easy access by trucks, though sometimes hard to get to for lower status workers

Have north and East cities expanded their provision of business services more or less rapidly? Why?

more, to offset the decline of their once substantial manufacturing industry

Why have so many service providers moved to the suburbs?

most of their customers are there

What area did the Roman Empire control?

most of... -Northern Africa -Europe -Southwest Asia

What are the three types of physical boundaries?

mountain, water, desert

If there is not enough land left to farm, what do the villers do?

move, though probably only temporarilyto farm more distant area

federation

municipalities amalgamated into a single gov

What is the origin of the word gerrymandering?

named for Elbridge Gerry, 1700s governor of Massachusetts and vice president of the US, signed bill for redistricting to favor his party, one of the new districts looked like a salamander, or, as a newspaper called it, "gerrymander"

To power homes, what is the most common resource used?

natural gas, followed by petroleum

Where is the optimal location for a service?

near its customers

When did dispersed rural settlements start becoming more common?

over the past 200 years

Describe the nesting pattern described by the central place theory.

overlapping hexagons of different sizes based on the four levels of market area (in order from smallest to largest) -- hamlet, village, town, city

What countries are threatened the most by rising sea levels?

pacific island microstates -- Ex: Tuvalu -- coral reefs are in grave danger because of global warming

How does social heterogenity create social differences between urban and rural settlements?

people have more freedom to pursue different values, careers, etc. without worrying about people taking notice and scorning them for it, while they're likely to be able to find at least one person in a US that shares the same ideas as you, no matter how unusual, people also often feel lonely and miniscule

What has the trend regarding annexatiion been in the past?

people living outside city wanted it because they wanted the superior services supplied by city like better police

treaty port

port cities established by unequal treaties that broadened imperialist access to China, Japan, and Korea by opening them to western trade and residence

What are some problems with nuclear power?

potential accidents, generation of plutonium, limited uranium supply, cost, radioactive waste

inanimate power

power generated by machines

animate power

power supplied by animals which people have historically relied on

zoning ordinance

prevents the mixing of land uses within the same district

grain

primarily North-central US and East Europe

Commercial Gardening

primarily Southeastern US, and Southeast Australia

mixed crop and livestock

primarily US Midwest and Central Europe

ranching

primarily drylands of West US, Southeast South America (the pampas of Argentina and Southern Brazil as well as Uruguay), Central Asia, Southern Africa, and Australia

Why has it been decreasing?

primarily due to expansion of urban areas

pastoral nomadism

primarily in drylands of North Africa and Asia

intensive subsistence (wet-rice-dominated)

primarily in large pop. concentrations of East and South Asia

intensive subsistence (other)

primarily in large pop. concentrations of East and South Asia where growing rice is difficult

Mediterranean

primarily lands surrounding the Mediterranean sea, West US, and Chile

dairying

primarily near pop. clusters in Northeast US, Southeast Canada, and Northwest Europe

Plantation

primarily tropical and subtropical regions of Latin America, Africa, and Asia

the preconditions for takeoff

process of development begins, elite group initiates innovative econ. activities, under their leadership, country starts to invest in new tech and infrastructure, like watersupplies and transport systems

public services

provide security and protection for citizens and businesses -- excluding public schoold employees: 9% of all US jobs -- fed gov -- 1/6 -- state gov -- 1/4 -- one of local govs -- 3/5

What is a fourth major way of providing food to those who can't get it?

providing them with the unsold surpluses of countries who can

restrictive covenance

rules on deeds restricting black ownership of properties, as well as Roman Catholic or Jewish in some places

Prior to modern times, what were all settlements?

rural

Traditionally, when the pop. of a clustered settlement grows too large, what happens?

satellite settlements are established

What do MDCs usually use a part of their wealth for?

schools, welfare services, hospitals and various other medical facilities

Describe a Mediterranean environment.

sea winds provide moisture and moderate wind temperatures, hot and dry summers (sea breezes provide some relief), hilly land, mountains frequently plunge direcetly into sea, only narrow strips of flatland along coast

Who are the Druze?

secretive religion comprising 7% of Lebanese that combines components of Christianity and Islam

consumer services

services provided to individual consumers who desire tham and can afford to pay for them: -- nearly 1/2 of all jobs in US -- four main types of consumer services: 1. retail and wholesale services -- X retail -- provide goods for sale to consumers XX Ex: grocer, department stores, motor vehicle sales (each one of these accounts for 1/5 of US retail services) X wholesale: provide retailers with merchandise 2. education services -- 11% of jobds in US X 2/3 employed in public school X 1/3 in private school 3. health services -- 10% of US jobs in health care, primarily hospitals, dr.'s offices, nursing homes 4. leisure and hospitality services -- 10% of all US jobsX X 3/4 in restaurants/bars X 1/4 divided among lodging and entertainment

business services

services that facilitate other business -- -- 1/4 of US jobs -- financial services -- 6% of US jobs Xthree types: XX jobs and banks and other financial institutions -- 1/2 XX insurance companies -- 1/3 XX real estate -- remainder -- professional services -- 13% of US jobs X management position -- 1/10 X technical services like law, accounting,engineering, design, consulting, and architecture -- 2/5 X support services like clerical, secretarial, and custodial work -- 1/2 -- transportation and similar services -- businesses that diffuse and distribute services X 6% of US jobs X transportation -- 1/2 XX primarily trucking X information services like publishing, broadcasting, and utilities like water and electricity -- 1/2

Where are services located?

settlements

What is a principle cause of high rates of extinction (3 species per hour) in the tropics?

shifting cultivation

What type are most Muslims who oppose development in the region becuase they percieve it as too Western?

shiite

What three types of retail services locate in the CBD?

shops that have high threshold, long range, serve workers in CBD

What 8 elements is 99% of the Earth's crust comprised from?

silicon, iron, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium

How does terrorism differ from political assassination?

terrorism is aimed at ordinary people

Of the three job sectors, in which one have jobs in the US increased instead of decreased?

tertiary

What sector do most people in MDCs work in?

tertiary or secondary

What were the 15 republics that comprised the Soviet Union based on

the 15 largest ethnicities

Until when was China the world's wealthiest state?

the 16th century when it was surpassed by Europe

Until when did most of Eastern Europe remain fragmented and give some examples of such countries

the 1800s, Germany and Italy

When did New England settlements become more dispersed and why?

the 18th century, cultural bonds that created clustered settlements had weakened, people were less interested in those values and let people buy land regardless of religious association

When did Ireland become independent?

the 1920s

When did African Americans begin to migrate out of the Ghettos?

the 1950s and 60s

When did the use of oil and petroleum begin to increase drastically in the US?

the 1960s when the use of coal stagnated

When did India dismantle its self-sufficiency approach in favor of international trade?

the 1990s

Where are the only two frontiers left in the world located?

the Arabian peninsula and Antarctica

Where is the rest grown?

the Golden Crescent of Southwest Asia -- centered on Afghanistan and extending into Pakistan

What region is the world's leading net importer of all three major grains?

the Middle East

Where did the development of states originate?

the Middle East

Who controlled Ethiopia until the 1990s?

the Muslim Am-harah

When did political unity in the ancient world reach its height?

the Roman empire

Where are Hispanics clustered?

the Southwest

filtering

the process by which a building is occupied by successively poorer families as it further deteriorates due to the inabibility to pay maintenance costs or, more often, a landlord's refusal to pay them because they exceed the total amount made off rent fees X govs often try to ensure that buildings are maintained by enacting laws, but often, the more aggressive they are about it, the more common and quicker the deterioration process occurs because landlords will just give up the business altogether when it is no longer profitable X filtering often ends with an abandoned building X has lead to inner-city neighborhoods in the US that 100 years ago had pops of 100000 now having less than 10000, which has in turn lead to the closing of many businesses in those areas X often occurs when a residence is divided up into several

urbanization

the process by which a city grows -- has two dimensions: 1. an increase in the number of people 2. an increase in the percentage of people living in cities

Balcanization

the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities as a threat to peace throughout the world: not just in a small area: lead to World War 1

redlining

the process by which banks draw red lines on maps in which they refuse to make loans -- often makes rennovation and renewal of buildings in that area difficult -- illegal but hard to enforce -- Community Reinvestment Act requires banks in the US to demonstrate that all innercity neighborhoods within their jurisdiction recieves a fair share of loans

gentrification

the process by which people rennovate deteriorating homes in blighted inner-city neighborhoods -- often middle-class benefits while minorities are pushed out

desertification

the process in which human actions cause land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition

annexation

the process of legally adding land area to a city

herbicide banding

the process of only spreading herbicides on crop rows in ridge tilling, far more effective than spreading them everywhere

sprawl

the progressive spread of development over the landscape

What two pieces of information do geographers use to determine the size of the market area?

the range and threshold of the service

redistricting

the redrawing of boundaries for districts so that they all have the same population

Why does the US still import iron ore, if it possesses it's own reserves

the reserves, located near Lake Superior, are limited

fossil fuel

the residue of plants and animals that were buried millions of years ago converted into what we use today via a mixture of chemical reactions and the intense pressure caused by being buried under sediment

milkshed

the ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling

What is grain?

the seed from various grasses, like wheat, corn, oats, barley, millet, and rice

Where are African Americans clustered?

the southeast

Where re American Indians clustered?

the southwest and plain states

conservation

the sustainable use and management of natural resources to meet human needs

terrorism

the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands

What was the primary cause for the huge explosion of suburban living in the 20th century?

the widespread diffusion of motor vehicles

What is going on with the Kurds in Turkey and other countries?

their culture has been constantly suppressed and Kurds have launched many different rebellions. In Turkey, they have been waging a guerilla warfare since 1984?

central place theory

theory first created in the 1930s and than developed in the 1950s that explains the common distribution patterns of services and why they exist

Why are Russians being discriminated against in other countries?

there is bitterness among people in countries formerly controlled by the Soviet Union, in which Russian was the dominant ethnicity

What is the condition of former Soviet republics and why?

they are HDI are severely low, Russia's being the highest, yet still lower than Malaysia and Libya. resulted from... -- high death rates -- lower production -- other stresses caused by slow transition from communism -- communist gov. may have falsified HDI to begin with -- closing inefficient business created lots of unemployment -- prices of goods higher without gov. subsidiaries -- standard living declined for most save for small handful, some of whom are gangsters -- end of communism released long-held friction among ethnicities

What do most countries think about the media and what do they do about it?

they believe them to be centrifugal, they regulate or control them

Why are talented individuals important to a city?

they promote econ. innovation -- likely to start new businesses -- induse local econ. with fresh ideas

Why were the Tatars deported from the Crimea in World War 2 and what problems have they been causing in recent years?

they were suspected of sympathizing with the Germans, they are returning to the Crimea which houses a valuable naval fleet and base controlled by the Ukrainians together with the Crimeans and built by the Soviet Union prior to the Crimea's independence.

What dilemma are LDC farmers at regarding these revolutions?

things like miracle seeds are best utilized via modern machinery like tractors which are expensive

What types of goods and services are especially important in MDCs?

those having to do with transportation machines or computer devices like cars, telephones, and computers

How are GPSs used on commercial farms today?

to determine the exact distribution of fertilizers, monitor the location of cattle, crop progress

What is the econ. feasible way to obtain Al?

to extract from bauxite ore -- most reserves located in Guinea

Why did settlements originate?

to provide consumer and public services

What kind of climate are they generally located in?

too dry for mixed crop and livestock

Where does coal form?

tropical locations now located on mid latitudes due to shifting of Earth's continents over the past 250 million years

What happened in Cyprus after the invasion and coupd?

two nationalities became increasingly isolated, in 1983 -- Turk-dominated North declared itself the independent Republic of Northern Cyprus, buffer zone now exists between two nationalities which is patrolled by UN personnel, UN drew up plan to reunite the two into a single multinational state, 2004--EU admitted whole island as single member, turks opened up border in 2003

what has the rapid development of China's economy resulted in?

unequal development, provinces along China's east coast have considerably higher GDPs than those in the interior

Why do geographers use hexagons to represent hinterlands

unlike circles, they fit together, while every point is relatively the same distance to the center point