Combo with "APUSH Unit 3 Vocab: America a Narrative Story" and 24 others

Horace Mann

"Father of American Education;" who believed education was important to a successful democracy; established training schools for teachers; lengthened the school term to six months; help secure funding for school needs; argued for common schools so that children of all levels of society would learn together (free education for all). (8.6.5) -He believed the public school system was the best way to achieve social stability and equal opportunity. As a reformer of education, he sponsored a state board of education, the first state-supported "normal" school for training teachers, a state association for teachers, the minimum school year of six months, and led the drive for a statewide school system

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Pedestrianism

"Formal name" for outdoor walking; Women were confined to this exercise until after Civil War

What did Jones say when the British asked him to surrender his ship?

"I have not yet begun to fight"

privateers

"Legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping

What did the defeated British army play as they marched out of Yorktown?

"The World Turned Upside Down"

General Nathanael Greene

"The fighting Quaker" of Rhode Island; He was Washington's most ablest general and fought in the Southern campaign. He forced Cornwallis's army to head for Virginia.

In re Debs

"The strong arm of the national government may be put forth to brush away all obstructions to the freedom of interstate commerce or the transportation of the mails."

What were the militant reformers who were determined to prevent slavery from expanding called?

"free soilers"

What did the Treaty of Paris stipulate?

(1) Britain recognized the independence of the thirteen colonies (2) Britain agreed to view the Mississippi River as America's western boundary

Why did the British belief that their campaign in the South would end the war fail?

(1) Loyalist strength was less than estimated (2) British unleashed Indian attacks convinced settlers to join the Patriots (3) Harsh behavior by Brits and Loyalists drove some Loyalists to join the Patriots

What did the Treaty of Paris stipulate?

(1)Britain recognized the independence of the thirteen colonies (2) Britain agreed to view the Mississippi River as America's western boundary

Alien and Sedition Acts

(1798) Four measures passed during the undeclared war with France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of noncitizens.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

(1798-99) Passed in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, the resolutions advanced the state-compact theory that held states could nullify an act of Congress if they deemed it unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) First U.S. Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law-the Judiciary Act of 1801-unconstitutional; President John Adams's "midnight appointment'' of Federalist judges prompted the suit.

Fletcher v. Peck

(1810) U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall upheld the initial fraudulent sale contracts in the Yazoo Fraud cases; Congress paid $4.2 million to the original speculators in 1814.

McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States, supported the authority of the federal government versus the states.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

(1819) U.S. Supreme Court upheld the original charter of the college against New Hampshire's attempt to alter the board of trustees; set precedent of support of contracts against state interference.

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause'' (the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

Independent Treasury Act

(1840) Promoted by President Martin Van Buren, the measure sought to stabilize the economy by preventing state banks from printing unsecured paper currency and establishing an independent treasury based on specie.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) Landmark ruling of the Massachusetts supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions.

Legal Tender Act

(1862) Helped the U.S. government pay for the Civil War by authorizing the printing of paper currency.

Emancipation Proclamation

(1863) President Abraham Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation on September 22, 1862, freeing the slaves in Confederate states as of January 1, 1863, the date of the final proclamation.

Dawes Severalty Act

(1887) This was an attempt to "Americanize" the Indians; it gave each family 160 acres to farm, which the government held in trust for 25 years, after which the family would receive full title and citizenship.

Mississippi Plan

(1890) This changed the suffrage provisions of the state constitution by instituting residency, literacy, and other requirements that effectively disenfranchised blacks and many poor whites.

Forest Reserve Act

(1891) President Roosevelt used this act to protect some 172 million acres of timberland. Part of the Roosevelt conservation policy of conserving natural resources for the long term good of the public. It was to make big businesses mindful of their effect on the environment

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan defeated China's stagnant empire and as a result pick up the Pescadores Islands and the island of Formosa (modern day Taiwan). China's weakness, demonstrated in the war, brought the European powers to scramble for "spheres of influence" on that remaining frontier of imperialist expansionism. The US's prospects of trade with China faded with the possibility of the European powers putting up tariff barriers

Tariff of Abominations

(Tariff of 1828) Taxed imported goods at a very high rate; the South hated the tariff because it feared it would provoke Britain to reject American cotton.

Philidelphia-Lancaster Turnpike

- 1794 - Paved roads "exploded" after this period. - By 1821, over 4,000 miles of turnpikes had been completed.

Wilderness Road

- 1795 - The trail into Kentucky that Daniel Boone helped build; although it was too narrow for carts or wagons and not easy to travel on, it became the main road into Kentucky. - Daniel Boone helped build it - Although it was too narrow for carts or wagons and not easy to travel on, it became the main road into Kentucky.

Steamboat and Canal Barge

- 1807 - Fulton invented it.

Erie Canal

- 1825 - A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. - The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. - An engineering marvel. - The longest canal in the world.

John Deere

- 1837 - Invented steel plow - This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Sewing Machine

- 1846 - Invented by Elias Howe - First telegraph was sent in 1844. - Major Point: May have triggered more social changes than any other invention.

Preemption Act

- 1854 - A law which stated that squatters could stake out claims ahead of the land surveys and later get 160 acres at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. - In effect the law recognized a practice enforced more often than not by frontier vigilantes.

Graduation Act

- 1854 - Law by which prices of unsold lands were to go down in stages until the lands could sell for 12.5 cents per acre after thirty years.

Railroads

- By 1859, they had greatly reduced the cost of transportation. - Railroad lines were being set up all over the country. - Made transportation much faster.

Cotton Gin

- Invented by Eli Whitney - Started a revolution - 1792

Eli Whitney

- Invented cotton gin and interchangeable parts. - Developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Cyrus Hall McCormick

- Invented the primitive grain reaper in 1831. - Significant to the economy of the Old Northwest like the cotton gin to the South. - His success inspired other manufacturers and inventors. - Prices dropped, income rose = all was better.

Charles Goodyear

- Invented vulcanized rubber, which made the product stronger and more elastic.

Telegraph

- Machine invented by Samuel Morse in 1837 that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire.

Water Transportation

- Passengers could float comfortably on flatboats westward aftery they reached the Ohio River by turnpike. - Use of steamboats spread rapidly. - 1815: first steamboat made the trip upriver from New Orleans to Pittsburgh in 25 days. - 1836: 361 steamboats were on the western waters.

Communication

- The speed increased greatly. - Mail began to be delivered by express.

Cotton

- Very important - Major crop

Whigs

-This party began in 1834 to oppose Andrew Jackson. Popular among evangelical Protestants. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. They embraced the industry.- The name that linked them to the Patriots of the American Revolution.

Pullman Strike 1894

...

natural increase

...

staple crop

...

John C Calhoun x

..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification, (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

war hawks

..., Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. (ex. Henry Clay and Calhoun)

Kitchen Cabinet

..., informal group of advisors instead of his actual cabinet (which was disfunctional)

balance trade

...A balance of imports versus exports.

half way covenant

...Allowed baptized children of church members to be admitted to a "halfway" membership in the church and secure baptism for their own children in turn, but allowed them neither a vote in the church, nor communion.

invisible charges

...Expenses related to trade between the southern colonies and England, including freight payments to shippers, commissions, storage charges, and interest payments to English merchants, insurance premiums, inspection and customs duties, and outlays to purchase indentured servants and slaves.

Melting Pot

...Idea that the early American Frontier stripped away native identities and melded them into homogeneous Americans

john peter zengar

...Publisher of the New York Weekly Journal. Zenger was imprisoned for ten months and brought to trial in 1735 for publishing criticisms of New York's governor in his newspaper.

sex ratio

...Ratio of women to men in the early American colonies, typically 2 or 3 men for every woman.

naval stores

...Resin from Pine trees, which can be boiled to become tar.

the enlightenment

...Revolution in thought begun in the seventeenth century that emphasized reason and science over the authority of traditional religion.

Headright system

...System by which investors could acquire 50 acres of land per new settler.

Elizabeth Stanton forged the thunderbolts of the women's campaign....

...and Susan B Anthony hurled them

promissory note

...romissory notes of individuals or colonial treasurers often passed as a crude sort of paper money.

What percent of the South was composed of planters?

1 out of 30 whites in the South were planters, less than 4%

What reasons did Southerners give for the lack of industrial development in the region?

1. Blacks were unsuited to factory work 2. the planter-elite had developed a prestige from owning land and slaves and had a disdain for industrial production (they strongly held to the Jeffersonian model of an agrarian society)

What accounted for the dramatic growth of cotton production?

1. the invention of the cotton gin, 2. the soaring demand for southern cotton among British and French textile manufacturers as the industry grew in size and technological sophistication, 3. the aggressive cultivation of farmlands in the Old Southwest

First Great Awakening

1730s, religious revival, esp. in New England

General Charles Cornwallis p 230

1783 - 1805, British military and political leader. Was a member of Parliament and even opposed the tax measures that led to the American Revolution. Led British forces during the American Revolution and was defeated by Washington when he had to surrender at Yorktown in 1781.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

1784 US commissioners use military threats to force pro-British Iroquois peoples to relinquish much of their land in NY and Pennsylvania.

Annapolis Convention

1786-Called after a successful meeting between Maryland and Virginia to discuss the commercial value of the Potomac Rover at Mount Vernon, this convention failed to discuss general commercial issues in America, because only five states participated, but did allow James Madison to suggest and establish a meeting in Philadelphia in the subsequent year to discuss the overall union in the Federal Government

chesapeake affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology.

non-intercourse act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

macon's bill #2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 agreement with Britain to limit the number of ships on the Great Lakes

When did the organized movement for women's rights emerge?

1840 when the anti-slavery movement split over the question of women's right to participate

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 treaty w/ Britain to settle boundary issues

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 act proposed by Stephen Douglas to build a transcontinental railroad, needed Southern support and therefore didn't say new territories would be free states; resulted in creation of KA and NE, repeal of MO Compromise, and introduction of popular sovereignty

Trent Affair

1861- a British ship, carrying two Confederate agents to Europe was stopped by the Union, the two agents were taken into custody which raised protest from British, Lincoln eventually let them go

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

1863 Lincoln issued this proclamation which provided a means of repatriating "those who resume their allegiance" even though the war was still in progress. To those who took an oath of loyalty, he was prepared to issue a full pardon, with some notable exceptions. Those exceptions he specifically listed in the proclamation so there would be no misunderstanding. He also provided guidelines for the systematic reestablishment of loyal state governments, which would be able to occur when 10% of the voters of 1860 took the oath of allegiance. 1864 produced Union governments in Arkansas, Louisiana, and the perpetually union Tennessee.

NY Draft Riot

1863 drafting was extremely hated by northerners. This riot was sparked by Irish-Americans going against the black population, 500 lives were lost and many buildings were burned

Emancipation Proclamation

1863- President Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation in 1862, freeing the slaves in the Confederate states as of January 1863, the date of the final proclamation, it was issued after the Union won Antietam. It was a military strategy because ti meant that the British and French wouldn't ally with the South because the British and French are free countries, it didn't affect border states or territories, it changed the purpose of the war to a moral way for freedom and equality

Congress set up the Freedman's Bureau in what year? What was it?

1865

Freedman's Bureau (p. 542)

1865 - First federal experiment in social welfare. Run by General Oliver O. Howard created within the War Department Bureau of Refugees, freedmen, and Abandoned Lands to provide such issues of provisions, clothing and fuel as might be need to relieve destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children. declared that freed slaves "must be free to choose their own employers, and be paid" Freedman's Bureau agents negotiated labor contracts, provided medical care, distributed food, and set up schools. Also established its own courts to deal with labor disputes and land titles.

Date of Ku Klux Klan organization -

1866

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet, and succeeded in getting Johnson to be in violation of a law and therefore impeachable

Abilene

1867 Abilene Kansas established as the first sucessful cowtown where livestock would be herded and then sold and shipped east. The Cowtowns progressively moved westword as the railroads moved west.

When was the Fourteenth Amendment ratified?

1868

The first transcontinental railroad was completed in?

1869

Public Credit Act

1869; This Act, the first signed by Grant, required payment of Union war bonds in gold instead of greenbacks

Fifteenth Amendment (p. 553)

1870 - ratified forbids the states to deny any person the vote on grounds of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

Duke Family

1872 Washington Duke creates a major Tobacco producing business in Durham N.C. Son James "Buck" Duke took over the family business and consolidated 75% of the country's tobacco industry into the American Tobacco Company. Invested large sums of cash into widespread advertisement schemes.

Terence v. Powderly/ knight of labor president in 1879

1886 failed Railroad strike/ organization faced rapid decline

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

1894, a tariff that took sugar off of the duty free list in the midst of a depression already damaging to the market for Cuban Sugar, raw sugar prices collapsed, putting Cubans out of work and rekindling their desire for a rebellion from Spanish rule

Newlands Reclamation Act

1901 congressional act which established a Bureau of Reclamation that would use the profits from the sale of public lands to fund irrigation projects in an effort to promote farming in the arid western land.

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902, signed by President Roosevelt, it established a new agency within the Interior Department, called the Bureau of Reclamation, to administer a massive new program designed to bring water to arid western states. Using funds from the sale of federal land, the Reclamation Service constructed dams, and irrigations systems to transform barren desert acreage into Farm land

Swift and Company v. United States

1905, a Supreme Court decision against the beef trust through which most of the meet packers had avoided competitive bidding in the purchase of livestock. It dealt with the "stream of commerce" doctrine- overturned its previous holding that manufacturing was strictly intrastate. Since both livestock and meat products of the packers moved in the stream of interstate commerce, both were subject to federal regulation.

Root-Takashire Agreement

1908, negotiated by Roosevelt's Secretary of State Elihu Root and the Japanese ambassador, endorsed the status quo and reinforced the Open Door Policy by supporting ' the independence and integrity of China' and ' the principle of equal opportunity for commerce and industry in China'

Glass-Owen Federal reserve Act

1913, created a Federal reserve System of regional banks and a Federal Reserve Board to stabilize the economy by regulating the supply of currency and controlling credit. It was a bankers' bank. The Notes were 40% on bold and 60% promissory notes

Sixteenth Amendment

1913, it legalized the federal income tax

Homestead steel strike

40,000 workers strike/ started 5/1/1886violence happened on 5/3/1886 at McCormick Reaper Works union and (scabs)fought outside plant/Police arrived 2 strikers killed. Lead to a bomb being thrown at the police on May 4 1886 7 killed 60 wounded.

Andrew Jackson

7th President of the U.S.; He was previously a lawyer and was elected to the House of Rep. and the Senate. He had a major role in the War of 1812 where he won decisive victories over the Indians and the main British invasion army.

Charles Evans Hughes

?????

Bartolome de Las Casas

A Catholic priest in Cuba who renounced the practice of coercive conversions and spent twenty years advocating better treatment for indigenous people

Citizen Genet

A French ambassador to the United States who was a troublemaker and was unanimously demanded to leave. He recruited privateers to capture British ships and organized an attack on Spanish Florida and Louisiana.

What changed Washington's plan to attack New York in 1781 after he joined forces with the French?

A French fleet under Admiral Grasse was bound for the Chesapeake Bay

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee who had risen to power through opposing the southern elite, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Hernando de Soto

A Spanish conquistador who landed on Florida's west coast in 1539 and moved toward the Mississippi River and up the Arkansas River, looting and destroying indigenous villages along the way

Robert E Lee

A Virginian and a general in the federal army until he Civil War, when he became an important Confederate General even though he opposed slave and secession, all because of his loyalty to Virginia, because he surrendered at Appomattox, he kept the country from having several more years of guerilla war

Privy Council

A body of some thirty to forty advisers appointed by and responsible solely to the king. The Privy Council became the first agency of colonial supervision.

Chief Justice John Marshall

A brilliant Virginia Federalist and ardent critic of Jefferson who wrote the Supreme Court's unanimous opinion that held that Marbury deserved his commission but denied that the Court had jurisdiction in the case. Marshall established the Supreme Court as the final judge of constitutional interpretation.

Geronimo

A chief of the Chiricahua Apaches who fought encroachments in the Southwest for fifteen years but was captured in 1886.

The Federalist%

A collection of essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay originally published between 1787 and 1788. Written in support of ratification of the Constitution, the essays defended the principle of a supreme national authority, but at the same time sought to reassure doubters that the people and the states had little reason to fear usurpations and tyranny by the new government.

The Federalist Papers

A collection of essays originally published in the New York newspapers between 1787 and 1788. Instigated by Hamilton, these essays defended the principle of a supreme national authority while easing fears of possible tyranny. James Madison and John Jay each contributed to the essays.

What did the rapid settlement of the west cause?

A competition between North and South for political influence in the West

Three-Fifths Compromise

A compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson of Pennsylvania (future Justice) and Roger Sherman of Connecticut.

Jonathan Edwards

A congregationalist minister in Northampton who was at the forefront on the Great Awakening. He advocated an increased emotional response. Author of the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

Alexander Hamilton

A congressmen from New York and former aide to General Washington. He was the founder of the nation's financial system, the Federalist party, and favored a strong central government.

Federalist Essay Number 10%

A contradiction to the emerging European belief that republics were only possible in small land masses, this essay by James Madison prosed that an extremely large diverse republic would prevent any majority from taking over

Who was the most radical figure among the mostly white Garrisonians?

A free black named David Walker who published "Walker's appeal" in 1829

George Whitefield

A great catalyst of the Great Awakening whose reputation as a spellbinding evangelist preceded him to the colonies. He resolved to restore religious fervor back to the people and believed in the emotional experience.

Puritans

A group of English Protestants who disapproved of the Church of England and wished to purify and simplify the religious practices and worship of the Church.

Aztec Empire

A highly sophisticated Aztec civilization found in the Basin of Mexico with the city of Tenochtitlan at the center. Was invaded by the Spanish in 1519.

Comstock Lode

A huge gold and silver quarry discovered in Nevada in 1859 which attracted many settlers to the region and propelled Nevada to statehood in 1864.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships that were 36 square miles to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. These 36 square miles were divided in 36 parts to be sold at a minimum of $640 dollars, saving a 16th of a division of schools

Preemption Act

A law which stated that squatters could stake out claims ahead of the land surveys and later get 160 acres at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. In effect the law recognized a practice enforced more often than not by frontier vigilantes.

Daniel Webster

A leading attorney who argued many famous cases in the Supreme Court. Congressman from New Hampshire and senator representing Massachusetts.

western front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Grandfather Clause

A loophole implemented in the south to allow poor whites to vote while preventing blacks from voting as those who could not pass literacy tests yet had ancestors who had voted in 1867 (before blacks could vote) could still vote.

orders in council

A major cause of the War of 1812 passed by Parliament restricting American trade with France.

Disenfranchisement

A movement in the south during the 1890's to remove the black vote through violence, and several loopholes such as the grandfather clause, the understanding clause, and the Mississippi plan.

Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"

A pamphlet released in 1776 that stirred the Patriot cause.

What was the Auburn Penitentiary?

A penitentiary opened in NY in 1816 whose prisoners had separate cells, gathering only for meals and group labor. Discipline was severe, and prisoners were not allowed to talk to each other, but they were reasonably secure from abuse by their fellow prisoners.

Tories p215

A person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist, who opposed the move for independence. A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832

Newburgh Conspiracy

A plot hatched in 1783 by officers in the Continental Army to oust Congress in a coup and set up a military dictatorship.

Who was John Paul Jones?

A privateer captain who won a battle against a British frigate on the English Coast on September 23, 1779

Great Awakening

A religious movement that spanned all 13 colonies in which people started embracing emotionalism, rather than just religious duties. Led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, this awakening increased church membership

What was the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance?

A society formed by a group of Boston ministers in 1826 which organized lectures, press campaigns, an essay contest, and the formation of local and state societies in opposition of alcohol

Bill of Rights

A statement of fundamental rights and privileges (the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

coup d'etat

A sudden, often violent overthrow of the government.

heliocentric universe

A sun-centered universe postulated by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.

Sharecropping

A system in which people who have nothing agree to work a landowners land in exchange for the supplies needed and a share of the crops produced.

Tenant Farming

A system similar share cropping where people who have most or all of their own supplies work a landowners land in exchange for a share of the crops produced, yet receive more crops than a sharecropper.

excise tax

A tax on the manufacture, consumption or sales of a commodity within a country.

Witness Trees

A tree carved with lot numbers indicating that property was claimed.

What were the Shakers?

A utopian community, (the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing) that was started by Ann Lee (Mother Ann Lee)

What was the Underground Railroad?

A vast network of secret routes and safe stopping places that concealed runaways and spirited them to freedom, often over the Canadian border

tripolian war

A war in 1801-1805 that was declared by the Tripoli for insufficient ransom that the pirates forced America to pay to ensure their ships safe passage throughout the Mediterranean; forcing Jefferson to not only reestablish his drastic Navy budget cut, but to increase it along with other branches of military service.

Coercive Acts

AKA The Intolerable Acts, England's acts to respond to Tea Party, put Boston under military rule and provoked widespread dissent

New England Anti-Slavery Society%

Abolitionist organization founded in 1832 by William Lloyd Garrison of Massachusetts, publisher of the Liberator.

Liberty party

Abolitionist political party that nominated James G. Birney for president in 1840 and 1844; merged with the Free Soil party in 1848.

William Loyd Garrison%

About 1830, he organized the Abolitionists, a group that campained violently for the end of slavery.,,,,the Liberator -In 1831, he started the anti-slavery newspaper Liberator and helped start the New England Anti-Slavery Society. Two years later, he assisted Arthur and Lewis Tappan in the founding of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He and his followers believed that America had been thoroughly corrupted and needed a wide range of reforms. He embraced every major reform movement of the day: abolition, temperance, pacifism, and women's rights. He wanted to go beyond just freeing slaves and grant them equal social and legal rights.

Focus Question: What were the different approaches to the Reconstruction of the Confederate States?

Abraham Lincoln and his successor, southerner Andrew Johnson, wanted a lenient and quick plan for Reconstruction. Lincoln Plan - 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction: any rebel state could form Union government when 10% of those voting in 1860 took oath of allegiance to the Constitution and Union and they received a Presidential Pardon. (not everyone could receive a pardon) In his final public address, Lincoln pronounced that Southern States never left Union, they just were "out of their practical proper relation" and the object was to get them back into "proper relation." He proposed the creation of new state governments and wanted no persecution or radical reconstruction of Southern social and economic life. Lincoln's assassination made many northerners favor the Radical Republicans, who wanted to end the grasp of the old planter class on the South's society and economy and they wanted to deconstruct the Democratic Party. Radical Republicans wanted a sweeping transformation of southern society based upon granting freed slaves full citizenship. They wanted to require a majority(not just 10%) of white male citizens in Southern states to take an ironclad oath of allegiance. (They wanted vindictiveness.) Congressional Reconstruction included the stipulation that to reenter the Union, former Confederate states had to ratify the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Congress also passed the Military Reconstruction Act, which attempted to protect the voting rights and civil rights of African Americans.

Adamson Act

Act of 1916 that required an 8 hour workday for railroad workers, with time and a half for overtime, and appointed a commission to study the problem of working conditions int eh railroad industry

Tydings McDuffie Act

Act of 1934 that offered the Philippines independence after a tutelary period of 10 more years. It followed the first Jones Act of 1917 which affirmed America's intention to grant the Philippines independence on an unspecified date. It made a time table for Pilipino independence

Clayton-Anti-Trust Act

Act passed in 1914, which outlawed such practices as price discrimination, 'tying' agreements that limited the right of dealers to handle products of competing manufactures, interlocking directorates connecting corporations with capital more than 1$ million and corporations' acquisition of stock in competing corporations. It exempt unions and farm organizations from anti-trust laws

Nonintercourse

Act to replace Embargo Act of 1807, proposed by Madison, reopened all trade except w/ England and France, was ineffective because people still smuggled goods

Embargo Act of 1807

Act under Thomas Jefferson; proposed an embargo so as not to anger England or France (who were fighting); radical move that demonstrated fear of getting involved in external conflict. The act failed due to smuggling and was repealed in 1809

Townshend Acts

Acts of Charles Townshend, taxed British exports and indirectly hurt English manufacturers, created greater tension

midnight appointments

Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Adams' acts to limit free speech and freedom of aliens (1798)

XYZ Affair%

Adams's negotiations over West Indies w/ France, trickery

militia

Adult males between the ages of fifteen and sixty were enrolled in their local militia units. They constituted a home guard, defending their own communities, and they also helped augment the Continental army.

Federalists%

Advocates of the Constitution who favored a strong central government; Hamilton was a prominent Federalist.

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American activist who criticised Washington's Atlanta Compromise and voiced the need for improvements in civil rights and education for african-americans and demanded the end of disenfranchisment and segregation.

Edmund Ruffin

After studying the chemistry of soils, he reasoned that most exhausted fields of the upper South were too acidic. He discovered that marl from a seashell deposit in eastern Virginia could restore the fields' fertility. Published the results in his Essay on Calcareous Manures (1832).

Social

After the civil war, the southern Elite lost their unbalanced power in Congress, to be replaced by the Captains of Industry of the north. Including the revolutionary war-time congress of the Republicans, the Civil War can be seen as this time of Revolution

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement from 1907 that stated that the US would not exclude Japanese immigrants if Japan would voluntarily limit the number of immigrants coming to the US. Was reached after Japan became upset at the Chinese Exclusion Act

Most of The Federalist essays were written by:%

Alexander Hamilton

The Federalist

Alexander Hamilton's collection of essays, supported ratification of Constitution and defended national authority

Sears, Roebuck and company became the nation's largest retailers by?

All of the above

The federal government contributed to the expansion of business with?

All of the above

What were the Shaker communities know for?

All property was held in common and the Shaker farms were among the nation's leading sources of garden seed and medicinal herbs, and many of their manufactures were prized for their simple beauty

Contract Labor Act (1864, Repealed in 68 but still continues until 1885)

Allowed businesses to make contracts with overseas immigrants, binding them to labor upon entry in the US (the businesses paid for the voyage)

What route did the first transcontinental railroad take?

Along a north-central route from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California

Robert Fulton

Along with Robert R Livingston, put the first steamboats into service in 1807.

Great Compromise

Also known as the Connecticut Compromise. Mediated the differences between the New Jersey and Virginia delegations to the Constitutional Convention by providing for a bicameral legislature, the upper house of which would have equal representation and the lower house of which would be apportioned by population.

George Washington

Although participating very little in the debates at the Constitutional Convention, this man did preside unanimously over the assembled as presiding officer

The Convention of 1800

America and France finally came to a agreement that annulled the 1778 treaty of alliance and excused the French from damage claims of American ships. This convention between the two kept then from going to war and dividing the nation.

By 1790

America remained a predominantly rural society

The phrase "critical period" refers to:%

America under the Articles of Confederation

Amerigo Vespucci

America was named after him. He was an Italian explorer who landed on the coast of South America and labeled it a "new" continent.

John Adams p. 237

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

What was Brook Farm?

America's first secular utopian community; conceived by its founder George Ripley (Unitarian minister and Transcendentalist) as a kind of think tank, combining high thinking and plain living

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Horatio Gates

American General whose troops defeated the British forces at Saratoga.

Horatio Gates%

American General whose troops defeated the British forces at Saratoga.

John Trumbull

American artist and painter who painted four panels in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington: The Declaration of Independence, The Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and The Resignation of General Washington.

General Nathanael Greene p 231

American general who fought Cornwallis and in 1781 cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops; known as "the Fighting Quaker", Distinguished himself by his strategy of delay: kept retreating then standing against his foe, Cornwallis.

John Paul Jones

American privateer who helped to disable the British fleet. Credited with the famous words, "I have not yet begun to fight."

Pinckney's Treaty resulted in:

American trade access to Spanish New Orleans

Whigs

Americans opposed to English policies.

In the aftermath of the War of 1812:

Americans took decisive action against the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean

Alexander Stephens

Among 18 others with high Confederate rank, this ex-vice president of the confederacy went to be accepted into congress after being elected to the Senate in December of 1865. All of them were rejected

Who was Benedict Arnold?

An American commander at West Point, New York, turned traitor.

Colonel George Custer

An American officer who led an expidition in 1874 of explorers and gold-seekers into the land promised to the Sioux sparking conflict which lead to the Great Sioux War against the Sioux tribe in the Dakota region.

Woodrow Wilson%

An academic and Progressive Democrat who was elected President of the US in 1912 and again in 1916, his first term was concerned with trust-busting, tariff reform, and social justice issues, but his 2nd term was caught up in World War I and his efforts on the behalf of the Versailles Treaty. He won the second time due to a campaign saying Wilson kept the US out of war and immediately he entered the US into WWI

First Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States guaranteeing the right of free expression (includes freedom of assembly and freedom of the press and freedom of religion and freedom of speech)`

Fifth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States that imposes restrictions on the government's prosecution of persons accused of crimes. Mandates due process of law and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy; requires just compensation

Tenth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution of the United States that states that the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

What happened to Garrison in 1835?%

An angry mob of whites dragged him through the streets of Boston by a rope

The Liberator%

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed. -, A militantly abolitionist weekly, edited by William Garrison from 1831 to 1865. Despite having a relatively small circulation, it achieved national notoriety due to Garrison's strong arguments.

samuel chase

An arrogant Supreme Court justice whom Jefferson urged to impeach; he was charged was based on "high crimes and misdemeanors," when really he had not comitted these things, but rather spoke out against the Jeffersonians; since then, no real attempt has been made to reshape the Supreme Court by means of impeachment

What did the growing strength and visibility of the abolitionist movement prompt?

An equally aggressive defense of slavery by southerners

Writ of habeas corpus

An essential component of English common law and of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees that citizens may not be imprisoned without due process of law; literally means, "you must have the body."

writ of habeas corpus

An essential component of English common law and of the U.S. Constitution that guarantees that citizens may not be imprisoned without due process of law; literally means, "you must have the body."

Peggy Eaton

An innkeeper's daughter and wife of Jackson's secretary of war, John Eaton. Scandal surrounding the death of her first husband caused her to be ostracized by the women of official Washington. Jackson and Van Buren's support of Mrs. Eaton brought about the fall of Jackson's first cabinet.

XYZ Affair%

An insult to the American delegation of Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand and end the unofficial naval war with France over Jay's Treaty with England. They refused to pay bribe. Due do this action, the US finally officially revoked the 1778 Treaty of Alliances

Ida B Wells

An outspoken female African-American activist who launched several campaigns against segregation and racial violence.

All of the following were presidential candidates in 1836 EXCEPT:

Andrew Jackson

The one thing that united all members of the new Whig party was opposition to:

Andrew Jackson

Which of the following figures opposed federal funding of internal improvements?

Andrew Jackson

How did the Grimké sisters respond to the opposition raised against them?%

Angelina insisted that woman had a right to have a voice in all laws and regulations by which she was to be governed, whether at church or state level

What did Shakers believe?

Ann Lee believed religious fervor to be a sign of inspiration from the Holy Ghost and she and her followers had strange fits in which they saw visions and prophesied; these fits turned into ritual dances (hence the name shakers). They believed that God was a dual personality: Christ was the masculine side and Mother Ann was the feminine side. Mother Ann preached celibacy to prepare Shakers for perfection in heaven

Understanding clause

Another loophole used which targeted blacks as those who were unable to pass the literacy test yet could prove that they understood the state constitution were allowed to vote. Not surprisingly, whites were held to much lower standards and granted the right to vote while african-americans were not.

Whigs

Another name for revolutionary Patriots.

interposition

Another word for nullification whereby a state could interpose state authority and in effect repeal a federal law.

The Hay-market incident involved?

Answer)All of the above The McCormick Reaper Works America's first terrorist bombing The Knights of labor

nativism

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic feeling in the 1830s through the 1850s; the largest group was New York's Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American, or Know-Nothing, party in 1854.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

Anti-slavery editor who in 1837 was killed by a mob in Alton, Illinois giving the movement a martyr to both abolition and freedom of the press.

Date of Lincoln assassination

April 14, 1865

Nullification Controvercy

Argument during the fight over the tariff as to whether or not a state could declare a federal law null and void within its boundaries and refuse to enforce the law

Great American Desert

Arid region of the Great Plains that acted as a barrier to cross on the way to the Pacific and a refuge for Indians but changed in the last half of the nineteenth century as a result of new finds of gold, silver, and other minerals, completion of transcontinental railroads, destruction of the buffalo, the collapse of Indian resistance, the rise of the range-cattle industry, and the dawning realization that the arid region need not be a sterile desert.

Continental army

Army authorized by the Continental Congress, 1775-84, to fight the British; commanded by General George Washington.

Continental Army p 214

Army formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress and led by General George Washington

Who provided Garrison with funds to publish his newspaper "The Liberator" in 1831?%

Arthur and Lewis Tappan, prominent NYC evangelical ministers

Sojourner Truth%

Articulate black female abolitionist who crisscrossed the country during the 1840s and 1850s preaching the sins of slavery, exhorting audiences about abolitionism and women's rights.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

As a leader of the transcendentalist movement, he wrote poems, essays, and speeches that discussed the sacredness of nature, optimism, self-reliance, and the unlimited potential of the individual. He wanted to transcend the limitations of inherited conventions and rationalism to reach the inner recesses of the self.

What did the Grimké sisters do?%

As anti-slavery activists, they set out speaking first to audiences of women and eventually to both men and women which was unconventional

reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

First Continental Congress

Assembly in Philadelphia after Coercive Acts, demonstrated colonial unity and rebelliousness against Britain

Battle of Shiloh

At the time it was fought (April 6-7, 1862), Shiloh, in western Tennessee, was the bloodiest battle in American history; afterward, General Ulysses S. Grant was temporarily removed from command.

What did Washington persuade the commander of the French army in RI to do?

Attack New York after Cornwallis moved to Virginia.

Embargo Act of 1807

Attempt to exert economic pressure instead of waging war in reaction to continued British impressment of American sailors; smugglers easily circumvented the embargo, and it was repealed two years later.

Isacc Newton

Author of Principia (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687), which set forth his theory of gravitation.

judicial review

Authority given the courts to review constitutionality of acts by the executive/state/legislature; est. in Marbury v. Madison

Homestead Act

Authorized Congress in 1862 to grant 160 acres of public land to a western settler, who had only to live on the land for five years to establish title.

By 1860, slavery was most concentrated:

B. in the Lower South

Which Protestant denomination "stressed the equality of all before God" and had no authority higher than the congregation?

Baptist

Quakers

Became the most influential of many radical religious groups who carried far the doctrine of individual inspiration and interpretation. They discarded formal sacraments and ministry

Nativism

Belief of defending American culture against immigrants and foreign influence; held Social Darwinist views and religious prejudice (against Catholics and Jews)

Social Darwinism

Belief of inherent superiority over other cultures, used to justify exploitation and manipulation of immigrants, etc.

Pragmatism

Belief that valued ideas based on their application and effectiveness in improving society

Buffalo Soldiers

Black Calvary units established in the west in 1866 who maintained order among settlers, provided protection from Indian attacks, and helped to bring law to the west.

Booker T. Washington

Black activist who in a speech dubed the "Atlanta Compromise" argued that blacks should accept the public segregation temporarily in the pursuit of economic opportunities and "making friends" with white conservatives.

minstrel show

Blackface vaudeville entertainment popular in the decades surrounding the Civil War.

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless revolution in England to restore William and Mary to the throne & remove inept absolute monarchs; provoked colonists to rebel and overthrow the Dominion of England

A Century of Dishonor

Book by Helen Hunt Jackson which highlighted the history of injustices towards Indians and helped change public opinion to support more compassionate policies for Indians.

Benjamin Franklin

Boston-born American who epitomized the Enlightenment. A printer by trade, he went on to become a publisher, inventor, and statesman.

Which of the following individuals was NOT considered an American literary giant?

Brigham Young

By 1860, the significance of Britain to the southern economy was based on the fact that:

Britain was a major importer of southern cotton

Lord Cornwallis

British General who surrendered his troops at Yorktown.

An ongoing source of American tension toward the British was:

British forts along the Canadian border

General John Burgoyne p 221

British general appointed by King George III to crush the rebel forces; 1777. He was a subordinate of General Howe, and lead an invading force down Hudson from Canada to Alabany; was present at the Battle of Yorktown. He captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792).

General William Howe

British general during the Revolutionary War who led 32,000 men, the largest single force mustered by the British in the 18th century

General Charles Cornwallis

British general in the Rev. War who handed the Patriots their greatest single loss of the war, but he later surrendered his troops at Yorktown.

General John Burgoyne

British general in the Rev. War; led the British army based in Canada; He was forced to surrender at Saratoga

Board of Trade

British overseer of all matters pertaining to colonial trade and laws.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of relaxation of attention on colonies for their own benefit

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Navigation Acts

British restrictions on colonial trade, not really enforced at first

Farming in the West

By 1860, more than 1/2 the nation's population resided in trans-Appalachia.

Pequot War

CT and MA colonists join forces to gain Pequot land through indiscriminate slaughter in 1836

Eaton Affair

Calhoun ridiculed Peggy Eaton for her immorality, drew Jackson and Van Buren together

Compromise of 1850

California is a free state, New Mexico is a territory, Utah is a territory, new Fugitive Slave Act, slave trade abolished in DC

enumerated goods

Certain specified goods from the Colonies, including tobacco, cotton, sugar, and furs, which were to be shipped only to England or other English colonies.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Young Men's Christian Association (1850s, esp. post 1870) and the Salvation Army (1789)

Charitable organizations accompanying the rise of social reformers

Young Women's Christian Association (1866)

Charitable social reform institution; female counterpart to YMCA

Who captured Charleston?

Charles Cornwallis and Henry Clinton

Where did Green arrive in December 1780?

Charlotte, NC

Trail of Tears

Cherokees' own term for their forced march, 1838-1839, from the southern Appalachians to Indian lands (later Oklahoma); of 15,000 forced to march, 4,000 died on the way.

Trail of Tears

Cherokees' own term for their forced march, 1838-39, from the southern Appalachians to Indian lands (later Oklahoma); of 15,000 forced to march, 4,000 died on the way.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, he believed in strong federal government. His most enduring decisions included Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Gibbons v. Ogden. and McCulloch v. Maryland.

Chief Geronimo

Chief of the Apache tribe which for 15 years had fought white settlers in the Southwest. With his capture in 1866, the Indian resistence in the Indian wars virtually ended.

Chief Joseph

Chief of the Nez Perces who directed a masterful campaign against overwhelming odds, one of the most spectacular feats in the history of Indian warfare.

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Land Grant Colleges

Colleges founded from the money from federal grants (ex. Morrill Act); taught agriculture and "mechanic arts" like engineering

Olive Branch Petition

Colonial petition to Britain for compromise just before the Revolution began

General William Howe p 214

Commander of the British army in America at the beginning of the Revolutionary War after the Battle of Bunker Hill. He captured New York and Philadelphia, but botched the plan to isolate the New England colonies in 1777 because he hoped the sheer size of his army would convince the Patriots to give up. He resigned in 1778.

General William Howe

Commander-in-Chief of the British army in America at the beginning of the Revolutionary War.

Henry Clinton%

Commander-in-Chief of the British army in American replacing General Howe after the Battle of Saratoga.

George Washington

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental army. First President of the United States.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

Commission created by Cleveland to regulate interstate commerce

The naval battle on Lake Erie resulted in:

Commodore Perry's glorious victory

Stephen Foster

Composer of popular minstrel show tunes such as Oh, Susanna, and My Old Kentucky Home.

nullification

Concept of invalidation of a federal law within the borders of a state; first expounded in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798), cited by South Carolina in its Ordinance of Nullification (1832) of the Tariff of Abominations, used by southern states to explain their secession from the Union (1861), and cited again by southern states to oppose the Brown v. Board of Education decision (1954).

Habeas Corpus Act of 1863

Congress authorized president Lincoln to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, the write was an essential component of the US Constitution that guarantees that citizens may not be imprisoned without due process of the law, the Constitution states it can be suspended in times of rebellion but only be Congress, it is needed to keep MD in the Union, it is used to arrest pro-secession leaders in an MD election

When did Congress impeach Andrew Johnson and what happened?

Congress impeached Andrew Johnson in 1868, however the Senate failed to convict him. He deliberately violated the Tenure of Office Act by suspending Secretary of War Stanton and naming General Ulysses S. Grant in his place.

What important event took place in Congress in 1866 - name and describe it.

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act

Homestead Act of 1862

Congress provided free federal homesteads of 160 acres to settlers, who only had to occupy the land for five years to gain title. No cash was needed.

What did the negotiators of the Paris Treaty agree concerning Loyalists?

Congress would recommend to the states that confiscated Loyalist Property would be returned

The Great Compromise originated from the delegation

Connecticut

Dominion of New England

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies-and later New York and New Jersey-by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.

Credit Mobiler

Construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific RR, used it to dishonestly skim railroad profits for themselves. The owners then gave 13 representatives stock in the company. Only two were censured

Era of Good Feelings

Contemporary characterization of the administration of popular Democratic-Republican president James Monroe, 1817-25.

asiento

Contract for supplying Spanish America with 4,800 slaves granted to the British by Spain.

Constitutional Convention%

Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation; delegates agreed to strengthen central authority while protecting from tyranny/abuse of power

Who won the battle at Camden, SC?

Cornwallis

All of the following describe Credit Mobilier except

Correct Answer)organized by George Pullman Incorrect)a construction company for the Union Pacific Incorrect) bribed congressman Incorrect) made over 50 million in profit

What was the most profitable cash crop in the South?

Cotton

Reform Darwinism

Counter-Social Darwinism, believed individuals should cooperate and such unity and intellect would ameliorate society's problems

crop lien system

Country merchants furnished supplies to small farmers in return for liens (or mortgages) on their crops.

admirality courts

Courts wherein the cases were decided by judges appointed by the governors, rather than by a colonial jury.

Half-Way Covenant

Covenant designed by Puritans in which baptized children of church members could be "half members", couldn't vote but could get their own kids baptized

"Half-Way Covenant"

Created by Boston ministers; where baptized children of church members could be admitted to a "halfway" membership and secure baptism for their own children in turn. However, they couldn't vote or take communion

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery.

Charles II

Creates Lord of Trade to enforce the Navigation Acts

Henry George

Criticized the equating of property with wealth and believed land should be owned by the community

Before slavery became institutionalized in the South, enslaved workers were initially treated like:

D. indentured servants

Shays's Rebellion

Daniel Shays leads a mob of farmers in revolt, doesn't succeed but promotes nationalism nonetheless; MA legislature lightens tax burden

On the Origin of Species (1859)

Darwin's publication on the theories of natural selection, led to development of Social Darwinism

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Daughters of a prominent South Carolina slave owning family, who had broken with their parents and moved north to embrace Quakerism, antislavery, feminism, and other reforms.

Missouri Compromise%

Deal proposed by Kentucky senator Henry Clay to resolve the slave/free imbalance in Congress that would result from Missouri's admission as a slave state; in the compromise of March 20, 1820, Maine's admission as a free state offset Missouri, and slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the southern border of Missouri.

Navigation Acts

Decreed that enumerated good s had to go directly to England and discouraged manufacturing in the colonies. Raw materials were shipped to the mother country to be processed into manufactured goods. Designed to curb trade with other countries

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912, Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and by breaking up monopoles give small businesses freedom to compete. "Triple wall of privilege"- Trust busting (all monopolies), the bank (banking reforms) and the Tariff.

Winfield Scott Hancock

Democratic nomination for President in the 1880 election

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential nomination in the election of 1896, eventually also supported by the Populists and silverites, "cross of gold"

Stephen Grover Cleveland

Democratic presidential nominee in election of 1884, reform candidate

By the 1832 election, the Jacksonians had become known as the:

Democrats

Frederick Law Olmsted

Designer of NY Central Park in 1858, designed parks in other major cities such as well (like Boston, Chicago, San Francisco)

Dorothy Dix

Devoted her life to a campaign to improve the care of the insane.

Virginia and New Jersey plans

Differing opinions of delegations to the Constitutional Convention: New Jersey wanted one legislative body with equal representation for each state; Virginia's plan called for a strong central government and a two-house legislature apportioned by population.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Directed surveying of the Northwest Territory into townships of thirty-six sections (square miles) each, the sale of the sixteenth section of which was to used to finance public education.

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

Divided the land allocated to tribes up and granted it to the individuals and families from that tribe, and after 25 years of living on this land full title and citizenship were granted, part of an effort to deal with the Native Americans on the individual level and thus "Americanize" them.

Who was the most important figure in heightening public awareness of the plight of the mentally ill?

Dorothy Lynde Dix

What difficulties did white women in the South face?

Double standards in terms of moral and sexual behavior; they were expected to behave as examples of purity, but their husbands and sons did not hold the same standard for themselves

Land Act of 1796

Doubled the price of an acre of federal land to $2, and reduced the time to pay, making land less accessible to ordinary settlers.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Drafted by Madison and Jefferson, these denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts as "alarming infractions" of constitutional rights. The resolutions argued the states should decide when Congress had exceeded its powers.

Jefferson

Due to a divided Federalist party, Adams could not secure New York or South Carolina to his cause and allowed this man to become president, once he convinced the House that he would support Hamiltonian economics and not replace Adam's political staff

Baptists

Due to its lack of a central structure, 1.3 southern blacks joined this denomination by 1890, signaling that the church would be the focal point of the black community

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group called this were importing whiskey and using bribes of officials to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. Grant's personal secretary was part of the scam

Universalists believed that:

E. everyone could be saved

Zebulon Pike

Early Nineteenth Century explorer who investigated the upper regions of the Mississippi River Valley, the Arkansas River headwaters in Colorado, and parts of New Mexico.

Henry W Grady

Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world.

Vocational Training

Education designed to develop skills in occupations and skilled professions, often federal supported in this era

Booker T. Washington

Educator and leading black spokesman who argued that blacks should first establish an economic base for their advancement; his critics accused him of sacrificing the issues of broad education and of civil rights for the dubious acceptance of white conservatives and economic opportunities.

Instrumentalism

Emphasized importance of ideas as tools for change and reform

Transcendentalists

Emphasized the indefinable and the unknowable, a mystical, intuitive way of looking at life that subordinated facts to feelings

Judiciary Act of 1801%

Enacted by the lame duck Congress to allow the Federalists, the losing party in the presidential election, to reorganize the judiciary and fill the open judgeships with Federalists.

Fourteenth Amendment (p. 549)

Enacted to remove doubt about the legality of the new Civil Rights Act. 1866- Congress passed it 1868 - States Ratified it Went far beyond the Civil Rights Act by establishing a constitutional guarantee of basic citizenship for all Americans, including African Americans. Reaffirmed - the state and federal citizenship of persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and forbid any state to "abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens", to "deprive any person Life, Liberty, or Property", without due process of law", or to "deny any person equal protection of these laws."

King Philip's War

End to peaceful coexistence with Indians; Wampanoag chief Philip allies with other tribes vs. MA colony in response to territorial encroachments; colonists win but both sides suffer heavy losses

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ends French and Indian War, eliminates French colonial presence in North America (for the most part) and most of Spanish presence too

Captain John Smith

English explorer who helped found and led the colony at Jamestown; was said to have been saved by Pocahontas

George Whitefield

English minister who preached sermons during the First Great Awakening

John Locke

English philosopher who argued in his Essay on Human Understanding (1690), that humanity is largely the product of the environment, the mind being a blank tablet on which experience is written.

William & Mary

English rulers, continued trend of liberties

The Federalist%

Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788.

Indian Peace Commission

Established in 1867 to end the Indian wars in the West, the commission's solution was to contain the Indians in a system of reservations.

guild system

Established in Medieval Europe, the guild system included a hierarchy of the Master Craftsman (typically the owner of the business), Journeymen (skilled workers paid by the hour or by the piece), and Apprentices (who worked for room and board plus training).

Roger Williams

Established the town of Providence which was the first permanent settlement in Rhode Island and the first in America to promote religious freedom; was the purest of Puritans who championed liberty and promoted mercy.

Free

Even though any black could run for office, this type of black before the civil war, only from the few huge southern cities of New Orleans or Richmond or the North, were the ones to become representatives in government, usually about 95%.

What reform movements did Garrison support?%

Every important one of the day: abolition, temperance, pacifism, and women's rights. He also championed equal social and legal rights for African Americans

"Invisible" Charges

Expenses in trade with England (shipping costs, duties, etc) that the South had to pay but the North avoided by using its own ships/merchants

A strength of New France was its acceptence of settlers of all religious faiths.

False

Among Edison's inventions were the typewriter and the telephone?

False

An important railroad "robber baron" was Andrew Carnegie?

False

Andrew Carnegie consolidated the steel industry into U.S. Steel?

False

By 1720, the Spanish controlled New Orleans.

False

In 1990, the average worker in manufacturing worked only about 45 hours per week?

False

In their Indian policies, the Spanish, unlike the French, emphasized trade relationships

False

J.P. Morgans life was an example of rags to riches

False

Oliver Cromwell was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England

False

The Albany Plan of Union was chiefly beneficial in creating a pattern of government that was repeated in the U.S. Constitution

False

The Homestead Strike of 1892 involved western farmers upset over low agricultural prices, high railroad shipping rates, and continued attacks by indians?

False

The first major interstate labor strike was Homestead Strike in 1894?

False

The first transcontinental railroad went from St. louis to Los Angeles

False

True or False: African American leaders accepted the invitations to form separate groups and were not active in the white abolition societies

False

True or False: American privateers won many great victories against the British navy

False

True or False: Aristocratic planters were not sufficiently motivated by profits to promote industrial development

False

True or False: By 1781, fights between backcountry Patriots and Loyalists ceased

False

True or False: Clinton's initial southern strategy was a disaster

False

True or False: Dix could not gain the support of leading reformers

False

True or False: Horatio Gates successfully routed the British in the South.

False

True or False: In December 1781, the king and his ministers decided to send more troops to the colonies

False

True or False: John Adams was the ideal choice for a peace commissioner.

False

True or False: Many feminists, such as Mott and Stanton, did not have supportive husbands

False

True or False: Social reformers were not a large group in the 2nd quarter of the 19th century

False

True or False: Southern planter's wives led lives of idleness and leisure

False

True or False: The Americans had a substantial navy

False

True or False: The British defeat at Yorktown caused the immediate removal of all British troops from America

False

True or False: The British lost control of Chesapeake Bay because of Jones victory.

False

True or False: The South drew many immigrants after the Revolution

False

True or False: The issue of allowing slaves into western territory only involved concerns over the morality of slavery

False

True or False: The small slaveholder never worked with his slaves

False

True or False: many plantation mistresses engaged in public criticism of the social order and racist climate

False

True or False: the managing asylums listened to Dix's accusations

False

Emily Dickinson

Famous lines: "Because I could not stop for death, he kindly stopped for me." and "I'm Nobody. Who are you?"

Crop-lien system

Farmers short on cash would mortgage some of their crops which could be sold for profit, often to their landlord or country merchants, in exchange for renting the supplies necessary to manage their land.

Maysville Road Bill

Federal funding for a Kentucky road, vetoed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830.

implied powers%

Federal powers beyond those specifically enumerated in the U.S. Constitution; the Federalists argued that the "elastic clause'' of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution implicitly gave the federal government broad powers, while the Antifederalists held that the federal government's powers were explicitly limited by the Constitution.

Hartford Convention

Federalist convention, created 7 amendments to limit southern influence, threatened secession

John Jay

Federalist leader, and first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

black belt

Fertile areas from Alabama-Mississippi, so called for the color of their soil.

Great Awakening

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield

Panic of 1819%

Financial collapse brought on by sharply falling cotton prices, declining demand for American exports, and reckless western land speculation.

Crisis of 1819

Financial crisis in 1819 in which cotton prices fell & demand for US goods was reduced, national bank nearly failed and sectionalism grew

King Williams War

First (1689-97) of four colonial wars between England and France.

Fort Sumter

First battle of the Civil War, in which the federal fort in Charleston (SC) Harbor was captured by the Confederates on April 14, 1861, after two days of shelling.

John Jay

First chief justice of the Supreme Court

Monitor v. Merrimack

First engagement between ironclad ships; fought at Hampton Roads, VA, on March 9, 1862.

National Road

First federal interstate road, built between 1811 and 1838 and stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois.

Battle of Bull Run

First land engagement of the Civil War took place on July 21, 1861, at Manassas Junction, Virginia, at which surprised Union troops quickly retreated; one year later, on August 29-30, Confederates captured the federal supply depot and forced Union troops back to Washington.

Henry Cabot Lodge (1891)

First proposed exclusion of illiterate foreigners; idea successful in 1917

Report on Manufactures

First secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton's 1791 analysis that accurately foretold the future of American industry and proposed tariffs and subsidies to promote it.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights and to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

"Revolution of 1800"

First time that an American political party surrendered power to the opposition party; Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, had defeated incumbent Adams, a Federalist, for president.

Tariff of 1816

First true protective tariff, intended strictly to protect American goods against foreign competition.

American Women Suffrage Association (1869)

Focused solely on suffrage, led by Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt

Patrick Henry

Foe of centralized government, Antifederalist leader, and representative from the state of Virginia.

Revenue Act of 1767

Follow-up to Townshend Acts, increased duties and unrest

Deist

Followers of Sir Isaac Newton's idea of natural law, reducing God to the position of a remote Creator.

Republicans

For all of their sins in the South, this group did rebuild the railroad network and all of the infrastructure of the South as well as enrolling 600,000 blacks into schools by 1877

Antifederalists%

Forerunners of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party; opposed the Constitution as a limitation on individual and states' rights, which led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document.

Benjamin "Pap" Singleton

Former run-away slave who returned to Tennessee upon learning of the cheap land in the west to lead a group exodustors to his newly created african-american Dunlop community in Kansas.

Frederick Douglass

Former slave and ardent abolitionist and writer of Narrative of the Life of ________ ________ (1845). He became recognized as one of America's first great black speakers.

Fort McHenry

Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner".

War of 1812

Fought with Britain, 1812-14, over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference with shipping, and collusion with Northwest Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.

Whig party

Founded in 1834 to unite factions opposed to President Andrew Jackson, the party favored federal responsibility for internal improvements; the party ceased to exist by the late 1850s, when party members divided over the slavery issue.

Horace Greenley

Founder and editor of the New York Tribune who ran for president in 1872 and lost to Grant easily as he won no northern states as a Liberal Republican/Democrat.

Who were "The Swamp Fox," and "The Carolina Gamecock?"

Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter respectively, leaders of patriot guerrilla bands in the South

Who started an abolitionist newspaper for blacks in New York called the "North Star"?

Frederick Douglass

Who was the best-known black man in America?

Frederick Douglass

Baron von Steuben

Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, a Prussian soldier of fortune who trained and inspired Washington's troops at Valley Forge.

What did the South want?

Free trade so they could import British goods in exchange for the cotton they provided British textile mills.

Access to water routes into the center of the continent proved an advantage for the

French

French and Indian War

French & Indians vs. England/colonies; England comes out on top, but colonial nationalism is strengthened; England was simultaneously fighting a war in Europe

Citizen Genet

French ambassador to America, who used his position to support French revolutionaries back in France. An embarrassment to his Republican supporters, he sought asylum in American when he was unable to return to France due to the changing political climate. He settled down as a country gentleman, eventually becoming an American citizen.

Edmond-Charles-Edouard Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834). However, while in America he become an embarrassment to Jefferson and the supporters of the French Revolution. While embarrassing, this became a mood point when another transition in the French Government occurred and Genet was ordered to be arrested, to which he sought refuge in the United States

Samual de champlain

French explorer and governor of New France until his death in 1635.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer, becomes governor of New France, supports fur-trade monopoly

XYZ Affair%

French foreign minister Tallyrand's three anonymous agents demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships in 1797; refusal to pay the bribe led to two years of sea war with France (1798-1800).

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)

Acadians

French settlers of the easternmost areas of Canada

What did the French do when Washington decided to move toward Yorktown?

French ships slipped out of the British blockade in RI and also headed toward the Chesapeake Bay

Marquis de Lafayette p 227

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army and was known as "the soldier's friend". He was a French rich noble who came to America at 19, and asked to help the Americans fight for their independence. He is buried in France but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

Approximately how long did Reconstruction last?

From 1865 to 1877

Daniel Pratt

From Alabama, built Prattville, which grew into a model of diversified industry.

Martin Van Buren

From New York, this Vice-President under Andrew Jackson became President as a major depression was about to hit the U.S.

Chester Arthur

Garfield's Vice President, becomes President in September 1881 after Garfield dies (assassinated)

Albany Congress

Gathering in Albany, New York of colonial representatives who met from June 19 to July 10, 1754 to develop a treaty with Native Americans and plan the defense of the colonies against France.

Battle of Saratoga

General John Burgoyne and his army was surrounded at Saratoga after help failed to come. This battle is seen as a turning point in the war for America because it provided them with foreign assistance.

Stonewall Jackson

General in the Confederate Army.

Benedict Arnold p. 233

General in the Continental Army and traitor in the American Revolution when he sided with the British in 1780 with his plan to surrender West Point to the British, but it was foiled. He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia and won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

Ulysses S. Grant

General in the Federal Army during the Civil War, and eighteenth president of the United States.

Logan Act%

George Logan went as private citizen to negotiate with France after XYZ Affair; resulting in the release of a few prisoners and a promise to send a dignitary to american. However he also caused this act that declared that no private citizen would be allowed to negotiate with foreign countries in the name of the US, so someone could not act as Logan did

Who captured Kaskaskia (Illinois), Cahokia (Illinois), and Vincennes (Indiana)?

George Rogers Clark

At the outset of the Constitutional Convention, whom did the delegates unanimously elect as president of the convention?

George Washington

In the lands south of the Ohio River:

Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia temporarily kept their titles to the western lands

Least likely to become Whigs would be:

German and Irish Catholics

Jacob leisler

German immigrant who became governor of New York from 1688 to 1691 before being hanged for treason. He was later exonerated of all charges.

Hessians

German mercenaries hired by British

Hessians

German soldiers, most from Hesse-cassel principality (hence the name), paid to fight for the British in the Revolutionary War.

specie

Gold or silver.

Specie Circular

Government only accepts gold/silver on land purchases, hurting lower classes

William Henry Harrison

Governor of the Indiana Territories who became a national hero after the Battle of Tippecanoe. The last Whig President, he was also the first to die in office (of pneumonia).

Secretary of War

Grant's choice for this position accepted brides from a merchants who traded with Indians from the West. He resigned before he could be impeached and convicted

Morrill Act of 1862

Granted each state 30,000 acres per representative and senator (land directed towards schools) *Reoccurs in 1890; Second Morrill Act provides federal grants to land-grant colleges

Burke Act of 1906

Granted full citizenship to any Indian who took up life apart from their tribes in another effort to "Americanize" Indians.

Secretary of the Treasury

Grants choice for this position award a political friend a commission of 50% for the collection of some overdue taxes

Why was John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, arrested and ultimately forced to fleeNew York?

He advocated complete sexual freedom.

Samuel Adams

He emerged as the supreme genius of revolutionary agitation. He organized the Sons of Liberty and protests at the Boston town meeting.

Frederick Douglas

He escaped from slavery in Maryland and become an eloquent speaker and writer against slavery. In 1845, he published his autobiography entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and two years later he founded an abolitionist newspaper for blacks called the North Star. Great black speaker.

Tecumseh

He formed a confederation of tribes to defend Indian hunting grounds, insisting that no land cession to whites was valid without the consent of all tribes. He planned to lead Indian tribes to attack American dwellings. This was stopped however by William Henry Harrison and his troops.

Roanoke Island Colony

He landed on the shore of Roanoke Island (now Outer Banks) along with other English explorers; the soil seemed to be fruitful and the Indians friendly. However, the new colony failed probably because of drought

What did Douglass do after he published his "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass" (1845)

He made a lecture tour in Great Britain because he feared capture, and raised enough money to purchase his freedom

What did Greene do after the battle at Guilford Courthouse?

He moved back toward SC where he joined up with local guerrilla bands, hoping the draw Cornwallis after him or force the British to give up the state

What did Cornwallis do after the battle at Guilford Courthouse?

He retreated to Wilmington, NC

What did a desperate Washington do in an attempt to relieve the soldiers' sufferings at Valley Forge?

He sent troops on foraging expeditions to confiscate livestock from New Jersey, Delaware, and eastern Maryland in return for "receipts" to be honored by Congress.

What did Lovejoy do in Illinois?

He set up another printing press that was destroyed twice before a mob finally killed Lovejoy

Marquis de Lafayette

He was a french officer who fought for America in the Rev. War. He became one of Washington's most trusted aide.

General George Washington p 214

He was appointed by the Second Continental Congress as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1775. His ability to learn under duress and refusal to accept defeat kept an American army in the field. At the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 with French troop and naval support, he was able to entrap the British troops and force surrender. At the end of the war in 1783, he was the most famous man in America., Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. Brilliantly led America to victory and freedom in the American Revolution. Became 1st US president, (Became 1st US president)

John Adams

He was named a commissioner to negotiate a peace treaty in Paris. He would later become the second president of the U.S.

Robert Morris

He was superintendent of finance in the final years of the war who became the most influential figure in the government. He developed a program of taxation and debt management to make the national government financially stable.

Nat Turner%

He was the leader of the only slave revolt to get past the planning stages. In August of 1831, the revolt began with the slaves killing the members of Turner's master's household. Then they attacked other neighboring farmhouses and recruited more slaves until the militia crushed the revolt. At least fifty-five whites were killed during the uprising and seventeen slaves were hanged afterwards. (

Francis Scott Key

He wrote the "The Star Spangled Banner" after he watched the siege on a British ship in the harbor. The sight of the American flag still in place at dawn meant the fort and city had survived the attack.

The compromise tariff that ended the nullification crisis was authored by:

Henry Clay

Which war hawk loudly proclaimed that his state of Kentucky was ready to march on Canada and acquire its lucrative fur trade?

Henry Clay

The Corrupt Bargain

Henry Clay allowed Quincy Adams to become president (when elec. college didn't give anyone a majority) and was appointed secretary of state

Who replaced Howe as the new commander of British forces in America?

Henry Clinton

What did the North want?

High tariffs on imports to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

Henry David Thoreau

His book, Walden, was an indictment of social conformity.

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Historian during the 1890s who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Historian who developed the influential thesis of the frontier as the westward-moving source of America's democratic politics, open society, unfettered economy, and rugged individualism, first outlined in the paper "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" of 1893.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Homer Plessy, who had one-eighth black ancestry, was arrested and convicted for refusing to leave a railroad car designated for white passengers only, in violation of the Louisiana law. His appeal rose to the Supreme Court, which decided in 1896 that segregation laws were within the rights of the states.

lazy diseases

Hookworm, malaria, and pellagra, all of which produced an overpowering lethargy.

The Founding Fathers viewed the most "democratic" branch of the government as the:

House of Representatives

Contract theory of government

Idea that people were endowed with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property, set forth by John Locke in his Second Treatise.

Enlightenment

Ideological revolution, began in Europe, replaced traditional religion/ideas with rationalism

Social Gospel

Ideology that emphasized necessity of applying Christian law to urban industry as a response to growing secularism; religious adapted to the situation

Yazoo Fraud

Illegal sale of the Yazoo lands (much of present-day Alabama and Mississippi) by Georgia legislators; by 1802 it had become a tangle of conflicting claims that the U.S. Supreme Court settled in Fletcher v. Peck (1810).

Morrill Tariff

Imports and excise taxes placed on manufactures and the practice of nearly every profession in order to help fund the war.

Pequot War

In 1637, the colonists and their Narragansett allies killed hundreds of Pequots in their village near West Mystic

Stamp Act Congress

In 1765, they formulated a Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies and acknowledged that Parliament had no right to levy taxes on people who were unrepresented in that body

Warriors' Path

In 1769, Daniel Boone led a party of men on an expedition into the mountains and into Kentucky through the Cumberland Gap. They used this trail.

Whiskey Rebellion%

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, which was their only form of lucrative profiting instrument, and occasionally currency, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington and commanded by General Henry Lee, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. However only two were convicted of treason and were both pardoned, for Washington appeared too harsh on the backcountry folk

Corps of Discovery%

In 1804 a group of nearly fifty set out from a small village near St. Louis to ascend the muddy Missouri River. They went out to explore the region west of the Mississippi River, living off the land and adapting to the new environment. It was led by Lewis and Clark.

Worcester v. Georgia

In 1830 a Georgia law had required whites in the territory to get licenses authorizing their residence there, and to take an oath of allegiance to the state. Two New England missionaries among the Indians refused and were sentenced to four years at hard labor. On appeal their case reached the Supreme Court as Worcester v. Georgia (1832), and the Court held that the Cherokee Nation was "a distinct political community" within which Georgia law had no force. The Georgia law was therefore unconstitutional.

Civil Rights Act

In 1866 the this Act was created to grant citizenship to blacks and it was an attempt to prohibit the black codes. It also prohibited racial discrimination on jury selection. Johnson vetoed as it greatly exceeded the power of Congress, but congress overrode his veto. They fallowed quickly also overriding his veto of the Freedmen's Bureau later. The Civil Rights Act was not really enforced and was really just a political move used to attract more votes. It led to the creation and passing of the 14th amendment.

Ghost Dance

In 1888 this rapidly spreading cerimonial Indian dance performed at midnight of each new moon to speed the arrival of the coming messiah feed into old legends and a sense of hope.

Mississippi Plan

In 1890, Mississippi called a state contitutional convention to change the sufferage provisions in the constitution created by radical republicans during reconstruction, a pattern which several of the other southern states followed.

Wounded Knee

In South Dakota in 1890, and accidental rifel discharge sparked white soldiers to shoot into a crowd of Indians killing nearly 200 Indians.

Where was Benedict Arnold fighting when Cornwallis arrived in 1781?

In Virginia

Anti-Masonic party

In addition to being the first third party, it was the first party to hold a national nominating convention and the first to announce a platform, all of which it accomplished in 1831 when it nominated William Wirt of Maryland for president.

XYZ Affair%

In an attempt to restore relations with France, Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry returned to Paris but were approached by three French officials who confided to the Americans that negotiations could begin only if the United States paid a bribe of $250,000. The three officials were nicknamed X, Y, and Z. This was a major issue in Adam's presidency.

Wade-Davis Manifesto

In retaliation to Lincoln's pocket veto of the Wade-Davis Bill, furious Republicans penned the Wade-Davis Manifesto, which accused the president, among other sins, of usurping power and attempting to use readmitted states to ensure his reelection.

planter

In the antebellum South, the owner of a large farm worked by twenty or more slaves.

internal improvements

In the early national period the phrase referred to road building and the development of water transportation.

Reports on Public Credit

In these two reports by Hamilton to Congress, Hamilton lays out a plan for the national government to absorb all state debt, which was very popular in the North East where the debt was large and unpaid, but extremely unpopular in the South where the debt was smaller, but being paid off respectively. It also meant that Americans holding state debt could seamlessly obtain National debt in exchange. This also benefitted speculators at the cost of farmers, which in Hamilton's mind only confirmed the growth of capitalism in American. Finally in the second report Hamilton continued to support his decisions as well as adding a necessary liquor tax to aid revenue from another source then just tariffs, as well as adding a mint to make national currency as well as a national bank to store revenue from taxes in order to tie the rich bankers and investors to the National Government. All of these measures were to curve the too expansive national debt (Hamilton Copied Robert Morris)

Yazoo

In this black dominated Mississippi County that voted more then 3:1 Republican to Democrat in the 1873 elections the effectiveness of the KKK can be seen as in 1875 4,049 voted Democratically, compared to 7 Republican votes

1873

In this year a depression occurred that lasted six years because of the contraction of money supplies from the Public Credit Act and the enormous investment into railroads, causing northerns to focus from that point on at economic issues facing business rather then civil rights. Civil rights would not be an issue again until LBJ

The organization that wanted to be "one big union" for all workers was the?

Industrial Workers of the World

John D Rockefeller stands out among business leaders bc of his

Innovative organization called vertical integration

Thomas Paine

Inspired anti-British sentiments and later desire for independence, published Common Sense

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Inspired by Ralph Emerson, this novelist was known for the pessimistic aspect of Emerson's teachings. He warned that egoism could destroy individuals and people around them. His most famous piece was "The Scarlett Letter" which taught of how ignoring social restraints didn't give liberation but instead degradation. He was not influential.

Walt Whitman

Inspired by Ralph Emerson, this poet is most famous for his poem, "Leaves of Grass" which is centered around individualism and transcendentalism. He claims there is a union between the individual and democracy.

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

To achieve change in the coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, the Molly Maguires used?

Intimidation and viloence

cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine separated cotton seed from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, but difficult to clean, short-staple cotton; led directly to the dramatic nineteenth-century expansion of slavery in the South.

grandfather clause

Invented in 1898 in Louisiana, this allowed illiterates to qualify as voters if their fathers or grandfathers had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867, when blacks were still excluded.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin.

Cyrus McCormick

Inventor, in 1831, of a primitive grain reaper.

Samuel F. B. Morse

Inventor, in 1832, of the telegraph.

John Deere

Inventor, in 1837, of the steel plow.

Charles Goodyear

Inventor, in 1844, of the process for vulcanizing rubber, which made it stronger and more elastic.

Elias Howe

Inventor, in 1846, of the sewing machine.

Specie Resumption Act

Issued by Congress as a consolatory response to Grant's veto's, this limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, and caused deflation which angered farmers and workers

What did the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865 do?

It abolished slavery everywhere.

What did Lovejoy's death do?

It aroused a frenzy of indignation and fueled the abolition movement

What happened to slavery during the antebellum era?

It became such a powerful, profitable engine of economic development that its growing significance defied criticism

What did Cornwallis say in response to the battle of Cowpens in SC on January 17,1781?

It broke his heart.

What did the Temperance Union do at its spring convention in 1836?

It called for abstinence from all alcoholic beverages

mercantile system

It centered on the belief that international power and influence dependent upon a nation's wealth and its ability to become economically self-sufficient. The government controlled all economic activities, limiting foreign imports so as to preserve a favorable balance of trade whereby exports exceeded imports.

What did "Walker's Appeal" do?

It denounced the hypocrisy of Christians endorsing slavery in the South

Military Reconstruction Act

It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law under the control of Congress.

What did the increasingly heated debate over slavery do?

It drove an ever widening wedge between the North and the South

What did the rapid expansion of the cotton belt do in the South?

It ensured that the region became more dependent on slavery

How did Brook Farm survive?

It had an excellent community school that drew tuition-paying students from outside

Alexander Hamilton's "Report on Manufactures"

It proposed an extensive program of government aid and other encouragement to stimulate the development of manufacturing enterprises so as to reduce America's dependence on imported goods.

Tariff of Abonimation

It pushed rates up to almost 50 percent of the value of imported goods-was the Tariff of 1828 designed mainly to protect the northern manufacturers from foreign competition.South hated the tariff because it force south carolina planters to pay higher prices on imported goods.

Hatrford Convention

It represented the climax of New England's disaffection with "Mr. Madison's war." It assembled with 22 delegates from various states to propose seven constitutional amendments designed to limit Republican influence, abolish the counting of slaves in apportioning state representation in Congress, and exclude foreign-born individuals from holding federal office, just to name a few.

Why did the South decide that it needed to develop its own manufacturing and trade?

It was dependent upon northern industry and commerce; cotton and tobacco were exported mainly in northern vessels, and southerns relied upon northern merchants for imported goods

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

It was the first convention to discuss the social, civil and religious condition and rights of women; it issued the Declaration of Sentiments proclaiming the self-evident truth that "all men and women are created equal"

What was important about the Battle of King's Mountain?

It was the turning point of the war in the South because it showed that the British were not invisible, making it nearly impossible for them to recruit more Loyalists, as well as emboldening farmers to join frontier guerrilla bands

Why did the Brook Farm experiment fail?

Its main building burned down in 1846

J Pierpont Morgan(Financier)

J. Pierpont Morgan and corporation 1860/channeled European capital into U.S/investment banker/ bought corporate stocks and bonds at wholesale and sold them at profit/ Controlled a sixth of nations railways system in 1890s/ purchased Andrew Carnegie's holdings in 1901/ 1st billion dollar corporation

When Congress rechartered the Bank of the United States in 1832:

Jackson vetoed the recharter

Who was the Liberty party's first candidate?

James Gillespie Birney, a former slaveowner turned abolitionist, and executive secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Active at the Constitutional Convention

James Madison (most) of Virginia, Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, George Mason of Virginia, Gouverneur Morris of New York, James Wilson of Pennsylvania, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut

Louisiana Purchase%

Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from French, gets a good deal

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's VP, conspired to take over Louisiana territory, killed Alexander Hamilton

The 1804 presidential election resulted in:

Jefferson's landslide reelection

Who did the Continental Congress send to negotiate a peace treaty in Paris?

John Adams, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin

Who founded the Oneida Community?

John Humphrey Noyes, who was converted at one of Finney's revivals and entered the ministry but was kicked out when he declared that perfectionism came with true conversion

Aaron Burr's treason trial featured:

John Marshall's insistence upon a rigid definition of treason

Jefferson's policy and political successes were shown when ______ became a Republican

John Quincy Adams

Who did Washington send to suppress the Iroquois in NY/PA?

John Sullivan

Virginia Company

Joint-stock company with first successful colony in 1607 in Jamestown

George Creel

Journalist who was responsible for selling America on WWI and was head of the Committee on Public Information. He was also responsible for selling the world on Wilsonian war aims.

The Omaha Platform

July, 1892, convention of the People's party in Omaha to appoint a candidate for the election of 1892

Free Soil Coalition

Jumbled coalition of people who opposed slavery in the western territories, brought together after Wilmot Proviso

Lecompton Constitution

Kansas pro-slavery document, heavily opposed but Buchanan liked it so he pushed it through

Who said "Without cotton you have no modern industry...without slavery you have no cotton"?

Karl Marx

French and Indian War

Known in Europe as the Seven Years' War, the last (1755-63) of four colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River.

Padrones

Labor agents who greeted immigrants and often exploited them

John Adams and Thomas Pinckney

Lacking Hamilton due to his alienation of many people, including within his own party, the Federalist Ballot for the election of 1796 consisted of these two, more conservative, geographically coordinated men. Even through Hamilton's plan to reorganize the ballot, this tickets presidential candidate would take office

What did the French do in June 1780?

Land 6000 troops at Newport, RI

Battle of Yorktown

Last battle of the Revolutionary War; General Lord Charles Cornwallis along with over 7,000 British troops surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 17, 1781.

Battle of New Orleans

Last battle of the War of 1812, fought on January 8, 1815, weeks after the peace treaty was signed but prior to its ratification; General Andrew Jackson led the victorious American troops.

Battle of Wounded Knee

Last incident of the Indians Wars took place in 1890 in the Dakota Territory, where the U.S. Cavalry killed over 200 Sioux men, women, and children who were in the process of surrender.

Graduation Act

Law by which prices of unsold lands were to go down in stages until the lands could sell for 12 1/2 per acre after thirty years.

ex post facto laws

Laws adopted after the event to make past deeds criminal.

William Bradford

Leader of Puritans on Mayflower, made important decisions, recorded experience

William Pitt

Leadership of Britain enables victory in the French and Indian War, but at the price of an increase in colonial nationalism

Francisco Pizarro

Led a band of soldiers in 1531 down the Pacific coast from Panama toward Peru, where they brutally subdued the Inca Empire

Democratic Republicans%

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong State governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank. Supported freedom and structurally would become the Democratic Party

Oliver Cromwell

Led civil war in England from which Parliament (with him leading it) emerged victorious

John Calhoun

Led nullification movement in South Carolina

Brigham Young

Led the Mormons beyond the frontier until they reached the desolate wilderness of the Great Salt Lake.

pork barrel

Legislation in which congressmen try to pluck a morsel for their districts.

George A. Custer

Lieutenant-Colonel who in 1876, after several indecisive encounters, found the main encampment of Sioux and their Northern Cheyenne allies on the Little Bighorn River; his detachment of 210 soldiers was surrounded by 2,500 warriors and annihilated.

mercantilism

Limitation and exploitation of colonial trade by an imperial power.

Pacific Railroads Act

Lincoln signed this acts in 1862 which allowed for the creation of a north-central route railroad that would be built by the Union Pacific Railroad westward from Omaha and by the Central Pacific Railroad eastward from Sacramento. Most of the construction was done after 1865, although it started during the Civil War. However, the two companies constructed poorly and quickly in order to use the federal money and gain own economic benefits.

Edwin M Stanton

Lincoln's secretary of war, he support Lincoln's policies, he was a "War Democrat"

Tertium Quid

Literally, the "third something'': states' rights and strict constructionist Republicans under John Randolph who broke with President Thomas Jefferson but never managed to form a third political party.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain)

Local colorist that depicted life abroad and throughout the United States; writings demonstrated moral issue of slavery

Who supported protective tariffs in the South?

Louisiana, where sugar was king, and where manufacturers and farmers needed a tariff to compete with foreign suppliers

What were the tree distinct subregions in the South?

Lower South (SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX), Middle South (VA, NC, TN, AR), and Upper or Border South (DE, MD, KY, MO)

Tories

Loyalists; American colonists who supported the British side during the Revolutionary War

Who were the two prominent moral reformers and advocates of women's rights who organized a convention at Seneca Falls in 1848?

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

What led southerners to ignore concerns over the morality of slavery?

Lusts for profits

What kinds of support did the American Colonization Society receive?

Madison, Monroe, Clay, Marshall, Webster supported it. Some supported colonization movement because they saw it as a way to bolster slavery by getting rid of free blacks. Leaders of the free black community denounced it from the start because the saw the US as their native land. Because of its uncertain purpose, it only received meager support from both anti-slavery and pro-slavery elements.

Battle of Saratoga%

Major defeat of British general John Burgoyne and more than 5,000 British troops at Saratoga, New York, on October 17, 1777.

Panic of 1837

Major economic depression lasting about six years; touched off by a British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems, and speculation in land, canals, and railroads.

overseer

Manager of slave labor on a plantation.

Focus Question: How did white southerners respond to the end of the old order in the South?

Many white southerners blamed their poverty on freed slaves and Yankees. White mobs attacked blacks in 1866 in Memphis and New Orleans. That year, the Ku Klux Klan was formed as a social club; its members soon began to intimidate freedmen and white Republicans. Despite government action, violence continued and even escalated in the South.

All of the following were prominent Whig politicians EXCEPT:

Martin Van Buren

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland taxed National Bank, SC under Marshall said that state cannot tax national bank; this upheld judicial review and affirmed the constitutionality of the national bank

Shays's Rebellion

Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and 1,200 compatriots, seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, stormed the federal arsenal at Springfield in the winter of 1787 but were quickly repulsed.

John Adams

Massachusetts lawyer, a leader in the Revolutionary movement and the Continental Congress, a diplomat in France, Holland, and Britain, George Washington's vice-president, and second President of the United States.

triangular trade

Means by which exports to one country or colony provided the means for imports from another country or colony.

Barbary pirates

Mediterranean pirates in small, fast ships captured American vessels and enslaved the crews. The government ended up paying a $60,000 ransom and the pirates released the crew.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in Philadelphia, May 25-September 17, 1787, of representatives from twelve colonies-excepting Rhode Island-to revise the existing Articles of Confederation; convention soon resolved to produce an entirely new constitution.

Treaty of Ghent

Meeting of American and British delegates in the Flemish city Ghent bringing an official end to the War of 1812.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond.

Hartford Convention%

Meeting of New England Federalists on December 15, 1814, to protest the War of 1812; proposed seven constitutional amendments (limiting embargoes and changing requirements for officeholding, declaration of war, and admission of new states), but the war ended before Congress could respond.

Annapolis Convention

Meeting to discuss commercial issues, organized by James Madison and attended by delegates from five states.

Daniel Webster x

Member of the Whigs, party,- from Massachusetts, rose to defend the East, was the nation's foremost orator and lawyer,-Webster lured Hayne into defending states rights and upholding the doctrine of nullification instead of pursuing a coalition with the West. He said"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and insperable."

Who among the following was an anti-Federalist?%

Mercy Otis Warren

Lewis and Clark%

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the leaders of the "Corps of Discovery", a government funded a mapping and scientific expedition to the Far Northwest beyond the Mississippi River.

The rapidly growing church that broke away from Anglicanism in the 1780s was the ______ church.

Methodist

Francisco "Pancho" Villa

Mexican Revolutionary. Pershing sent to track him down after his men killed American engineers and raided Columbus, NM

Jonathan Edwards

Minister who took part in the First Great Awakening

Joseph Brant p. 228

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries

Erie Canal

Most important and profitable of the barge canals of the 1820s and 1830s; stretched from Buffalo to Albany, New York, connecting the Great Lakes to the East Coast and making New York City the nation's largest port.

Red Scare

Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

Saloons

Most popular working class gathering point; served as public refuge and contained games and activities; "The saloon is, in short, the social and intellectual center of the neighborhood" (769)

How was the Declaration of Sentiments received among the appx. 1000 convention delegates?

Most thought the language was too strong, and only 1/3 signed the radical document

What did the news of Admiral Grasse's approach cause Washington to do?

Move toward Yorktown

Local Colorists

Movement in response to urbanization that expressed nostalgia for the rural and rustic lifestyle

Horizontal Integration

Ms. Hiester will give us more information on this...

Vaudeville

Name for a diverse group of shows designed to appeal to all social classes - "All are equals here...no favorites, no class" (794)

Jim Crow

Name of a stock character from old minstrel shows that came to be applied to laws mandating public segregation of the races.

Nat Turner Rebellion%

Nat Turner rallied slaves, killed plantation owners (1831)

Who did Congress chose in late 1780 to command the southern campaign against the British?

Nathanael Greene, "The fighting Quaker" of Rhode Island

NAACP

National Assocation for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 in part by Ida B Wells and other reformers.

American Anti-Slavery Society

National abolitionist organization founded in 1833 by New York philanthropists Arthur and Lewis Tappan, propagandist Theodore Dwight Weld, and others.

General Federation of Women's Clubs (1890)

Nationalized form of New England Women's Clubs; focused on social activities and charity

National Consumers' League (1899)

Nationalized from New York Consumers League, promoted women's awareness toward lab conditions and established a "white list" of buildings that met minimum standards

National Women's Trade Union League (1903)

Nationalized institution that united Middle Class and Working Class women to promote reform

The Sand-Lot Incident

Nativist movement in California that grew out of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877;

Know-Nothing party

Nativist, anti-Catholic third party organized in 1854 in reaction to large-scale German and Irish immigration; the party's only presidential candidate was Millard Fillmore in 1856.

Impressment

Needing sailors, the British would use armed "press-gangs" to kidnap American men in British ports. The British justified this practice by saying that the Americans were British subjects for life.

free person of color

Negro or mulatto person not held in slavery; immediately before the Civil War, there were nearly a half million in the United States, split almost evenly between North and South.

The Hartford Convention illustrated deep opposition to the war in:

New England

Jonathon Edwards

New England Congregationalist minister, who began a religious revival in his Northampton church.

In the "triangular trade"

New England shippers took rum to Africa and slaves to the West Indies

Dominion of New England

New England was placed under the control of Sir Edmund Andros, lumped together the diverse group of colonies

Triangular trade

New Englanders shipped rum to the west coast of Africa, where they bartered for slaves; took the enslaved Africans to the West Indies; and returned home with various commodities, including molasses.

New Jersey Plan%

New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government, in which states got an equal number of representatives in Congress, keeping the Articles of Confederation, but established a minimal plural executive but did have a full supreme court system, a King Pin Clause, and allowed Congress to tax

What places did the British still hold when the House of Commons voted against continuing the war on February 27, 1782?

New York City, Wilmington, North Carolina, Charleston, and Savannah

Alexander Hamilton%

New York Congressman and Federalist leader. Hamilton was the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury.

Coney Island

New York Island, contained amusement parks and served as center of entertainment

Aaron Burr

New York Senator, Thomas Jefferson's Vice-President, and archrival of Alexander Hamilton. He is best known for the duel between himself and Hamilton, which resulted in Hamilton's death.

Martin Van Buren

New York senator, Andrew Jackson's secretary of state and in his second term of office vice-president, and eighth president of the United States.

Which of the following was NOT part of the Northwest Ordinance?

New states formed from the Northwest Territory had to allow Indians "perpetual representation" in the state governments.

Focus Question: To what extent did blacks function as citizens in the reconstructed South?

Newly freed slaves suffered economically. Most did not have the resources to succeed in the aftermath of the war's devastation. There was no redistribution of land; former slaves were given their freedom but nothing else. The Freedmen's Bureau attempted to educate and aid freed slaves and reunite families. Many former slaves found comfort in their families and the independent churches they established. Some took part in state and local government under the last, radical phase of Reconstruction.

redcoats

Nickname for British soldiers, after their red uniform jackets.

GOP (Grand Old Party)

Nickname for the Republican party in the late 1880's

Old Hickory

Nickname given to Andrew Jackson

Monroe Doctrine

No further European colonization in western hemisphere, no attempts to institute new governments, US wasn't to interfere with European colonies, US would keep out of European Wars; needed British support to work, Europeans didn't pay much attention to it at all

William Henry Harrison

Nominated by the Whig Party and elected President with the backing of Henry Clay, this President's long inaugural speech brought an early end to his reign

The Southern state that by 1860 had done the most to advance public education was:

North Carolina

The social cost of industrialization included?

Numerous job-related injuries and deaths

When did Cornwallis surrender Yorktown?

October 19, 1781

Supreme Court

On March 27th of 1868, congress removed this being's ability to review cases under the Military Reconstruction Ax, legal under congress's constitution power to determine appellate jurisdiction of Federal Courts

Battle of Tippecanoe

On November 7, 1811, Indiana governor William Henry Harrison (later president) defeated the Shawnee Indians at the Tippecanoe River in northern Indiana; victory fomented war fever against the British, who were believed to be aiding the Indians.

When did the siege of Yorktown begin?

On September 28, 1781, after Grasse had ferried the allied American and French armies that were heading south to Yorktown

Washington's Farewell Address

On his departure from public office after 2 terms as President, Washington published a speech highlighting the need for unity among the American people in backing their new government.

Battle of Antietam

One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought to a standoff on September 17, 1862, in western Maryland.

Antietam

One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. It took place in Western Maryland in September 1862, Lincoln used this victory for the Emancipation Proclamation which he did not want to seem like a desperate maneuver making him wait for this victory

writs of assistance

One of the colonies' main complaints against Britain, the writs allowed unlimited search warrants without cause to look for evidence of smuggling.

Susan B. Anthony

One of the most prominent speaker for women's rights. She organized a network of political captains who lobbied the legislature in New York. This led to New York law giving women the rights to collect and spend their own wages, own property, & they would have guardianship of their children if widowed. This laid the foundation for the women's rights movement after the Civil War.

American Protective Association (1887)

One of the most successful Nativist groups; Anti-Semitic and anti-Catholic; promoted conservative naturalization laws and prevented Catholics and Foreigners from gaining jobs

Federalists%

One of the two first national political parties, it favored a strong central government.

What did John Brown and other militants decide about slavery?

Only violence would dislodge it

Vassar

Opened in 1865, first college to teach women to the same standard's men were taught

Underground Railroad

Operating in the decades before the Civil War, it was a clandestine system of routes and safehouses through which slaves were led to freedom in the North.

Anti-Federalists%

Opponents of the Constitution who favored a more decentralized federal system; Thomas Jefferson was a prominent Anti-Federalist.

What did the three subregions share in common?

Opposition to immediate abolition of slavery

Sons of Liberty

Organization formed in the American colonies to protest against the Stamp Act. A Boston mob sacked the homes of the lieutenant governor and local customs officer.

American Colonization Society

Organized in 1816 to encourage colonization of free blacks to Africa; West African nation of Liberia founded in 1822 to serve as a homeland for them.

What concerned whites in the Lower South?

Organized slave revolts like the one in French Haiti

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Organized the Seneca Falls Convention, and drafted a Declaration of Sentiments for women patterned on the Declaration of Independence.

Wilderness Road

Originally an Indian path through the Cumberland Gap, it was used by over 300,000 settlers who migrated westward to Kentucky in the last quarter of the eighteenth century.

Ida B. Wells

Outspoken black activist and journalist who helped found the NAACP and advocated women's suffrage as well as full equality.

William Randolph Hearst

Owner of the New York Journal who competed against Joseph Pulitzer and his paper the New York World. Using events in Cuba and newfangled comic strips as fodder to draw in readers, he emerged as the undisputed champion of sensationalistic "yellow" journalism

steamboat

Paddlewheelers that could travel both up- and down-river in deep or shallow waters; they became commercially viable early in the nineteenth century and soon developed into America's first inland freight and passenger service network.

The American Crisis

Pamphlet penned by Common Sense author Thomas Paine, containing the famous line "These are the times that try men's souls."

Spanish flu

Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 50 million people

greenbacks

Paper currency.

bank notes

Paper money.

What happened the same year the Tappans, Garrison, and a group of Quaker reformers, black activists and evangelicals organized the American Anti-Slavery Society?%

Parliament ended slavery throughout the British Empire by the Emancipation Act of 1833 where slaveholders were paid to give up their slaves

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry was an American farmer, storekeeper, and lawyer who spoke out for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. He famously said, "Give me liberty or give me death."

Jayhawkers

People in Kansas who were anti-slavery and willing to use violence

California Gold Rush

People migrated to California for gold in 1849

mestizo

People of mixed Indian and European ancestry.

Indentured servants

People who agreed to be servants for a specified amount of time(usually 4-7 years) in order to gain passage to America and basic needs. They could own land but could not trade.

War hawks

People who wanted war in defense of "national honor" and to rid the Northest of the "Indian problem." Included Henry Clay, Richard Johnson and John C. Calhoun, among others.

What ultimately made the South distinctive?

People's belief that region really was so distinctive

The Constitutional Convention met in:

Philadelphia

Daniel Boone

Pioneer leader, who helped settlers find their way over the Wilderness Road to the fertile lands of Kentucky.

New Jersey Plan

Plan under AoC to keep existing structure, but give Congress greater powers of taxation/commerce regulation

Virginia Plan

Plan under AoC to start over with a new governing document, use popular representation in the lower house, advocated by James Madison

Barbary pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations, 1801-1805.

Republicans%

Political faction that succeeded the Antifederalists after ratification of the Constitution; led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, it soon developed into the Democratic-Republican party.

James B. Weaver

Populist party nomination for the 1892 election

Theodore Dreiser

Portrayed sinners who succeeded without punishment; most shocking of the three naturalists mentioned

In the early eighteenth century, the authority of colonial assemblies included

Power over taxing and spending

Spoils System

Practice used by Andrew Jackson and others to give jobs to their supporters after winning elections.

John Smith

Pragmatic leader of Jamestown/Virginia under the Virginia Company, helped sustain the colony

William James

Pragmatism | A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking (1907); emphasized importance of innovation and adapting it to the social context

What was the only other major denomination (besides the Baptists and the Methodists) to divide by regions?

Presbyterians, although the did not do so until the Civil War

Queen Elizabeth I

Presided over period of growth in England, granted liberties to people, set precedent for England and therefore its colonies

Nullification Proclamation

President Andrew Jackson's strong criticism of South Carolina's Ordinance of Nullification (1832) as disunionist and potentially treasonous.

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe's declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would be thenceforth closed to colonization but that the United States would honor existing colonies of European nations.

dollar diplomacy

President Taft's policy of linking American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad

Roosevelt Corollary

President Theodore Roosevelt announced in 1904, in what was essentially a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, that the US could intervene militarily to prevent interference from European powers in the Western Hemisphere- angered Latin American countries

Louisiana Purchase%

President Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans and 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the United States at a cost of only $15 million.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Bank of the United States. U. S. president Andrew Jackson felt the bank held too much financial power, and vetoed a bill to recharter the bank.

American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886

President/Samuel Gompers higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions/ affiliated with other unions such as United Mine Workers/ International ladies Garment Workers/Amalgamated Clothing Workers/ organizing skilled workers was greatest sucess

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Prevented Chinese from entering US, influx slows to a trickle (Chinese who claim a job position or academic needs can bypass this)

The American Federation of Labor

Primarily organized skilled workers

George Grenville

Prime Minister of England in 1763; issued (but struggled to enforce) new taxes while colonists resisted

Lord North

Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782; He angered the colonists with the Tea Act

American System

Program of internal improvements and protective tariffs promoted by Speaker of the House Henry Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824; his proposals formed the core of Whig ideology in the 1830s and 1840s.

Seventeenth Amendment

Progressive reform from 1913 that required SU senators to be elected directly by voters; previously senators were chosen by state legislatures which were often corrupt

Jane Addams

Prominent leader of Settlement-House Movement (along with Ellen Starr and others)

Herbert Spencer

Proponent of Social Darwinism and "survival of the fittest," favored private enterprise and Laissez-faire; against government intervention because it allows the inept to survive

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Hamilton and has three primary responsibilities: 1. to serve as a secure repository for government funds and facilitate the transfer of monies to other nations 2. to provide loans to the federal government and to other banks to facilitate economic development 3. to manage the nation's money supply by regulating the money-issuing activities of state-chartered banks

Second National Bank

Proposed by Madison, would issue national currency, private enterprise with 1/5 owned by government

Bank of the United States

Proposed by the first secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton, the bank opened in 1791 and operated until 1811 to issue a uniform currency, make business loans, and collect tax monies. The Second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 but was not renewed by President Andrew Jackson twenty years later.

Jim Crow Laws

Public segregation laws which emerged in the south during the 1880's and 1890's.

William Lloyd Garrison%

Publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, and founder of the New England Anti-Slavery Society.

The president of the U.S. used federal troops to end the strike at?

Pullman, Illinois

John Winthrop

Puritan leader; "city upon a hill" outlining Puritan pact with God in settling,

The decisive battle of the French and Indian War was fought at

Quebec

What was a national problem in the 19th century?

Racism

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Radical women reformers

The first big Business in the U.S. Was?

Railroads

Ellis Island (1892)

Reception center on island near Statue of Liberty; inspectors investigate immigrants and determine eligibility.

Angel Island

Reception island for immigrants, was heavily prejudiced; Western counterpart of Ellis Island

Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League

Reform organizations that criticized saloons for alcoholism

Settlement-House Movement (late 1800s, early 1900s)

Reformers attacked slums with pragmatism and education, consisted of mostly middle class idealists and shifted to larger-scale political reform

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the early decades of the nineteenth century, in reaction to the growth of secularism and rationalist religion; began the predominance of the Baptist and Methodist churches.

The Agricultural Inventions

Replaced the process of sowing seed by hand.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Replacing the Land Ordinance of 1784, this measure by Congress defined the steps for the creation and admission of new states. It forbade slavery while the region remained a territory. First congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges. Second as soon as 5 thousand male adults lived in a territory, the people could write a temporary constitution and elect a legislature that would pass the territories laws. Third, when the total population reached 60,000 citizens the settlers could write a constituion which Congress would have to approve before considering statehood

Anna Howard Shaw

Represents next generation of less-radical reform leaders (along with Carrie Chapman Catt)

The Sedition Act was aimed primarily at:

Republican newspaper editors

William McKinley

Republican presidential nomination in the election of 1896

Matthew Lyon

Republican representative of Vermont jailed for criticizing Adams

Benjamin Harrison

Republican/GOP nomination in the election of 1888

Vertical Integration

Rockefeller sought to eliminate all middlemen, and solely rely on the products and services of his own firms, his own cash reserves, and his control of transportation.

Standard Oil Company of Ohio

Rockefeller's company, set up in 1870, to refine oil; Rockefeller wanted to get rid of all competition os that he could control the entire business. By 1879 his company had taken control of 90-95% of the oil refining in the country after taking over twenty-one of his twenty-six competitors.

Standard Oil Trust

Rockerfeller organized this trust in 1882. Thirty-seven stockholders in the Standard Oil enterprises would give their stock to nine trustees who would give central direction to the dispersed geographically Standard Oil Companies.

Standard Oil Company of New Jersey

Rockerfeller purchased his empire under the control of this company in 1899.

Sir Edmund Andros

Royal governor of the Dominion of New England.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

SC Case in which Georgia demanded that US remove Indian titles, court ruled there was no jurisdiction over the domestic nation of the Cherokees

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

SC case under Marshall, NH legislature attempted to force Dartmouth to become a public institution so governor could control trustees, court upheld the college's original charter (which predated the US)

Gibbons v. Ogden

SC case under Marshall, ruled that Federal boating license overrules state boating license

Dred Scott v. Sandford

SC case under chief justice Taneyover whether Dred Scott should be free b/c he went into free territory; was not freed b/c he was property not a citizen, and therefore didn't have a case; declared MO Compromise unconstitutional, established complete non-citizenship of even free blacks, disallowed popular sovereignty

What victories did the British win in the South?

Savannah and Charleston

Burr conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the secession of the Louisiana Territory from the United States; captured in 1807 and charged with treason, Burr was acquitted by the U.S. Supreme Court.

W. E. B. Du Bois

Scholar, author, and editor of the journal The Crisis, who had an active career in racial protest, advocating a program of "ceaseless agitation" against disenfranchisement and legalized segregation.

Sewards Folly

Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

William Howard Taft

Secretary of War under President Roosevelt who hand pick him as his successor to carry out Roosevelt's' policies in the White House. He was easily elected in 1909 due to Roosevelt's back but was cast in a conservative role at a time when progressivism had public opinion. He wanted to bust all big businesses, lost the trust of Roosevelt by firing Pinchot, however he actually set aside more conservation land than Roosevelt had

John Jacob Astor

Self-made millionaire, who was the richest man in America at the time of his death in 1848.

Radical Republicans

Senators and congressmen who, strictly identifying the Civil War with the abolitionist cause, sought swift emancipation of the slaves, punishment of the rebels, and tight controls over the former Confederate states after the war.

When was the Treaty of Paris signed?

September 3, 1783

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Indians in their struggle against the onslaught of settlers taking over their lands.

Shay's Rebellion

Shays's Rebellion is a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. They demanded the right to postpone paying taxes until the postwar agricultural depression lifted.

Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney

She emerged as one of America's most enterprising horticulturalists. She managed 3 plantations in South Carolina at the age of 15 and grew indigo, which became very profitable for her.

What did Sojourner Truth do at the gathering at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in 1851?%

She gave her famous "Ain't I a women?" speech

What did Dix report to the state legislature of Mass. in 1843 about the state of insane people in the state?

She said that the insane were brutally mistreated and neglected

Anne Hutchinson

She went against the Puritan leaders and believed in covenant of grace instead of the covenant of works. She claimed to have direct revelations with God. She went on trial and was banished.

Peace of Paris

Signed on September 3, 1783, the treaty ending the Revolutionary War and recognizing American independence from Britain also established the border between Canada and the United States, fixed the western border at the Mississippi River, and ceded Florida to Spain.

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Sioux victory during the Great Sioux War where they surrounded and killed Custer and 210 American soldiers.

Who were Cornwallis's two most ruthless cavalry officers?

Sir Banastre Tarleton and Patrick Ferguson

The Bessemer Process

Sir Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer converter in 1855 which allowed for steel to be produced efficiently from pig iron.

John Quincy Adams

Sixth President of the United States, he served as secretary of state under James Monroe. In a close race with Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay, the decision was left up to the House of Representatives. Speaker of the House Henry Clay threw his support behind Adams insuring his victory.

What target for reform would eventually take precedence over all others?

Slavery

What made the South most distinctive?

Slavery, the "peculiar institution"

yeoman farmer

Small landowners (the majority of white families in the South) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves.

Why did the American Anti-Slavery Society split into competing factions?

Some prominent members demanded the pursuit of societal reforms beyond abolition, including women's rights.

What was a planter?

Someone with 20 slaves or more

Jay's Treaty

Sought to solve the issues between the U.S. and British; The British promised to reimburse the Americans for the seizures of the ships and cargo of 1793 and 1794, evacuate their six northwestern forts by 1796, and grant American merchants the right to trade with the British West Indies.

Feminist Movement

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina congressman, senator, vice president under John Quincy Adams as well as Andrew Jackson. At first a nationalist, he later became a defender of states rights.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina opposed Tariff of 1828, declared it null, created crisis (opposed by Jackson) over whether a state could nullify federal laws

Jefferson Davis

Southern Civil War Leader and president of the Confederate States of America, he is stubborn and unwilling to take advice, he would not surrender and instead he fled

James Buchanan Duke

Southern industrialist behind the American Tobacco Company and Southern Power Company who made great advances in the businesses of tobacco and hydroelectric power.

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slave. Mississippi's were the harshest, prevent slaves from owning farmland and requiring a license to become a tradesman

Bourbons

Southern politicians who were collectively known as Redeemers by their supporters, because they supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination after the Civil War and a purely rural economy, or Bourbons by their opponents, who believed they were reactionaries rather than progressives.

Why was organized resistance to slavery by slaves risky?

Southern whites possessed overwhelming authority and firepower.

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction, including General Longstreet. This group mainly consisted of ex-whigs who liked Republican fiscal philosophy

Bourbons

Southerners who dominated the south politically following reconstruction, saving the south from Yankee rule, and who sought a diversified industrial development with help from northern capitalists, and despite learning or forgetting anything during the civil war allowed blacks to continue participating in southern politics up until the 1890's.

George whitfield

Spellbinding English evangelist who toured the American Colonies in 1739 preaching the notion of "new birth" - a sudden, emotional moment of conversion and salvation.

John D Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company of Ohio/ created a monopoly

1876

Starting in 1869 with the fall of republican governments in Virginia (not admitted yet) and Tennessee, the republican dominance of the South fell to the old white power of the old south. In this year the last republican governments of Louisiana, SC, and Florida, all of the deep south, fell

Naturalism

Stated humans were subjects of nature and promoted the animal-instinct/brute-force aspect of human nature

Andrew Carnegie (Scottish)

Steel Promoter, salesman, hr focused on Bessemers Process cheaper/wrote "The Gospel Of Wealth 1889/ Funded 1700 public libraries

Compromise of 1877 (p.567)

Stemmed from the 1876 Presidential elections, when a special Electoral Commission was established to decide the winner. Secret bargain struck. Republicans promised that if Rutherford B. Hayes were elected, that he would withdraw the last federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina and Democrats promised to withdraw their opposition to Hayes, accept in good faith the Reconstruction amendment and refrain from reprisals against Republicans in the South.

Exodusters

Stream of African-Americans who began migrating west following the collapse of radical republican rule in the south during the late 1870s and early 1880s. The term refers to the biblical migration of the Jews out of slavery in Egypt and into the promised land of Israel.

Liberal Republicans

Sub-Party formed in 1872 when they had a separate convention which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside to focus on economics issues, on which they had liberal ideas such as free trade and redemption of all depreciating greenbacks with gold. They nominated Horace Greenley for President, whom the Democrats also endorsed, as they produced no president that year.

Robert Morris

Superintendent of finance in the final years of the Revolutionary War. Morris became the most influential figure in the government.

clipper ships

Superior oceangoing sailing ships of the 1840s to 1860s that cut travel time in half; the clipper ship route around Cape Horn was the fastest way to travel between the coasts of the United States.

Stalwarts

Supported Grant, supported Radical Reconstruction and the "spoils system", led by Senator Roscoe Conkling from New York

Federalists%

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams who firmly believed the national government should be strong. They also supported Hamiltonian economics and the National Bank he established. They were characterized as monarchs by their advisories for they feared tyranny and mainly were supported by the upper class

Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

Supreme Court Case in 1886, Court prohibits state power to regulate rates of interstate traffic

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

Supreme Court case that ruled a state can regulate property if it is in the public's best interest, encouraged people to vote if they didn't like the way their state was regulating things

Plessy v Ferguson

Supreme court case in 1896 which reinforced the constitutionality of segregation laws under the term "separate but equal."

Muller v. Oregon

Supreme court ruling in 1908 that upheld a 10 hour work day law for women largely on the basis of sociological date regarding the effects of long hours on the health and morals of women

At Fort Necessity in 1754, George Washington

Surrendered to the french

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

Taft's secretary of interior Richard Ballinger threw open to commercial use more than 1 million acres of water power sites that Roosevelt had withdrawn int eh West. Ballinger also turned over certain federal coal lands in Alaska to his former clients (from his lawyer days). Pinchot found out and took this information to Taft saying Ballinger was corrupting the government. Pinchot then went to the public before Taft could do much and Taft was furious that Pinchot was insubordinate and fired him. This caused a rift between Taft and Roosevelt

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

Tariff of 1913 which in addition to lowering and even eliminating some tariffs, included provisions for the first federal income tax, made legal the same year by the ratification of the 16th Amendment. It was a triumph over lobbyists. Graduated income tax, cut tariff by largest percentage (29-37%) with 300 items on the exempt list

Who were the leaders at Cowpens?

Tarletan (British) and Daniel Morgan (Patriot)

tariff

Taxes on imported goods.

What was the most wide-spread of all the reform movements?

Temperance

Freedmen's Bureau

Temporary organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks and poor whites after the Civil War. It was America's first try at welfare, and succeeded overall, especially with the number of schools it created

Andrew Johnson

Tennessee Senator, a "War Democrat" in favor of Lincoln's policies, he was added at last minute to the ticket by Lincoln in 1864 because he was a former slave owner, his addition caused Tennessee to back the nation

Tories

Term used by Patriots to refer to Loyalists, or colonists who supported the Crown after the Declaration of Independence.

Indian Wars

Term used to describe the several conflicts with Indians during the 1860s and 1870s as Americans began to encroach upon the Indian owned land instead of just passing through it on the way to the west.

What did a large number of Americans, mostly Whigs, come to believe about slavery by the mid 19th century?

That it was a national abomination and should not be allowed to expand into the new western territories

What were the two myths about the South?

That it was a stable agrarian society led by paternalistic white planters representing an aristocracy of virtue and talent (Gone with the Wind) that was devoted to Jefferson's values of independence and chivalry; and that planters were arrogant aristocrats who brutalized their slaves (Uncle Tom's Cabin).

What did William Lloyd Garrison note about the Union in 1831?%

That it was becoming more brittle and that eventual separation between free and slave states was unavoidable

What did Calhoun tell the Senate in 1837?

That slavery was not evil, but actually a great good. He argued that Africans brought to America had never enjoyed such privileges, and warned that if slavery were abolished white racial supremacy would be compromised.

What did Calhoun and his supporter claim about free black workers?

That they could not be expected to work under the conditions of freedom, Calhoun and co. argued, because they were too shiftless and improvident and would be a danger to themselves as well as others

What was the first organized emancipation movement?

The American Colonization Society started in 1817 that proposed to return freed slaves to Africa

What made Lord North decide that the war in America was unwinnable?

The British defeat at Saratoga and the French alliance with the United States.

What was the most celebrated of all the utopian communities?

The Brook Farm in Mass. because it grew out of the Transcendental movement

1808

The Constitution established that, while restrictions could be placed, the Federal Government could not halt the trans-atlantic slaves trade until this year

Where is this excerpt from? "[all laws that placed women] in a position inferior to that of men, are contrary to the great precept of nature, and therefore of no force or authority"

The Declaration of Sentiments issued during the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

Who was Joseph Brant?

The Mohawk leader of the Iroquois in NY/PA who killed hundreds of frontier militiamen

Who won the battle at King's Mountain on October 7, 1780?

The Patriots

Who won the siege at Yorktown?

The Patriots (and the French)

Who won at Guilford Courthouse on March 15, 1781?

The Patriots (under Greene and Morgan)

Who led the nation in exports?

The South

What did Parliament repeal after the American victory at Saratoga?

The Townshend tea duty, the Massachusetts Government Act, and the Prohibitory Act

1815 - 1850

The US expanded to the Pacific coast.

Which of the following statements is true about the number of newspapers in the United States by 1850?

The United States had more newspapers than any other nation in the world.

Separation of Powers

The act of dividing the powers of the government to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and countering centralized power with checks and balances

What brought the issue of women's rights to the abolition movement?%

The activities of the Grimké sisters

What ended Arnold's plot?

The capture of British John André

King Philip/Metacomet

The chief of the Wampanoags who resented English efforts to convert Indians to Christianity, led Metacomet's War

What did white workers fear about abolition?

The competition for jobs if slaves were freed

Great Compromise%

The compromise, prosed by Roger Sherman, made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Barbed-wire wars/Range Wars

The conflicts between settlers over the location of the new barbed wire fences and the restrictions they placed on access to water and grassland.

Tenochtitlan

The dazzling capital city of the Aztec Empire dominated by towering stone temples, broad paved avenues, thriving markets, and 70,000 adobe huts; invaded by Cortes

Ten years after Noyes gather a group of "perfectionists" around his home in Vermont, what did Noyes proclaim?

The doctrine of "complex marriage" where every man was married to every women and vice versa

What was the highest management position for a slave?

The duty of "driver" placed in charge of a group of slaves to get them to work without creating dissension

Sodbusters

The earlier farmers of the west who literally had to break the tough grass and roots of the sod to make the land farmable.

surrender at Yorktown p. 234

The end of the Revolutionary War when British General Cornwallis was forced to retreat to Yorktown, Virginia, on a peninsula. General Washington with the help of the French and american ships rushed and surrounded Cornwallis and on October 18, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered.

Marbury vs. Madison

The first case in which the Supreme Court declared a federal law unconstitutional. Marbury's letter of appointment, or commission, signed by President Adams two days before he left office, was still undelivered when Madison took office as secretary of state, and Jefferson directed him to withhold it. Marbury then sued for a court order directing Madison to deliver his commission. The Court was declared to not have jurisdiction in the case.

Woodruff v NorthBloomfield Gravel Mining Company

The first major environmental protection ruling outlawed the dumping of mining debris by big mining companies where it would affect farmland or navigable rivers.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution proposed to ease the fears of the Anti-Federalist. These amendments guaranteed personal freedoms, limited government power, and reserved some power to the states.

Sic Semper Tyrannis

The first words spoken on April 14th, 1865, by the patriotic but foolish John Wilkes Booth after he had shot President Lincoln at Ford's Theater. It is the motto of Virginia

Iroquois League

The five Iroquois nations with around 12,000 members; Located around New York, these nations formed a strong alliance.

The Role of Government in Transportation

The government helped fund railroads, etc.

Nicholas Biddle

The head of the Bank of the United States during Jackson's administration

slave driver

The highest management position to which a slave could aspire, placed in charge of a small group of slaves with the duty of getting them to work without creating dissension.

Henry W. Grady

The major prophet of the "New South" philosophy and editor of the Atlanta Constitution.

annus mirabilis

The miraculous year 1759, during which Great Britain secured an empire "on which the sun never set."

Tredegar Iron Works

The most important single manufacturing enterprise in the Old South. It used mostly slave labor to produce cannon, shot, and shell, axes, saws, bridge materials, boilers, and steam engines, including locomotives.

Mr. Madison's war

The name given to the War of 1812 by pro-British Federalists. The War of 1812 was fought to gain Canada and was opposed by the Federalists. The War of 1812 is considered America's second war of independence, and resulted in a wave of nationalism that swept throughout the country.

Federal Reserve Bank

The network of banks created by the Federal reserve Act of 1912 that stabilized the economy by regulating the supply of currency and controlling credit. It had a board completely appointed by the government. It was a system of bankers' banks

Andrew Jackson

The ninth President of the United States. He represented Tennessee as a Congressman and Senator, and as a major-general he defeated the British at New Orleans in the War of 1812.

Newburgh Conspiracy

The officers of the Continental Army had long gone without pay, and they met in Newburgh, New York to address Congress about their pay. Unfortunately, the American government had little money after the Revolutionary War. They also considered staging a coup and seizing control of the new government, but the plotting ceased when George Washington refused to support the plan gaining the knowledge of such a coupe from Hamilton.

Glorious Revolution

The overthrow of King James II in England. This led to a revolution in America where merchants, ministers, and militias arrested the hated Governor Andros and his aides, seized a royal ship in Boston harbor and removed Massachusetts from the hated Dominion

Treaty of Ghent

The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. Fighting continued after it was signed in Europe because it took two weeks for the news to arrive that it had been signed.

sharecropping

The practice of farmers working land owned by others in return for supplies and a share of the crop, generally about half.

tenancy

The practice of farmers, who might have their own mule, plow, and line of credit with the country store, working land owned by others in exchange for a larger share of the return than sharecroppers, commonly three-fourths of the cash crop and two-thirds of the subsistence crop.

What created the sense of racial unity that bridged class divisions among most whites in the South?

The profitability and convenience of owning slaves and the psychological appeal of racial superiority

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

What ignited the Civil War?

The sectional conflict over the extension of slavery that was brought about by the profitability of slavery and the racism it encouraged

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States. He represented Tennessee as a Congressman and Senator, and as a major-general he defeated the British at New Orleans in the War of 1812.

Robert Morris

The superintendent of Finance for the Confederacy in her final years, he had himself given the Government funds to fight the Revolution and wanted to give the ability to congress to tax to be able to issue more national debt to be able to jump-start an economy. He began his plan by establishing a congressional charter for the Bank of North America, the sole financier for the Federal Government. His plan was unable to operate effectively and succeed due to the inability for congress to tax

spoils system

The term-meaning the filling of federal government jobs with persons loyal to the party of the president-originated in Andrew Jackson's first term; the system was replaced in the Progressive Era by civil service.

Wilderness Road

The trail into Kentucy that Daniel Boone helped build; although it was originally too narrow for carts or wagons and not easy to travel on, it became the main road into Kentucky.

What did the women's rights movement's success come from?

The undaunted women, like Susan B. Anthony, who refused to be cowed by the odds against them

Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" explained?

The virtues of the law of competition

Pontiac's Rebillion

The widespread Indian attacks in the spring and summer of 1763. The captured British forts around the Great Lakes and Ohio River and raided colonial settlements in PA, MD, VA. Led by Ottawa Chieftain

John Locke

Theorizes the Two Treatises of Government: no such thing as divine right to crown & natural right to life, liberty, and property

Dutch, Swedes, Chinese, Prussians, and Moroccans

These European peoples between 1782 and 1787 opened their ports to American shipping for the first time as the British closed the West Indies to American ships, although smuggling did occur as before

Alien and Sedition Acts%

These acts, proposed by extreme Federalists, limited freedom of speech and the press and the liberty of aliens. The Alien Act empowered the president to deport "dangerous" foreigners. The Naturalization act lengthened from five to fourteen years to be a citizen. The Sedition Act defined as a high misdemeanor any conspiracy against legal measures of the government, including interference with federal officers and insurrection or rioting.

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

These due men adorned the Democratic-Republican ticket in a geographic balance. Although loosing the election, the main candidate on this ticket would become vice-president due to a Hamiltonian plot to get Adams out of power

Amendments to the Constitution

These may be proposed by either two-thirds of both houses of the United States Congress or by a national convention. This convention can be assembled at the request of the legislatures of at least two-thirds of the several states. To become part of the Constitution, amendments must then be ratified either by approval of the legislatures of three-fourths of the states or ratifying conventions held in three-fourths of the states. Congress has discretion as to which method of ratification should be used

George Mason, Patrick Henry, Richard Lee of Virginia, George Clinton of New York, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, and Luther Martin of Maryland%

These men were the major Anti-Federalists

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

These stated that a state had the right to declare a law unconstiutional, or nullify a law, within its borders. These were written by Jefferson and Madison to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts. However no single state took action, looking for support of a majority

Veto power, Commander in Chief, and Appointment of Officials

These three powers were given to the new office of the presidency by the Constitution that were not even available to the monarch that the continental congress was trying to avoid

Bills of Attainder, Ex Post Facto Laws, and Powers Reserved

These three powers were specifically refused to the Federal Congress of the Constitution

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

These two acts, reacting in fear of revolting France, greatly limited the freedoms of aliens in America, including a provision of imprisonment at will of aliens during war, and became the defining failure of Adam's presidency

Diplomacy and Impeachment

These two measures were constrains on the power of the president of the Constitution to prevent a British Monarch

Patrick Henry and Alexander Hamilton

These two men, one very influential before the Constitutional Convention and the other after, both did not attend for they felt the rights of their states (Virginia and New York) respectively, were not respected

Tariffs

These were placed on British commerce in America by many states in the 1780's to promote American commerce, artisans, and maechanics, but failed due to a lack of regularity between the states and an attempt by many states to tax interstate commerce, which exemplified the necessary need for the national government to have the power to govern interstate commerce

Constitution, United Staes, and Constellation

These were the first three ships built in the US Navy in response to the Naval Wars with Algeria and France of the 1790s

Tariffs

These were used by the Federal Government, as directed by Hamilton, to raise revenue for the young indebted nation

What did the House do in 1836?

They adopted a rule (a "gag-rule") that in effect made sure that all of the anti-slavery petitions were ignored

Which of the following was NOT true of the anti-Federalists after ratification?%

They became the founders of the Whig Party.

Why were theories of racial superiority significant in the South?

They created a sense of unity that bridged class divisions among most southern whites.

What were some of the strategies taken by immediatists?

They deluged Congress with petition for abolition of slavery in DC, most of these petitions were presented by John Quincy Adams

What did the soaring profitability of cotton do to Southern planters?

They developed cocky and aggressive attitudes and believed that cotton made them invincible in a way because they believed that "Cotton was King" and no one could make war against it

What did Washington's army do after the British retreated from Philadelphia to Manhattan?

They encamped at White Plains

Why were nursing and teaching the only jobs available to women?

They extended the domestic roles of health care and nurture to the outside world

Why did most middle-class southerners support the slave system?

They feared that freed slaves would compete with them for land, and they enjoyed the privileged status that race based slavery gave them

Where did the Garrisons stand on the issue of abolition and social reform?%

They felt that American society had been corrupted from top to bottom and needed universal reform

What did the House of Commons do on March 16, 1778?

They granted the demands the American rebels had made prior to independence.

How would southern whites attempt to prevent slave rebellions?

They met any sign of resistance or rebellion with a brutal response.

Why were the Southern colonies more valuable than the Northern colonies to the British?

They produced valuable staple crops including tobacco, rice, and indigo.

Why might women be drawn to camp meetings?

They provided women with opportunities to participate as equals in public rituals.

How did Congress respond to the loss of Charleston?

They sent Horatio Gates to attack the British

How did black southerners influence and enrich the South's development?

They shaped patterns of speech, folklore, music, religion, literature, and recreation.

What happened to two great denominations along sectional lines in 1844-1845?

They split, leading to the formation of the Southern Baptist convention and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

How did white abolitionists view black abolitionists?

They thought they should take a backseat in the movement and did not want to give them full recognition

What did the Liberty party do?

They tried to elect an American president who would abolish slavery

Why did the British decide to end the war in America?

They wanted to concentrate their efforts on the global conflict with France and Spain.

How did many slaves escape from slavery?

They were aided by the Underground Railroad

Why did the Old South witness a mass movement of settlers from Virginia and the Carolinas to the west and south when the seaboard economy faltered during the 1820s and 1830s?

They were attracted to the Old Southwest's low land prices and suitability for cotton cultivation (and sugar cane in Louisiana)

Why did the French army in Rhode Island stay there for a year?

They were blockaded by the British fleet

Know-Nothing Party

Third major political party, formed in 1849, advocated nativism, anti-foreigner

The Naturalization Act

This Act lengthened to fourteen years instead of five the residency requirement for citizenship

Freedmen's Bureau

This Bureau was not renewed in 1866 as Johnson struck his first battle with congress. He felt that this bureau made the government responsible for the care of indigents, which was not in the constitution, as well as it was passed by a congress that denied representation to all people of the union. The Veto was upheld

Creeks

This Indian tribe, refusing to give up their lands, went to war with Georgia in 1786 with the aid of Spain, however by 1791 Spanish aid was failing and the Chief travel to New York to get favourable trade agreements with the US, at the lost of their land

Third Reconstruction Act

This act covered all the bases for the radical republicans for the new elections in the south. Essentially it meant that if a democrat was elected the military commander of the district had the authority to remove him and replace him with anyone of his choosing, disregarding new elections. This was the final act of reconstruction, passed July 19th of 1867, and it allowed for all Confederate States except Texas to have held republican approved elections by the end of 1867

Second Reconstruction Act

This act covered the ambiguity about elections under the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 and stated that all men would be registered to vote via the efforts of the military commanders in the 5 southern districts. This produced the most blacks by percentage to vote ever

Land Act of 1796

This act doubled the price of an acre of federal land to $2 and reduced the time to pay, making land less accessible to ordinary settlers. It also reversed half the township to eight 5,120, so only half were in 640 acres sections making half the townships completely inaccessible to most Americans

Morrill Land Grant Act

This act gave public lands to states and territories so they could establish colleges that would specialize in agriculture and technological science.

Land Act of 1800

This act was established to sell more western lands and to replace the failed Land Act of 1796. It allowed a minimum unit to be bought of 320 acres and allowed a spread payment over four years. The price per acre was also dropped to $1.64, which became the price of the homestead for the entirety of the western movement

Kentucky

This agricultural state proved how America kept to the land in her beginning and kept her cities small, having 80% of the population having some impact on agriculture. This State from 1776 to 1792 added nearly 75,000 from eventually none

Electoral Commission

This body established by congress of 5 Congressmen, 5 Senators, and 5 Supreme Court Justices voted down party lines to give all contested votes to Hayes in the most controversial election of all time. Democrats agreed not to filibuster because Republicans agreed to end Military reconstruction and Hayes agreed to build the Mississippi infrastructure of the Deep South as well as give subsidies for the southern railway to Los Angeles. He also gave a Tennessean the post of Postmaster General, as promised as part of what became known as the Compromise of 1877

Shay's Rebellion

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes that were too high implemented by a Massachusetts congress which refused to produce a currency that could maintain its value to pay such debts. The Rebellion failed by immediately the congress did pass a resolution on foreclosure and removed many taxes on farmers

Northwest Ordinance

This document provided a method for admitting new states to the Union. It anticipated statehood when any territory's population reached 60,000 free inhabitants. The ordinance included a bill of rights that guaranteed religious freedom, legislative representation in proportion to population, trial by jury, and the application of common law. It also excluded slavery permanently form the Northwest.

Election of 1800

This election was a landmark due to the fact that it began a 24 year run of conservative southern presidents, only to be overthrown by Jackson

How did American literature develop during the half decade between 1850 and 1855?

This era witnessed an outpouring of extraordinary literature by an array of authors who became giants of American literature.

Paper Money

This form of currency was liked by the debtors for it was more plentiful and famers could use it for inflationary purposes, however a lack of a credible national form of it (and state forms of it) made it unwanted by creditors and instead they favoured rare hard currency

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

The Ohio Company of Associates

This group from Boston lobbied for western lands to be sold at a cheap price to pay for Revolutionary soldiers, and Reverend Manasseh Cutler was able to succeed in doing this, getting Congress to grant 1.5 million acres to soldiers for just about a million dollars

Free Blacks

This group which existed before the Civil War sided with Southern Whites that newly freed slaves should not be given land in order to try to create a socially equality society. Politically equal and socially equal were very different.

Compromise of 1790

This included passage of the Residence Act in July and the Funding Act in August. Central to this was an agreement that several Southerners would change their votes and support the federal assumption of state debts in return for a bill locating the US capital on the Potomac River after a ten year temporary residence at Philadelphia

Ku Klux Klan

This is secret society of white Southerners in the United States. It was formed in the 19th century in Pulaski, Tennessee as a fraternity type club, but ended up using terrorist tactics to suppress Republicans and the Union league

Ulysses S Grant

This man was elected president in 1868 under a republican banner with Henry Wilson that endorsed radical reconstruction, as well as endorsing SOUTHERN suffrage of blacks, not national suffrage. The Republicans also supported the quick repayments of Civil War debt in gold.

Rutherford B Hayes

This man was the republican candidate along side William Wheeler who was nominated over Blaine of Maine due to his record having less (not none) scandals. The republicans ran under the banner of Hayes, who supported civil rights but a return to conservative rule in the south, as the Democrats felt as well. To distance themselves from the Democrats, who agreed with them on most issues, they waved the blood shirt

James Callender%

This man was used by Jefferson to produce scurrilous papers and pamphlets about the Federalists, especially Adams

James Madison

This man, a long companion of Hamilton, was Hamilton's biggest critic that his measures were too capitalistic, benefitting speculators and other rich investing units

Horatio Seymour

This man, labeled the great decliner because he never enforced his own nomination for the presidency on the Democratic ticket, was the wartime governor of NY and the 1868 democratic candidate that lost to Grant. He ran under the democratic idea that radical reconstruction had placed Military occupation in 10 states in peacetime, and they also endorsed using greenbacks to pay off the debt as the greenbacks bought the debt

Samuel J Tilden

This millionaire lawyer of NYC was very popular among the Democrats, getting the nomination on the second ballot, for his destruction of the corrupt Tweed ring of NYC. He ran under a platform of political reform to end corruption and one to end reconstruction slowly by returning rule in the South to the conservatives. Very much like the republicans, this man had difficulty separating himself from the opposition.

Virginia Plan%

This plan embodied the idea that the delegates scrap their instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation and instead submit an entirely new document to the states. Proposed by James Madison.

New Jersey Plan

This plan sought to keep the existing structure of equal representation of the states in a unicameral Congress but give Congress the power to levy taxes and regulate commerce and the authority to name an executive (with no veto) and a supreme court.

Proclamation of Amnesty

This proclamation issued by Johnson in 1865 was a nod to Lincoln, restating everything the passed president believed but also adding that 10% was not required, but native Union governors were also well as ratification of the thirteenth amendment, which had not been fully endorsed by Lincoln. He also added the clause that all landowners with taxable property over $20,000 were also exempt. This was Jonhson's crowning achievement in his view in his life

Reports on Manufactures

This report by Hamilton outlined the necessity of federal governmental support for the fledgling manufacturing industry in America

Georgia

This state in 1868 joned Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas as the last Confederate States not readmitted to the union due to its removal of 28 black representatives in its state congress. These states were then forced to ratify the fifteenth amendment of 1869, and this state became the last to reenter the union in 1870

Treaty of Greenville

This treaty between the American General Anthony Wayne, who had been attacking the Indians of the Northwest Territory during 1794, and the Native Americans was established in 1795. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio, and the area around major forts from the Shawnee Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawatomi Indians

The "battle of the currents" involved?

Thomas Eddison and George Westinghousr

The politician involved in partisan attacks on John Adams while he served as Adams's vice president was:

Thomas Jefferson

Who said, "We are all Republicans—we are all Federalists"?%

Thomas Jefferson

election of 1804

Thomas Jefferson ran as a Democratic-Republican and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ran as a Federalist. Jefferson easily defeated Pinckney. George Clinton won for Vice President.

Washington's Cabinate

Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Edmund Randolph of Virginia

"Sanitary Reformers" / Public Health Officials / Municipal Reformers

Those who pursue reform of cities, ameliorating issues like horse maintenance, pollution, and disease

Enforcement Acts

Three acts passed by Congress allowing the government to use military force to stop violence against southern African Americans by suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus (against the constitution), like the KKK (Third). They also placed penalties upon anyone who restricted another's right to vote (First) as well as making all elections monitored by Federal officials and marshals (Second). To show its power South Carolina's northern counties were put to siege by their own country as an example, but it failed everywhere else afterwards because of a lack of effective use

"Dumbbell Tenement Houses"

Tightly packed structures, named for their two-foot-wide airshafts that resulted in a dumbbell shape. Lowered morale of people, and resulted in health issues and increased mortality rates.

prorouge

To adjourn or recess.

What other crops were grown in the South?

Tobacco, rice, and sugar

Triangular Trade

Trade system that connected New England, West Africa or the West Indies, and England

Ocean Transportation

Transatlantic ships became important.

New Roads

Transportation improvements helped spur the development of a national market.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.

Pinckney's Treaty

Treaty with Spain negotiated by Thomas Pinckney in 1795; established United States boundaries at the Mississippi River and the thirty-first parallel and allowed open transportation on the Mississippi.

A major contributor to the 2nd Industrial Revolution was Electrical power?

True

After their enactment, the Navigation Acts were not rigidly enforced until after 1763

True

As a result of the French and Indian War, Spain received Louisiana

True

In 1880, one out of every six children was working full time?

True

In England, the wars with France in the early eighteenth century created a huge national debt and a standing army, thus encouraging opposition to centralized government

True

Jesuit missionaries were active in New France, living for years among the Indians in their attempt to convert them to Catholicism

True

John D. Rockefeller used Clevland, Ohio, as his initial base of operations

True

Mercantilism involved colonies supplying raw materials to the mother country

True

Mother Jones was a devoted speaker and demonstrator for the United Mine Workers and other Unions who demanded safer working conditions and restrictions on child labor?

True

Terence V. Powderly led the Knights of labor?

True

The contract theory of government rested on natural rights, including life and property.

True

True or False: A third faction of the American Anti-Slavery Society also broke with Garrison and formed the Liberty party in 1840 because it believed mere propaganda could not abolish slavery%

True

True or False: Abolitionism (also called immediatism) took a political turn in 1830 focusing at first on Congress

True

True or False: Adams thought that the "gag-rule" was a violation of the First Amendment and hounded its supporters until it was repealed in 1844

True

True or False: African American leaders in the abolition movement, notably former slaves, who could speak from first hand experience, became outstanding agents for the movement

True

True or False: After the battle at Guilford Courthouse, the war became a contest of endurance

True

True or False: After the rise of plantation slavery in TX, the dollar value of enslaved blacks outstripped the value of all banks, railroads, and factories combined

True

True or False: Although Birney got only 7000 votes in the 1840 election, he got 60,000 in the 1844 election, and from then on, an anti-slavery party contested every election until Lincoln was elected in 1860

True

True or False: Although Garrison used violent language, he was a pacifist opposed to the use of force%

True

True or False: Although there were only a few giant plantations in the South, their owners exercised disproportionately powerful social, economic, and political influence

True

True or False: As long as the British maintained naval supremacy, the Americans could not win the war

True

True or False: By 1781 the Americans had narrowed British control in the South to Charleston and Savannah

True

True or False: By 1860 Dix had persuaded 20 states to heed her advice and transform social attitudes toward mental illness

True

True or False: By the 1850s most southern leaders could not imagine a future for their region without slavery

True

True or False: Calhoun's defense of slaver as "good" led Clay, although a slaveowner, to denounce Calhoun

True

True or False: Congress refused to begin negotiations with peace commissioners sent by Parliament to Philadelphia until Britain recognized American independence or else withdrew its forces.

True

True or False: Cornwallis and Arnold in Yorktown did not fear a siege at first because Washington was fighting in NY and British ships controlled American waters

True

True or False: Cowpens was the most complete tactical victory for the Patriots

True

True or False: Economically, the South had become a kind of colonial dependency of the North

True

True or False: Efforts of Southern elite to expand and preserve slavery stifled reform and ignited political controversy that ended in the Civil War

True

True or False: Few northerners in the 1830s viewed slavery as the nation's foremost issue, although this would change by the 1850s

True

True or False: Franklin and Jay did most of the work leading to a peace treaty

True

True or False: Garrison believed the federal government was even more deeply involved with slavery than the churches and believed the Constitution was "an agreement with hell" so Garrison refused to vote%

True

True or False: Garrison pronounced black abolition activists and former slaves, Henry Bibb, William Brown, and Frederick Douglass, most qualified to address the public about slavery%

True

True or False: Garrison's forceful language arguing for immediate abolition outraged slave owners as well as some whites in the North%

True

True or False: Garrison's unconventional religious ideas led Garrison to break with the organized church who he believed was in league with slavery%

True

True or False: Greene was Washington's ablest general

True

True or False: IN 1840, Garrisonians convinced a majority of delegates at the Anti-Slavery Society's annual meeting that women should participate equally in the organization%

True

True or False: In 1835 the Tappans hired Finney to be head of the anti-slavery faculty at their college Oberlin in Ohio

True

True or False: In earlier agrarian societies, gender based functions were closely tied to the household and often overlapped

True

True or False: Many middle-class women devoted themselves to improving the quality of life in American society, but some argued that women should first focus on improving domestic life

True

True or False: Many of the yeomen had a handful of slaves, but most had none

True

True or False: Many women joined churches and charitable organizations, most of which were led by men.

True

True or False: Mississippi became the first state to grant married women control over their property; by the 1860s, eleven more states had such laws

True

True or False: More than a hundred utopian communities sprang up between 1800 and 1900

True

True or False: More than half of the slaves in the South worked in cotton production

True

True or False: Most northerners involved in the anti-slavery movement were white churchgoers and their ministers%

True

True or False: On September 6, 1781, Grasse forced the British navy to give up sending supplies to Cornwallis in Yorktown

True

True or False: Overseers moved often in search of better wages

True

True or False: Overseers on the largest plantations generally came from the middle class or were younger sons of planters; most aspired to become slaveholders

True

True or False: Sojourner Truth demonstrated the powerful intersection of abolitionism and feminism and tapped the distinctive energies that women brought to reformist causes%

True

True or False: Some Southerners in the Upper South supported colonization efforts to ship slaves and freed blacks to Africa or encouraged owners upon their death to free their slaves

True

True or False: Some reforms proposed legislative remedies for social ill, while other stressed personal conversion or private philanthropy

True

True or False: Some slaveowners in the Upper South were morally ambivalent about slavery and adopted attitudes of paternalism toward their slaves by incorporating them into their households

True

True or False: Southern factory owners bought or hired enslaved blacks to do industrial jobs

True

True or False: Southern society remained rural and agricultural long after the rest of the nation had embraced urban-industrial development

True

True or False: Southerners were typically mobile, willing to move west in search of better land

True

True or False: The American Anti-Slavery Society went beyond the issue of emancipation to argue that blacks should share equal civil and religious privileges with whites

True

True or False: The Revolution spawned a war between frontier Loyalists with their Indian allies and Patriot frontiersmen.

True

True or False: The Seneca Falls gathering represented an important first step in the evolving campaign for women's rights

True

True or False: The South also differed from the North in its architecture; its penchant for fighting, guns, horsemanship, and the military; its attachment to an agrarian idea and a cult of masculine "honor"; and the preponderance of farming in the South

True

True or False: The South differed from the North in that it had a high proportion of native-born Americans

True

True or False: The South was dependent upon foreign (esp. British and French) demand for cotton

True

True or False: The South's determination to expand slavery in the face of growing criticism further isolated and defined the region

True

True or False: The South's warm, humid climate was ideal for the cultivation of profitable crops like tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and sugarcane

True

True or False: The Southern colonies were more important to British imperial goals

True

True or False: The evangelical Christian churches in the South, which had widely condemned slavery at one time, gradually turned pro-slavery

True

True or False: The first Shaker community in New Lebanon, NY spread into New England, Ohio and Kentucky with about 20 groups by 1830

True

True or False: The king refused to let Lord North resign or make peace with the United States.

True

True or False: Utopian communities, with few exceptions, quickly ran out of steam and these communal social experiments performed in relative isolation had little effect on the outside world

True

True or False: When a mob in Illinois killed the anti-slavery newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy in 1837, they created a martyr for the causes of abolition and freedom of the press

True

True or False: Women had joined the abolition movement from the start, but largely in groups without men

True

True or False: Women's legal status in the first half of the 19th century was like that of a minor, a slave, or a free black

True

True or False: advocates of the Auburn penitentiary system argued that it had a beneficial effect on the prisoners and saved money since the workshops supplied prison needs and produced goods for sale at a profit

True

True or False: after 1815, asylums began to emerge that separated the mentally ill from the criminal

True

True or False: during the 1st half of the 19th century, women did not gain the vote but did make some legal gains

True

True or False: in 1821 the American Colonization Society acquired a parcel of land in West Africa, in 1822 the first freed slaves were transported there, and 25 years later the society relinquished control to the Republic of Liberia

True

True or False: nursing and teaching jobs for women brought relatively lower status and pay than man's work

True

True or False: other reformers were less dogmatic and sweeping in their efforts than the Garrisonians, and instead saw society as fundamentally sound and only focused on purging it of slavery%

True

True or False: over 40% of the residents in the Old Southwest regions of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi were slaves

True

True or False: social and economic changes helped supply many of the reformers, most of whom were women

True

True or False: the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance organized a national convention in 1833 in Philadelphia, and formed the American Temperance Union

True

True or False: the South became more defensive about slavery because it cherished a sense of its own distinctiveness

True

True or False: the Temperance societies often asked people to take a pledge and sign with a T for total abstinence, giving rise to a new term "teetotaler"

True

True or False: the combined armies of Washington and the French were more than double that of Cornwallis

True

True or False: the official status of women during the first half of the 19th century remained much as it had been in the colonial era

True

True or False: the optimistic view of human nature brought about major changes in the treatment of prisoners, the disabled, and dependent children

True

True or False: the planter group held more than half of the slaves

True

True or False: there were few black overseers

True

True or False:After Noyes was arrested because of his complex marriage practices, he fled to NY and established the Oneida community in 1848

True

True or False; slaves and cotton were the most profitable investments in antebellum South, so many Southerners did not feel a need for promoting industrial development

True

True or false: by the 1840s the North and South had developed different economic interests and political tactics

True

Under Samuel Gomper, the American Federation of labor concentrated on economic gains for workers and avoided involvement in politics?

True

Battle of Saratoga p 224

Turning point of the American Revolution. in 1777. when the Americans took control of the Hudson river. This win convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. becuase it showed that the Americans had the potential to beat Great Britain, and this lifted American spirits.

Unterseeboot

U-boat

Webster-Hayne debate

U.S. Senate debate of January 1830 between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Hayne of South Carolina over nullification and states' rights.

Webster-Hayne Debate

U.S. Senate debate of January 1830 between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Hayne of South Carolina over nullification and states' rights. - famous debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of ...

War of 1812

US fought Britain again when French 'tricked' it into siding with them, caused a rise in American manufacturing, a reversal of Republican and Federalist ideologies, nationalism

John J. Pershing

US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him, led American forces in Europe during WWI

Era of Good Feeling

Under Monroe, happiness, nationalism

Essex Junto%

Under the leadership of Senator Thomas Pickering, a group of ardent Massachusetts Federalists who considered seceding from the Union.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union General, he won battles in the West and raised northern morale (especially at Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), he was the Union commanding general

George Meade

Union commander during Gettysburg, he failed to followed retreating Southern army and capitalize on the victory

Anthony Wayne

United States Army General appointed by President Washington to defend the Northwest Territory against Indians.

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892) with James Fisk and the bother-in-law of Grant

Alexander Hamilton%

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists. The first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804)

The Noble Order of the Knights of Labor

Uriah S. Stephens founded this organization in 1869 composed of skilled and unskilled workers; it wanted the creation of bureaus of labor statistics and mechanics' lien laws, the elimination of convict-labor competition, the eight-hour workday, and paper currency (some even wanted equal pay for men and women). It sought to achieve these things through boycotts rather than violence.

Noble order of: Knights of Labor

Uriah S. Stephens/ tailor/1869/creation of bureaus of labor statistics/ mechanics lien laws/ elimination of convict-labor competition, 8 hr day/ use of paper currency/ equal pay for equal work by men and women/ pressured employers

Andrew Johnson (p. 544)

Vice-President who became President after Lincoln's assassination. From Tennessee. Combative man, lacked presidential virtues. Bigoted and short-tempered, drunkard. An advocate of small farmers and in opposition to the large planters. Believed in strict adherence to the Constitution and limited government. Passed the Proclamation of Amnesty 1865 to allow everyone with taxable property of $20,000 to apply for amnesty. Plan for readmitting former Confederate states- Each state would have a native Unionist governor, they had to invalidate the secession ordinances, abolish slavery, repudiate all debts incurred to aid the Confederacy, ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, and endorse limited black suffrage

Whiskey Rebellion

Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on corn whiskey, 1794.

Where did the British march in May 1781?

Virginia

Virginia Plan%

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in bicameral Congress based on their population, totally discarding the Articles of Confederation. It also established a supreme court and executive branches as well as an inclusion of the Federal King Pin Clause

James Monroe

Virginia senator and anti-federalist who became the Fifth President of the United States.

Winfield Scott

Virginian and General in the Federal Army.

Robert E. Lee

Virginian, and General of the Confederate Army.

Dorothea Dix

Volunteer nurse and the Union army's first Superintendent of Women Nurses.

Clara Barton

Volunteer nurse, who followed the troops on her own, working in makeshift field hospitals.

Mexican American War

War with Mexico after US annexes Texas, under James Knox Polk, expensive and opposed in New England b/c of its pro-slavery motivations

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793, but not lost slaves. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley. It also stated that Britain would be favoured in American trade and Britain would allowed, to a minor extent, trade with the British West Indies, while military products were illegal to trade with hostile enemies to England

The Webster-Hayne debate is best remembered for:

Webster's eloquent defense of the union

The following are all true of anarchists except they

Were led by Karl Marx

What caused Dix to conduct a 2 year investigation of jails and almshouses in Massachusetts?

When called to lead a Sunday-school class at the East Cambridge House of Correction in 1841 she found a roomful of insane people who were completely neglected, without any heat although it was cold.

Henry Clay

Whig party leader, Kentucky congressman and senator, Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams and an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1824, 1832, and 1844.

Abigal Adams p 246

Wife of John Adams at the 2nd Contintal Congress; tried to influence her husband John, to include women's rights in the Declaration, and spoke against slavery.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams who was one of the most spirited and independent women of her time. She cautioned against giving to much power to the men as seen in writings to her husband.

Who best exemplified the change in abolition strategies?

William Lloyd Garrison

Committee on Public Information

Wilson's method of spreading his WWI agenda

Why did workers favor expanding the number of public schools?

Workers wanted free schools to give their children an equal chance to pursue the American dream.

Helen Hunt Jackson

Writer and poet of the 1880's who wrote "A Century of Dishonor", an exposé of the government's policy towards the Native Americans.

An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution

Written by Charles Beard, this was the first book to attack the constitution as a conspiracy of the founding fathers to profit economically from a larger national government

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition, it intensified the sectional conflict.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Written in 1828 by Vice-President John C. Calhoun of South Carolina to protest the so-called Tariff of Abominations, which seemed to favor northern industry; introduced the concept of state interposition and became the basis for South Carolina's Nullification Doctrine of 1833.

After Cornwallis joined Arnold, what did they pick as a defensible site?

Yorktown, Virginia

George Rogers Clark

Young American General who is credited with having won the West for the new nation

George Rogers Clark

Young American General who is credited with having won the West for the new nation.

Anaconda Plan

a 3 pronged plan by Union's Winfield Scott, 1) complete blockade of the South that would not allow any supplies in or out of the Confederacy, 2) the capture of the confederate capital at Richmond, 3) the control of all major waterways such as the Mississippi River, and the Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico

Josiah Strong

a Congregationalist minister who added the sanction of religion tot eh theories of racial and national superiority with his book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885). He believed that "Anglo Saxon" embodies civil liberty and "a pure spiritual Christianity"

Jacob Riis

a Danish immigrant who was an influential New York Journalist and muckraker, who exposed slum conditions in the book How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Who was Lovejoy?

a Presbyterian minister in New England, that moved to St. Louis and published a newspaper denouncing alcohol, Catholicism and slavery, who moved to Illinois when a pro-slavery mob destroyed his printing office in Missouri

Hernan Cortes

a Spanish conquistador who led the invasion of one of the most powerful civilizations at that time--the Aztec Empire.

Valeriano Weyler

a Spanish general in Cuba who in 1896 adopted a policy of gathering Cubans behind Spanish lines in detention centers so that no Cuban could join in insurrections by night and then appear peaceful by day. He was forced to do this after the Wilson-Gorman tariff devastated Cuban sugar prices and Cubans were forced to work under the Spanish and its oppressive control. A combination of the tropical climate, poor food, and unsanitary conditions created a high death and disease toll, causing US newspapers to call him Butcher Weyler.

Bunting v. Oregon

a Supreme Court Ruling in 1917 where the court accepted a 10 hour day for both men and women

Maine

a U.S. Battleship in Cuba's Havana Harbor that blew up on February 15, 1898, resulting in 266 deaths. Due to yellow journalism the American public assumed that the Spanish had minded the ship and clamored for war. It was a direct caused of the Spanish-American War which started 2 months later. An investigation several years later revealed that the ship blew up due to explosives stored in the coal room of the ship making it the US's fault

George McClellan

a Union general who ran against Lincoln in 1864 on a copperhead platform

San Juan Hill

a battle in the Spanish American war in Cuba where the Rough Riders along with two African-American Cavalry units, stormed the hill. The Rough Riders had no horses and few supplies so the public saw them as heroes

Who was Sojourner Truth?%

a black abolitionist and former slave freed by NY law in 1827, who lectured on women's rights and immediate abolition

Marxism

a branch of socialism; ruled mainly by German immigrants

A minister on horseback who travelled the frontier to preach was called

a circuit rider

Proprietary colonies

a colony owned by an individual, not by a joint-stock company

Holding Company

a company that controlled other companies by holding all or the majority of their stock.

Dr. Walter Reed

a doctor who made an outstanding contribution to the health of people in tropical climates around the world (such as Cuba and the Philippines which the US now occupy) by proving that yellow fever was carried by Mosquitoes, leading to the effective control of tropical diseases

New Netherland

a dutch colony in the 17th century on the east coast of North America

All of the following characterized the United States by the time of Andrew Jackson's election EXCEPT:

a dynamic economy absent of panics or depressions

John Muir

a famous naturalist who was angered at Pinchot when Pinchot endorsed a water reservoir in the valley of Yosemite National Park to supply the needs of San Francisco. The differences between Roosevelt's conserving for public good and Muir's preservation of wildlife. Muir created a storm of criticism when Roosevelt support he reservoir

Clara Barton

a famous volunteer nurse who followed the troops on her own, working in makeshift field hospitals

Greenback Party

a former political party in the United States that was organized in 1874; opposed any reduction in the amount of paper money in circulation and elected 14 congressmen in 1878

William Tecumseh Sherman

a general in the Union Army, who pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" and used total war and destruction and proceeded to South Carolina

Northern Securities Company

a giant conglomerate of railroads that had a monopoly over the Great Northern and Northern Pacific lines. President Roosevelt ordered the company broken up in 1902 and it was dissolved by the Supreme Court in 1904

John Fiske

a historian and popular lecturer on Darwinism who developed racial corollaries from Darwin's ideas that bolstered imperialist theory, in American Political Ideas (1885) he stressed the superior character of "Anglo-Saxon" institutions as a reason for global domination. He believed that the English 'race' was destined to dominate the globe and transform the institutions, traditions, and languages of others

Virginia Company

a joint-stock enterprise chartered by King James I that had two divisions: the First Colony of London and the Second Colony of Plymouth; assigned it a religious mission

The Haymarket Affair

a labor protest in 1886 that turned violent when a group of anarchists threw a bomb at policemen; this disenchanted people with the Knights of Labor and labor groups in general

Judiciary Act of 1801%

a law that increased the number of federal judges, attorneys, and clerks, and marshals, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists, retiring the federalists forever into the Judiciary system of America

Who was Catharine Beecher?

a leader in the education movement and founder of women's schools in Connecticut and Ohio, who published "A Treatise on Domestic Economy" (1841)

De Lôme Letter

a letter from Spanish minister Depuy de Lôme to a friend in Havana, it was stolen from the post office by a Cuban spy and published in February 1898 by Hearst's New York Journal. The letter criticized President McKinley. De Lôme resigned to prevent further embarrassment to his government but the US public opinion was already aroused against Spain

Cotton Gin

a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, increasing production of cotton from 3 million pounds in 1790 to 93 million pounds by 1815

The Great Philadelphia Road was

a major internal migration route into the backcountry.

Jesuits

a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests; established missions at places such as Terre Haute and Des Moines

The Newburgh Conspiracy involved:

a military threat to enlarge congressional powers

Ida Tarbell

a muckraker whose History of the Standard Oil Company ran in McClure's magazine in 1904. The article unveiled the evil practices Rockefeller used to create the Standard Oil Company

Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan

a naval captain who was a leading advocate of sea power and Western Imperialism during the 1880's. In 1890 he published The Influence of Sea Power upon History which said that national greatness and prosperity came from maritime prosperity. He believed that the modern economic development called for a powerful navy and that it was America's "destiny" to control eh Caribbean and build a canal connecting the Pacific and the Caribbean. His ideas were widely popular and widely circulated

What were penitentiaries?

a place where the guilty experienced penitence and underwent rehabilitation, not just punishment

Open Door Policy

a policy outlined in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dispatched in 1899 to London, Berlin, St. Petersburg, and later to Tokyo, Rome and Paris that proposed keeping China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis. Only Britain accepted but none rejected. Had little to no legal standing

Most southern men prided themselves on adhering to a moral code based on:

a prickly sense of honor

Union League

a pro Union organization based in the North and was assisted by northern blacks; this political network educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates in the south; they built black churches and schools so to organize the blacks to vote and keep the republicans in power in the South

Recall

a procedure whereby public officials could be removed by petition and vote; it was first adopted by Oregon in 1910. It was part of the progressive era and the idea of increasing democracy

Hepburn Act

a proposal for railroad regulation enacted in 1906 that extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and gave it power to set maximum freight rates. No longer had to go to court to enforce its decisions, burden of proof now rested upon the carriers. The ICC could now regulate pipelines, express companies, bridges and ferries

Bacon's Rebellion

a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in which servants, small farmers, and slaves assaulted peaceful Indians; arose from depressed tobacco prices, rising taxes, roaming livestock, and ultimately a hatred for the colonial governor William Berkeley; resulting in the burning of Jamestown

Whiskey Rebellion

a rebellion of frontier farmers because of the tax on liquor, their most precious commodity. The whisky rebels were suppressed by Washington's army.

Lincoln Steffens

a reporter whose articles on municipal corruption in McClure's magazine began to run in 1902 and were collected into the 1904 book The Shame of the Cities and later The Shame of the States. He talked about the political machine and the need for political reforms in urban America

encomienda

a socioeconomic system whereby favored officers became privileged landowners who controlled Indian villages; a system brought to America by the Spanish

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

a speech by Washington which proclaimed official neutrality in the war between England and France, essentially voiding the 1778 Treaty of Perpetual Alliance with France

Thomas Jefferson's inaugural address reflected:

a tone of simplicity and conciliation

Hay-Herran Treaty

a treaty in 1903 that opened the door for the building of the Panama Canal, in return for a Canal Zone 6 miles wide. The US agreed to pay Colombia $10 million in cash and a rental fee of $250,000 a year. The US senate ratified it in 1903 but the Colombian Senate held out for $25 million in cash which the US wouldn't do

Treaty of Portsmouth

a treaty signed in September 1905 in which Russia acknowledged Japan's 'predominant political, military, and economic interests in Korea' and both powers agreed to evacuate Manchuria. Roosevelt mediated the peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire

Who was Susan B. Anthony?

a women already actively involved in temperance and anti-slavery groups who joined the women's rights crusade in 1850. Unlike Stanton and Mott, she was unmarried and able to devote most of her attention to the women's crusade

What fraction of whites in the South had some proprietary interest in slavery?

about 1/4

How many slaves migrated to Africa?

about 15000 up to 1860, with about 12000 with the help of the American Colonization Society

Indian Removal Act

act under Jackson to move Indians west, called "humane", led to Trail of Tears etc.

pueblos

adobe cliff dwellings found in the Southwest, named by Spanish

Robert Morris%

advocated national bank under the Articles of Confederation

Panama Canal

after the Spanish-American war the US became involved in the Caribbean and the US wanted a canal connecting the Pacific with the Caribbean. A French contractor, Ferdinand de Lesseps, was building a canal but it was a disaster and he wanted out. The US wanted to take over and went through several treaties to get it. When the US took over they finished the canal quickly and efficiently

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and Spain that changed floridas border to the 31st parallel, which was a success for America, and made it easier for american ships to use the port of New Orleans

Contract Labor Act

allowed employers to get laborers from foreign countries who were willing to pay for less, my paying for their expenses to America.

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy as well as requiring 50% of citizens in 1860 to take an iron oath to the union, which attested to their past loyalty and therefore would be impossible...Lincoln refused the bill

Elkins Act

an Act passed by Congress in 1903, making it illegal for railroads to take as well as give secret rebates to their favorite customers

Keating-Own Child Labor Act

an Act signed by Wilson in 1916 that excluded from interstate commerce goods manufactured by Children under 14, alter this was ruled as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the ground that regulation of interstate commerce could not extend to conditions of labor

Teller Amendment

an Amendment that disclaimed any American designs on Cuban territory. It was added in the Senate to joint resolution by Congress in 1898 that declared Cuba independent and demanded withdrawal of Spanish forces

Molly Maguires

an Irish group; were angered by the dangerous working conditions in the mines and the owners' effort to decrease union activity. To protest, they used intimidation, beatings, and killings. The Maguires reached their peak in 1874-1875. Although in the trails in 1876, twenty-four Maguires were convicted and ten were hanged, and also wage reduction in the mines and the destruction of the Miners' National Association.

Clement Vallandigham

an Ohio Democrat and Confederate sympathizer, condemned to confinement for the duration of the war, Lincoln ended up having to release him but he release him behind enemy lines

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

an agreement between the US and the British that necessitated mutual consent to the construction of a transoceanic canal in Central America, came into effect with the building of the Panama canal

Why were asylums founded?

an established theory predicted that if the needy and the deviant were removed from society they could be made whole again

Regulators

anti-Whig group from Virginia that supported loyalists when the war came until it moved south; then changed allegiance

Wets

anti-prohibitionists

Liberty Party

anti-slavery party in 1844 election on

Just before he left office, Adams:

appointed John Marshall chief justice

"Spoils" of office

appointive offices fought over by Republican and Democratic leaders

Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest:

argued that states could nullify federal legislation

How did the Lower South view slavery?

as an asset and blessing rather than a moral burden

" Granger Laws"

attempt to regulate rates instated by railroad companies and warehouses v. farmers

Mint Act of 1792

authorized unlimited coinage of silver and gold

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787:

banned slavery in the Northwest

Why did the British lose control of Chesapeake Bay?

because of the French Navy

Andrew Jackson was a true Jeffersonian in his:

belief in limited government

Jackson's veto of the Maysville Road bill demonstrated his:

belief that the federal government should not fund purely local projects

As a result of the Eaton affair:

both John Eaton and Martin Van Buren left the cabinet

Credit Mobilier

bribed congressmen and charged the Union Pacific $94 million for a construction project that really only cost $44 million (example of one of the shrewd "insiders" who wanted to gain political wealth).

J. Pierpont Morgan and Company

brought European capital in the United States.

The early settlers of America

brought with them diverse cultural traits, which influenced the cultures that developed in the New World.

Temperance Movement

campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

The election of 1800 did all of the following EXCEPT:

cause Federalist rioting in the streets of the capital

Democrats

coalitions, southern whites, Catholic immigrants, Jews, everyone else

The Tariff Commission

committee appointed by Arthur to fuel economic growth and deal with the high tariff

Conscription

compulsory enrollment of persons for military or naval service, a draft. It was first used by the southerners in the Civil War in 1862, in 1863 the Union followed suit, men could often get out of it by paying a fine or finding a substitute to take their place

What did many whites believe was the only way to keep enslaved workers under control?

constant vigilance, supervision, terror, intimidation, and punishment

Missouri Compromise

controversy over slave status of MO b/c wanted to preserve balance between slave and free states, solved by Maine being free and Missouri being slave; excluded future slavery north of Missouri's southern border

The preferred crop of pioneers on the Wilderness Road was:

corn

New York Custom House Episode

corruption in the New York Custom House, leaders removed from offices and replaced

As southerners moved farther west and south between 1812 and 1860:

cotton production soared

Women in the English colonies

could gain a divorce in some colonies on the grounds of cruelty

Land Ordinance of 1784

created a method for organizing territorial governments and for attaining full statehood in the Ohio River valley which stated that once a territory reached the population of the smallest state, that it would become a state

National Banking Act of 1863

created another national Bank because of moneys needs of war

Edison Electric Illuminating Company

created in 1882, with the support for J. P. Morgan; gave electric current to eighty-five customers in NYC.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

created in 1886 made up of twenty-five craft unions (skilled workers; no unskilled workers); a federation of national organizations, with each organization possessing a level of autonomy and a higher degree of power against management

Jefferson showed his commitment to limited government by:

cutting military spending

Who were Sarah and Angelina Grimké?%

daughters of a prominent slaveholding family who had broken with their parents and moved north to embrace Quakerism, abolitionism, feminism, etc.

Martin Van Buren

dealt with economic crisis after Jackson, mishandled and garnered opposition

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

debates between Lincoln and Douglas, for Illinois Senate seat, argued over slavery

Marbury vs. Madison

decision about whether Jefferson had to put through appointing documents to a federalist official; decided that the man should get the position but it was out of the court's jurisdiction to decide, precedent for judicial review

In the case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court:

declared a federal law unconstitutional

What characterized the Upper South?

decline of slavery by 1860

By the 1830s, most Baptists and Methodists in the South:

defended slavery

The Seneca Falls Convention:

demanded equal rights for women

William Lloyd Garrison:%

demanded immediate emancipation of slaves

Jackson's opponents called themselves Whigs to:

denounce what they saw as Jackson's tyrannical qualities

In the 1840 campaign, the Whigs:

depended on a catchy campaign slogan

black codes (p. 546)

designed to restrict the freedom of African Americans - Southern whites attempt to preserve slavery as nearly as possible. Black codes varied from state to state. Marriages were recognized (none interracial), blacks could own property, sue and be sued. In some states they could not own farmland or had to buy special licenses to practice certain trades. few states allowed them to serve on a jury. Basically, aspects of slavery were simply being restored in another guise.

The Constitution was ratified:

despite a close vote in Massachusetts

Patronage democracy

developing system in which local party officials give contracts and jobs to people who are loyal to their party

If poor southern whites seemed lazy it was likely because of:

dietary deficiencies and diseases likehookworm

Pickney's Treaty

diplomatic victory for US under Washington/Federalist era, aided expansionism

What happened as the more complex industrial economy of the 19th century matured?

economic production came to be increasingly separated from the home, and the home in turn became a refuge from the outside would

Nativist causes

efforts by the Republican party to limit immigration and employment of immigrants, emphasis on "American" language

Rutherford B. Hayes

elected President in 1876, from Ohio, "party of morality"

Hamilton's Plan

emphasized capitalism & nationalism; necessity of some national debt, promoted National Bank but in doing so created sectionalism (north vs. south)

Edmond Genet:

encouraged Americans to attack Spanish territory on the frontier

The Peace of Paris in 1763

ended French power in North America.

The Treaty of Ghent:

ended the war

The rapid expansion of the cotton belt in the South:

ensured that the region became more dependent on enslaved black workers

The Amalgamated Association of iron and Steel Workers

established in 1876; excluded unskilled steelworkers and did not organize the larger steel plants

Federal Trade Commission

established in 1914 by Wilson to enforce existing anti-trust laws that prohibited business combinations in restraint of trade. It had the power to issue cease and desist orders

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

example of Hayes strategy in dealing with economic issues, sends in federal troops

Harriet Beecher Stowe's book, Uncle Tom's Cabin:

exposed the dark side of southern culture

When Britain and France went to war in 1793, the United States:

expressed neutrality, warning Americans not to aid either side

Half-Breeds

faction of the Republican party, not totally loyal to Grant or reforming the spoils system, led by Senator James G. Blaine from Maine

Transcendentalism

faith in human intuition, self-reliance, nonconformity

"Salutary neglect" described British policy toward French and Spanish colonial efforts in America before the wars for empire

false

After 1725, Britain's policy toward her American colonies became more careful, coordinated, and intense.

false

Among colonists in America, the birthrate dropped and the death rate rose.

false

By 1750, about half of the colonists lived in cities.

false

Pontiac's Rebellion helped eliminate French influence in the Ohio River

false

Puritans in New England protected their livestock by keeping them in pens.

false

The Scotch-Irish were Protestants who immigrated directly from Scotland

false

The town was the basic form of settlement in early Virginia.

false

Farmers' Alliances

farm organizations that encouraged social and recreational opportunities for farmers and also political action

Whiskey Rebellion

farmers don't like whiskey taxes (under Federalist government), rebel

In regard to land policy, Hamilton and the Federalists:%

favored high land prices that would slow western settlement

In 1840, the Whigs:

feared splitting their party and hence had no platform

John Marshall

federalist chief justice, set many precedents; incl. judicial review in Marbury vs. Madison

Grimke Sisters%

female abolitionists not allowed to take part in movement, causes ideological schism

Mary Elizabeth (Yellin') Lease

female leader of the farm protest movement

What were typical conditions for the insane before 1800?

few hospitals provided care for the mentally ill, who were usually confined at home with hired keepers or in jails or almshouses.

What characterized Southerners?

fierce independence, suspicions of government authority, an overwhelming identifying with the Jacksonian Democratic party, and evangelical Protestantism

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

first major interstate strike in American history; resulted because of cut wages in major rail lines; the two main things it showed was the strength of the union and the need for tighter organization. After this strike, it was said that "This may be the beginning of a great civil war in the country between labor and capital."

Keys to economic development in New England were

fishing and shipping industries

What did Both Stanton and Anthony do after the Civil war?

focus on demands for women's suffrage

What did the growth of lucrative cash crops do in the South?

foster the plantation system and its dependence on slavery

American Railway Union

founded by Eugene V. Debs

Sears, Roebuck and Company

founded by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck; they created a catalog filled with groceries, drugs, tools, iceboxes, stoves, sporting goods, clothes, shoes, books, etc.; the catalog helped to create a national market and to change the lives of millions of people (because now families living in areas that were not near markets, could now receive new products). The Sears catalogs became the second most widely read book in the nation after the Bible.

Joseph Smith:

founded the Mormon Church in western New York

All of the following statements about the American Colonization Society are trueEXCEPT:

free black leaders supported it

In the early nineteenth century, the fastest growing segment of the population was: Answer

free blacks

The case of John Peter Zenger in 1735 involved

freedom of the press

Ferdinand de Lesseps

from 1881 to 1887 he headed a French company that built the Suez Canal and between 1859 and 1869 they had spent nearly $3000 million and some 20,000 lives to dig less than 1/3 of the canal in Panama (which was under Columbian control at the time). He desperately wanted the US to take over the canal project

Opposition to Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey was strongest among:

frontier farmers

Contrabands

fugitive runaway slaves that began to turn up in the Union army camps, often they were put to work in the camps or set free, the Union needed to decided what to do with blacks, can they fight?, how should they be fed and or supported?

Which of the following was not a part of the "masculine" culture of the Old Southwest's frontier?

gender equality

The plantation mistress:

generally confronted a double standard in terms of moral and sexual behavior

Small farmers in the South:

generally supported white supremacy

The War of 1812:

generated intense patriotic pride

Bonanza Farms

gigantic farms in Minnesota, North and South Dakota, and California which used new machinery to mass produce and process crops.

The Homestead Works at Pittsburgh

good relations with Carnegie's company until Henry Clay Frick became president

Robert la Follette

governor of Wisconsin who promoted the principle of government by experts, advocated progressivism and established a Legislative Reference Bureau to provide research, advice, and help in the drafting of legislation. "Wisconsin Idea" of efficient government was widely publicized. He push for reforms such as the: direct primary, stronger railroad regulation, the conservation of natural resources, and workmen's compensation programs

The South's population:

had a high proportion of native-born, both black and white

Jefferson's election in 1800:

had to be settled by the House of Representatives

"Enumerated" goods were ones that

had to be shipped to England or her colonies.

When in 1855 a slave named Celia killed her sexually abusive master, she was:

hanged

Jay Gould

he purchased rundown railroad, make minor changes, and then sell these railroads for money. During all of this, he used corporate funds for his own internal benefit as well as for bribes. After taking New York's Erie Railroad and then being kicked out, he moved to western railroads where he ruined practically every railroad for his own economic gain.

: Unlike the French and Spanish, the English

held their colonies with less control

One key element of Hamilton's program to encourage manufacturing was his proposal for:

high protective tariffs

The Anti-Masonic party was the first to:

hold a national nomination convention

What did the leaders of the women's rights movements do from 1850 until the Civil War?

hold annual conventions, deliver lectures, and circulate petitions

Wilmot Proviso

idea of David Wilmot, approved annexation of Texas as a slave state but any other territories from Mexico would be free

Navigation Act of 1817

importation from West Indies was now a US business w/o British middlemen

Morrill Tariff

imports and excise taxes place on manufactures and the practice of nearly every profession in order to help fund the civil war

American Anti-Imperialist League

in 1899 the anti-imperialist groups combined to creat this group, attracting members who mainly belonged to an older generation, such as Andrew Carnegie and Samuel Gompers. "The drive for imperialism had caused the nation to puke up its ancient sole" - Jillian James. It represented a point of view in opposition to the expansionist acquisition tendencies inspired by the war with Spain, the group argued that acquisition of other territories would undermine democracy and the traditional American principles of isolationism and self government

Boxer Rebellion

in 1900 a group of Chinese nationalists known to the western world as Boxers, rebelled against foreign encroachments on China and laid siege to foreign embassies in Peking, an international expedition of British, German, Russian, Japanese, and American forces quelled the rebellion 6 weeks later and agreed to settle for an indemnity from China of approximately $333 million

Square Deal

in 1902 Roosevelt endorsed this. It called for enforcement of existing anti-trust laws, and stricture control on big businesses. He didn't want to break up all big businesses, just harmful ones. It also wanted honest federal government administration. Control of Corporations, Consumer Protection and Conservation of Natural Resources

Anthracite Coal Strike

in 1902 members of the United Mine Workers walked off the job in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, demanding a 20% wage increase, a reduction in dialy hours from 10 to 9 and official recognition of the union by the mine owners. The owners refused and shut down the mines in an effort to starve out the miners, many who were Eastern European Immigrants. Since the strike wasn't violent Roosevelt didn't send in troops. Roosevelt did however demand that the mine be reopened for the public good (because it was winter time and people needed the coal for heat) and brought union members and mine owners to the White House for a compromise. The miners won a 9 hour work day, a 10% wage increase but no union recognition

Great White Fleet

in 1907, Roosevelt celebrated America's rise to the status of a world power by sending the entire US Navy ( by then only 2nd to the British Fleet) on a grand tour around the world, set off rousing celebrations, around the world at every port. It came back into American waters in 1909 just in time to close out Roosevelt's presidency on a note of success

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

in 1911 a fire broke out at this company's warehouse in NYC in which 146 people, mostly young women died because the owner kept the stairway doors locked to prevent theft. This incident caused stricter building codes and factory inspection acts. It also caused a series of worker compensation laws to be enacted

Russo-Japanese War

in February 1904 the Japanese feared that Russians threatened their ambitions in China and Korea and launched a surprise attack that devastated the Russian Fleet. The Japanese then occupied Korea and drove the Russians back into Manchuria but neither side could score the final victory and neither wanted to prolong the war. Roosevelt offered to mediate their conflict and he sponsored a peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire

Where were the 12 richest counties in the US by 1860?

in the South

Where did yeomen farmers dominate the social structure?

in the backcountry and mountainous regions of the South where there were few planters

Deists:

included Founding Fathers such as Jefferson and Franklin

President Jefferson's cabinet:

included Madison as secretary of state

What characterized the Lower South?

increased dependence on cotton production and slave labor

Shays's Rebellion was led by:

indebted farmers

Independent National Party (Greenback)

independent political movement created in 1875, support of paper money

The People's Party (Populist)

independent political party

Jay's Treaty:

infuriated Republicans for its concessions to the British

How did the South respond to the American Anti-Slavery propaganda campaign?

infuriated southern slaveholders called for state and federal laws to prevent the distribution of anti-slavery literature.

Dorothea Lynde Dix directed her reform efforts at:

insane asylums

Relations between the French and the Indians involved

intermarriage and integration.

Thomas Alva Edison

invented the phonograph (1877) and the incandescent lightbulb (1879). He also perfected many inventions including | storage battery, Dictaphone, mimeograph, electric motor, electric transmission, and the motion picture. The important idea he donated was the importance of "research and development." The Western Union, after turning down the opportunity to buy Bell's telephone, encouraged Edison to improve this device.

Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone in 1876

Bell Telephone Company

invented to promote Bell's invention of the telephone.

Stamp Act

issued by Grenville, tax that would hurt newspapers, lawyers, and merchants (worse people for England to alienate); was never passed due to colonial resistance

What was Brook Farm like?

it attracted excited attention and hundreds of visitors; its residents shared tasks and organized functions

What was "A Treatise on Domestic Economy"?

it became a best-selling guide proscribing the domestic sphere for women and the leading handbook for the cult of domesticity

What did the Temperance Union's decision to ban all alcohol do?

it caused moderates to abstain from the temperance movement

What did the American Anti-Slavery Society that was financed by the Tappans do?

it created a national network of newspapers, offices, chapters (virtually all of them affiliated with a local church), and activists. It stressed that slaveholding was a heinous crime in God's sight and that slavery should be abolished immediately. It organized a barrage of propaganda for its cause and flooded the South with anti-slavery pamphlets and newspapers in 1835

All of the following are true of the Louisiana Purchase EXCEPT:%

it was clearly constitutional

All of the following are true of Brook Farm EXCEPT:

it was long lasting

Jefferson's inauguration was notable for:

its being the first in Washington, D.C.

The most notable aspect of the British assault upon Baltimore was:

its inspiration for the eventual national anthem

Mother Jones

joined the Knights of Labor as an organizer and public speaker; she became the speaker for the United Mine Workers, other unions, and the Socialist party. She wanted higher wages, shorter hours, safer workplaces, and restrictions on child labor.

A major goal of the Navigation Acts was to

keep the shipping trade with the colonies under English control

The slave revolt led by Nat Turner:%

killed more than 50 whites before its suppression

The development of southern industry:

lagged behind the North

Land Ordinance of 1785

laid foundation for American land policy; divided ceded lands into 640 acre sections to be sold (which favored land speculators)

Two ways the colonies differed from Europe:

land was cheap and labor expensive

James A. Garfield

last-minute Republican nomination for President in the 1880 election

The Stamp Act most directly affected

lawyers and other articulate groups, who could arouse the population.

Nicholas Biddle

leader of Bank of the United States, wanted to show its importance by causing a depression

Emilio Aguinaldo

led Filipino insurrectionalists against the Spanish at Manila Bay, helping the US get control over the Philippine Islands. He had been promised control of an independent government but the US decided the Philippines were worth too much

According to "progressive" historians, Jackson:

led a vast democratic movement against the abuses of the "Monster" bank

Bolsheviks

led by Lenin, they seized power in Russia shortly after the Czar was overthrown. (first there was a republic)

John Brown

led raid of army arsenal in 1859 to try to arm slaves; rebellion was put down

John Winthrop

led the Massachusetts Bay Company; was a lawyer animated by profound religious convictions; wanted to use the colony as a refuge for persecuted Puritans

Brigham Young:

led the Mormons to Utah

Theodore Roosevelt

led the Rough Riders at the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba. He was the President who helped transform the role of the US in world affairs after the Spanish-American war, stretching both the Constitution and executive power to the limit, as well as attacking trust and advocating conservation (especially in natural resources and wilderness). He served as president from 1901 to 1909 and ran for president again in 1912 under the Bull Moose Party

The most democratic colonial institution was

local taverns

Tories

loyalists who sided with the British in the Revolution

National Labor Union (NLU)

made up of congresses of delegates from labor and reform groups that wanted political and social reforms (ex. eight-hour workday, workers' cooperatives, greenbackism, equal rights for women and African Americans). Although it fell apart in 1872, it did persuade Congress to put into practice an eight-hour workday and to repeal the 1864 Contract Labor Act.

What did Ferguson threaten to do in Carolina?

march over the Blue Ridge Mountains and hang the mostly Scots-Irish patriot leaders and destroy their farms

what did the women's rights movement struggle from?

meager funds and opposition from anti-feminist women and men

Thomas Jefferson believed that a large federal debt would:

mean high taxes and public corruption

The colonial population increased more rapidly than that of England because

men and women married at an earlier age in the colonies than in England

Second Industrial Revolution

mid-19th century; mainly in the United States and Germany; helped to create the society into a modern urban-industrial form; focused on three main developments | interconnected national transportation and communication network (helped create the national and international market for American goods), electricity, and scientific advancements.

The plan presented by Reverend Cutler of the Ohio Company was to settle the Northwest with:

military veterans

What characterized the Middle South?

more diversified agricultural economies and large areas without slavery

Central Pacific work crew

mostly Chinese workers who came to America first to exploit the California gold rush and then to get railroad jobs. They were sometimes referred to as "coolie" laborers. They wanted to gain some money from their railroad job, then return to China where they could form a family and purchase land. Because of this, they were more willing than American workers to work in dangerous conditions and be paid less (this may have spurred on some of the anti-Chinese emotions...Sand-Lot Incident).

Union Pacific work crew

mostly ex-soldiers, former slaves, and Irish and German immigrants. While constructing, they had to face bad roads, water shortages, varying weather conditions, and Indian attacks

Temperance Crusade

movement to stop alcohol consumption, partly motivated by religion

Where was Valley Forge?

near Philadelphia

Taft-Katsura Agreement

negotiated by Taft (during Roosevelt's presidency) and Japan's foreign minister in July 1905. The US accepted Japanese control of Korea and Japan disavowed any designs on the Philippines

The Constitution was to be considered ratified as soon as it had been approved by:

nine of the states

What did the temperance absolutists want?

no compromise with "Demon Rum" and resolved that liquor was evil and ought to be prohibited by law

All of the following statements about southern free blacks are true EXCEPT:

no women were among them

How many states joined South Carolina in repudiating the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832?

none

Carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved to the south in order to gain power in the occupied territories and served as republican leaders forced upon the population during reconstruction

Copperheads

northerners who opposed the Civil war and the abolitionist cause, strongest in Ohio, Indian, and Illinois

What were the only jobs open to educated women in the first half of the 19th century?

nursing and teaching

salutary neglect

o-called system by which the Board of Trade became chiefly an agency of political patronage, and lax in its enforcement of trade relations.

What issues did reformers tackle?

observance of the Sabbath, dueling, crime and punishment, prison and mental health reform, the hours and conditions of work, poverty, vice, care of the disabled, pacifism, foreign missions, temperance, women's rights, and abolition of slavery

Jones Act

of 1917 it granted US citizenship tot eh resident of Puerto Rico and made both houses of the Puerto Rican legislature elective

Neutrality in the conflict between England and France attracted Americans because:

of a lucrative trade with both sides

What did William Cobbett note in 1819?

one could "go into hardly any man's house without being asked to drink wine or spirits, even in the morning"

Gifford Pinchot

one of the country's first scientific foresters, appointed by President Roosevelt in 1881 as the chief of the newly created Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture; worked to develop programs and public interest in conservation, but was fired in 1910 by President Taft after exposing a supposed scandal involving western Conservation land in what became known as the Ballinger-Pinchot controversy

Colored Farmers' National Alliance

organization to help African-American farmers

Denis Kearney

organized the Workingmen's Party of California; wanted to end Chinese immigration; was angry at the "rich railroad barons for exploiting the poor."

Under the Articles of Confederation western lands would be:%

owned by the national government

Joseph Pulitzer

owner of New York World, and competed with Hearst for readers. He used yellow journalism. He later created the Pulitzer Price to award accurate and good journalism that didn't use the exaggerations yellow journalism did

George Pullman

owner of the Pullman Palace Car Company; laid off 3,000 of the 5,800 employers and cut wages from 25 to 40 percent. Led to the Pullman Strike after he fired three members of a workers' grievance committee.

In the British colonies in the 1700s,

ownership of property was required for voting. Etc.........

Fugitive Slave Act

part of Compromise of 1850, favors slave catchers, provides temptation for people to catch free blacks, not many are ever actually returned from the north

Payne Aldrich Tariff

passed by President Taft, a republican. It went against the traditional Republican ideology; Taft wanted to lower the tariff. By the time it was passed there were so many exceptions, in most cases it actually raises the tariff. Fearful of splitting the party he back the edited tariff and took the blame himself

Voter Registration Law

passed first by Oregon in 1899, part of the progressive era in which states adopted a series of reform measures

Platt Amendment

passed in 1901, it reserved the US's right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases such as Guantanamo Bay on the island. It also said that Cuba could never sign a tre4aty with another country and that it could only have debt that its government could pay. It said that the US could intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence

Pure Food and Drug Act

passed in 1906, it was the first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; it prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling of foods and drugs

Mann-Elkins Act

passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings

Foraker Act

passed in April 1900, establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico and levying a temporary duty on imports from Puerto Rico. Residents of the island were citizens of Puerto Rico but not the US

The colonies´ main economic problem involved

paying for imported goods

The Tonnage Act of 1789:

placed higher tonnage duties on foreign vessels

Republicans

political party attracting Protestants of British descent, New England and New York and the Midwest, supported by African Americans and Union veteran

Patronage

practice of distributing public offices and favors to keep the support of business owners

Dollar Diplomacy

practiced by the Taft administration. Taft encouraged bankers and investors in the US to 'aid' Latin American countries by going in and buying up as much of the infrastructures as possible so that when problems occurred, the US government could send in US troops while saying it was to protect US business interests

Members of the Shaker community:

practiced celibacy and owned everything in common

Samuel Gompers

present of the AFL from 1886 to his death in 1924; unlike the Knights of Labor he was more concerned with economic gains (higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions) than political or utopian ideas.

The movie Gone with the Wind:

presents a mythic view of the Old South

John Tyler

president, moved Democrat to Whig, expelled from Whigs for vetoing bank bill and left partyless

In regard to religion, the Constitution

prevents Congress from establishing an official religion

Minutemen

private colonists who independently organized to form well-prepared militia companies

In response to South Carolina's tariff nullification, Jackson:

privately threatened to hang Calhoun

What did the feminist movement recruit?

prominent male champions, such as Emerson, Walt Whitman, and Garrison

The United States departed from the colonial policies of Great Britain by:

promising equal statehood to all unsettled western territory

At the Hartford Convention, delegates:

proposed a series of constitutional amendments to limit Republican influence in government

The Pendleton Act

proposed by "Gentleman George" Pendleton, attempt to reform government

The Indian Removal Act of 1830:

proposed moving Indian tribes to areas west of the Mississippi River

The attitude of the Federalists toward western land sales was produced by their desire to:%

protect their political base in the East

"Coxey's Army"

protest group of railroad workers

What were asylums?

public institutions dedicated to the treatment and cure of social ills

Who was Garrison?%

publisher of "The Liberator" in Boston, who advocated immediate abolition; he became the nation's most fervent, principled and unyielding foe of slavery in the 1830s

Horace Mann

pushed for better public education

Most of the utopian communities of the early nineteenth century:

quickly became failures

William Lloyd Garrison%

radical abolitionist, advocated full equality

McKinley tariff of 1890

raised tariffs on manufactured goods higher than ever

Deism

rational religion in which god built universe but left it to its own devices

Aaron Montgomery Ward

realized that he could communicate with more people through mail rather than foot and at the same time decrease the retail price of goods by eliminating the middlemen. In the 1870s, he founded the Montgomery Ward and Company, which started selling goods at 40% discount through mail-order catalogs.

The rise of Romanticism indicated:

recognition of the limits of science and reason

The emergence of political parties:

reflected basic philosophical differences between Jefferson and Hamilton

Dorothy Dix

reformed mental asylums

Prison reformers of the early 1800s saw a major objective of the penitentiary as:

rehabilitation

Nativism

rejection of foreigners/immigrants to preserve native culture

The Revenue Act of 1767 posed a major threat to the colonists because it

relieved colonial officials of financial dependence on colonial assemblies.

First Great Awakening

religious revival in response to Enlightenment, new sects included Baptists, Methodists, and Mormons

Madison decided to support Hamilton's debt proposals in return for an agreement to:

relocate the nation capital southward

By 1790, the Indians:

remained a powerful threat to western settlement

The impact of African culture on slave culture:

remained evident in African American culture long after slavery ended

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

replaces Bland-Allison Act of 1878, requires Treasury to purchase a certain amount of silver each month

The Specie Circular:

required gold or silver payment for public lands

The first Supreme Court

required its justices to serve on circuit courts as well

According to the Constitution, the president has the authority to do all the following EXCEPT:

resign and choose his successor

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (A.K.A the Grange)

response to farmers' isolation, v. high fees charged by more influential people

Tariff of 1828

restricted cotton sales to Britain and France, angered South Carolina, leading to nullification crisis

The British attack on Baltimore's Fort McHenry:

resulted in a bombardment that did not force the fort's surrender

After the Revolutionary War, American trade with Britain:

resumed

The effect of the appointment of Edward Randolph as collector of customs in Massachusetts was:

revocation of the charter of Massachusetts.

Whigs

revolutionaries who fought the British for independence

What were the social and economic changes that allowed a greater participation of women in social reform?

rise of an urban middle class offered affluent women more time to devote, because they could hire cooks and maids (often Irish immigrants)

On the question of women's rights, the proposed Constitution:

said nothing

The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution:

said that powers not specifically given to the national government remained with the states or the people

Star Route postal frauds

scheme by the Stalwarts to make contracts on convenient postal routes

Poor whites were often employed as

seasonal workers on yeoman farms

To President Jefferson, one major incentive to purchase Louisiana was to:

secure American access to the Mississippi River and New Orleans

Yellow Journalism

sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation war between Pulitzer's NY World and Heart's NY Journal in the 1890's. The papers' accounts of the events in Havana Harbor (Maine the ship blown up) in 1898 led directly to the Spanish American War by rallying public opinions to extremes

What did this new idea of the home as a refuge from the outside world foster?

separate and distinct functions for men and women-the cult of domesticity that idealized a woman's moral role in civilizing husband and family

In America, one significant effect of the Glorious Revolution was to

set a precedent for overthrowing a king.

Dependent Pension Act

signed by Harrison, doubled pension rolls between 1889 and 1893

Treaty of Hopewell

signed in 1785 to confirm Cherokee boundaries, which were not to include South Carolina, and only very small portions of mountainous North Carolina, Kentucky, and Virginia

What distinguished a plantation from a farm?

size, the use of a large slave force under separate supervision that grew primarily staple crops, and a clear distinction between management and labor

Martin Van Buren was known as the "Little Magician" due to his:

skill as a professional politician

By the 1840s, newspapers:

skyrocketed in circulation

What happened that showed that Southern attitudes about cotton's invincibility were erroneous?

slackening of the world demand for cotton as the expansion of British textiles ended by 1860

What were yeomen?

small farmers who lived with their families in simple cabins, raised a few livestock, raised some corn and cotton, and traded with their neighbors more than they bought from stores

The witchcraft hysteria of the 1690s was probably caused by

social strains in the Massachusetts colony.

American Colonization Society

society with a fair amount of (white) support that advocated return of free blacks to Africa

Jefferson's Embargo Act:

sought to stop all American exports

George Fitzhugh's major pro-slavery argument was that:

southern slavery was better for workers than the "wage slavery" of northern industry

South was probably caused by: The frequency of dueling in the

southerners' exalted sense of honor

Hamilton's plan to fund the national debt at its full face value would most benefit:

speculators

First Industrial Revolution

started in Great Britain in the late 18th century; centered around three new developments | coal-powered steam engine, textile machines (spinning thread and weaving cloth), and blast furnaces to produce iron; helped increase the growth of the early American economy.

Pet banks were:

state banks that received federal government deposits

For the first time, Parliament enacted duties primarily to raise revenue in the colonies with the

sugar act

Plantation mistresses:

supervised the domestic household

What tasks did the mistress of a plantation do?

supervised the domestic household and managed the slaves

The "Old Republicans," led by John Randolph:

supported an agrarian society

Prohibitionism

supported by the Republican party, a movement to ban alcohol

Sharecropping

system, which black favoured soon after the Civil War, in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

All of the following factors contributed to the panic of 1837 EXCEPT the:

tariff of 1835, which had lowered duties to dangerous levels

Tonnage Act of 1789

taxes paid for the amount of tons a ship is carrying as a park of Hamilton's tariffs. American Importing goods paid 6 cents per ton. American built, foreign owned ships paid 30 cents per ton. Foreign ships - 50 cents per ton

political mediocrity

term categorizing politics after the Civil War in which both parties (Democrats and Republicans) refused to handle pressing issues

Mugwumps

term coined by the New York Sun, came to mean unreliable Republicans, mostly located in major cities and at universities, opposed to tariffs, v. coining more silver, v. regulating railroads, v. excessive democracy

Rough Riders

the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry, led in battled in the Spanish-American war by Roosevelt. They only fought in the battle at San Juan Hill, they took the hill ( mostly because of two black units) and Roosevelt used the notoriety to aid his political career

As a result of Jay's Treaty:

the British agreed to evacuate their northwest posts by 1796

Merrimack/Virginia v Monitor

the Confederates captured the iron clad ship the Merrimack and rechristened it the Virginia and used it to attack Union ships, The Union Monitor fought it at Hampton Roads, VA in March 1862, it was a draw, and the first battle between ironclad ships, made no impact on the war

election of 1808

the Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804.

In foreign affairs, Americans became deeply divided in the 1790s over

the French Revolution

Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian Queen who tried to eliminate white control in the Hawaiian government. The white population revolted and seized power. Under McKinley Hawaii was annexed

One reason the American Colonization Society acquired the land in West Africa that eventually became the country of Liberia was:

the Society saw it as a place to transport potentially troublesome free blacks and freed slaves

What was the most distinctive region in the US in the first half of the 19th century?

the South

conquistadores

the Spanish soldier-adventurers who invaded Mexico and Peru in the 16th century, received no pay and risked their lives for a share in the plunder

What was the response to Garrisonians position over women's rights?%

the Tappan's and their supporters walked out of the convention and formed the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, because they either were anti-feminist or were afraid of weakening their efficacy by embracing too many reforms at once

The greatest support for the declaration of war in 1812 came from:

the agricultural regions from Pennsylvania southward and westward

The focus on cotton and other cash crops has obscured the degree to which:

the antebellum South fed itself from its own fields

Herbert Croly

the author of Roosevelt's New Nationalism platform int eh election of 1912

Louis D. Brandeis

the author of Wilson's New Freedom int eh election of 1912. He was a progressive lawyer, Other People's Money and How Banker's Use it, he was the first Jewish member appointed tot eh Supreme Court

Electoral College

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president, dictated by state law which universally began to be dictated by a popular vote instead of legislature cogitation

Slaves forced to migrate to the Old Southwest were particularly despondent over:

the breakup of family ties that resulted from the migration

What was the response to the Grimké's unconventional behavior?%

the chairman of the Connecticut society prohibited women from speaking while he was moderator, and Catharine Beecher told the sisters they should limit their activities to the domestic circle

Elastic Clause

the clause in the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers

The Spanish failed to create thriving colonies in North America because

the colonization leaders were more concerned with military and religious exploitation than with developing strong economic bases for the growth of the colonies.ETC....................

Fourteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no STATE shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." It also made all confederate debts void

The Trail of Tears resulted in:

the death of thousands of Indians

The Peggy Eaton affair revealed:

the destructive gossip of the Washington social scene

One serious economic problem under the Articles of Confederation was:%

the differing tariff policies of the states

In regard to state debts, Hamilton proposed that:

the federal government take them over

Gettysburg

the first and only battle in the North, it occurred in PA in July 1863, Lee was hoping that winning a battle in the north would get the British and French's support, the South's defeat spelled the end of their chances in the war, The Gettysburg Address by Lincoln linked the Declaration and the Constitution, it said that the Constitution must be used to support the Declarations ideals, it stressed reconciliation not vengeance

Fort Sumter

the first battle of the Civil War, in which the federal fort in Charleston Harbor SC was captured by the Confederates on April 14, 1861; Lincoln wanted to keep hold o the federal forts and the fort needed supplies so he notified the SC governor that he was sending supplies, the Confederates decided not to let them resupply the for t and attacked, it was a clever strategy by Lincoln, so that technically the South fired the first shots

Battle of Bull Run

the first battle of the Civil War, it took place on July 2, 1861 at Manassas Junction, VA at which surprised Union troops retreated, it showed that the war was not going to be one quick clean battle

Internal Revenue Act of 1862

the first income tax, at this point it is not constitutional but Lincoln uses the war time powers for this, it is to raise money for the civil war

The nature of work was transformed for numerous Americans by: Answer

the growing factory system

Florence Kelly

the head of the National Consumers League who spearheaded the progressive crusade to regulate the hours of work for women. Many states outlawed night work and labor in dangerous occupations of women and children

All the following might be used to explain the South's distinctiveness EXCEPT:

the high proportion of immigrants that comprised the overall southern population

In the Battle of Tippecanoe:

the hope of an Indian confederation to protect their hunting grounds was ended

Initiative and Referendum

the initiative was a procedure that allowed voters to enact laws directly if a designated number of voters petitioned to have a measure put on the ballot. It was first adopted by South Dakota in 1898. The referendum was a procedure that allowed the electorate to vote on an initiative up or down. It was first adopted in South Dakota in 1898 and was part of the progressive era which wanted an increase in democracy

what did the Romantic impulse often include?

the liberal belief that people are innately good and capable of improvement

Why did the South attract few immigrants?

the main shipping lines went from Europe to northern ports, and the prospect of competing with slave labor deterred immigrants

The greatest ethnic diversity occured

the middle colonies

What things were prohibited or limited to women?

the ministry, higher education (limited); women could not serve on juries, vote, and often had no control over their property, or children. Women also could not make a will, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without their husbands permission

Who was Harriet Tubman?

the most celebrated runaway slave who made 19 trips back south to help 300 slaves escape

Anti-Saloon League

the most successful political action group that forced the prohibition issue into the forefront of the state and local elections and pioneered the strategy of the single-issue pressure group. It got a prohibition amendment passed by Congress in 1919

Direct Primary

the nomination of candidates by the vote of party members, after South Carolina adopted the first statewide primary in 1896, the movement spread within two decades to nearly every state. Part of the progressive era which wanted more democracy

Frederick W. Taylor

the original 'efficiency expert' who in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficiency- efficient management of production, time, and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment. He promised to reduce waste through careful analysis of the labor process. He prescribed the best technique for the average worker and established detailed performance standards for each job classification.

New nationalism

the platform of the Progressive Party and slogan of former president Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912. It stressed government activism, including regulation of trusts, conservation, and recall of state court decisions that had nullified progressive programs. It met Populists demands. It included federal regulatory laws, social welfare programs, new measures for direct democracy, not to revolutionize the political system but to save it from the threat of a revolution. It was created by Herbert Croly and included women's suffrage, social insurance and minimum wage laws.

Republicans%

the political party opposed to the Federalists led by Madison and Jefferson. Followers promoted decentralized central gov. and a strict interpretation of the Constitution

Chief Powhatan

the powerful chief of numerous Algonquian-speaking villages in eastern Virginia. He developed a lucrative trade with the English colonists.

The major reason the South did not industrialize was that:

the profitability of plantation slavery reduced the motivation to industrialize

Appomattox

the site of surrender of the Confederate general Lee to Union general Grant in April 1865, marking the end of the Civil War, his surrender prevent several more years of guerilla war, Grant was lenient- the idea of reconciliation not vengeance, the south could keep its horses and the generals could keep their guns

The Federalist argued that:%

the size and diversity of the large new country would make it impossible for any one faction to control the government

What was the most numerous class of Southern whites?

the small farmers (yeomen)

A good market in England and a trend toward large-scale production characterized the economy in

the southern colonies

The "mongrel tariff" of 1883

the tariff resulting from the suggestions of the Tariff Commission and logrolling, provided different tariffs for different goods, slight rate reduction but also increased tariff on some goods

Inslure Cases

the temporary duty on imports from Puerto Rico was challenged state that it was a part of the US. The Cases provided that the Constitution does not follow the flag (US territories abroad) unless congressed extended it to those possessions. These cases occurred after the Foraker Act established the tariffs.

Treaty of Paris

the treaty signed by the US and the Spanish in December 1898, ending the Spanish-American War but leaving the question of Philippine independence open. The US paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. The US gained the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, part of the Samoa Islands and Wake Island and Cuba became independent

Fourteen Points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a League of Nations

The most profitable slaveholding area of the British Empire by 1675 was

the west indies

Where did the urge for social reform come from?

the widespread sense of spiritual zeal and moral mission which drew upon the growing faith in human perfectibility promoted by both revivalists and Romantic idealists (e.g. the transcendentalists)

Philippe Bunau Varilla

the wily representative of the French company building the Panama Canal, he helped Panama rebel against Colombia and become and independent country and then negotiate a treat with the US that made the canal zone 10 miles wide for $10 million down and $250,000 a year

Election of 1912

there were 4 candidates: Taft (Republican), Wilson (Democrat), Debs (Socialists), and Roosevelt (Bull Moose Party). Wilson won due to a split in the Republican Party of those who supported Taft and those who joined Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party. Its significance lies in that Progressivism dominated, there were presidential primaries, it was the most votes a Socialist ever got, Democrats gained power for the first time since the Civil War, there was a Southern in office again, and the Republican became the conservative party

After Shays's Rebellion:

there were numerous calls promoting a stronger central government

Why did the British decide to refocus their efforts on the South at the end of 1778?

they believed a large dormant Loyalist sentiment existed in the South

what happened to the strategies to abolish slavery in 1830?

they changed from their original efforts of promoting a gradual end to slavery (by prohibiting it in new western territories and encouraging owners to free their slaves by manumission) to immediate abolition everywhere

What was the common practice concerning women speakers during the first half of the 19th century

they could address audiences comprised only of women

What did white planters from the Lower South do as the dollar value of a slave soared?

they lead efforts to transplant slavery into the new western territories, voted for secession, and in 1861, formed the Confederate States of America.

Slaves living in southern cities had a much different experience than those on farms because:

they were able to interact with an extended interracial community

What was Arnold's plot?

to sell out West Point to the British and suggest how to capture George Washington

In Worcester v. Georgia, the Marshall court:

took the side of the Cherokees

township

town

Logrolling

trading of votes to benefit different legislators' local interests, practice used by Congress to stop a reduction of the tariff

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

treaty of 1850 in which the British agreed to acquire no more Central American territory and the US join them in agreeing to build or fortify a canal only by mutual consent

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

treaty to end Mexican American War, Mexico gives up Texas, California, US pays $50 million

Benjamin Franklin was the most significant figure in the Enlightenment in America.

true

During most of the eighteenth century, South Carolina had a black majority.

true

Jonathan Edwards's most famous sermon was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

true

Most settlers were young, poor males who arrived alone.

true

The Half-Way Covenant allowed baptized children of Puritan church members to become "half-way" members, who, even though they could not vote or take Communion, could have their own children baptized.

true

The Mennonites were one immigrant group among many from Germany who became known as "Pennsylvania Dutch

true

The catalyst of the Great Awakening in America was a young English preacher, George Whitefield.

true

The leader of the British government during the French and Indian War was William Pitt

true

How may penitentiaries like Auburn existed by 1840?

twelve

Unitarianism and Universalism

two similar new, rational denominations, benevolent god, no predestination

Cornelius Vanderbilt (Commodore)

unlike his counter partners, he was seen as a "saint." He directed one of the first major eastern railroad constructions by connecting Albany and Buffalo, New York, creating the Erie Railroad, however he was unable to purchase the increasing in value Erie stock. He later expanded into the Chicago market.

Trust

used for centralized control of business.

In his debate with Jefferson over the national bank's constitutionality, Hamilton:

used the doctrine of implied powers

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

v. activities that would limit trade such as contracts, monopolies, alliances, etc....

John Locke's theories

viewed government as a guardian of people's natural rights. etc!!!

Thomas Jefferson considered Andrew Jackson unfit for the presidency due to his:

violent temperament

convenant theory

voluntary union for the common worship of God and for the purposes of government.

Anti-Federalist leaders:%

wanted a Bill of Rights to protect individuals from the new government

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

wanted to bring back industrial unionism; it centered in the Western Federation at Butte, Montana; many people joined who were against the AFL's idea of only having skilled workers; they wanted to get rid of the government and put in its place one big union (but did not specify how the union would be governed).

Eugene V. Debs

wanted to create an organization for all railway workers (skilled and unskilled) into the American Railway Union; organized the Social Democratic party

John Quincy Adams

wanted to strengthen government, cost him the support of his own party

Haywood

was against the AFL and its ideas; wanted one union "dedicated to a socialism 'with its working clothes on.'"

The Alien Act of 1798:

was aimed especially at French and Irish Republicans

Under President Adams, a war between the United States and France:

was an undeclared naval conflict

Articles of Confederation%

weak system of federal government created during the Revolution; allowed for strong state governments

Who could grow rice in the South?

wealthy planters in North and South Carolina and Georgia because rice needed to be flooded and required extensive capital

In 1840, most colleges:

were affiliated with churches

In 1840, American literacy rates:

were the highest in the Western world

Between 1800 and 1840, the nation's most dramatic population expansion occurred:

west of the Appalachians

Shays's Rebellion broke out in:

western Massachusetts

Jefferson's response to British and French interference with American shipping was

what he called a policy of "peaceable coercion"

What did Beecher argue?

while Beecher upheld high standards in women's education, she accepted the prevailing view that the "women's sphere" was at home, and argued that young women should be trained in the domestic arts

The Shawnee leader, Tecumseh:

worked to unite Indians in a vast confederacy

Amendments to the Constitution:

would be proposed by a two-thirds vote of Congress

Madison's Virginia Plan:

would create a two-house Congress

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

would have excluded Chinese immigrants to America for 20 years, vetoed by Arthur

1878 Bland-Allison Act

would have provided expansion of silver, vetoed by Hayes but passed by Congress

The 640-acre sections created in the Northwest:

would likely be bought by land speculators

Muckrakers

writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, bu7siness, meat-packing, child labor, and more. It occurred primarily in the first decade of the 20th century, their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interests in progressive reform and appealed to the publics' emotions. The name was given to them by Theodore Roosevelt

"The Gospel of Wealth"

written by Carnegie in 1889. He argues that in the evolution of society the difference between the millionaire and the laborer determines how far society has emerged. He wrote how good comes from increased wealth and that competition is good for trade because it allows for the production of the best good.

Upton Sinclair

wrote The Jungle in 1906 which portrayed the filthy conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry and led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act. President Roosevelt read the book and immediately had investigations and pushed for food regulations

Frederick Douglass:%

wrote a famous account of his life as a slave