Combo with "Chapter 3" and 13 others

Amerigo Vespucci

(1455-1512) Italian explorer who reached the New World in 1499 and was the first to suggest that South America was a new continent. Afterward, European mapmakers used a variant of his first name, America, to label the New World.

Oxygen color? taste? odor? supports life? flammability?

...

c

1. In a federal system a majority of governmental responsibilities are a. the sole responsibility of the federal government. b. under the complete authority of state governments. c. shared by both state and federal authorities. d. provided by local government agencies.

b

10. Why was Massachusetts's decision to recognize gay and lesbian marriages such a controversial issue of federalism? a. The law was found to be in violation of the Fifth Amendment. b. The Constitution requires all states to honor and recognize the official acts of other states. c. The act was an attempt to enforce restrictions against federal habeas corpus violations. d. Massachusetts did not obtain the approval of at least half of the other states before passing the law.

b

11. The __________ clause of the Constitution requires that states should normally recognize the laws, acts, and judicial decisions of other states. a. supremacy b. full faith and credit c. concurrent power d. double jeopardy

d

12. The privileges and immunities clause of Article IV is also referred to as the a. Bill of Rights. b. federalism clause. c. vesting clause. d. comity clause.

c

13. When Alaska passed a law in the 1970s that gave state residents preference over nonresidents in obtaining work on oil pipelines, this law violated the a. interstate commerce clause. b. full faith and credit clause. c. privileges and immunities clause. d. takings clause

a

14. What is the main purpose behind the privileges and immunities clause of Article IV? a. It prevents a state from discriminating against nonresidents. b. It compels each state to recognize the laws of other states. c. It requires all states to provide a uniform standard of benefits and entitlement. d. It states that the Bill of Rights applies to the actions of state governments, as well as the national government

a

15. If a state grants a city the ability to govern its own local affairs, this delegation of power is known as a. home rule. b. dual federalism. c. ostracism. d. separation of powers

d

16. Which level of government is not mentioned at all in the Constitution? a. international affairs b. federal government c. state government d. city government

b

17. Which of the following describes constitutionally permitted relationships between the states? a. No state may ever enter into a contract or agreement with another state. b. No state shall enter into a contract or agreement with another state without the approval of Congress. c. States may have treaties with either states or Indian reservations with the approval of Congress. d. The Senate controls all interstate relationships.

b

18. During the era of dual federalism, what was the primary goal of the federal government's domestic policies? a. to promote competition between the states b. to assist the development of commercial activity within and between the states c. to protect citizens from the abuses of state governments d. to keep the states from going to war with each other

b

19. Which level of government writes the majority of criminal laws? a. the national government b. the state governments c. the local governments d. the special districts

Bretton Woods Agreement

1944: international conference in Bretton Woods, NH that created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). The US largely controlled and funded these institutions, setting the stage for the US to be economic leader of the noncommunist world.

Baby-boom generation

1946-1964: spike in the birthrate in the postwar period. This increase was due to the number of returning soldiers marrying after the war, confidence in continued economic prosperity and popular culture. This wave of individuals impacted American life as they matured: causing first a spike in the purchases of baby items and a boom in school construction in the 1950s, a rise in college enrollments in the 1960s, then an increase in home construction in the 1970s, and a surge in retirement investments in the 1980s and 1990s.

Marshall Plan

1947: plan to offer massive U.S. financial assistance to encourage European recovery. Aimed to combat the devastation after the war (hunger and poverty) to prevent the success of communism. By 1952, it had contributed to the successful recovery of Western Europe and encouraged American trade and investment with Europe.

Truman Doctrine

1947: policy announced by Truman. Doctrine stated that it would be the US policy to assist free people everywhere resisting subjugation by armed minorities and by outside forces. Announced in response to Communist threats to Greece and Turkey.

Berlin Airlift

1948: US effort to supply West Berlin by air after the Soviet Union blocked all surface traffic into Berlin. US successfully supplied West Berlin through a massive airlift of food and fuel for months. Airlift highlighted American determination to stop Soviet aggression and American technical prowess. It also increased anti-Soviet feelings in the West.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

1949: military alliance including ten Western European nations, Canada and the United States, in which all countries pledged to defend each other if attacked. Alliance marked the formal end of America's long tradition of avoiding entangling alliances abroad.

NSC-68

1950: Document created by the National Security Council which emphasized the Soviet Union's aggressive intentions, territorial greed, and military strength. Document outlined a plan to counter Soviet aggression by increasing America's nuclear arsenal, vigorous covert action by the CIA, and increases in the defense budget so that the US could resist Communist expansion around the world.

Beats

1950s: nonconformist writers who expressed a fundamental revolt against middle-class society in their writing. They scorned the conformity, religion, family values and materialism of mainstream America. They glorified uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity in the search for the ultimate, authentic experience. Included the writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.

Elvis Presley

1950s: white rock star from Mississippi who melded Pentecostal music with the beat and sexual energy of rhythm-and-blues. His sexualized body movements attracted youth interested in having a culture separate from mainstream adult culture.

Operation Wetback

1953-1955: Program during the Eisenhower administration to deport millions of allegedly undocumented workers

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954: Supreme Court case overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson. Overturned more than sixty years of legal segregation. Court ruled that separate educational facilities for whites and blacks were inherently unequal and violated the 14th Amendment.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955: bus boycott in Montgomery AL in response to segregation of the city's bus system. Boycott lasted for more than a year; segregation only ended after the Supreme Court ordered desegregation. The boycott demonstrated African-American strength and determination. It proved that the native African-American population opposed segregation. The boycott elevated Martin Luther King Jr., a leader of the boycott, to national prominence.

Sputnik

1957: first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union. The successful launch of this satellite convinced many Americans that the US was losing the race for technological superiority. The failure of an American satellite, along with this successful launch, led President Eisenhower to increase funding for missile development, established a Science Advisory Committee, and eventually to create the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

Freedom Rides

1961: effort by reformers to call attention to the flouting of federal court decisions banning segregation in interstate transportation facilities. In response mobs beat the reformers repeatedly and burned their bus. The international publicity and indignation these attacks generated ultimately forced the Interstate Commerce Commission to require the desegregation of all interstate carriers and terminals.

The Other America

1962: book by Michael Harrington. It described how the poor were trapped in a vicious cycle of want and a culture of deprivation. It outlined how poor children started school disadvantaged and ended up with the same lack of skills or opportunities that plagued their parents.

American Indian Movement

1968: (AIM) militant Indian organization which worked for Indian rights. Among its goals was preventing police harassment of Indians in urban areas. Their actions included the occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco and the occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington. The group encouraged ethnic pride among Indians and a new assertiveness by Indian tribes to enforce long-ignored treaty rights.

c

4. The source of an implied power under the Constitution is the _________ clause. a. full faith and credit b. comity c. necessary and proper d. commerce

a

2. Over the course of American history, the federal government has grown __________ compared to the states. a. stronger b. weaker c. more expensive d. in tandem

b

20. How did the traditional system of dual federalism establish a "commercial republic"? a. The federal government passed laws forbidding any regulation of capitalism. b. The function of the federal government was to promote and assist commerce. c. Dual federalism established property-holding requirements for federal officeholders. d. The federal government was originally designed to regulate and control the marketplace.

d

21. How has the structure of federalism made way for the longevity of the U.S. government? a. It has allowed for many divisive policy decisions to be made by states, rather than the national government. b. It has kept the national government small and aloof throughout most of America's history. c. It has allowed states to develop in numerous and different ways. d. all of the above

a

22. What was one effect of dual federalism during the early Republic? a. The national government was spared the task of making difficult policy decisions, such as the regulation of slavery, because the states did it themselves. b. The national government was unable to raise sufficient amounts of money through taxes and tariffs. c. The number of federal criminal laws expanded rapidly, while state criminal laws decreased. d. All of the above were effects of dual federalism.

c

23. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) was important because it a. fully developed the concept of judicial review. b. fully developed the concept of dual citizenship. c. established the supremacy of the national government in all matters affecting interstate commerce. d. determined that the forced relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes to Oklahoma was unconstitutional.

b

24. During most of the nineteenth century, Congress used its powers to __________ commerce. a. regulate b. facilitate c. limit d. corrupt

b

25. In __________, the Supreme Court reinterpreted the commerce clause, changing it from a check on national power to a source of national power. a. 1915 b. 1937 c. 1973 d. 1981

c

26. What was the "Southern Manifesto"? a. the declaration of secession by the Confederate states in 1860 b. the protest against the enforced passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 c. the refusal by southern congressmen in 1956 to obey Supreme Court decisions outlawing racial segregation d. the statement preceding the migration of white southerners to the Republican Party in 1968

a

27. Why was the Supreme Court case United States v. Lopez important? a. It was the first time since the New Deal that the Supreme Court limited the power of Congress outlined under the commerce clause. b. It was the first time that the Court had used the Tenth Amendment to limit the power of Congress. c. The Court found that citizens could not bring racial discrimination suits against state governments. d. The Court found the line-item veto unconstitutional.

c

28. Which Supreme Court case has not limited federal power? a. United States v. Lopez b. Printz v. United States c. Gibbons v. Ogden d. All of the above have limited federal power.

b

29. Which statement best describes the Supreme Court's trend in interpreting federalism since the mid-1990s? a. The Court has slowly granted the national government more power over the states. b. The Court has limited the power of the national government over the state governments. c. The Court has repeatedly declined to hear federalism cases, arguing that they are a political question. d. The Court has granted the states more access to sue the national government in federal courts.

c

3. Which nation does not have a strong federal system? a. Canada b. the United States c. France d. Switzerland

c

30. __________ describes the strategy of delegating a policy program to a lower level of government. a. Home rule b. Redistribution c. Devolution d. Preemption

c

31. Which constitutional amendment has been used to restrict the scope of authority by the federal government over the states? a. First b. Fifth c. Tenth d. Fourteenth

c

32. Which event was most influential in the rise of a more active national government? a. the Civil War b. World War I c. the Great Depression d. the Cold War

a

33. During the Great Depression, a camp of unemployed individuals who had lost their homes was referred to as a. a Hooverville. b. a Roosevelt Town. c. a supply-side shanty. d. a capitalism camp.

a

34. When the national government appropriates money to the states but simultaneously demands the authority to dictate its distribution, this money is identified as a. a grant-in-aid. b. an unfunded mandate. c. interstate commerce. d. a devolution.

b

35. Which president presided over the New Deal? a. Herbert Hoover b. Franklin Roosevelt c. Dwight Eisenhower d. Woodrow Wilson

a

36. A federal grant for states to afford increasing health care facilities would be an example of a a. categorical grant. b. formula grant. c. block grant. d. Ulysses S. Grant

c

37. A __________ grant requires state and local governments to submit proposals to the federal government and compete for funding. a. Pell b. formula c. project d. federal

c

38. When the national government funds a project that is actually implemented by the states, it is an example of a. dual federalism. b. national supremacy. c. cooperative federalism. d. home rule.

b

39. The term "marble cake" federalism is meant to refer to what development? a. budgeting being conducted with a "dessert first" mentality b. intergovernmental cooperation blurring the lines between different layers of government c. the federal government bribing the states with various gifts in order to convince them to follow national standards d. federalism becoming hard and tasteless

a

40. Disapproval over unfunded mandates is most common among those who want a. to reduce the power of the federal government. b. to increase the scope of federal regulations. c. to exercise a strong principle of preemption. d. a return to the days of national supremacy.

c

41. Federal officials seeking to give state governments more authority are most likely to support a. unfunded mandates. b. preemption. c. block grants. d. categorical grants

d

42. Which president was the first to promote New Federalism? a. Franklin Roosevelt b. Dwight Eisenhower c. Lyndon Johnson d. Richard Nixon

b

43. The form of federal assistance called __________ provides money to state governments with no strings attached. a. New Federalism b. general revenue sharing c. block grants d. unfunded mandates

c

44. Many of the debates concerning federalism reflect a. the regional competition that has existed throughout American history. b. the greatest source of tension between Republicans and Democrats. c. differing views about the ultimate goal of government itself. d. conflict of interest problems between government officials and business leaders

a

45. Nations that adopt a federal arrangement tend to have a. diverse ethnic or language groups. b. multiparty systems. c. strong executives. d. no history of feudalism

b

46. The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution addresses a. civil rights. b. reserved powers. c. implied powers. d. concurrent powers

c

47. Which of the following is not a contractual topic between states? a. distribution of river water b. interstate transportation c. state passport requirements d. environmental regulations

b

48. Federal laws concerning crime mostly deal with a. terrorism. b. the District of Columbia and other federal territories. c. drug trafficking and organized crime. d. international crime.

c

49. Who wrote the Supreme Court opinions in both McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden? a. Alexander Hamilton b. James Madison c. John Marshall d. Roger Taney

d

5. Which of the following is an example of the police powers of state government? a. the establishment and funding of a system of criminal law b. the regulation of health codes c. laws establishing curfews d. all of the above

c

50. Congressional grants paid for __________ percent of the development of an interstate highway after World War II. a. 10 b. 50 c. 90 d. 100

b

6. What is the purpose of the Tenth Amendment? a. to offer each state constitution the same level of protection provided by the federal constitution b. to limit the powers of the central government by establishing reserved powers for states and individuals c. to grant citizens of each state access to the federal court system d. to establish the electoral college

a

7. A state's authority to regulate the safety, health, and morals of its citizens is called _________ power. a. police b. reserved c. concurrent d. supremacy

d

8. When both state and national governments possess a certain level of authority, it is called a. an implied power. b. a reserved power. c. an express power. d. a concurrent power.

c

9. Chartering banks is a _________ power, because both federal and state governments have the authority to do it. a. necessary b. police c. concurrent d. reserve

Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484-1566)

A Catholic missionary who renounced the Spanish practice of coercively converting Indians and advocated the better treatment for them. In 1552, he wrote A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies, which described the Spanish's cruel treatment of the Indians.

Hernando de Soto (1500?-1542)

A conquistador who explored the west coast of Florida, western North Carolina, and along the Arkansas river from 1539 till his death in 1542.

Containment

A policy uniting military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to contain Soviet communist expansion. This policy was first suggested by George F. Kennan, an American diplomat in 1946.

Fair Deal

A vast liberal agenda proposed by Truman after his re-election. The Fair Deal included civil rights, national health-care legislation, and federal aid to education. A bipartisan conservative coalition of northern Republicans and southern Democrats rejected the Fair Deal. Only some programs, such as the minimum wage and Social Security, were expanded, and some low-income housing units were constructed with federal funds.

Therapeutic Gases

Air-AIR Oxygen-O2 Helium/oxygen (heliox)-He/O2 Carbon Dioxide/oxygen-Co2/O2 Nitric oxide-NO

GI Bill

Also called the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 or GI Bill of Rights. Legislation designed to prevent a recession by easing veterans back into the work force and to reward soldiers for their service. The bill gave veterans priority for many jobs, occupational guidance and unemployment benefits. Low-interest government loans were also offered to soldiers to start businesses, buy homes, or pay for education or job training.

Barry Goldwater

Arizona senator who was the Republican party's candidate for president in 1964. He advocated less federal intervention in the economy and opposed government efforts to expand and protect civil rights and liberties. He denounced Johnson's Great Society programs, and accused the Democrats of a "no-win" strategy in the Cold War. He expressed a willingness to use nuclear weapons against Cuba and North Vietnam. He attracted people angered by the continuing Cold War, by the erosion of traditional moral values, and by the increasing militancy of African-Americans. Johnson won by a landslide over Goldwater.

Joseph R. McCarthy

Early 1950s: Republican senator from Wisconsin who made Communism in government a national issue. His name became synonymous for personal attacks on individuals by means of indiscriminate allegations and unsubstantiated charges.

Raleigh's Roanoke Island Colony

English expedition of 117 settlers, including Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the New World; colony disappeared from Roanoke Island in the Outer Banks sometime between 1587 and 1590. (page 48)

Reformation

European religious movement that challenged the Catholic Church and resulted in the beginnings of Protestant Christianity. During this period, Catholics and Protestants persecuted, imprisoned, tortured, and killed each other in large numbers.

Malcolm X

Former drug addict and street hustler who converted to the Nation of Islam. He rejected integration and urged African-Americans to relish their African roots and blackness. He also called for armed self-defense and advocated violence to achieve freedom. Assassinated in 1965, but his book "The Autobiography of Malcolm X" continued to influence the Black Power movement.

Jacques Cartier (1491-1557)

He led the first French effort to colonize North America and explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence and reached as far as present day Montreal on the St. Lawrence River. (page 44)

Francisco Pizarro

In 1531, he lead his Spanish soldiers to Peru and conquered the Inca Empire.(1478?-1541)

House Un-American Activities Activities Committee

Late 1940s: Congressional committee that investigated communist infiltration of various areas of American society, such as Hollywood and the labor movement.

Black Power movement

Late 1960s: movement composed of young African-American activists who rejected the earlier civil rights movement's belief in nonviolence, racial integration and alliances with white liberals. The movement stressed black pride and self-determination. Examples of the movement included the expulsion of whites from formerly interracial civil rights organization and the Black Panther Party.

Cesar Chavez

Leader of Latinos civil rights movement. Originally a migrant farm worker, Chavez worked to unionize Mexican-American farm laborers in California and improve their working conditions. He blended religion and nonviolent resistance to push for change. Most famous for organizing a consumer boycott of table grapes to dramatize the struggles of farm workers

Aztec Empire

Mesoamerican people who were conquered by the Spanish under Hernando Cortés, 1519-1528.

Vikings

Norse people from Scandinavia who sailed to Newfoundland about a.d. 1001.

Vietnamization

Policy initiated by Nixon in which South Vietnamese troops replaced American combat troops in the Vietnam war.

conquistadores

Spanish term for "conqueror," applied to European leaders of campaigns against indigenous peoples in central and southern America.

encomienda

System under which officers of the Spanish conquistadores gained ownership of Indian land.

Sunbelt

Term for the southern and western United States, from South Carolina across Texas to southern California. In the postwar period, the population of this area skyrocketed, as people were attracted to the area because of job opportunities, the climate and the pace of life. Industry was attracted to the area because of low taxes, low energy costs and anti-union right-to-work laws. Senior citizens were attracted to the area because of the climate. Businessmen and seniors, with their conservative viewpoint, increased the political power of the Republican Party.

Christopher Columbus

The Italian sailor who persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to fund his expedition across the Atlantic to discover a new trade route to Asia. Instead of arriving at China or Japan, he reached the Bahamas in 1492.

Hernán Cortés

The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire and set the precedent for other plundering conquistadores. (1485-1547)

Pueblos

The Spanish term for the adobe cliff dwellings of the indigenous people of the southwestern United States.

Tenochtitlán

The capital city of the Aztec Empire. The city was built on marshy islands on the western side of Lake Tetzcoco, which is the site of present-day Mexico City.

Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603)

The protestant daughter of Henry VIII, she was Queen of England from 1558-1603 and played a major role in the Protestant Reformation. During her long reign, the doctrines and services of the Church of England were defined and the Spanish Armada was defeated.

flammable

burns readily, potentially explosive

Suez Crisis

crisis in Egypt. After losing American aid for a dam project, the leader of Egypt nationalized the British-controlled Suez canal. In response, Britain, France and Israel attacked Egypt. Eisenhower, angry that these countries had not consulted the US, forced them to withdraw. In order to avoid alienating the Arab world, US did not stop Egypt from retaking the canal or building the dam with Soviet support. As a result, hostility to the West increased in the Third World, and the US replaced Britain and France as the protector of western interests in the Middle East.

nonflammable

do not burn

laboratory gases

nitrogen (N) helium (He) carbon dioxide (CO2)

oxidizing

nonflammable, supportive of combustion