Combo with "Social Studies Praxis II: Economics" and 18 others

Price Index

Tracks price changes over time and can be used to remove the distortions of inflation from other statistics. Computed by dividing the latest prices of the market basket items by the base-year prices and then multiplying them by 100.

Structural Unemployment

Unemployment caused by a fundamental change in the economy that reduces the demand for some workers.

Seasonal Unemployment

Unemployment caused by changes in the weather or other conditions that prevail at certain times of the year.

Cyclical Unemployment

Unemployment caused by swings in the business cycle.

Technological Unemployment

Unemployment caused by technological developments or automation that make some workers' skills obsolete.

Economic Growth

Usually measured in terms of real GDP per capita; raises the standard of living, increases the tax base, increases employment, and helps the economies of other nations.

Yalta Conference

Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.

The Neolithic Revolution

Was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in at least seven or eight separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East around 10,000 BC or earlier

Qin Shi Huang

259-206 BC; Qin Dynasty; First emperor of China; First Chinese kindgom (united 7 states)

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Pax Romana

27 BC - 180; A period of peace & prosperity throughout the Roman Empire

Lao-Tse

270 BCE Founder of Daoism (Taoism), the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; stressed that people should live in harmony with nature.

Western Roman Empire

285-476; Centered around Roman culture; Latin (language); Christianity (religion)

Sumerians

2900 B.C.E.- First known civilization, who dominated Southern Mesopotamia, which lay in the river valley of the Tigris and Euphrates, through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform writing, mathematics, law, and religious conceptions.

Constantine the Great

306-337; Christianity became dominant religion in Roman Empire

Gupta Empire

320-550; "Golden Age of India"

Byzantine Empire

330-1204, 1261-1453; Eastern Roman Empire; Centered around Greek culture; Constantinople (capital);Orthodox Christianity (religions)

John F. Kennedy

35th President. President during Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. Strong image icon. Creator of Civil Rights Act. Assassinated in Dallas, Texas.

Roman Republic

509-27 BC; 2 consuls (elected annually by citizens); Senate; Separation of Powers; Augustus took power in 27 BC

Siddhartha Gautama

563-483 BC; Buddha; Teachings as foundation of Buddhism

Wu Hou

625 - 705 First Chinese empress who ruled during the Tang dynasty and unified the empire

Arab-Byzantine Wars

629-1050; Conflicts between Arab Muslims & Byzantine Empire; Shrank the Byzantine Empire

Islamic Conquests

636-732; Muslims conquered the Arabian Peninsula, established the Islamic Empire; Expanded into North Africa, Spain, & Middle East

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which power resides in a leader who may rule according to self-interest and without regard for individual rights and liberties

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Salem Poor

A free black man who was honored for his bravery during the American Revolution and fought in the war.

Habituation

A general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions, decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.

Sterotypes

A generalization,oversimplified view or opinion that members of a group rigidly apply to a thing,an idea,or another group.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

Unitary System

A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Production Possibilities Curve

A graph that describes the maximum amount of one good that can be produced for every possible level of production of the other good.

Conglomerate

A group of diverse companies under common ownership and run as a single organization.

Strict Constructionism

A judicial approach holding that the Constitution should be read literally, with the framers' intentions uppermost in mind

Loose Constructionism

A judicial philosophy that believes the Constitution should be interpreted in an open way, not limited to things explicitly stated

Classical Conditioning

A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.

Bicameralism

A legislative body where power is shared by two separate chambers so that neither can act without the agreement of the other.

Triple Entente

A loose alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Civic Life

A manner of existence of an individual concerned with the affairs of communities and the common good rather than solely in pursuit of private and personal interests.

Market Failure

A market in which any of the requirements for a competitive market -- adequate competition, knowledge of prices and opportunities, mobility of resources, or competitive profits -- are lacking. Occur when sizable deviations from one or more of the conditions required for perfect competition take place.

Oligopoly

A market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers & each one can influence prices, affect competitors - High barrier to entry/exit - Long run profits - Interdependence

Oligopoly

A market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors. A market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market.

Monopolistic Competition

A market in which many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another, but not perfect substitutes - Product differentiation - Few barriers to entry/exit - Imperfect information - Non-price competition

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller - High barriers to entry - Price discrimination - Profit maximization

Perfect Competition

A market structure in which a large number of firms all produce the same product. The market situation in which there are many sellers in a market and no seller is large enough to dictate the price of a product

Price Elasticities

A measure of how much the quantity demanded/supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good

Scholasticism

A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa and trade rules.

Davey Crockett

A member of the group of Texas "patriot" fighters during the Alamo, he was a renowned frontiersman and former Tennessee congressman, argued that he was America's first celebrity

Proletarian

A member of the working class (not necessarily employed)

Scientific Method

A method of investigation involving observation & theory to test scientific hypotheses

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Related to WWII.

IRA

A militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. Rose and spread through the Roman Empire then onto the most of the world.

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities (Most common psychologoical disorder in the United States).

Romanticism

A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature and the past rather than civilization. Emotion was valued over reason. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, and poetry of William Wordsworth were notable pieces of literature while music was influenced by nationalism in the musical works of Frederic Chopin, Richard Wagner, and Giuseppe Verdi.

Developing nations:

A nation in which the average income is much lower than in industrialized/developed nations,

Trade Balance

A nation's exports minus its imports; Net exports

Foreign Policy

A nation's overall plan for dealing with other nations

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas brave actions in saved an Englishman, John Smith, and paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Natural resources:

A natural resource is anything in the environment that is used by people.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.

Prejudice

A partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation, an opinion or strong feeling formed without careful thought or regard to the facts.

Qin dynasty

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Gold Rush

A period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Stagflation

A period of slow economic growth and high unemployment while prices rise (inflation)

Deindividualism

Abandoning normal restraints to the power of the group, doing together what we would not do alone

24th Amendment

Abolition of poll tax

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

Inuit

Alaska & Arctic Canada; Eskimos; Igloos; Excellent fishermen & hybters; Crafted kayaks, harpoons; Carvings from stone, whalebone, & walrus tusk; Created tools

Pre- colonial North America Arctic Cultures

Aleuts lived in the now Alaskan arctic. Eskimos lived in the now Canadian, Alaskan, and eastern Siberian arctic. The Inuit lived in Greenland and the now Canadian Arctic while the Yupik lived in Alaska and eastern Siberia arctic. The arctic region was predominantly located in now NE Canada, upper NW Canada, and part of now Alaska.

Implicit Costs

All the firm's opportunity costs of the resources supplied by the firm's owners for which the owners do not make an explicit charge

Total Product

All the goods and services produced by a business during a given period of time with a given amount of input

16th Amendment

Allows Congress to levy income taxes

17th Amendment

Allows people to elect their senators directly

Albert Magnus

Also known as "the Great" and "Dr. Universalis", he was the first scholar to attempt to integrate Aristotle's philosophy into Christian theology. He used Aristotelian language to talk about God. Ex. God is the "prime mover" of all things. He was also the teacher of Thomas Aquinas.

Giovanni Caboto

Also known as John Cabot, this Italian mariner was sent by the English to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 & 1498

Realism

Also known as political realism, is a school of international relations that prioritizes national interest and security over ideology, moral concerns and social reconstructions. This term is often synonymous with power politics.

Suez Crisis, 1956

Also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. A consequence from this crisis was, that president Nasser of Egypt gained prestige as the leader of Arab opposition to Western Colonialism.

The Louisiana Purchase

America purchased trans-Mississippi territory from Napoleon for $15 million in 1803 (even though they could not technically buy more than New Orleans)

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Denmark Vesey

American insurrectionist. A freed slave in South Carolina, he was implicated in the planning of a large uprising of slaves and was hanged. The event led to more stringent slave codes in many Southern states.

William Dawes

American patriot( leader in Sons of Patriots) who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)

Betsy Ross

American seamstress said to have made the first American flag at the request of George Washington (1752-1836)

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Captain Nathan Hale

American spy that was captured and hanged by British. "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968 in Tennesee. Famous for "I have a dream" speech.

Ulysses Grant

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. Claimed Virginia for Queen. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Edward Teach

An English pirate who operated in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of North America (died in 1718) aka Blackbeard

Balance of Payments

An accounting record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world; Made up of Current Account & Capital Account

Missouri Compromise

An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

Animal husbandry

An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Macedonia

An an ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered most of Greece and the Persian Empire in the 300s B.C.

Kush

An ancient African kingdom situated at the confluence of the White Nile, Blue Nile, and Atbara. Had farming, iron works, temples, art, and trade at its height in 200 B.C.. Ruled as pharaohs in Egypt for a time but was eventually conquered by Axum in 300 A.D.

Israel

An ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948 by the United Nations as a result of the Holocaust. Conflict between the Jews and Arabs persists over the land which had been part of Palestine.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China & the Roman Empire; Began during Han Dynasty; 4000 miles

Colonialism

An attempt by one country to establish settlements & to impose its political, economic, & cultural principles in another territory

Hinduism

An eastern religion which evolved from an ancient Aryan religion in which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India.

Diseconomies Of Scale

An economic concept referring to a situation in which economies of scale no longer function for a firm. Rather than experiencing continued decreasing costs per increase in output, firms see an increase in marginal cost when output is increased.

Law of Supply and Demand

An economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it and depending on how much of the good is available. Prices rise with lack of availability and fall when there is a surplus.

Perestroika

An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union, a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society.

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Laissez- faire capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

Ecosystems

An ecosystem is a collection of living things and the environment in which they live.

Council of Trent

An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation

Proportional Representation

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote

Proportional Representation

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

Majority Rule

An election system in which the majority of citizens have the power to make determinations binding for all the people

Plurality system

An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections

Mogul Empire

An empire established by the Mongol conquerors of India that reigned from 1526 to 1857

Rock N Roll

"Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country. Featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of the 1950s youth culture. (947)

Generals in Revolution

"Mad" Anthony Wayne, Israel Putnamn, Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, Philip Schuyler, Horatio Gates, Daniel Morgan, Benjamin Lincoln, and Nathanael Greene.

Glasnost

"Openness" and transparency in government institutions in Soviet Union; Initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev (1988); Lead to the fall of the Soviet Union

Perestroika

"Restructuring" of economic & political systems in Soviet Union; Initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev (1986); Led to fall of the Soviet Union

Thomas Jefferson

(1743-1826); 3rd President; Principle author of the Declaration of Independence

Jim Crow Laws

(1876-1965); The "separate but equal" segregation laws enacted in the South

Russo-Turkish War

(1877-1878) Had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War. As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Joseph Stalin

(1878-1953); Russian leader who succeeded Vladimir Lenin as head of the Communist Party (1924); Created totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Settlement-House Movement

(1880s-1920s); Reformist social movement; Goal of getting the rich & poor to live more closely together in an interdependent community

Franklin D. Roosevelt

(1882-1945); 32nd President; President during The Great Depression & WWII; Proposed the New Deal

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1943); Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943); Axis pact (1936); Overthrown & executed (1943)

Adolph Hitler

(1889-1945); Austrian-born German politician; Leader of the Nazi Party; Chancellor Germany (1933-1945); Dictator of Nazi Germany (1934-1945)

Populist Movement

(1890s); Political movement that called for reforms that would help farmer & workers

Zora Neale Hurston

(1891-1960) Folklorist, anthropologist, & author during the Harlem Renaissance

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976); Chinese communist revolutionary; Founding father of People Republic of China; Chairman of Communist Party of China (CPC)

Sino Japanese War

(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighboring China,

Philippine-American War

(1899-1902); Conflict between U.S & Filipino revolutionaries; U.S. won; First Philippine Republic dissolved, U.S. occupation

Langston Hughes

(1902-1967); Poet, activist, & writer; Leader of the Harlem Renaissance

Kwame Nkrumah

(1909-1972); Led Ghana to independence from Great Britain; 1st President of Ghana (1960-1966)

Prohibition

(1920-1933); Legal act of prohibiting the manufacture, transportation, & sale of alcohol; Established by 18th Amendment

Malcolm X

(1925-1965); Civil rights leader; Muslim; Initially called for separation of blacks & whites, Later changed his beliefs; Left the Nation of Islam; Assassinated

Martin Luther King, Jr.

(1929-1968); Baptist minister & civil rights leader; Opposed discrimination against blacks; Organized nonviolent resistance & peaceful mass demonstrations; Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1964; Assassinated in Memphis

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

(1935-1941); New Deal program that put the unemployed to work carrying out public works projects

Vietnam War

(1955-1975); Conflict between (Communist) North Vietnam & South Vietnam; U.S. supported South Vietnam to contain Communism; North Vietnam won

Immigration Act of 1965

(1965) This law made it easier for entire families to migrate and established "special categories" for political refugees. This act increased the amount of immigration.

Six Day War

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.

Winston Churchill

(1974-1965): British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940-1945); Regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders in the 20th Century

Ch'in Dynasty

(221 - 206 BC) a legalist dynasty created by Qin Shi; all the city states were combined; the Great Wall was built during this dynasty, but not completed

Alexander the Great

(356-323 BC); King of Macedon; Conquered Greece, Egypt, & Persia; Founded Alexandria (Egypt)

Mencius

(371?-289 BCE), Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. Also known as Mengzi, or Meng-tzu.

Attila the Hun

(406-453); Military commander; Leader of the Huns (434-453)

Peloponnesian War

(431-404 BC); Conflict between Athens & Sparta; Sparta won

Muhammad

(570-632); Arab prophet; Founded Islam; Born in Mecca (Arabia)

Sui Dynasty

(589-618 CE)The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, rebuilt Great Wall, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

Caliphate

(632-1200s); Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to Muhammad

Jesus Christ

(7 BC - 30); Son of God; Teachings as basis of Christianity; Born in Nazareth

Charlemange

(741-814); King of the Franks, King of Italy; 1st Holy Roman Emperor

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

Spanish-American War

(April-Aug. 1989); Conflict between U.S. & Spain after Cuban War of Independence; U.S. won; Led to Philippine-American War

Eerie Canal

(Constructed 1817-1825); Provided a route through the Great Lakes

Cumberland Road

(Constructed 1825-1850); First highway built by the federal government; Stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois

Panama Canal

(Constructed 1904-1914); Connected Atlantic & Pacific Oceans through Central America

Articles of Confederation

(Created 1777, Ratified 1781); Agreement between 13 colonies to establish the USA; Each state had equal representation

US Constitution

(Created 1787, Ratified 1788); Supreme law of the US; Eastblished legislature, executive, & judicial branches; Replaced the Articles of Confederation

The Bill of Rights

(Created 1789, Ratified 1791); First 10 amendments to the US Constitution; Sought to: - Protect personal freedoms - Limit government's power in judicial proceedings - Reserve some powers to the states & public

Progressive Movement

(Early 1900s); Political reform effort that sought to return control of the government to the people, restoring economic opportunities, & correcting injustices

Social Gospel

(Early 1900s); Religious movement that emphasized charity & social responsibility as a means of salvation

Second Great Awakening

(Early 19th century); Protestant revival as backlash against the Enlightenment; Led to the temperance movevment, prison reform, & early labor movement

Battle of Vicksburg

(May 18-July 4, 1863); Union took control of the Mississippi River, divided the Confederates; Union won

Destruction of Atlanta

(Nov-Dec 1864); "March to the Sea"; Scorched earth march through Georgia & the Carolinas led by Union General William T. Sherman

British Navigation Act

-1660 -restricted all transportation of goods to and from the colonies to British ships -listed colonial products that coud be shipped only to England -led to subordination of colonial economy to mother country

George Grenville

-1763 became prime minister of Great Britain -strongly anti-American -enforced Navigation Acts

Sugar Act

-1764 -placed import tariffs on sugar, coffee, and wine, + more -resulted in colonist complaint "no taxation without representation"

Stamp Act

-1765 -direct tax on printed matter sold in colonies -resulted in colonist complaint "no taxation without representation" -led to violent attacks on stamp agents by Americans -eventually rescinded

Townshend Acts

-1767 -import tax on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea -eventually rescinded except for threepenny tax on tea

Boston Massacre

-1770 -British troops killed 5 Bostonian

US Constitution

-1787-1789 -supposed to revise Articles of Confederation but ended up scrapping whole thing and creating constitution -used Enlightenment political philosophy - basic belief in selfishness of man which must be kept from abusing the power of the government -contained many checks and balances to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power -did not condemn or endorse slavery (3/5 compromise) -strong presidency - control foreign policy, power to veto Congress's legislation, Congress could impeach president, 4-year terms and could have unlimited re-elections, elected by electoral college - each state has same # of electors as it did senators and representatives combined (second highest total in EC would be VP), if no majority the House of Representatives chose president -Main Provisions of Constitution: 1. separation of powers (three branches of government) 2. Congress can declare war 3. guaranteed legality of slavery 4. Electoral College to safeguard presidency from direct popular election 5. provision for impeachment of president 6. provision for presidential State of the Union message 7. provision to ratify constitution 8. Federalism 9. bicameral legislature 10. listed powers of Congress 11. Three-Fifths Compromise -Not in the Constitution by 1787: 1. 2-term limit for presidents 2. universal manhood suffrage 3. presidential cabinet 4. direct election of senators 5. political parties (framers thought they threatened the existence of republican government) 6. Bill of Rights

Marbury vs. Madison

-1803 -established precedent of the Supreme Court's power to rule on the constitutionality of federal laws

Twelfth Amendment

-1804 -a tie vote between candidates of the same party could not end up like the Jefferson-Burr affair

Treaty of Ghent

-1815 -said to just go back to the way things were before the war - all wartime conquests restored to their original countries

Protective Tariff

-1816 -slow flood of cheap British manufactures into the US

Rush-Bagot Treaty

-1817 -agreement between British and US that no armed fleets would exist in the Great Lakes -still in effect today

The Adams-Onis Treaty

-1819 -Spanish surrendered all claims to Florida to US -US agreed to take $5 million in debts owed to American merchants

Missouri Compromise

-1820 -Missouri Territory applied for statehood in 1819 -Senate membership evenly divided between slaveholding and free states so whichever side Missouri chose, they would have the advantage -Massachusetts applied for the statehood of Maine so Maine went free and Missouri went slave -slavery prohibited in remainder of Louisiana Territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri

Gibbons vs. Ogden

-1824 -involved competing steamboat companies -state-granted monopolies voided -only Congress can regulate commerce (including navigation) among states

Describe legislature in each colony:

-2 houses (except PA, 1 house) - upper house and lower house -lower houses - had legislative powers, controlled finances, imposed taxes, decided on expenditures -upper houses - councils that advised the governor, had some judicial and legislative powers -royal colonies - king appointed members of upper house (except MA, MA General Court elected them) -lower house members elected by men who owned property

The Monroe Doctrine

-5th President James Monroe declared that the peoples of the American hemisphere were "henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers" -as Latin American nations declared independence, British and American leaders feared that European governments would try to restore former New World colonies to their royal owners

Andrew Jackson

-7th president (1829-1837) -self-made westerner - rough, violent, vindictive -threatened to rid government of many employees and replace them with his supporters -believed government operations could be done by untrained, common folk -used his veto power a lot

William Henry Harrison

-8th president -1st Whig president (Whigs emerged to counter Jackson) -"Old Tippecanoe" - he was a western fighter against Native Americans -died 1 month after inauguration

Battle of Saratoga

-American victory -convinced French to join Americans in battle -Spanish (1779) and Dutch (1780) joined as well

Coercive Acts

-British imposed 4 acts due to Bostonians willful destruction of British property 1.Boston Port Act - closed Port of Boston to all trade until local citizens agreed to pay for lost tea (they would not) 2. Massachusetts Government Act - increased power of MA royal governor at the expense of the legislature 3. Administration of Justice Act - royal officials accused of crimes in MA could be tried elsewhere, where chances of acquittal might be greater 4. strengthened Quartering Act which allowed new governor General Thomas Gage to quarter his troops anywhere (even in unoccupied private homes)

Mercantilism

-England's dominant economic philosophy during 1600s & 1700s -goal was for England to have a favorable balance of trade -colonies expected to export raw materials and import finished goods -to protect English industry and promote England's prosperity (Navigation Acts an example of this) -led to subordination of colonial economy to mother country

John Locke

-English political philosopher of the Enlightenment -wrote to justify England's 1688 Glorious Revolution -natural laws included rights of life, liberty, and property -rights secured by submitting to governments, governments which abuse these rights may be overthrown -Americans equated Locke's law of nature with the universal law of God

Causes of Civil War

-Growth of Sectionalism - southern plantation economy vs. northern industrial economy (north more self-sufficient than south) -Unfair Taxation - northern politicians made heavy taxes on European goods so Southerners would be forced to buy goods from the North instead (the South preferred to trade with England rather than the North because they could send their cotton and get European goods in return) -States vs. Federal Rights - South wanted right to nullify federal acts they didn't want -Tension between Pro-Slavery and Anti-Slavery Opinions - economic issue in South, moral issue in North -Growth of Abolitionist Movement -1860 Election of Abraham Lincoln

Mahatma Ghandi

-Hindu leader who protested with non violent acts and civil disobedience -Was able to: 1. Pull India out of British rule 2. Heal the clash between Hindus and Muslims 3. Gave rights to Outcastes, calling them "God's Children"

First English settlement in US

-Jamestown, Virginia, 1607 -Plymouth Company and London Company - joint-stock companies that pursued organizing settlements in VA licensed by King James I

Thomas Paine

-Jan. 1776-wrote political pamphlet "Common Sense" - called for independence from Great Britain -opposed monarchy favored republican government (government based on consent of the governed)

How did the Republicans come to be?

-Jefferson and Madison organized political groups opposed to Federalist program - called themselves Republicans. -supporters from rural and frontier areas of S and W

British East India Company

-going bankrupt so were allowed to sell tea directly to colonists at reduced price -threepenny tax still in place -colonists not tempted enough -led to the Boston Tea Party

John Winthrop

-governor -Puritan leader -helped to create model Christian society with a strict code of moral conduct -gave famous sermon as Puritans crossed Atlantic Ocean in 1630 "city upon a hill" - basically saying everyone is watching to see if the Puritan society will work so we need to do well

English Royal Africa Company

-imported slaves to North America after profits for producing tobacco decreased

Quartering Act

-imposed by Great Britain -required local legislatures to feed and house British troops stations in their locale -Americans mad because it was expensive and did not think it was necessary to have standing troops in cities like Boston and New York

George Washington

-in military during French and Indian War, became Colonel -1775-appointed Commander in Chief of Continental Army -voted to be first president unanimously by Electoral College

Humans between 6000 and 3000 BCE:

-invented plow, utilized the wheel, harnessed the wind, discovered how to melt copper ores, began developing accurate solar calendars -small villages grew to large cities -invention of writing in Mesopotamia 3500 BCE, heightened refinement in sculpture, architecture, and metal working from 3000 BCE

What marks the beginning of civilization?

-invention of writing in Mesopotamia 3500 BCE -heightened refinement in sculpture, architecture, and metal working from 3000 BCE -these divide prehistoric from historic times

King George III

-king of Great Britain 1760 -appointed ministers who were not the ablest so he could have more control -refused to listen to colonists' complaints -colonists expressed their opposition to him through Declaration of Independence in 1776

War of 1812

-lasted 2 years -ended in stalemate -confirmed American independence -American failed to capture any part of Canada -American had naval victories against British

John Adams

-lawyer-defended British soldiers accused of the Boston Massacre -delegate in First and Second Continental Congresses -served diplomatic roles in France and Holland during Revolutionary War -VP under George Washington -2nd president of US

John Smith

-leader in Jamestown -"He who works not, eats not."

Seminoles

-linguistically and racially diverse -Florida peninsula -original natives killed by disease by Spanish arrival in FL

First Continental Congress

-met in response to Coercive Acts -in Philadelphia, September 1774 -passed Suffolk Resolves denouncing Intolerable Acts and calling for strict non-importation and rigorous preparation of local militia in case British attack

French settlements in US

-more interested in the fur trade and converting Indians to Catholicism -had better relationships with Indians than English or Spanish

First Great Awakening

-most significant effect: first national event that affected all of the colonies -1730s - wave of religious revivals in New England -swept across colonies 1740s -emotional approach to religion -"New Light" ministers -growing religious diversity within colonies

Describe the Plains Indians:

-nomadic hunters and gatherers -lived in small communities -ate wooly mammoth until they died off after Ice Age, ate bison instead -sophisticated techniques for killing prey: spear points, stampeding bison over cliffs, bow and arrow

Iroquois, Iroquois Confederacy

-one of largest cultures living in NE (New York, Ontario) -farmers -matrilineal -five Iroquois nations lived in upstate NY - united by Iroquois Confederacy beginning in 15th century - most important and powerful Native American political alliance ending generations of tribal warfare

Massachusetts Bay Company

-organized by Puritans who wanted to escape political repression, religious restrictions, and an economic recession -they came in family groups, lived in small villages surrounded by farmland -1630-settlements in Boston + some more towns

Declaration of Independence

-primarily work of Thomas Jefferson -used Locke's philosophy of natural rights -"all men are created equal" -"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" -adopted by Congress July 4, 1776

Second Continental Congress

-set to meet in May 1775 (one year after 1st) if the colonies' grievances had not been righted by then -2 sides: independence from Great Britain and loyalists to GB

Describe the Anasazi: where they settled, the climate, residences, food, migration

-settled in the SW, Four Corners area (where Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona meet) -dry climate, terraced fields irrigated by water collected on the mountain -lived in apartment-like complexes in mountain walls -ate maize and hunted animals -late 13th century drought hurt food supply, migrated to farming communities (Pueblos) along Rio Grande River

encomienda

-slavery of Indians by Spanish

Bleeding Kansas

-spurred by Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 created 2 new territories which allowed popular sovereignty to decide free state or slave state -pro-slavery forces from Missouri "Border Ruffians" caused violence in Kansas

William Lloyd Garrison

-started paper "The Liberator" 1831 -NO SLAVERY -founded New England Anti-Slavery Society 1832 & American Anti-Slavery Society 1833 -radical

Christopher Columbus

-theorized that one could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe: economic and scientific curiosity -1492 set sail -supported by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella -wanted to convert more Catholics

headright system

-used by planters in Virginia and Maryland -encouraged importation of indentured servants -whoever paid passage of a laborer received 50 acres of land

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

-western explorers -started in St. Louis 1804 and came back 1806 with scientific and anthropological information

Thomas Jefferson

-youngest to attend Continental Congress (age 33) -drafted Declaration of Independence -VP under Adams (even though he was his opponent) -as 3rd president of US, envisioned an agrarian paradise, aka a nation of independent farmers living under a weak central government, but the nation was growing more industrialized and urban which needed a strong president

King Affonso

1505 Christian African ruler of Congo decided slavery harmed his nation and opposed it but failed to bring it to an end. Other rulers openly supported and dealt in slaves to gain power over enemies and to buy firearms from Europeans.

Ottoman Empire

1299-1923; Islamic state; Founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia; Began after the fall of the Byzantine Empire; Capital was Istanbul (Constantinople); Spread to emcompass the Middle East, North Africa, & the Balkans

Songhay Empire

1340-1591; Western Africa; One of largest Islamic empires in history; Successor to Mali Empire

Black Death

1348-1350 (peak); Epidemic of bubonic plague; Killed approximately 30-60% of Europeans

Incas

1438-1572; Largest empire in Pre-Columbian America; Present day Peru; Conquered by Francisco Pizarro

Christopher Columbus

1451-1506; Italian explorer; Hired by Spain to find a route to China; Landed in Americas (1492)

Battle of Corinth

146 BC; Conflict between Roman Republic & Corinth (Greek state); Beginning of Roman Greece

Vasco da Gama

1460-1523; Portuguese explorer; 1st to sail from Europe to India

Ferdinand Magellan

1480-1521; Portuguese explorer; 1st circumnavigation (1519-1522)

Renaissance

14th-17th Centuries; "Rebirth"; Renewed interest in Greco-Roman world; Printing press, perspective, diplomacy, observation; Link between Middle Ages & modern world

95 Theses

1517; Written by Martin Luther; Protested against clerical abuses (esp. sale of indulgences)

Virginia Dare

1587-?: 1st child of British parents born in US. Part of "Lost Colony of Roanoke Island"

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Henry of Navarre's policy of religious tolerance to keep peace in France. Edict was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV.

Shang Dynasty

1600 -1046BC; 2nd dynasty in China; Yellow River valley; Earliest Chinese writing

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Reformation

16th Century; Attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church; Sparked by Marth Luther's 95 Theses; Resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Scientific Revolution

16th-18th Century; Era during which careful observation of the natural world was made & accepted beliefs were questioned

Enlightenment

1700s; "Age of Reason"; Reforming society through reasoning & logic; Scientific method; Skepticism

French Indian War

1754 - 1763 This struggle between the British and the French in the colonies of the North America was part of a worldwide war known as the Seven Years' War, Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Industrial Revolution

1760-1840; Began in Great Britain; Transition to new manufacturing processes; Move from agrarian to industrial society

Boston Massacre

1770 The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Code of Hammurabi

1772 BC; Babylonian law code written on stone & clay tablets; One of the oldest writing of considerable length in the world

Tax on Tea

1773; Tea Act; Act of British Parliament to reduce the massive surplus of tea held by British East India Company; Supposed to convince colonists to purchase company tea & pay Townshend duties

Intolerable Acts

1774; Patriot name for punitive laws passed by British Parliament relating to the Boston Tea Party; Stripped Massachusetts of self government

American Revolution

1775-1783; Rebellion of the 13 British colonies against Great Britain; Resulted in U.S. independence

First U.S. flag

1777 Continental Congress adopted first 13 star union flag.

Great Compromise

1787 Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

French Revolution

1789-1799; French people overthrew the Bourbons (absolute monarchy); Ended when Napoleon overthrew of the Directory

Estates General

1789; French national assembly (3 estates); Summoned by King Louis XVI to solve financial crisis; Led to outbreak of French Revolution

Captain George Vancouver

1790s Sent to explore the Pacific coast from Alaska to California and to make a report on the Sandwich Islands. Friendly to natives; gave them seeds and plants; Made 2 later trips and brought from California the first cattle to the islands. Thought of highly by Kamehameha such that they wished to be protect by his country, Great Britain. The British flag was raised on the island if Hawaii.

Haitian Revolution

1791-1804; Slave revolt in French colony; Resulted in 1st African government in the Western hemisphere

Reign of Terror

1793-1794; Period of violence under the Committee of Public Safety; Executions of "enemies of the revolution"

Committee of Public Safety

1793; Created by the National Convention; 12 people with almost absolute power; Battled to protect the new Republic; Reign of Terror

Whitney's Cotton Gin

1794; Mechanical device created by Eli Whitney that removed the seeds from cotton

The Directory

1795-1799; Body of 5 Directors who held executive power in France following the National Convention; Overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleonic Wars

1799-1815; Series of wars fought by the French Empire; Vs. Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, & Austria

26th Amendment

18 year voting age

Toussaint L'overture

1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.

Marbury v Madison

1803; Case which established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review

Louisiana Purchase

1803; US purchased Louisiana from France; During presidency of Thomas Jefferson

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Fulton's Steamboat

1807; Transportation created by Roibert Fulton; Allowed people to travel faster, travel upstream

Dr. David Livingston

1813-1873 First white man to do humanitarian and religious work in South and Central Africa. He wanted to improve people's health and Christianize them. No one had heard from him and thought him to be dead. H. M. Stanley found him.

James Monroe

1817 - He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Served two terms.

McCulloch Vs. Maryland

1819 The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

Purchase of Florida

1819; "Florida Treaty"; U.S. purchased Florida from Spain; Set boundary between U.S. & New Spain (Mexico)

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819; Granted the federal government broad powers through the "necessary & proper" clause

Missouri Compromise

1820; Missouri entered Union as a slave state; Maine entered Union as a free state; No slavery about Louisiana Territory

Sir Richard Burton

1821-1890 Explorer risked his life to find source of the Nile River: natural talent for languages/disguised himself as an Indian with friend John Speke faced obstacles from malaria to steep hills

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Monroe Doctorine

1823; Efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with North or South America would be viewed as act of aggression; US will not interfere with European colonies/countries

Gibbons Vs. Ogden

1824 - supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.

Indian Removal Act

1830; Removed Native Americans from the southeast to federal territory west of the Mississippi River; Signed by President Andrew Jackson

McCormick's Reaper

1831; Device created by Cyrus McCormick that mechanized the harvest of grains; Allowed farmers to cultivate larger plots

Veto of the National Bank

1832; President Andrew Jackson was against the national bank & vetoed the renewal of its charter

Tz'u-hsi

1834- 1908 Dowager empress of China who failed to recognize foreign threat.

Texas Annexation

1845 - Republic of Texas joined U.S. despite Mexican claims; 1848 - U.S. acquired Texas as part of the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

Acquisition of California

1846 - U.S. stirred revolt in the Mexican territory of Alta California; 1848 - U.S. acquired California as part of the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

Oregon Treaty

1846; Settled dispute of Oregon boundary dispute, stemming from the Treaty of 1818 in which both U.S. & British settlers were granted free navigation of the territory.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

1848 ends the Mexican American War. For $15 Million the US acquired Texas territory north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California. US territory increased by 1/3 as a result of the treaty.

Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

1848; Mexico ceded Texas with the Rio Grande boundary, New Mexico, &California to the U.S.; U.S. paid Mexico $15M

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Fugitive Slave Act

1850; Required all citizens to aid in the capture of runaway slaves

Dred Scott Case

1857; Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property; Slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories; Fueled abolitionist movement

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Prominent social reformer and founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Declaration of Secession

1860; Proclamation issued by South Carolina explaining it's reasons for seceding from the US

Unified Germany

1860s-1870s Otto von Bismark unified Germany through or because a series of small strategic wars against Denmark, Austria, and France

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864; Plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy; President Abraham Lincoln refused to sign

Freedmen's Bureau

1865; Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom; Furnished food & clothing

Meiji Period

1868-1912; Japan emerged from its isolation & feudalism; Centralization, industrialization, & imperialism

Meiji Restoration

1868; Restored imperial rule to Japan; Emperor Meiji;

Franco Prussian War

1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor eventually led to WWI due the changes in balance of power.

Chinese Civil War

1927-1946; Conflict between Chinese nationalists & Communist Party of China (CPC); Resulted in People's Republic of China

The Great Depression

1929-1930s; Long-term economic crisis; Sparked by crash of the U.S. stock market

Great Depression

1929-1930s; Period of severe economic decline & financial crises

George Washington

1st President of the United States, was commander of the Continental Army who accepted surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. Served two terms

Tanzania, Africa

1st signs of life from about 3,000,000 years ago found here and possibly south China.

Intolerable Acts

Coercive Acts + the Quebec Act - extended province of Quebec to the Ohio River, made Roman Catholicism the official religion of Quebec, set up a government there without representative assembly

Terracotta Army

Collects of terracotta figurines depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang

Plymouth Colony

Colony formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620. The colonies government was based on Mayflower Compact which was a contract signed by the 41 male colonists from the Mayflower.

1492

Columbus lands in the Americas

Frictional Unemployment

Comes from people moving between jobs, careers, and locations

What book is Margaret Mead most known for?

Coming of Age in Samoa

Trans-Continental Railroad

Completed in 1869; Linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system

Egypt (3000-1550 BC)

Concentrated around Nile River; Used hieroglyphics for writing; Complex polytheistic religion; Pharaoh believed to be descended from the gods

William Wycliff

Condemned by Catholic church for translating Bible to English from Latin and Greek in late 1300s.

Anarchism/ Anarchy

Condition in which there is a lack of government either purposeful or by weakness and ineffectiveness of existing government. Also, a political theory favoring the abolition of governments.

Townshend Acts

Began 1767; Series of acts passed by British Parliament relating to British colonies; Aimed to raise revenue in colonies to pay governors' & judges' salaries in Britain

Spread of Islam

Began in 610; Along trade routes & with conquests of Arab Empire

WWII

Began when Germany invaded Poland in 1934; US became in WWII when Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japan in 1941 and ended in 1945

Ideals

Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something), a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard.

Values

Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something).

Natural Law of Diminishing Returns

Benefit is outweighed by costs. Example: The 15th candy bar is not as desirable as the 1st three or the 5th pet may not bring as much pleasure as the 1st.

Plains Indians

Between Mississippi River & Rocky Mountains; Lived in teepees (traveling) & earth lodges (villages); Known for ceremonies (Sun Dance) & pipes (peace pipe, war pipe)

Connecticut Compromise

Blended Virginia Plan & New Jersey Plan: Bicameral Legislature: Lower House proportional, Upper House equal

Nelson Mandela

Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

Thomas Day

Born to free black parents in Virginia; as well educated as some white students; free black craftsman and successful businessman of fine furniture; lived in Milton, Caswell County

Meiji Emperor

Emperor Mutsuhito "Enlightened Rule" became ruler of Japan after Tokugawa Shogunate toppled. Becan Meiji reformation in which new arm, government, and schools were created

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337). Roman Emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire; reunited the Roman Empire

Maria Theresa

Empress of Austria, 1740-1780, made sure all her children were educated, did away with forced labor for peasants of Austria, the reforms made-brought greater equality for Austrian society

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended Revolutionary War

1763 Treaty of Paris

Ending the French and Indian War. British get new land (no more next-door foreign enemies for Colonists). To pay for their new land and war/debt costs, the British tax the Colonists. This fuels the beginning of the American Revolution.

Laws

Enforceable rules of conduct in a society.

East India Trading Company

English company originally seeking trade in the East Indies before seeing their chance and taking over the Indian government.

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer/privateer who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/ settlements for gold. Help defeat Spanish Armada

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), He wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society.

Daniel Boone

Famous early pioneer who cleared Wilderness Road, a new route to the west. Wilderness Road became the main route used to cross the Appalachian Mountains 1734- 1820

Sedentary Agriculture

Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place

Nomadic pastoralism

Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures.

Shifting cultivation

Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practised in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown

Battle of Iwo Jima

Feb-Mar 1945; Battle in which U.S. forces conquered a heavily fortified Japanese island

Expansionary Monetary Policy

Federal Reserve system actions to increase the money supply, lower interest rates, and expand real GDP; an easy money policy.

Immigration Act of 1924

Federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country

List three major methods for sociological study.

Field observation, surveys, and controlled experiments.

Battle of Okinawa

First Japanese Home island (only 340 miles from mainland Japan) to be invaded. Island of immense strategic value. Involving over 500,000 troops and over 1,200 ships. Battle showed Japanese determination to resist invasion.

Teotihuacan

First major Olmec metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Economic Performance Indicators

GDP, Unemployment, Inflation, Interest Rates, etc.

Factors that Contribute to Inflation

Generous credit conditions and excessive growth of the money supply allow demand-pull, deficit spending, cost-push, and wage-price spiral inflation to take place.

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Middle East

Geo-Political designation of the area stretching from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the western side of the Indian subcontinent. Consists of countries such as Israel, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.

Adolf Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer; assistant to Tycho Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). aka father of modern communism

Johannes Gutenburg

German printer; in 1446 he invented a printing press that used movable type. This eventually led to written information including scripture being available to the general population causing a greater need for literacy.

Martin Luther

German religious reformer who authored 95 Theses, posted in 1517 to church doors in Wittenburg, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

U-Boats

German submarines used in World War I. Sank many Allied ships most famously the civilian ship, Lusitania in 1915. Sinking of civilian ships was not allowed but British were smuggling contraband weapons on civilian ships.

23rd Amendment

Gives Washington D.C. electoral votes

Gupta Empire

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism.

Sovereignty

Government free from external control

Subsidies

Government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition.

4th Amendment

Grants freedom from unreasonable searches & seizures

1st Amendment

Grants freedoms of religion, speech, press, petition, & assembly

Federal Categorial Grants

Grants that earmark the funds for specific uses and oten require that the states meet a number of other requirements to receive and used these funds.

5th Amendment

Grants the right against self-incrimination & protection of private property

6th Amendment

Grants the right to an attorney in any criminal case

2nd Amendment

Grants the right to bear arms

7th Amendment

Grants the right to trail by jury in civil cases

Shah of Iran

Great friend of the US for two and a half decades but Iranians want to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979) and exiled.

Golden Age of Greeks

Greatest period of achievements in arts, philosophy and science 477 - 431 B.C. began with Minoans and Mycenaeans and spread through much of the Middle East. When taken over in 300 B.C. by Alexander the Great (Macedonian) Greek culture was spread further through Middle East and northern Africa.

Byzantine culture

Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was perserved in libraries

Thucydides

Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

Humanistic Psychology

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

Causes of WW2

Hitler violating Treaty of Versailles, Great Depression, Munich appeasement policy, annexation of Austria, rise of dictatorship, non-aggression pact.

Judicial Restraint

Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social & political questions, operation strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution

Law of Diminishing Returns

Holds that the addition of another production factor will, at some point, yield lower per-unit returns

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

Holds that the additional satisfaction a consumer gets from purchasing one more unit will lessen with the purchase of each additional unit

Law of Demand

Holds that the quantity demanded & price of the good are inversely related

Law of Supply

Holds that the quantity supplied & price of the good are positively related

Homo erectus

Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". First developed in Africa.

Article V

How to amend the Constitution

North America: Pre - colonial Hunter Gatherers

Hunter gatherers dominated most of what is now northwest Canada , the west coast of U.S., and Argentina. Among the hunter gathers there were nomadic, semi-nomadic, and settled tribes. For those who settled, settlements were even smaller than those of the non- urban tribes.

Agricultural settlements vs. hunting and gathering

Hunting and gathering led to agriculture which appeared about 7,000 years ago and allowed for permanent settlements usually along rivers.

Tycho Brahe

Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.

British Invasion

Influx of bands and musicians from Britain during the 60's. Huge influence on the American music scene.

Folkways

Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture, norms for routine or casual interaction.

Implicit Costs

Input costs that do not require an outlay of money; Opportunity cost

Explicit Cost

Input costs that require direct payment

Nominal Interest Rates

Interest rate before adjustment for inflation

Real Interest Rates

Interest rates adjusted for expected inflation

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

International organizations which channel funds to developing nations in order to provide a form of economic assistance.

Rationalism

International relations theory that believes multinational & multilateral organizations have a place, but a world government is not feasible

Marxism

International relations theory that focuses on the economic & material aspects of a society

Idealism

International relations theory that holds a country should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its foreign policy

Liberalism

International relations theory that seeks to achieve lasting peace & cooperation in international relations

Realism

International relations theory which claims that world politics is driven by competitive self-interest

Clear and Present Danger Test

Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.

Mexico

Mexico's northern border is the United States, to the west, the Pacific Ocean and to the east, the Gulf of Mexico and the caribbean sea.

Mesolithic Period

Middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago

Iroquois Tribes

Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca

Commodity Money

Money that has an alternative use, such as cattle, gems, and tobacco.

Representative Money

Money that is backed by--or can be exchanged for--gold or silver.

1206

Mongol Empire founded by Genghis Khan

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China he establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294)

Water and air pollution:

Most water pollution is the result of human activities; wastes produced by households,

Earthquakes create mountain ranges:

Mountain ranges are thought to form from tectonic plates colliding together and pushing the surface of the Earth

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization

Abolitionist Movement

Movement to end slavery

Sunni Islam

Muslim faction (majority) that believes caliphs should be elected by the people

Shia Islam

Muslim faction (minority) that believes caliphs should be desendants of Muhammads

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction: double deterance, on the parts of both the Soviets and the US having enough nukes to discourage both countries from attacking, for both nations would perish.

Feminine Mystique

Name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker. Considered catalyst to feminist movement.

NAACP

National Association for Advancement of Colored People formed in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois. Played substantial role in Civil Rights movement of 1960s. Still active today.

NOW

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan, author of Feminine Mystique,was first president. NOW wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination.

Balance of Payments Account

National account of international payments and receipts, devided into current account, and capital and financial account

Squanto

Native American who helped the English Pilgrims in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag. In November of 1621 first Thanksgiving was celebrated by settlers and Indians with native foods grown.

Where were the highest literacy rates in colonial America?

New England because of Puritan emphasis on an educated ministry and individual reading of the Bible

Egypt (1552-1070 BC)

New Kingdom; Egypt's most prosperous period; 18th, 19th, 20th dynasties; Expansion south & to Near East (middle east); Valley of the Kings

NCLB

No Child Left Behind - 2001 Pres. Bush designed to promote "standards-based education reform" via assessments that measure progress; results often affect funding and administration control

8th Amendment

No excessive bail or punishment

4th Amendment

No illegal search and seizure

3rd Amendment

No lodging of troops in private homes

Huns

Nomadic people from Asia who attacked Europe in the 4th Century and then invaded the northwest part of India in the 5th Century.

Huns

Nomadic people; First appeared around Volga River (Russia; 91); Contributed to Great Migration (400-700); Empire under Attila the Hun; Collapsed 453,

North America: Pre - colonial Non - urban Agricultural Life

Non- urban agriculture life dominated what is now southeast Canada, eastern and southern U.S., and Chile. Settlements did not grow large enough to be considered cities.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - an international organization, formed in 1949, which includes the

Iroquois

Northeast (NY); Fierce fighters; Lived in longhouses; Expert farmers

Northwest Indians

Northern California to Alaska; Lived in houses made of cedar plants; Totem poles used for communication

Pre-Civil War Immigrants to USA

Northern and Western Europeans

Pre-colonial NW Coast Cultures

Northwest tribes including Chinook, Tinglit, and Haida created the only "highly stratified" hunter gatherer society.

Gettysburg Address

Nov. 19, 1863; An address by President Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Bolshevik Revolution

Nov. 7-8, 1917; Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin; Overthrew Russian Soviety Federative Socialist Republic; Created Soviety Russia

Unemployment Rate

Number of unemployed individuals divided by the all individuals currently in the labor force

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Six week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. Occurred when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine's daughter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre in 1572. Resulted in over 10,000 deaths.

3/5 Compromise

Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for purposes of distribution of taxes & representation in the Legislature

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

11th Amendment

States can not be sued in federal court

9th Amendment

States that the people's rights are not limited to those explicitly listed in the Constitution

10th Amendment

States that the states' rights are not limited to those explicitly listed in the Constitution

Citizenship

Status of a citizen with rights & duties

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, Father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

War of the Roses

Struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the monarch Henry VII first of the Tudor dynasty

Plato

Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society.

Archaeology

Study of artifacts and relics of early mankind, the study of the remains of past cultures.

14 Points

Peace plan presented by President Woodrow Wilson. Fourteenth points called for the League of Nations. Others were: no secret treaties, seas are free, lower tariffs, lower arms, colonial policies should consider all powers.

Baroque

Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia, Middle East, and east Africa, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Mao Zedong

Successfully implemented communism in China because he had the support of the Chinese peasantry.

Total Cost

Sum of fixed costs & variable costs

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Carolus Linnaeus

Swedish botanist who developed the first successful system for classifying living things into similar groups, a system that is still in use today: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Sharecropping

System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

Comparative Advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.

Absolute Advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce more of a good or service than competitors using the same amount of resources.

Social mobility

The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power.

Comparative Advantage

The ability to produce a good at a lower marginal/opportunity cost

Absolute Advantage

The ability to produce more of a good than competitors, using the same amount of resources

Role

The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group.

Explicit Costs

The actual payments a firm makes to its factors of production and other suppliers.

Money Multiplier

The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves

Money Multiplier

The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves, the multiple by which deposits can increase for every dollar increase in reserves; equal to 1 divided by the required reserve ratio.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Euro

The basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999)in 2002 twelve European nations (Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Austria, Finland) adopted the euro as their currency

Theocracy

The belief in government by divine guidance

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political & economic struggle.

Macroeconomics

The branch of economics that deals with the economy as a whole, including employment, gross domestic product, inflation, economic growth, and the distribution of income.

Economics

The branch of social science that deals with financial resources and the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and their management. Generally divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics.

William Penn

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance. Was later given Delaware by charter to give the colony coastline.

Entrepreneurs

People who risk their time, money, and other resources to start and manage a business

Age of Revolution

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 1775-1783 American Revolution 1820's Revolutions: Greece, Spain, and the Italian and German States of Austrian Empire 1830's Revolutions: France, Italy, Belgium, and Poland 1848 Revolutions: France, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and small Italian and German states 1871 Revolution: France

Progressive Era

Period of reform from 1890s -1920s. Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. Pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Significants in this movement included trust-busting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.`

The Meiji Restoration

Period of time where the shoguns were abolished as military leaders of the government and all controll was given to the government and Japan was modernized

Red Scare

Period of widespread fear of Communism

Daoism

Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

Daoism (Taoism)

Philosophical/religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao (Tao), or "way" or "ultimately ineffable"; Non-interference; Lao Tzu & Chuang Tzu; China; 550 BC

Confucianism

Philosophical/religious tradition that emphasizes love for humanity; Made to stop fall of Chinese society; Respect for ancestry; Confucius; China; 550 BC

Early Middle Eastern Civilizations

Phoenicians - glass and alphabet Hittites- ironwork Hyksos - first used horse Hebrews- first permanent monotheistic religion of Judaism (10 commandments) Persians- conquered most of the Middle East.

B.F. Skinner

Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats., Studied observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding good behavior.

Pre-colonial Plains Cultures

Plains covered the southern Canadian prairie provinces and most the central U.S. Blackfoot, Sioux, and Comanche are plains peoples. There lives changed with the arrival of horses from Spain's colonies as they turned from agriculture to hunting from horseback by following the herds.

Marginal Return

Point at which revenues equal expenses; Break-even point

Civil Rights

Policies and laws given by a nation within its boundaries designed to protect people its citizens. In U.S., right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality.

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Legitimacy

Political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution

Henry of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

Jacksonian Democracy

Political movement toward greater democracy for the common (white) man - Spoil System - Veto of the National Bank - Indian Removal Act - Opposition to the Supreme Court

Majoritiarianism

Political philosophy that asserts a majority of the population is entitled to a degree of primacy in society

Communism

Political theory that proposes that all people should collectively own property & the means of production; Individual ownership should not be allowed

Bartholomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. Da Gama took advantage of the prevailing winds when sailing south around Africa by not hugging its coastline. Da Gama had been commissioned and provisioned by the Portuguese government under King Manuel I to find a maritime route to the East. Established trade ports at Mozambique and Calicut.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world showing the oceans were connected. Also, giving valuable information about winds and currents.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Prosocial Behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

What is Positivism?

Positivism is a view of scientific methods and a philosophical approach, theory, or system based on the view that, in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information. Introspective and intuitional attempts to gain knowledge are rejected.

Power

Possession of controlling influence

Total Product

Possible levels of output using a various levels of variable inputs

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Ended about 500 A.D.

Samurai

Powerful military caste in feudal Japan

9th Amendment

Powers reserved to the people

10th Amendment

Powers reserved to the state

McCarthyism

Practice of making accusation of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without evidence; Phrase coined to criticize Senator Joseph McCarthy

Hinduism

Predominant religion of India; Polytheistic; Reincarnation; 1500 BC

East African Slaves

Predominantly taken to Arabia and India.

West African Slaves

Predominantly taken to the Americas.

Muslim Scholars contributions to science circa 700 to 1400 C.E.

Preserved ancient discoveries and added to their own

Ten-Percent Plan

President Abraham Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction; Southern states could be readmitted into the Union only 10% of its voters swore an oath of alligence to the Union

Jackson's Opposition to the Supreme Court

President Andrew Jackson opposed the Supreme Court following Worcester v. Georgia (1832, Georgia could not impose laws onto Cherokee lands)

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace following WWI; Called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms, & League of Nations

Richard Nixon

President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China. In the face of likely impeachment for the Watergate scandal, he resigned.

23th Amendment

Presidential electors for the District of Columbia

25th Amendment

Presidential succession and disability

20th Amendment

Presidential terms; Sessions of Congress

List the five major classifications of social groups.

Primary, Secondary, Reference, In-Groups and Out-Groups, and Social Networks.

Ivan the Great

Prince of the duchy of Moscow who responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols in the 1400s; took the title of Czar.

Privateering

Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by different governments to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale. (American Revolution,

Senator Robert Kennedy

RFK began gaining on Humphrey in the polls. He wanted to negotiate a peaceful end to the war ASAP. He also believed in Civil Rights Reform and assistance to the poor. On June 5, 1968, RFK won the CA primary and then was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilian Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

Baby Boom

Rapid population increase that took place 1945-1960 (after WWII)

15th Amendment

Ratified Feb. 3, 1870; Prohibited denying citizens the right to vote

Reactionary Groups

Refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state (the status quo ante) in a society. The term is meant to stand in opposition to and as one end of a political spectrum whose opposite pole is "radicalism".

Temperance Movement

Reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S.

Utopias

Reformers founded these ideal communities to realize their spiritual and moral potential and to escape from competition, communities designed to create perfect societies.

Fertile Crescent

Region of rich farmland in southwest Asia; Persian Gulf to Mediterranean Sea

Mesopotamia (3500-2350 BC)

Region of the Tigris & Euphrates river systems (Iraq); City-states; Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian, & Assyrian empires

Long Run Phillips Curve

Relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate in the long run, looks at long-term natural rate of unemployment.

Detente

Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

Judaism

Religion that emphasizes obedience to God; Monotheistic; The Torah; Abraham; Mesopotamia; 1300 BC

Islam

Religion that emphasizes submission to Allah; Monotheistic; Qur'an; Muhammad; Mecca (Arabia); 622

Christianity

Religion that teaches to know, love, & serve God; Believes in one God (the Trinity); The Bible Jesus; Palestine; 33

21th Amendment

Repeal of prohibition

21st Amendment

Repeals Prohibition

Nominal Interest Rate

Reported without a correction for the effects of inflation.

The Election of 1808

Republican James Madison won election over Federalist Charles Pinckney but Federalists gained seats in both houses of Congress.

Suburbia

Residential district located on the outskirts of a city

Trade Quotas

Restritions to free trade, put a legal limit on the amount that can be imported, creating shortages which cause prices to rise.

North German Confederation

Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, major step towards German unification. Came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Prussia as the leading state.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy trial by jury

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

14th Amendment

Rights of all citizens - due process, equal protection

5th Amendment

Rights of the accused

Cyclical Unemployment

Rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves. Getting laid off due to a recession is the classic case of this.

Rome (700 BC - 500)

Roman Republic (509 BC); Battle of Corinth (146 BC); Julius Caesar (44 BC); Western Empire (27 BC); Constantinople & Byzantine Empire (330); Fall of Western Empire (476)

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy.

House Representative

Serves a 2 year term

Treaty of Tordesillas

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

22nd Amendment

Sets a two-term limit on presidents

Compromise of 1877

Settled the election of 1876; Troops were removed from the South; Agreement to build a southern transcontinental railroad

Hoovervilles

Shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great Depression

Federal Reserve Act

Signed 1913 by President Woodrow Wilson; Established a system of federal banks; Gave government the power to control the money supply

Declaration of Independence

Signed July 4, 1776; 13 Colonies regarded themselves as independent states

Plains Indian Tribes

Sioux, Cheyenne, Blackfeet, Comanche, Pawnee

Average Total Cost

Total cost divided by the quantity of output

Aggregate Demand

Total demand for goods & services in an economy

Average Product

Total output divided by total units of the variable factor of production

Average Product

Total product divided by the number of units of variable input

Economic Profit

Total revenue minus total cost (explicit & implicit)

Economic Profit

Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs

Accounting Profit

Total revenue minus total explicit cost

Accounting Profit

Total revenue minus total explicit cost.

Aggregate Supply

Total supply of goods & services in an economy

Average Variable Cost

Total variable costs divided by the number of units of output.

George Bush

Vice President under Reagan and 41st President of the United States (born in 1924) aka the education president. Responsible for NCLB a renewal of ESEA .

15th Amendment

Voting rights for African-Americans

1914

WWI began

1939

WWII began

Migrant Farm Workers Movement

Wanted fair wages, health care, education & safe working conditions for migrant workers; Led by Cesar Chavez & Delores Huerta

Feudalism

a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

War Hawks

a pro-war group in the Congress of 1811 led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun - gained control of both houses and wanted war against the British (June 1, 1812 President Madison declared war aka War of 1812)

Ice cap

a region which is covered by perennial ice and snow; a large glacier forming on an extensive area of relitively level land, flowing outward from its center

Robinson map

a useful overall picture of the world; keeps correct size and shape of most continents and oceans,

Japan

after WWII, Japan became a powerhouse unexpectedly.

Judicial Branch

The branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice, the division of the federal government that is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states

Legislative Branch

The branch of the United States government that has the power to create the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of represenitives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.

The Assembly

The central events of the Athenian democracy. It had four main functions; it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner); it elected some officials; it legislated; and it tried political crimes.

Deadweight Loss

The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.

1453

The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans

Fiscal Policy

The federal government efforts to keep the economy stable by increasing or decreasing taxes or government spending.

Abnormal Psychology

The field of psychology concerned with the assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

The first company to begin actual road operations, which opened a thirteen mile stretch of track in 1830.

Jamestown

The first successful English settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

Gregorian Calendar

The solar calendar now in general use, introduced by Gregory XIII in 1582 to correct an error in the Julian calendar by suppressing 10 days, making Oct 5 be called Oct 15, and providing that only centenary years divisible by 400 should be leap years. Britain and British colonies moved from using the Julian calendar to Gregorian

Islam

The religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life; the predominant religion of northern Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan and Indonesia

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another.

Fall of Berlin Wall

The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain British practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Nineteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Political Rights

The rights to vote or run for office, which give you control over your government i.e. rights of political participation.

Magna Carta

The royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215. Rights given limited monarch's power, right to trial by peer jury for barons, and representation for taxation.

Miranda Rule

The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)

Institutions

The rules and procedures that provide incentives for political behavior, thereby shaping politics, organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake.

Define Psychology.

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, esp. those affecting behavior in a given context.

Oprichnina

The secret army/police created by Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible that he used to kill anyone who got in his way (i.e. the Boyars)

Great Schism

The separation of most of the Eastern churches from the Western Church in A.D. 1054 causing the establishment of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox.

Hundred Years War

The series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. Was discovered that foot soldiers with long bows were superior to armored knights thus ending medieval form of warfare.

Money

The set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

95 Theses

The sheet of paper that Martin Luther put on a church door stating what he believed to be the abuses of the Catholic Church, which included the sale of indulgences. This act is regarded as the start or catalyst to the reformation.

Marginal Propensity

The smaller marginal propensity to save, the larger the multiplier; the larger the marginal propensity to consume, the larger the multiplier

McCulloch vs. Maryland

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

Social Solidarity

The state of having shared beliefs and values among members of a social group, along with intense and frequent interaction among group members.

Recession

The state of the economy declines, A period of an economic contraction, sometimes limited in scope or duration.

Chinese Revolution

The struggle between Nationalists and Communists forces in China that began in the 1920's and ended in 1949 with a Communist victory

Indentured Servitude

The system of temporary servitude, where a person bound themselves to masters for fixed terms of servitude, in exchange for passage to America, food and shelter. This method of labor was one of the largest elements of colonial population in America.

Buddhism

The teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.

Robber Barons

The term used to describe the Gilded Age monopolist for their Social Darwinist practices who referred to themselves as "Captains of Industry." Examples: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and William Vanderbilt

Calvinism

The theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone

Utilitarianism

The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Ghengis Khan

The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

Aggregate Supply

The total amount of goods and services in the economy available at all possible price levels

Aggregate Demand

The total demand for goods and services over varying prices within the economy, including componenting such as household consumption, business investment, government spending & net exports., the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be purchased at all possible price levels.

Average Fixed Cost

The total fixed costs (TFC) divided by the number of units produced. It is the only cost that decreases with production.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

The total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

Fugitive Slave Act

allowed slaveholders to capture their slaves in free territory

Island

an area of land which is completely surrounded by water.

Valley

an elongated depression in the earth's surface, usually between ranges of hills or mountains.

Plains

an extensive area of level and rolling, treeless country, often covered by rich, fertile soil.

The International Dateline

an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole between Russia and Alaska which separates 2 consecutive calander days.

Nucleated settlements

generally found located around ports, harbors and roads; they have a center, or "nucleus."

Bangladesh

has a parliamentary democracy.

Kazakhstan

has a republic authoritarian presidential rule.

Uzbekistan

has a republic, authoritarian presidential rule.

Iran

has an Islamic theocratic republic.

Pakistan

has become a modern Islamic republic and a major regional power, having nuclear bomb capabilities. It is plauged by corruption, political repression and military rule although the current President Pervez Musharraf is an ally of the US in the war against terrorism.

India

has become the world's largest democracy and also a nuclear power.

Snowstorms

have a significant effect on plant, animal and human life. Snow increases the reflection of solar

The Caribbean

he Caribbean Sea is in the Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the West Indies to the north and east, South america to the south, and central america to the west. popular vacation spots

Plate Tectonics

heory which explains the distribution of continents, earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. Plates

Human-initiated fire

human-initiated fires for land clearing and land use can quickly develop into large-scale and

Political map

identifies continents and countries according to their political ideals.

Satellite image

image of a larger region on earth taken by a satellite orbiting in space.

A.D,

in the Christian era or "In the year of our Lord" (meaning Christ) many have moved to using C.E. or common era

Fall Equinox

in the Northern Hemisphere this occurs on September 22 or 23; in the Southern Hemisphere this occurs on March 20 or 21. The earth is tilted sideways toward the sun so the hours of daylight and darkness are equal in both hemispheres.

Canada

largest trading partner with the United States. 20% of all U.S. international trade.

Alien Act

made it hard for immigrants to obtain citizenship

Ozone-layer depletion

the ozone "hole" is a periodic depletion of the ozone layer that occurs over Antarctica in the

Erosion

the process by which weathered particles are moved to another location.

Deforestation

the process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else.

Topographical map

the shape of the earth's surface is shown by contour lines; contour lines are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation above sea level on the land's surface.

Weather

the short-term state of the atmosphere at any particular time and place. Weather involves temperature, air

Central America

the southern most part of the North American continent, lying between Mexico and South America including belize, guatemala, el salvador, honduras, nicaragua and costa rica

Miranda VS. Arizona

the supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. Decision based on rights given in 5th Amendment.

Global warming

the term attached to the belief that the Earth's temperature is gradually increasing due to the

Desertification

the transformation of arable, or habitable, land into desert, as by a change in climate, or by

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Earthquakes

tremors of the Earth's surface, sometimes violent and devastating, which result from shock waves

Azimuthal map

true compass direction, usually circular, distorts scale, area and shape; usually used to show areas

Afghanistan

was an Islamic oligarchy, but had its first democratic elections in 2004, after the defeat of the Taliban rulers

Floods

water overflows its natural or artificial banks into normally dry land. Floods are commonly caused by

Factors for Consumer Purchases

1. anticipated satisfaction; 2. price; 3. consumer's income

Clayton Antitrust Act

Passed in 1914. Outlaws price discrimination.

King George III

(1738-1820); King of Great Britain & Ireland during Revolutionary War

House of Burgesses

-first representative assembly in America -founded 1619

Marginal Product

The extra output that can be produced by using one more unit of input

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

(1712-1778); French philosopher; Believed people are good, government should protect common good; Influenced French Revolution

First Great Awakening

(1730s-1740s); Series of religious revivals among Protestants; Made Christianity deeply personal to the average person

George Washington

(1732-1799); 1st President; Commander-in-Chief of Continental Army; Presided over Constitutional Convention

John Adams

(1735-1826); 2nd President; Assisted Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence

Pre-colonial SE Woodland Cultures

"The Southeast Woodlands gave rise to the largest settlements of pre-colonial North America. A typical Southeast settlement consisted of a town centre (where the nobles lived) surrounded by farms (where most of the commoners lived and worked). Southeast Woodlands towns were sometimes dotted with mounds, which served as platforms for temples and houses.15 Southeast peoples include the Caddo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw." In the Southeast culture area the settlement Cahokia, actually exceeded 10,000 residents. Cahokia was a settlement of the Mississippian culture. Source:http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

Reconquista

(1100s-1492); Effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain

Genghis Khan

(1162-1227); Founded Mongol Empire; Known for military leadership & cruelty

Shogun

(1192-1867); Military dictators of Japan

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Aztecs worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Had coed schools for their children.

Petrarch

(1304-1374)The father of humanism, he wrote that literature should not be subordinate to religion. He studied ancient texts like Cicero, and wrote his poetry in Italian vernacular, which unified the Italian language. He became a symbol of a new type of writer, he didn't use language merely as a practical tool but instead for expression.

Olmecs

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rain forests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples (flat topped pyramids), carried on trade with other groups. They had hieroglyphs and number system. Had a ceremonial ball game that ended with some players being sacrificed.

Erasmus

(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527); Italian historian, statesman, & political philosopher of the Renaissance. Author of The Prince; Ruler should do whatever necessary to maintain power; "Ends justify the means"

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543); Astronomer & mathmatician; Sun at center of the Universe

Francisco Pizarro

(1475-1541); Spanish conquistador; Conquered Incas; Founded Lima

Spanish Inquisition

(1481-1834); Ecclesiastical court in Spain; Intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy

Martin Luther

(1483-1546); German monk; Authored 95 Theses (1517); Sparked Reformation

Hernan Cortez

(1485-1547); Spanish conquistador; Defeated Aztecs & conquered Mexico

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642); Italian astronomer; Telescope

Thomas Hobbes

(1588-1679); English philosopher; Author of Leviathan; Believe people were cruel, greedy, & selfish; Society needed a powerful government to keep order

John Locke

(1632-1704); English philosopher; Social Contract Theory in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed & in which the government serves the people; People have a right to life, liberty, & property

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723) a Dutch tradesman and scientist who is known as "the Father of Microbiology;" the first person to see bacteria through a microscope; best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and his work which led to the creation of the field of study called microbiology

Isaac Newton

(1642-1727); English physicist & mathematician; Laws of motion, optics, gravity, & calculus

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian Czar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg which he founded.

Johanne Sebastian Bach

(1685-1750) A famous German-Lutheran composer of organ fugues and church cantatas. Lived in Leipzig, and wrote St. Mathew Passion Coffee Cantata. Worked privately for the church and publicly.

Voltaire

(1694-1778); French philosopher & writer; , Epitomize the Enlightenment; Attacked injustice (France) & intolerance (Catholicism)

Thomas Paine

(1737-1809); Authored two pamphlets that inspired the Patriots to declare independence from Britain

Olaudah Equiano

(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery

James Madison

(1751-1836); 4th President; "Father of the Constitution" due to Virginia Plan

Phyllis Wheatley

(1753-1784); a slave girl brought to Boston at age eight and never formally educated; she was taken to England when, at twenty years of age, she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope

French & Indian War

(1754-1763); American theater of Seven Years' War; British vs. France & Indians; British won

Maximilien Robespierre

(1758-1794); Member of the Committee of Public Safety; Executed ended Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821); Leader during the French Revolution; Emperor of the French (1804-1815); Exiled to Elba; Returned to power, Defeated in Battle of Waterloo; Exiled to Saint Helena

Continental Congress

(1774-1789); Convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies that became the governing body of the US during the Revolutionary War

John C. Calhoun

(1782-1850); Politician from South Carolina; Proponent of states' rights, limited government, & nullification of free trade; Pointed South toward sucession

Federalist Papers

(1787-1788); Series of 85 articles/essay; Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay; Promoted ratification of the US Constitution

Alexander Hamilton

(1789-1795); 1st Secretary of the Treasury; Advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, & tariff system to pay off the national debt

John Brown

(1800-1858); Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia

Lewis & Clark Expedition

(1803-1806); Expedition sent by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the U.S.; From St. Louis to Columbia River; Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

William Lloyd Garrison

(1805-1879); Prominent American abolitionist; Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", One of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society

Robert E. Lee

(1807-1870): Confederate General

Jefferson Davis

(1808-1889); President of the Confederate States of America

Abraham Lincoln

(1809-1865); 16th President; Led U.S. through Civil War; Abolished slavery; Strengthened national government; Modernized economy

War of 1812

(1812-1815); US vs. Britain & Indians; Resolved issues stemming from the Revolutionary War

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895); U.S. abolitionist who escaped from slavery; Became influential writer & lecturer in the North

Karl Marx

(1818-1883); German philosopher, economic, & revolutionary; Author of The Communist Manifesto; History is an account of class struggle; Social revolution & creation of a proletarian dictatorship was inevitable

Susan B. Anthony

(1820-1906); Civil rights leader; Campaigned for women's rights, women's suffrage, Temperance, & the abolition of slavery

Harriet Tubman

(1820-1913); Former slave who became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad

Andrew Carnegie

(1835-1919); Scottish-born American industrialist & philanthropist; Founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892

J. P. Morgan

(1837-1913); American financier, banker, & philanthropist; Formed General Electric & U.S. Steel

John D. Rockefeller

(1839-1937); American industrialist & philanthropist; Founded Standard Oil Company in 1870

Mexican American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. Ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848); Conflict between U.S. & Mexico after the annexation of Texas; U.S. won

Samuel Gompers

(1850-1924); Founder of the American Federation of Labor; Fought wages & working conditions; Used strikes, boycots, & collective bargaining

Robert LaFollette

(1855-1925); Progressive Movement politician from Wisconsin

Woodrow Wilson

(1856-1924); 28th President; Leader of Progressive Movement; Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission, labor rights; Fourteen Points; League of Nations

W. E. B. DuBois

(1868-1963); Black historian & sociologist; lobbied for equal economic & social rights; Co-founder of the NAACP

Ulysses S. Grant

(1869-1877); 18th President; Union General during the Civil War

Mohandas Gandi

(1869-1948); Led India to independence from Great Britain; Non-violence; Assassinated

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Vladimir Lenin

(1870-1924); Russian revolutionary & politician; Founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevics); Led the November Revolution (1917) which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, & soldiers

Nelson Mandela

(b. 1918) Leader of African National Congress; Jailed for opposing apartheid in South Africa; Elected President of South Africa (free elections, 1994); Established Constitution of South Africa (1996)

Mikhail Gorbachev

(b. 1931); General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985-1991); Only President of the Soviet Union; Reforms led to fall of the Soviet Union

U.S. Presidential Powers

*Appointment of: Ambassadors, public Ministers, Supreme Court Judges and other Officers of U.S. not otherwise provisioned for by Constitution *Make treaties between two or more independent nations *Veto * Commander and Chief of Armed Forces In short the President is the head of the executive branch of the government and is responsible for the execution of laws made by the legislature through Foreign and Domestic Policy.

Amendment Process

- Amendment proposed by 2/3 vote in both houses of Congress or Conventions called in 2/3 of states - Amendment ratified by approval of 3/4 of state legislatures or special ratifying conventions held in 3/4 of states

Main Ideas of The Declaration of Independence

- Announce the colonies separation from England - All men are created equal - All men entitled to life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness

Structure of the U.S. Constitution

- Article I: Legislative Branch - Article II: Executive Branch - Article III: Judicial Branch - Article IV: States & People - Article V: Changing the Constitution - Article VI: Supremacy of the Constitution - Article VII: Ratifying the Constitution

Responsibilities of the Executive Branch

- Conduct foreign policy - Command of the armed forces - Power to appoint federal judges & government officials - Veto congressional bills - Grant clemency

Jefferson/Hamilton Conflict

- Jefferson favored an agrarian nation for all people - Hamilton favored a strong central government for the educated & wealthy - Led to political parties & the polarization of politics

Populism vs. Progressivism

- Populism: anti-capitalistic, favored agrarianism, opposed drastic modernization - Progressivism: uplifting the country through socioeconomic & political reform

Responsibilities of the Judicial Branch

- Power of judicial review (declare laws & actions unconstitutional)

Responsibilities of the Legislative Branch

- Power to make laws - Power to levy taxes - Power to impeach

Andrew Johnson - Reconstruction

- Returned property to white southerners - Pardoned former Confederate officers & officials - Undermined the Freedmen's Bureau - Canceled war debts - Newly elected officials in the South - Passed 13th Amendment

Causes of the Great Depression

- Stock market crash (margin buying) - Overproduction (factories & farms) - Reliance on credit - Income Inequality - Bad banking practices

Forest

- a large, thick growth of trees and underbrush.

South Central Asia

- countries include: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Sri Lanka, Iran, Bangladesh, Kyrgystan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Tajikistan, India, Napal and Turkmenistan.

Africa

- with 56 countries, the second-largest continent (after Asia), located south of Europe and bordered to the west by the atlantic ocean and to the east by the indian ocean. It is widely believed that the human race began here.

John Marshall

-(1755-1835) -appointed chief justice of US Supreme Court -Federalist

Bill of Rights

-10 amendments ratified by states at end of 1791 -1-9: guarantees of personal freedoms -10: states have all powers not specifically withheld or granted to the federal government Specifically: 1. freedom of speech, religion 2. right to bear arms 3. troops not housed in citizens homes 4. protects against unreasonable search and seizure 5. right to due process 6. speedy/public trial 7. jury trial 8. protects against excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment 9. all rights retained by people 10. states have all powers not specifically withheld or granted to the federal government

Anti-Federalists

-LOCAL CONTROL -ANTI-CONSTITUTION establishing a strong central government because they were afraid states would lose power -favored strong support and influence of states -Bill of Rights was essential to balance the powers given by the Constitution, its absence in the original Constitution seen as a serious threat to individual liberties -thought the Articles of Confederation only needed amending (Annapolis Convention 1786 suggested national convention to modify Articles) -only small republic capable of protecting individual rights -supported by small farmers, often from rural areas

Pontiac

-Ottawa chief -led bloody Indian uprising against colonists - killed lots of settlers along frontier -aimed to drive entire white population into the sea

Federalists

-PRO-CONSTITUTION establishing a strong central government -wanted to limit state power because Senate adequately represented state interests -didn't think Bill of Rights was necessary -opposed to Articles of Confederation as ineffectual -wanted large republic to protect individual freedoms -supported by large farmers, merchants, artisans (wealthier people usually went Federalist) -ceased to exist after Andrew Jackson's victory over British January 8, 1815 at New Orleans and their actions to halt war/secede were discredited

"Great Compromise"

-Roger Sherman, Oliver Ellsworth -aka The Great Connecticut Compromise -created a presidency, Senate with all states represented equally (2 senators), and House of Representatives with representation according to population

Mesopotamia

-Sumer (4000-2000 BCE) -city of Ur -Gilgamesh - epic Sumerian poem -Sumerians created city-states, dikes, resevoirs -probably invented writing "cuneiform" (wedge-shaped letters)

Judiciary Act of 1789

-Supreme Court with 6 justices -interpreter of "supreme law of the land" -district courts established -3 courts of appeal established

Treaty of Paris of 1783

-after Yorktown GB wanted to make peace treaty -4 major points: 1. US independent nation 2. western boundary set at Mississippi River 3. southern boundary northern border of Florida (Britain kept Canada, Florida went to Spain) 4. Private British creditors could collect debts owed by US citizens, states restore confiscated loyalist property

General Lord Charles Cornwallis

-aggressive British general -took defensive position at Yorktown, VA where he was trapped by French and American armies -surrendered (after 3 weeks of siege) Oct. 17, 1781

Mississippian Culture

-arose during 10th century because of bow & arrow, maize that grew in temperate climates, flint hoes instead of sticks -"Mound Builders"-built huge mounds as temples -lived across Ohio, Missouri, Alabama, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Georgia -largest settlement in city of Cahokia (more than 30,000 people) near St. Louis -hierarchical societies ruled by political chiefdoms -extensive trade networks, craft specialization, and productive farming -peeked in 13th century -replaced by less urban cultures (largest was Cherokee) by time Europeans arrived

Age of Jackson

-beginning of 2-party system -popular politics based on emotional appeal -meetings in mass conventions to nominate candidates -Whigs vs. Democrats -Whigs - government participation with commercial and industrial development, encouraged banking and corporations, cautious about westward expansion, support from northern businessmen and large southern plantation owners (Calhoun, Clay, Webster) -Democrats - opposed big government and modernization, support from working classes, small merchants, and small farmers

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

-biggest accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation -created territorial governments and new states (Ohio first state admitted to Union from NW Territory) -excluded slavery north of Ohio River -supported public education

"broad" vs. "strict" interpretation of the Constitution

-broad - government given all powers that were not directly denied in Constitution (Alexander Hamilton) -strict - any action not specifically permitted in the Constitution was prohibited (Jefferson and Madison)

Describe Pueblos:

-called Pueblos by the Spanish -interconnected apartment-like structures (NOT in sides of mountains) -matrilineal (tracing ancestral descent through the maternal line) -strict community codes of behavior -oldest continuously occupied towns in US

Boston Tea Party

-colonists organized against allowing British ships to dock and unload when they realized that if Britain was successful with establishing a tea monopoly, they might attempt to monopolize other aspects of colonial trade

Articles of Confederation

-created after state constitutions already made and they wanted to create national government -preserved sovereignty of the states and a weak national government -unicameral Congress (each state gets 1 vote) -amending articles would require unanimous consent of all states -government could not levy taxe, raise troops, or regulate commerce -government could make war, make treaties, decide # of troops and $ from each state for war effort, settle disputes between states, admit new states to Union, borrow $ -proved inadequate -biggest accomplishment: Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Proclamation of 1763

-created by Great Britain -prohibited colonists from moving west of the crest fo the Appalachian Mountains -colonists thought British government was unfairly keeping them from moving onto new lands acquired from the French as a result of the French and Indian War win by Great Britain -British government's goal: prevent conflict between trans-Appalachian Indians and colonists looking to settle because defending colonists was expensive

How did the fur trade affect the Native Americans?

-disrupted established agricultural communities - stopped providing food so they could find furs and hides to trade with the Europeans -Indians fought with each other for possession of lands as they depleted the region's fur-bearing animals

Zebulon Pike

-explorer -explored middle parts of Louisiana and mapped the land

Causes of WWI

1. A system of alliances divide Europe into two parts 2. Nationalism was very prevalent in the countries of Europe (especially Serbia) 3. Militarism or reliance on military strength 4. Imperialism and the conquering of countries in Asia, South America, and Africa 5. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Black Hand The immediate cause was the claiming of territory and power in the Balkans.

What are the 5 most prominent mountain ranges in North America?

1. Appalachian Mountain Range 2. Cascade Range 3. Klamath Range 4. Rocky Mountain Range 5. Sierra Nevada Mountain Range

Which 7 states border on at least one of the Great Lakes?

1. Minnesota 2. Wisconsin 3. Illinois 4. Michigan 5. Ohio 6. Pennsylvania 7. New York

What are the four largest rivers in the US?

1. Mississippi River 2. Missouri River 3. Yukon River 4. Rio Grande River

What are the 5 Great Lakes?

1. Lake Superior 2. Lake Michigan 3. Lake Huron 4. Lake Erie 5. Lake Ontario

Causes of U.S. Civil War

1. Social and economic differences - social hierarchy and slave based agriculture vs. industry and abolition 2. States vs. Federal Rights

Zhou Dynasty

1046-256 BC; 3rd dynasty in China; Mandate of Heaven; Expansion; Confucianism & Daoism established

Neolithic Period

10K-2K BC; Beginning of farming; Development of metal tools; Only one human species

Chou Dynasty

1122-256 BC AKA Middle Kingdom Chinese longest ruling dynasty; used iron implements and metal coins

Feudal Japan

1185-1868; Period of Japanese history dominated by powerful regional families & shogun

The Crusades

11th-13th Centuries; Military expeditions Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Aztecs

1200-1521; Mesoamerican civilization; Corn, conquests, human sacrifices; Capital Tenochtitlan; Conquered by Hernan Cortez

Mongol Empire

1206-1368; Largest land empire in history; Stretched from Black Sea to Pacific Ocean (1279)

Mali Empire

1230-1645; Western Africa; Sundiata Keita took control of Ghana Empire; Renown for wealth of rulers (esp. Mansa Musa I); Continued trans-Saharan trade

Osman Bey

1258-1326; Founded the Ottoman Empire

Unification of Germany

1871, unified under Bismarck uses spirit of nationalism provoked by the Napoleonic wars; nationalist based on language and religion and culture (not civic nationalism like the French); what we get is "the worship of the state"; state not just agency that regulates relationships but a spiritual corporation

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Knights of Labor

1880s; American labor organization; Demanded 8-hour workdays, an end to child & convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, & the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines & factories

Pendleton Act

1883; Government jobs should be awarded based on merit

Dawes Act

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890; Law that banned the formation of trusts & monopolies

Jean Piaget

1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896; Supreme Court case which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks & whites were equal

Spanish American War

1898 War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Boxer Uprising

1898-1900 A group of Chinese formed a secret society called The Righteous Harmonious Fists, their goal was to drive out foreign devils who were polluting the land with non traditional [Chinese] ways.

The Boxer Rebellion

1899-1901; Uprising in China; Aimed to end foreign influence in the country; Put down by Eight-Nation Alliance

Open Door Policy

1899; Policy which stated all nations have equal opportunities to trade in China

Enlightenment Period

18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. Also known as Age of Reason.

Wright Brothers

1903 Orville Wright credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones, also showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 corollary to Monroe Doctrine in which US would mediate between Europeans and Latin America.

Mexican Revolution

1910-1920; Began as an attempt to remove Porfirio Diaz from power; Evolved into multi-sided civil war; Mexican Constitution enacted (1917)

WWI

1914-1918; Began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a group of Serbian radicals; Germany, Austria-Hungary (aka central powers) v. Britain, France, Russia (aka allied powers); America is neutral. Over 10,000,000 people died mostly in battle.

World War I

1914-1918; European war in which the Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, U.S.) defeated the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria)

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914; Strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Keating-Owen Act

1916; "Child Labor Act"; Prohibited the interstate sale of goods produced by children

Adamson Act

1916; Established an 8-hour workday & overtime pay

Russian Civil War

1917-1922; Conflict between Red Army (Bolsheviks) & White Army (anti-Communists); Created Soviet Union

Russian Revolution

1917; Revolution against Czarist government; Resulted in abdication of Nicholas II; Created a Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

League of Nations

1919-1946; International organization that aimed to promote peace; Weakened by U.S. refusal to join

18th Amendment

1920; Established the prohibition of alcohol in the U.S.

19th Amendment

1920; Gave women the right to vote

Harlem Renaissance

1920s; A period of renewal & flourishing for African-American culture (art, music, & literature)

Mexican Immigration

1920s; Influx of Mexicans into U.S. after Mexican Civil War

Dust Bowl

1930s; An area, including parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, & northern Texas where windstorms caused severe soil erosion

Social Security Act

1935; New Deal program that established reitrement insurance, unemployment compensation, & federal grants for welfare programs

National Labor Relations Board

1935; New Deal program that guaranteed works' rights to organize & prevent unfair labor practices

WW2

1939-1945, Hitler, invading Poland, was the beginning of the war. U.S. was neutral but became involved when Japan, bombed Pearl Harbor. We then dropped the atomic bombs, Little Boy, & Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, using the Enola Gay B-29 bomber.

World War II

1939-1945; War fought Between Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) & Allied Powers (U.S., France, U.S.S.R., U.K.); Introduction of nuclear weapons

Japanese Internment Camps

1942-1946; Forced relocation of Asian-Americans along the Pacific coast of the U.S.; Authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt

G.I. Bill

1944 law that helped returning veterans buy homes & pay for higher educations

Cold War

1946-1991; State of sustained political & military tension between U.S. & U.S.S.R.

Marshall Plan

1948-1952; U.S. program to help rebuild Europe after WWII; Aimed to contain Communism

NATO

1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Korean War

1950-1953 Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Korean War

1950-1953; Conflict between (Communist) North Korea & South Korea; U.N. & U.S. supported South Korea; Neither side gained land, U.S. claimed victory

Senator Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Brown VS. Topeka Board of Education

1954 Supreme court case that overturned Plessy Vs. Ferguson ruling; ruled "separate but equal" education system is "inherently unequal". This upheld rights guaranteed under 14th amendment. Rationale: Minorities separated from the majority will not/ cannot have access to the same experiences and opportunities; therefore, separate can never be equal in education.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954; Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson; Declared racial segregation unconstitutional

The Great Chinese Famine

1958-1961; Caused by drought, poor weather, & policies of The Great Leap Forward

The Great Leap Forward

1958-1961; Economic & social campaign meant to rapidly transfer People's Republic of China from an agrarian economy to a Communist society through industrialization; Failed, resulting in the Great Chinese Famine

Rosetta Stone

196 BC; Stone slab bearing parallel inscriptions in Greek, hieroglyphic, & Demontic script

War on Poverty

1960s; President Lyndon B. Johnson's program to provide greater social services for the poor & elderly

Great Society

1960s; Set of domestic programs announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson; Aimed to eliminate poverty & racial injustice

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962; Conflict between the U.S. & U.S.S.R. after Soviets placed nuclear-arms in Cuba.

The Cultural Revolution

1966-1976; Campaign in China to purge the Communist Party (CPC) of opponents & instill revolutionary values in the younger generations

Miranda v. Arizona

1966; Ruled that police must inform people they are about to question of their right against self-incrimination

Watergate Scandal

1972; Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters ordered by White House employees & subsequent cover-up attempt; Forced President Richard Nixon to resign in 1974

Chunnel

1990s Underwater (English Channel) tunnel that links Great Britain and France

Luddites

19th Century; English artisans who protested against industrial machinery

Manifest Destiny

19th century belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent

Paleolithic Period

2.6M-10K BC; Development of primitive stone tools; Hunters-gatherers grouping in bands; More than one human species existed

Mayans

2000 BC - 900; Mesoamerican civilization; Fully developed written language, mathematics, calendar, & architecture

Han Dynasty

206 BC - 220; 5th dynasty in China; "Golden Age in China"; Divided into areas, Central government; Silk Road; Buddhism established

Xia Dynasty

2070-1600 BC; 1st dynasty in China after the Five Emperors

Qin Dynasty

221-206 BC; 4th dynasty in China; United China; Terracotta Army; Construction of Great Wall of China began; Abolished landowning lords, Direct control by government

Rise of Ancient Civilizations

4000 B.C. Yellow River Valley Civilization 3500 to 2340B.C.- Sumerian 3100 to 30 B.C.- Egyptian 2500 to 1500 B.C. - Indus Valley (Harrapan Civilization) 1900 to 1100 B.C. - Babylonian 1500 to 300 B.C. - Olmec 1100 to 50 B.C.- Ancient Greece 1070 to 350 B.C. - Kush 800 to 400 B.C. - Etruscan and Ancient Rome 500 B.C. to 200 A.D. Adena (Chilicothe,Ohio area)

Ronald Reagan

40th US president.First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980.

Bill Clinton

42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached because of sex scandal. Carried on education reforms began with Republican President George Bush.

Fall of Rome

476 C.E.- Contributing factors to this event include: military interference in politics, civil war and unrest, moving the capital and division of the empire, low confidence, disloyalty, contrast between rich and poor, poor harvests, gold and silver drain, inflation, and threat of attack; immediate causes were pressure from Huns, invasion by Germanic tribes and by Huns, sack of Rome, and conquest by invaders

Fall of the Western Roman Empire

476; Poverty & unemployment increased; Barbarian invasions; Empire was too big

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the United States, Secretary of State. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Ghana Empire

750-1235; Western Africa; Domesticated camel; Trans-Saharan trade (gold, ivory, salt); Converted to Islam

Macedon

800-146 BC; Greek kingdom

Kievan Rus'

882-1283; 1st Monoarchy in Russia; Loose federation of East Slavic tribes; Influenced by Byzantine Empire

What is the total area of North America?

9,360,000 square miles

Holy Roman Empire

962-1806; Political union of Germanic states & principalities

Sung Dynasty

969 AD - 1279 AD reunited the country, invented paper money,typography, gun powder, and compass; taken over by the mongols

New Amsterdam

A 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherlands. City and colony was seized by the English in 1664. Dutch surrendered without a battle. Later became the city now known as New York City.

Adriaen Block

A Dutch trader who was the first European to sail up to the East River into the Long Island Sound and the first European to realize that Long Island was an island. Block Island, to the east of Long Island, is named after him.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial including King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial in 1794.

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E.. Had strict social class structure.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period,(c. 250 CE to 900 CE), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization (600,000,000 population) in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Practiced slavery and human sacrifice. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Creek Confederacy

A North American Indian confederacy organized by the Muskogee that dominated the southeastern part of the United States before being removed to Oklahoma.

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. The Inquisition was an element of the counter reformation.

Ivan Pavlov

A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who discovered classical conditioning.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Ottoman Empire

A Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire around 1453. Became static because of the Muslim belief that all truth can be found in the Koran so did not participate in the Renaissance and Enlightenment with the western civilizations.

Liberia

A West African nation founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society to serve as a homeland for free blacks to settle

Songhai

A West African people that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591. Defeated by Moroccans armed with guns in 1590.

Taj Mahal

A beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife.

Thomas Fuller

A black mathematical prodigy., By the time he was shipped to the Americas in 1724 as a slave he had already aquired the abiltiy to calculate numbers into the billions.

Hinduism

A body of polytheistic religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beings of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth

Behavioral Psychology

A branch of psychology that focuses on observable actions, particularly stimulus-response methods.

Investiture

A ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office.

Bonds

A certificate issued by a government or private company which promises to pay back with interest the money borrowed from the buyer of the certificate.

Philadelphia

A city in Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River. Established as a Quaker colony by William Penn and others in 1681, it was the site of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. First capital of the U.S. until moved to Washington D.C. in 1800.

Split Brain

A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Research states that the left hemisphere is responsible for spoken language.

French Indian War

A conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763 named by the British because they fought against French and most Indian tribes. French were defeated. Caused most North America to be English Speaking.

Spanish Civil War

A conflict form 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces

Cartel

A consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service. ex/ OPEC

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Demand

A consumer's willingness and ability to pay for products or services.

Byzantine Empire

A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic they effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Formed by Romulus; served for life; administered laws and decrees; controlled treasury and collected taxes; appointed military commanders; received foreign ambassadors and ratified treaties with foreign powers.

Appellate Court

A court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies

Earth Day

A day in which we celebrate the earth on. Held first on April 22, 1970.

Anne Hutchison

A devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons and compared ministers. this created a problem for Puritan leaders; in 1637, the General Court called her to trial to answer to charges of heresy, and was banished. Help found Rhode Island after exile.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender, if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

Skepticism

A doubting or questioning attitude

Labor

A factor of production that is tied closely to the size of the population.

Pluralistic Ignorance

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

Pure Competition

A firm produces a homogeneous product and is a small part o the total supply such that it cannot influence market price and total output.

Charter Oath

A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

Internationalism

A foreign policy strategy in which a country take an active role in world affairs

Multilateralism

A foreign policy strategy in which multiple countries work together on a given issue

Isolationism

A foreign policy strategy in which one country refuses to become entwined with another country - Non-Interventionism - Protectionism

Unilateralism

A foreign policy strategy in which one country works alone

Bilateralism

A foreign policy strategy in which one country works in conjunction with another country

Multilateralism

A foreign policy that encourages the involvement of several nation-states in coordinated action, usually in relation to a common adversary, with terms and conditions usually specified in a multicountry treaty, such as NATO

Enlightened Absolutism

A form of absolute monarchy in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

Oligarchy

A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, military might, or religious hegemony.

Vote of no Confidence

A process in a parliamentary system where a majority of parliament members vote to remove the Prime Minister from office.

Populist

A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation)

Radical

A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform

Conservative

A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.

Liberal

A person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties, a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets.

Status

A person's condition or position in the eyes of the law; relative rank or standing, especially in society; prestige

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Confucianism

A philosophy that most emphasizes proper relationships as the basis for social and political order. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Major John Andre

A poet and humorist who was Benedict Arnold's co-conspirator to betray West Point to the English. Hung by the Americans fro spying.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to control other countries politically, socially, and economically without direct colonization

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically, a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Imperialism

A policy of extending one country's rule over foreign countries

Communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Liberalism

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes, a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive governments, and personal opportunity.

Conservatism

A political orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society & opposing radical changes

Liberalism

A political orientation that favors individual freedoms, progress, & reform

Iran Contra

A political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan contras.

Watergate

A political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice led to resignation of President Nixon

Communism

A political system based in socialism.Characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government

Authoritarian

A political system governed by a dominating single person; Individuals' rights are subordinate to the state

Oligarchy

A political system governed by a few people

Autocracy

A political system governed by a single individual with unlimited power

Monarchy

A political system governed by a single person who typically inherits the authority

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Fuedalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land. Socioeconomics predominated in both Europe and Japan between 700 and 1300 BCE.

Democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Fascism

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism), a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition.

Socialism

A political theory advocating state ownership of industry. A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Theocracy

A political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

Far East

A popular expression for the countries of eastern Asia (usually including China and Mongolia and Taiwan and Japan and Korea and Indochina and eastern Siberia)

Spoil System

A practice where a political party, after winning as election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for electioneering

Neo Colonialism

A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

Cultural Revolution

A radical sociopolitical movement in China c1966-71, led by Mao Zedong and characterized by military rule, terrorism, purges, restructuring of the educational system, etc.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

Money Demand

A relationship between the interest rate and the quantity of money that people are willing to hold at any given interest rate.

Galloping Inflation

A relatively intense inflation, usually ranging from 100 to 300 percent annually.

Creeping Inflation

A relatively low rate of inflation, usually 1 to 3 percent annually.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. The translation of the Bible into vernacular languages was part of it's endeavor.

Harlem Rennaisance

A renewal and flourishing of black literary and musical culture during the years after World War I in the Harlem section of New York City.

India

A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 after WWII

Correlational Research

A research strategy that identifies the relationships between two or more variables in order to describe how these variables change together. One advantage is that it helps psychologists make predictions.

Inflation

A rise in the general level of prices of goods & services; A reduction in purchasing power

Exclusionary Rule

A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct, improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.

New Deal

A series of domestic economic programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt; Included Works Progress Administration, Social Security, & National Labor Relations Board

Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. A result were new products and technologies brought back to Europe.

Networks

A set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.

Code Napolean

A set of laws made in 18th century that guaranteed certain freedoms for the males of France, French law is still based on this code. One of the main ways Napoleon was said to be the heir to the French Revolution.

Caste System

A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society.

Price Inelasticity

A situation In which supply and demand of a commodity do not respond to price

Scarcity

A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants

Ethan Allen

A soldier of the American Revolution whose troops, "Green Mountain Boys", helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789)

Equality

A state of being essentially equal or equivalent

Conflict

A state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests, an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals).

Deviance

A state or condition markedly different from the norm, behavior that departs from societal or group norms

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Bill of Rights

A statement of fundamental rights and privileges ( the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) added in 1791.

Steam Locomotive

A steam powered form of transportation that provided for faster land travel

Interventionism

A strand of American foreign policy that was visible by the end of the 19th century; it included "gunboat diplomacy" and other forms of military involvement by the United States in various parts of the world.

Civilization

A stratified society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations). Usually indicates a population of 10,000 or more historically.

Japan

A string of more than 3,000 islands east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean. Japanese first migrated to islands from mainland Asia in 300 A.D. Though nominally led by a Shogun, Japan fell to the feudal systems under warlords called Samurai and Daimyo.

Market Economy

A system in which economic decisions are based on supply & demand

Mixed Economy

A system in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation & promotion

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Command Economy

A system in which the central government makes all economic decisions

Great Wall of China

A system of fortified walls constructed as a defense for China; Completed in the 3rd century BC; 2000 miles

Federalism

A system of government in which power is divided between the nation & the state

Constitutional Government

A system of government in which the functions of government are defined by a constitution. It effectively restrains the powers of the government and guarantees certain rights to the people.

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president, a system of government in which both executive and legislative functions reside in an elected assembly. The head of the government must be a current member of the legislature.

Constitutional Monarch

A system of government in which the monarch has shared governmental powers with elected legislatures or serves mainly as a ceremonial leader of a government

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

Underground Railroad

A system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Filibuster

A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.

Serial-Position Effect

A term coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus, refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).

Classical Liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke & other 17th-18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights & liberties by limiting government power

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, & competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

Socialism

A theory or system that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.

Axum

A town of northern Ethiopia. From the first to the eighth century A.D. it was the capital of an empire that controlled much of northern Ethiopia. Was the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion.

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Plurality Voting

A voting system in which the candidate who receives the most votes wins the election, regardless of whether that candidates wins a majority of the votes

Gulf War

A war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders.(1990-1991)

El Nino

A warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line & south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time

Protectionist Policy

A way to "protect" or insulate a domestic industry from competition by foreign producers of the same good. import tariff allows domestic producers to both capture a larger share of the domestic market and charge a higher price than would otherwise be possible

Bureaucracy

A way to administratively organize a large number of people who need to work together - Promote the public good - Protect the nation - Sustain a strong economy

Second Amendment

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

Buddhism

A world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire, religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha

North America: Pre - colonial Urban Life

Before colonization urban life was centered in Mesoamerica (central) and Peru.

Salem Witch Trials

About 1629 several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 19 people were hanged as witches and many others accused. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

What is the basic philosophical prediction of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels?

According to Marx and Engels, society could be described by conflict between the classes, which would eventually lead to a revolution by working class people.

Conformity

Acting according to certain accepted standards, adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

13th Amendment

Adopted Dec. 6, 1865; Abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Adopted July 9, 1868; African-Americans are citizens; Overturned Dred Scott v. Sandford

Environmentalist Movement

Advocated the sustainable management of resources & stewardship of the environment through changes in public policy & individual behavior

7 continents

Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America. The largest is Asia.

Major Rivers

Africa: Nile (world's longest), Congo (5th longest), Niger (largest delta in Africa), Zambezi (famous for the Victoria Falls, one of the "Seven Natural Wonders of the World"); South America: Amazon (worlds 2nd longest river); United States: Missouri (longest in U.S.), Mississippi (2nd longest in US), Colorodo (famous for the grand canyon), Niagara (famous for its falls), Rio Grande (between US and Mexico), St. Lawrence (links Great Lakes and Atlantic ocean)

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration or "repatriation" of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Peter Salem

African American soldier who fought for America's freedom. Fought at Lexington,Concord - became a hero at Bunker Hill.

1870

African Colonization

Lewis Latimer

African american inventor who played a key role in improving practical electrical lighting and invented other electronic gadgets

Soninke

African people which traded with Arabs/Burburs, became wealthy because of taxes, traded gold for salt. Developed into the modern state of Ghana. Developed "silent barter" for gold and salt.

Bantu

African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 500 BCE they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa; the Bantu were very influential, especially linguistically as their language became the basis for several others as did their culture.

Benjamin Banneker

African-American scientist who taught himself calculus and trigonometry. He also helped design the capitol in Washington D.C.

North Korea

After WWII, the Soviets and Americans divided Korea into North Korea and South Korea. North Korea came under soviet influence and became communist. Since the 1940's North Korea has become one of the most isolated and dictorial societies int he world. Kim Jong IL, North Korea's leader is an uncompromising Stalinist and is ruthlessly oppressive. N. Korea's economic collapse and its insistence on maintaining a huge military are threatening mass starvation for its people. In 2005, the government announced it had manufactured nuclear weapons and it is withdrawing froom negotiations with South Korea, China and US and other nations to disarm.

Austrian Empire

After the defeat of the Turks in 1687 Austria took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia, thus establishing the Austrian Empire in southeastern Europe. It remained a collection of territories held together by the Habsburg emperor, who was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary.

Productivity

Aggregate measure of the efficiency of production; Ratio of outputs to inputs

Mongol Empire

An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe making it the largest land empire in the world.

Tank

An enclosed armored military vehicle used by British in WWI. Helped end the war.

Punishment

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

Reactionary

An extreme conservative who is strongly opposed to change

Libertarianism

An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on minimal government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life.

Libertarianism

An ideology that favors individual liberties with minimal government

Price Ceiling

An imposed maximum price

Price Floor

An imposed minimum price

Biases

An inclination for or against a person, place, idea or thing that inhibits impartial judgment., a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output

Inflation

An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

Consumer Price Index

An index of the cost of all goods & services to a typical consumer; Measures inflation

CPI (Consumer Price Index)

An index of the cost of all goods and services to a typical consumer

Price Index

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time

Price Level

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good (or a market basket of goods) over time

Humanism

An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics. A system of thought based on the study of human ideas and actions.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories.

League of Nations

An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed.

International Monetary Fund

An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Judicial Activism

An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

Speaker of the House

An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

Tribunes

An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that determines price of oil by regulating supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members

Humanism

An outlook that emphasizes the importance of humans rather than divine

Intifada

An uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000; "the first Intifada ended when Israel granted limited autonomy to the Palestine National Authority in 1993"

Define anomie.

Anomie in common parlance is thought to mean something like "at loose ends". The Oxford English Dictionary lists a range of definitions, beginning with a disregard of divine law, through the 19th and 20th century sociological terms meaning an absence of accepted social standards or values. Most sociologists associate the term with Durkheim, who used the concept to speak of the ways in which an individual's actions are matched, or integrated, with a system of social norms and practices ... Durkheim also formally posited anomie as a mismatch, not simply as the absence of norms. Thus, a society with too much rigidity and little individual discretion could also produce a kind of anomie, a mismatch between individual circumstances and larger social mores. Thus, fatalistic suicide arises when a person is too rule-governed, when there is ... no free horizon of expectation.

Harappan Civilization

Another name for the indus valley civilization that arose along the indus river, possibly as early as 7000 BC; characterized by sophisticated city planning

Indus Valley Civilization (2500-1750 BC)

Around Indus River (Pakistan); First known urban planning (sanitation system, municipal government, architecture, neighborhoods)

Cult of Domesticity

Antebellum view of women & home; Women should be self-less caregiver for children & a refuge for husbands

Group

Any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

Schizophrenia

Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact.

Pre - colonial Southwest Cultures

Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo were cultures of the now southwest U.S. and thrived in river communities despite the deserts they lived in.

Battles of Lexington & Concord

Apr. 19, 1775; First military engagements of the Revolutionary War

When did the Civil War Begin?

April 12, 1861 at 4:30am when Confederates open-fired on northern Fort Sumpter in South Carolina, fort surrendered next day

Battle of Fort Sumter

April 12, 1861; First battle of The Civil War; Confederate troops attack Fort Sumter. Confederates won

Lexington and Concord

April 18, 1775 - General Gage of Great Britain took troops to these places to begin the Revolutionary War

Lee's Final Surrender

April 9, 1865; Robert E. Lee surrendered unconditionally to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House (VA)

Battle of Okinawa

April-June 1945; Battle in which U.S. forces conquered a Japanese island to use as a base for air operations; Final island to be captured by U.S.

List four major fields of anthropology.

Archaeology, Social-Cultural Anthropology (focusing on cultural standards, beliefs, and norms), Biological Anthropology (genetic characteristics of different populations), and Linguistics (development of language over time).

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria and Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand in 1914; his death was a main cause for World War I.

Interest Groups

Are aggregates of individuals based on a limited range of shared concerns. They promote their policy agenda, in large part by providing legislators and policy makers with specialized information in issues.

Federal Block Grants

Are given to state governments w/regulations that they be used for specific purposes, Block grants give the states more discretion in that they provide federal funds for general areas of use but allow the states to implement the specifics of the programs.

Trade Standards

Are laws or regulations establishing health and safety standards for imported goods, frequently much stricter than those applied to domestically produced goods.

Price Ceilings

Are maximum prices set by the government for particular goods and services that they believe are being sold at too high of a price and thus consumers need some help purchasing them.

Price Floor

Are minimum prices set by the government for certain commodities and services that it believes are being sold in an unfair market, with too low of a price and thus their producers deserve some assistance.

Judicial Powers

Are placed in the Supreme Court and lower courts as deemed necessary by congress. Specific to Supreme Court: Redress Diversity Jurisdiction Subject Matter Jurisdiction dealing with federal law Precedent Stasis Decisis

Group Norms

Are rules that are designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the the members. "Conformity and compliance are two intended purposes of instituting this in groups., guidelines that regulate how members act as well as how they interact with each other.

Luba

Around 700 A.D. developed a group of loosely associated states in modern day Democratic Republic of Congo

Congressional Powers

Article 2 Section 8 of constitution gives the legislature or congress 27 expressed powers. A few are: Declare War Raise and fund army Regulate trade and commerce Levy taxes Borrow Money Investigate activities Impeach President Make laws for execution of expressed powers Many implied powers as well

Creek Confederacy

As European population grew in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina, group of Indians from Creek Confederacy moved to unoccupied lands in FL in the early 1700s, joined by other Indians and runaway slaves

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Post WWI Middle East

As mandated by the League of Nations, Britain administered or influenced the governance of: Iraq, Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia while France administered: Syria and Lebanon Turkey became the first secular state in Middle East under "Ataturk" Mustafa Kemal. Iran (aka Persia until 1935) and Iraq became independent nations as did Egypt and all the others except Palestine eventually.

Settled Agriculture

As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.

Law of Demand

As price goes up, quantity demanded goes down; as price goes down, quantity demanded goes up.

Law of Supply

As the price rises for a product, the quantity supplied also rises. As the price falls, the quantity supplied falls.

Which two continents are larger than North America?

Asia and Africa

Major Mountain ranges

Asia: Himalaya - largest mountain range on earth, Mt. Everest is its highest peak (29,035 feet), Karakoram and Pamir; Europe: Alps, Caucasus, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Urals; Africa: Abyssinian, Atlas, Ruwenzori, Kilimanjaro (inactive volcano); North America: Rocky Mountains and Applachians; South America: Andes; Australia: Kosciusko

National Convention (1792-1795)

Assembly that governed France during the French Revolution; Elected to write a new constitution; Abolished monarchy, established republic

Near Moneys

Assets such as savings accounts that can be turned into money relatively easily and without the risk of loss of value.

U.S. Election Process

At least 35 years old, A natural born citizen of the United States, A resident of the United States for 14 years. 1) Primaries and Caucuses 2) National Conventions 3) The General (or Popular) Election 4) Electoral College The vote of the electoral college determines the President but most electors vote the popular vote of their state.

Custer's Last Stand

At the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors

"The sun never sets on the British Empire"

At the peak of the British Empire's power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous colonies or subject nations.

Greece (800-300 BC)

Athenian democracy & rise to power; Greco-Persian Wars; Peloponnesian Wars; Socrates; Alexander the Great

Pericles

Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece. Was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Also, he led Athens in the war against Sparta.

V-J Day

Aug. 15, 1945; "Victory in Japan" Day; Japanese surrendered

Who was Auguste Comte and why is he significant?

Auguste Comte (1798-1857), a French philosopher, is considered the first sociologist and developed the theory of Positivism.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis, 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

8th Amendment

Bans excessive bail, cruel & unusual punishment

Swahili

Bantu combined with Arabic along the east African coast to form the Swahili language starting about 1000 A.D. because of migration of Muslims due to trade in gold, ivory, and slaves between Arabia and the many independent states along the east African coast. Coastal states were controlled by Portuguese from 1500s until Arabs took over in 1800s.

Great Migration (400-700)

Barbarian invasions into the Roman Empire

Buddhism

Based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama; Indigenous to India; Enlightenment; 520 BC

Sub-Saharan Africa

Became desert; Animal husbandry; Trans-Saharan trade route along oases; Introduction of the camel

Perception

Becoming aware of something via the senses

Taiwan and South Korea - both have developed prosperous and free societies.

Both these societies were anticommunist and had a parliament, however the government was run by one dominant party so during the 1970's they were not considered truly democratic. By the end of the 1970's, Taiwan began to truly democratize. South Korea remained authoratarian until 1989, when free elections took place.

King Edward VIII

British Monarch from the House of Windsor; Abdicated the throne to be able to marry "the women I love" Wallace Warfield-Simpson

British India

British colony in South Asia; Divided into India & Pakistan in 1947

Henry Stanley

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingston. He helped King Leopold II of Belgium establish the Congo Free State.

Retailers

Businesses that sell consumer goods directly to the public.

The Black Death

By 1348, this disease ravaged from Italy, Spain, and France to the rest of Europe; transmitted by fleas on rats; considered an epidemic; one in three people died; spread from Asia to middle east; people turned to witchcraft for cures; some beat themselves because they considered the disease God's punishment; Christians blamed Jews; production declined; higher wages; inflation

Yosemite Valley:

Located in California, Yosemite is famous for dramatic rock formations and water falls. Yosemite valley was created

Roaring Twenties

Called "roaring" because of the exuberant, freewheeling popular culture of the decade. The Roaring Twenties was a time when many people defied Prohibition, indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional moral standards. Included American expatriate movement in France mostly made up of artists and authors.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Washington D.C.

Capital of the US was moved here in 1800 during Washington's presidency. The secretary of treasury, Hamilton, nationalized the debt (80 million). The south was suspicious because the southern states didn't owe that much debt. Hamilton promised the new capital would be built in the south so the southerners could watch over affairs. This appeased them and ended in DC.

Charles Martel

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Ottoman Empire

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

Mongols

Central Eurasian nomadic people; Created largest land empire in history under Genghis Khan

Mesoamerica (3500-2000 BC)

Central Mexico; Development of permanent villages, pottery, loom weaving, class division, stone-grinding, drilling, pottery

25th Amendment

Changes the order of succession to the presidency

12th Amendment

Changes the rules for electing the vice president

20th Amendment

Changes the start date of presidential & congressional terms; Outlines succession

Mao Tse-Tung

Chinese communist leader (1893-1976), gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC), administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the Analects , tried to replace former religious observances

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.

Alexandria

City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.

Nagasaki

City in Japan; Destroyed by atomic bomb on Aug. 9, 1945

Hiroshima

City in Japan; Destroyed by atomic bomb, on Aug. 6, 1945

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E.

Noh

Classic drama of Japan, developed chiefly in the 14th century, employing verse, prose, choral song, and dance in highly conventionalized formal and thematic patterns derived from religious sources and folk myths.

Ethnic Strife

Conflict between groups of people with different language and culture often a result of ethnic nationalism. Much of Africa, the Middle East, and southern Asia are affected by ethnic strife. Egypt is one of the few exceptions. Much of the ethnic strife is between Hindus, Muslims, and animists.

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. The war arose from the conflict of Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Legislative Oversight

Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings, the power of Congress to oversee how laws are carried out.

27th Amendment

Congressional pay increases

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes. It is sometimes part of shifting cultivation agriculture, and of transhumance livestock herding.

Four Sectors of the Macro Economy

Consumer, Investment, Government, and Foreign Sectors.

Real Interest Rate

Corrected for the effects of inflation.

Economies of Scale

Cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to size; Factors that cause the price-per-unit to decrease

Opportunity Costs

Cost of one alternative over another in use of money, time, or resources

Opportunity Cost

Cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another, the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

Fixed Costs

Costs that DO NOT vary with the quantity of output produced

Variable Costs

Costs that DO vary with the quantity of output produced

Fixed Costs

Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

Variable Costs

Costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced

Cotton Production in U.S. 1811-1859

Cotton went from being a minor crop in Mid -Atlantic states to being the major crop of the south by 1859 largely due to the invention of Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin. This lead to a larger and more stable slave population in the south to work the plantations.

Israel

Created in 1948 by the United Nations General Assembly; Jewish state

Pre- colonial North America Sub-arctic Cultures

Cree pictured. "Subarctic culture region, which is covered mainly in coniferous forest, encompasses most of Alaska and Canada. Subarctic peoples hunted various animals (notably caribou) and fished; in winter, many navigated the frozen landscape with snowshoes and toboggans.15 Most of the Cree and Athabaskan peoples are native to the Subarctic region." Source: http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

Sensitive Development Period

Critical Period in development is a period of time which an organism typically needs to be exposed to a particular stimulus in order for proper development to occur.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

John Huss

Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation and attacked the corruption of clergy. Was excommunicated in 1409 and later was burned at the stake for heresy.

First Government under Articles of Confederation

Loose collection of states; Federal government had little power

Social Cognition

Mental processes associated with people's perceptions of, and reactions to, other people.

Agriculture

Dates from 10,000 years ago. Prior to agriculture humans were hunters and gatherers.

Homo Sapiens

Dates from 75,000 to 115,000 years old and are the species modern man belongs to. AKA "wise men" because of the use of tools and thinking/ reasoning.

Malinche

Daughter of an Aztec leader that was given to the Mayans as a slave and Cortes main translator.

Federal Courts

Deal with problems between states; they also handle cases that deal with the Constitution and the laws made by Congress, they lack enforcement powers.

Boston Tea Party

Dec. 16, 1773; Political protest by Sons of Liberty in Boston; Against tax policy of British government

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Dec. 7, 1941; Surprise attack by the Japanese on U.S. Navy base in the Pacific; Sparked U.S. to enter WWII

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Iroquois Confederation

Decentralized political & diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization

Brown vs. Board of Education

Decision saying, segregation in schools is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

1787 Constitutional Convention

Delegates met in Philedplhia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote a new constitution and formed a federal system of government

Derived Demand

Demand for business or organizational products (tires) caused by demand for consumer goods of services (autos).

Franklin Delanor Roosevelt

Democrat elected President in 1932. Responsible for New Deal and fireside chats. First president to use media (radio) as a regular/ common connection to people.

Boston Tea Party

Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor as a protest to taxes on tea

Democracy

Dependent on participation of citizens

Product

Determining what services to offer, how to package it, and what kind of identification to use.

Infant Industries

Developing industries that require protection to get started.

Erik Erickson

Developmental Psychology: Psychosocial stage theory of development (eight stages)

"Big Stick" Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy of President Theodore Roosevelt; Symbolized power & readiness to use military force; Aimed to intimidate without actual conflict; Basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy

17th Amendment

Direct election of Senators

Ponce De Leon

Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth 1513 and St. Augustine the first permanent European colony was established in 1565 to keep the French out.

Henry Hudson

Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. 1565-1611

List three processes that bring about cultural change.

Discovery, Invention, Diffusion. (destruction?)

Identity crisis

Distress and disorientation (especially in adolescence) resulting from conflicting pressures and uncertainty about and one's self and one's role in society.

Division of Labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers individually

Piet Heyn

Dutch pirate/ naval commander against the Spanish, steals silver from Spanish Silver Fleet in 1628

Cinco De Mayo

Mexico beats France in the Battle of Puebla in 1862

The factory system

Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.

Huang He River Valley (1700-771 BC)

Earliest Chinese settlement (Yellow River Valley); Xia, Shang, Zhou Kingdoms; Zhou literature; ancestor worship; manorialism

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Command Economies

Economic system characterized by a central authority that makes most of the major economic decisions

Free Enterprise

Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

Socialism

Economic system in which the government or the workers own most of the factories, ulities, transportation, & communication systems

Mercantilism

Economic system should work to the advantage of the state.

Early African Civilizations

Egyptian- complex polytheistic religion, irrigation systems, medicine, astronomy, rites and monuments for the dead ..... their discoveries influenced the Greeks.

United States Senator

Elected to the Legisilative Branch of the U.S. government for a term on 6 years to represent a state; 2 per state, 100 total.

Direct Ballot

Election in which voters choose party nominees; A secret ballot printed by the state

Guild System

Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master).

Kongo Empire

Emerged in 14th century along the mouth of the Congo River. Had a & centralized government allowed empire to grow. Traded with Portuguese.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Captain James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. Also, an English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood (1578-1657)

Thomas More

English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded. Wrote the book "Utopia"

Identity Formation

Erikson; stage of adolescence where teens are to develop a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on other to dependence on oneself

Federal Trade Commission

Established 1914; Promoted consumer protection; Elimination & prevention of anti-competitive business practices

United Nations

Established 1945; International peace-keeping organization

International Monetary Fund

Established 1947; An international organization that promotes cooperation between nations & international trade

Federal Reserve System

Established in 1913 to control the amount of money in circulation in the United States; serves as the nation's central bank.

Etruscans

Etruscans, beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization. Etruscans intermingled with other civilizations to become the Romans.

Battle of Tours

European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe, battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe

Humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. Explored human endeavors in their art, literature, and poetry.

Europeans in Africa

Europeans and Africans clashed over control of territory. Dutch (Boers) - Khosian and Zulu French- Algerian and Mandingo British - Sudanese, Matabele, and Ashanti German - Tanzanians Italians - Ethiopians, Italians were defeated British ended up controlling from South Africa to Egypt while most of north and west Africa were controlled by French while Portuguese, Spanish, and Germans were left with the remainders. After WWII most African countries became independent.

Equilbrium Exchange Rate

Exchange rate at which demand for a currency is equal to the supply of the currency in the economy.

Monopoly

Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices

Roman Empire

Existed from 27 B.C.E. to about 400 C.E. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity even though Roman soldiers killed Christ in about 30 A.D.

Fixed Cost

Expenses that are not dependent on the level of production

Variable Cost

Expenses that change in proportion to business acitivity

Sieur de La Salle

Explored the Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico and claimed entire river valley for France (named it Louisiana in honor French Kings)

26th Amendment

Extends the right to vote to all eighteen-year-old citizens

Justice

Fair behavior &/or treatment

1989

Fall of the Berlin Wall

200 CE

Fall of the Han Dynasty

476 CE

Fall of western Roman Empire

Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

First major battle of the Revolution. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Olmec Society (1200-400 BC)

First major civilization in Mexico; South-central Mexico;

Kingdom of Ghana

First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.

Senate Majority Leader

First-ranking party position, held by a distinguished senior member of the majority party in the Senate. The Senate majority leader schedules floor actions on bills, and helps guide the majority party's legislative program through the Senate.

Average Fixed Cost

Fixed cost divided by quanity of output

622 CE

Flight of Muhammad to Medina (beginning of Islam)

Time of Troubles

Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as Czar in 1613.

3rd Amendment

Forbids the quartering of soldiers in citizens' houses

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Native American nations from the southeast following the Indian Removal Act

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act, Banned slave trade in DC, Admitted California as a free state, Split up the Texas territory; Instated popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

The President

Formal responsibilities include acting as chief executive and commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as the ability to make treaties. In addition, has the power to grant pardons for offenses against the United States.

League of Nations

Formed 1919; International organization that sought to promote cooperation & peace among nations; From President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

Otto the Great

Formed a close alliance with the Church. Built power by gaining support of clergy. Invaded Italy on pope's behalf. Rewarded by being crowned emperor 912-973. Created the Holy Roman Empire which was the strongest in Europe until the 12 century.

Antebellum Prison Reform

Fought against debtor's prisons; Convinced government that prisons should reform criminals

Four Noble Truths

Foundation of Buddhism 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

American Federation of Labor

Founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers; Sought better wages, hours, working conditions; Arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, Non-violent

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Jame Oglethorpe

Founded the colony of Georgia as a haven for debtors; Georgia Served as a buffer zone with Spanish Florida. Georgia was the last of the English colonies founded.

Kwame Nkrumah

Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident

Abraham

Founder of Judaism (Hebrew nation); Covanent with God; Led family from Ur (Mesopotamis) to Canaan

King Henry VIII

Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke with the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce for wife not bearing male child.

Roger Bacon

Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200s who advocated for a system of scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church and ancient beliefs. This led to the development of the scientific method.

1st Amendment

Freedom of religion, speech, press assembly, and petition

Jaques Cartier

French explorer, found the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to Canada as a French possesion (1534)

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English in the 100 Years War and to have Charles VII crowned king,

Jaques Marquette

French priest and missioanry 1673- He and a fur trader named Louis Joliet explored the Mississippi They traveled 700 miles before returning back

John Calvin

French religious reformer who founded system of theology later known as Calvinism.

Philosophes

French thinkers who popularized Enlightenment ideas through their writings were known as this. Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Polis

Greek word for city-state. Is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, it is often translated as "city-state."

Early European Civilization

Greeks - Philosophy, drama, Olympics, democracy (city-state), complex polytheistic religion based on myth, forms of mathematics, architectural styles, and many other contributions. Important Greek scholars: Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, and Aristarchus. Poets: Homer, Sappho. Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Politics: Pericles. Dramatists: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. Mathematician: Pythagoras. Medicine: Hippocrates. Romans- administrative system, military, arch, dome, waterworks

Real GDP

Gross Domestic Product adjusted for inflation

Nominal GDP

Gross Domestic Product measured in terms of the price level at the time of measurement (not adjusted for inflation)

GDP

Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

GNP

Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year

Secondary Groups

Groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end)., groups that meet principally to solve problems

Subcultures

Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture.

Urbanization

Growth of cities; Migration of people into cities

Mnemonic for Chinese Dynasties

HIS (Hsia) SHOCKING (Shang) CHOICE (Chou) IN (Chin) HAVING (Han) a TAN (Tang) and singing SONGS (Song) MADE (Mongol) ME (Ming) me and mi will be how u remember this one! not to be confused with the mneumonic for Mongol QUEASY (Qing) http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110607200403AA7nbP2

Congress

Has the power to ratify treaties and delcare war, and the powere to make laws.

Vedic

Having to do with or pertaining to the Vedas-the oldest scriptures in India and the world, passed through oral tradition.

John Locke

He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers.

Charlemagne

He attempted to unitfy his lands in Western Europe after his death in 814 C.E. because regional loyalties that owtweighed allegience to his son.

Julius Andrassy

He became Austria-Hungary's last imperial Foreign Minister, serving for just nine days before resigning on 1 November 1918. With war underway He came out in opposition to Foreign Minister Burian's initiatives in Italy and Poland.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States for two terms.

Benedict Arnold

He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.

Chandragupta Maurya

He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander the Great invaded western India.; founded Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization

Magellan

He was the first to prove that the new world really was a distinct landmass, separate from Asia. After sailing around around the southern tip of South America he sailed westward acrosst he Pacific and reached the Philippine Islands, claiming them for Spain., Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

Marquis de Lafayette

He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in France but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

1780

Height of the Atlantic slave trade

Who first coined the term "survival of the fittest" with reference to sociology (Social Darwinism)?

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

Han Dynasty

Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization

Han dynasty

Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; was an age of economic prosperity, and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050-256 BCE).

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (700- 1100 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas. Also, known as Pueblos cliff dwellers.

Spanish Armada

In 1588 the Spanish fleet attempted to invade England, ending in defeat, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

Croatoan

In 1590, John White finally returned to Roanoke. No settlers were found, this word was found carved into a tree.

Moroccans

In 1591, what group of Northern African people conquered the Songhai with the use of guns.

Charles II

In 1663 gave charter for Carolina to a group of noblemen and the northern part of colony was settled by Virginian farmers.

Yorktown

In 1781 during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

The Long March

In 1934 in China lead by Mao with 100,000 followers. Jiang wanted to stop communists and even went after them. 6,000 miles and only about 20,000 lived.

The Great Leap Forward

In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?

Berlin Wall

In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

Radioactive materials' effects on the environment:

In 1986, an explosion in a nuclear power station in Chernobyl, Ukraine, was the worst nuclear accident ever. Large

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

The Korean War

In June 1950 the N. Korean army invaded S. Korea, quickly taking Seoul. The UN Security Counsil met in emergency session and declared the invasion an unwarranted aggression. After three years of fighting, the war ended in stalemate.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product

Political Party Leadership

In each house, they decide the committee assignments of members of Congress.

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Neolithic Period

In the Middle East, the sedentary agriculture was based on barley, wheat, and pigs. New Stone Age (following the mesolithic)

Winter Solstice

In the Northern Hemisphere it is on December 21 or 22; areas north of the Arctic Circle have 24

Construction of houses, roads, and cities

In the U.S., about a million acres of farmland (an area half the size of

16th Amendment

Income tax

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. This technique is used to increase the frequency of behavior.

1947

Independence of India & Pakistan

Vedic Age (1500-500 BC)

India; Transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled villages; Oldest scriptures of Hinduism were composed

Berbers

Indigenous group of North Africa; Converted to Islam

Shinto

Indigenous spirituality of Japan; Worshiped kami ("nature spirits") & ancestors; Polytheistic

Market Economies

Individuals make their own decisions about what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it.

Aryans

Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society. Vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system.

Demand Pull Inflation

Inflation resulting from an increase in aggregate demand. Increases in the following factors: money supply, government purchases, and price level in the rest of the world can impact this.

William the Conquerer

Invaded England from Normandy in 1066 defeating Harold King of the Saxons; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. This brought a blending of Latin (French) and German (Anglo-Saxon) based cultures

Richard J. Gatling

Invented a machine gun, the Gatling Gun, during the Civil War. Important because of its widespread use in WWI.

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 but not copyrighted until 1807. Cotton Gin revolutionized clean cotton production with greater efficiency. With easier cotton production the market for cotton increased.

Bob Woodward

Investigative reporter for Washington Post helped uncover the Watergate scandal that led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation. Worked with Carl Bernstein on Watergate.

Capital Flows

Investment flows per period of time, into and out of a country. EX: Portfolio/FDI

Legitimacy

Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders' acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society's generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)

Easter Rebellion

Irish demand for independence in 1916, hoping to get it while British were occupied by the WW1.

19th Century Immigration

Irish moved to U.S. to escape the Potato Famine; Germans moved to the U.S. after failed democratic revolution; Increased urbanization

Japanese Tea Ceremony

Is a Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha, powdered green tea. the art of its performance, is called otemae. Zen Buddhism was a primary influence in the development of the tea ceremony.

Isolationism

Is a policy of national isolation from world affairs by generally abstaining from alliances and other types of international political relations.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

Recall Referendum

Is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. It is a political device while impeachment is a legal process.

Two Treatises of Government

Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Nomadic Herding

Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.

The Silk Road

Is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. It spread Buddhism from India to China.

Hammurabi's Code

Is best summarized by the following expression, "An eye for and eye"

Culture Clash

Is experienced when an individual experiences conflict between the beliefs, values and expectations of their primary culture and a new culture in which they must function.

Tade Balance

Is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports.

Trade Balance

Is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports.

Growth Rate

Is the percentage increase or decrease of GDP from the previous measurement cycle. It is annualized so it can be compared to the previous year.

Idealism

Is the philosophical theory which maintains that the ultimate nature of reality is based on the mind or ideas.

Pillars of Islam

Is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. These duties are Shahadah (profession of faith), Salat (ritual prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

The Golden Age

Is the term used to denote the historical period in Classical Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BCE to either the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE.

Frictional Unemployment

Is unemployment that comes from people moving between jobs, careers, and locations

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

U.S. Bipartism Campaign Reform Act of 2002

It banned "soft money" contributions to National Political Parties, regulates the financing of political campaigns.

Cultural Anthroplogy

It is the branch of anthropology that examines culture as a meaningful scientific concept.

Great Awakening

It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased composite-ness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) Promoted Copernicus's theory of heliocentric universe. Condemned by church and forced to recant.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian cartographer commissioned by Portugal and sailed along the coast of South America concluding that it could not be Asia; his discoveries were published and the new continent was named after him

Marco Polo

Italian explorer from Venice; spent many years in China or near it until his return to Europe in 1295 . He was an associate of Kublai Khan who asked Pope Clement IV to send 100 wise men to teach Christianity and Western Science to his people through Marco's father and uncle. At 17 Marco accompanied his father, uncle, and two friars to China with gifts and letters from Pope Tedaldo. The journey took 3 1/2 years to travel 5600 miles while avoiding the route previously taken by his father and uncle. Marco served in several court posts before returning to Venice 17 years later. His travels sparked interest in higher learning resulting in the establishment of universities.

Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945) allied Italy with Adolf Hitler's Germany in WWII

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506). He made 4 voyages and first landed in the Bahamas on October 12.

1800s American Intellectualism Authors

James Fenimore Cooper Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Walt Whitman Mark Twain Emily Dickinson Ralph Waldo Emerson Margaret Fuller Henry David Thoreau

Shinto

Japanese polytheistic religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits, kami.

On Liberty

John Stuart Mill, essay, plead for the pratical and moral value inherent in safe guarding individual differences and popular opinion.

Carl Bernstein

Journalist for the Washington Post that helped uncover the Watergate scandal with Bob Woodward earning the Post the Pulitzer Prize for public service, wrote All the Presidents Men

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to expose corruption in business & politics

Judicial Activism

Judicial ruling suspected of being based on personal or political considerations rather than existing law

Battle of Gettysburg

July 1-3, 1863; Turning point of The Civil War; Approximately 50,000 casualities; Union won

Battle of Midway

June 1941; U.S. naval victory over Japan; Turning point in the Pacific theater of WWII

D-Day

June 6, 1944; "Drop Day"; Allied coordinated amphibious & aerial invasion to retake France; Opened a second front in WWII

7th Amendment

Jury trial in civil cases

Who was Karl Marx and why is he significant?

Karl Heinrich Marx (1818 -1883) was a German philosopher and revolutionary socialist. He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867-1894); some of his works were co-written with his friend, the fellow German revolutionary socialist Friedrich Engels. Revolutionary socialist governments espousing Marxist concepts took power in a variety of countries in the 20th century, leading to the formation of such socialist states as the Soviet Union in 1922 and the People's Republic of China in 1949, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism and Maoism, were developed.

Explain Marxism.

Karl Marx's theories about society, economics and politics, which are collectively known as Marxism, hold that all societies progress through the dialectic of class struggle. He was heavily critical of the current socio-economic form of society, capitalism, which he called the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", believing it to be run by the wealthy middle and upper classes purely for their own benefit, and predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, it would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system, socialism. Under socialism, he argued that society would be governed by the working class in what he called the "dictatorship of the proletariat", the "workers state" or "workers' democracy". He believed that socialism would, in its turn, eventually be replaced by a stateless, classless society called pure communism. Along with believing in the inevitability of socialism and communism, Marx actively fought for the former's implementation, arguing that both social theorists and underprivileged people should carry out organized revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic change.

Seneca Falls Convention

Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)

William of Orange

King of England and Scotland and Ireland, he married the daughter of James II; was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702) conditioned on signing the English Bill of Rights which limited the power of the monarchy.

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus Valley; spred Greek culture across three continents

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); Roman emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. Caused mass conversion to Christianity

October War

Known as Yom Kippur War, 6-25 Oct, 1973. Suprise attack instigated by Egypt and Syria to push Israel out of Sinai. (Arab-Israeli conflict).

Silent Majority

Label Nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam. He contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s who were termed the "active minority".

Manchu Dynasty

Last imperial dynasty began in 1644 which greatly expanded China's control in Asia. Overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Lebanese Civil War

Lasted from 1975 to 1990. Was a religious conflict between Christians and the PLO, Sunni Muslims and Shi'a Muslims. After war equal seats were given in Parliament to Christians and Muslims

Mycenaean Age

Lasted from about 2000 B.C.E to the conquest of the Greek peninsula by invaders in the 1100s. Were bold traders and maintained contact with other countries from the Mediterranean and Europe. They were excellent engineers and built outstanding bridges, tombs, residences and palaces. Civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War.

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

Chief Joseph

Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.

Francisco de Coronado

Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of 7 mythical cities of gold.

Attila

Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century.

Samuel Chaplain

Leading figure of the french in Qubec in 1608 also founded Montreal; an intrepid soldier whose energy and leadership earned him the title "father of new France".

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Sun Yat-sen

Led a movement to create a united, democratic China free from foreign control.

V.I. Lenin

Led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia (wrote What Is to Be Done?)

Roman Empire's use of slavery in their economy

Led to a lack of innovation in manufacturing and agriculture.

Nullification

Legal theory that a state has the right to invalidate any federal law which that state deems unconstitutional

Hsia Dynasty

Legendary dynasty, not enough information Possibly the first dynasty; King Yu founded this dynasty because he dredged channels of Yellow River to let floodwaters flow to sea and solve problem of recurring floods 2,000 BCE

The Connecticut Compromise

Legislative branch would have two parts: 1. a House of Representatives with state representation based on population and 2. a Senate, with two members from each state.

What Is to Be Done

Lenin's pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution.

22th Amendment

Limit on number of President's terms

Scarcity

Limited supplies to meet unlimited demands

27th Amendment

Limits congressional pay raises

11th Amendment

Limits the jurisdiction of federal courts

Who were Louis and Mary Leakey?

Louis Leakey (1903 - 1972) and his wife Mary, were British archaeologists and naturalists whose work was important in establishing human evolutionary development in Africa. They also played a major role in creating organizations for future research in Africa and for protecting wildlife there. Having been a prime mover in establishing a tradition of palaeoanthropological inquiry.

Nationalism

Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it, the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals, the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was the first master of romantic music. He was one of the greatest composers in German history. He composed 9 symphonies, 5 piano concerts, a violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, 2 Masses, and an opera. Continued composing after becoming deaf. Beethoven never heard much of his later work including the finale to the Ninth Symphony.

War on Poverty

Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. Roman general who became the republic's dictator; created the basis for the calendar

The Long March

Mao zedong and 100,000 of his followers marched away from the Guomundang (national party)...this was a great victory for communists in China.

Who was Margaret Mead?

Margaret Mead (1901 - 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist, who was frequently a featured writer and speaker in the mass media throughout the 1960s and 1970s. She was both a popularizer of the insights of anthropology into modern American and Western culture, and also a respected, if controversial, academic anthropologist. Her reports about the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures amply informed the 1960s sexual revolution. Mead was a champion of broadened sexual morals within a context of traditional western religious life.

Monopolistic Competition

Market or industry characterized by numerous buyers and relatively numerous sellers trying to differentiate their products from those of competitors.

Gross Domestic Product

Market value of all final goods & service produced in a country

Who was Max Weber?

Max Weber (1864 - 1920) was a German sociologist and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; "Victory in Europe" Day; Nazis surrendered

Licenses (Trade)

May be required of importers of foreign goods so that imports can be restricted.

Laissez-faire economics

Means allowing industry to be free from state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. The phrase is French and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it alone."

Distribution of Income

Measured by ranking family incomes from lowest to highest and then dividing the ranking into fifths. The income earned by each quintile is then compared to other quintiles.

Unemployment Rate

Measures the number of people who are able to work, but do not have a job during a period of time.

Major Seas

Mediterranean, Sea of Japan, Arabian, Black, Red, East China, South China, Caribbean, Bering, Gulf of Mexico, Arabian, Sea of Okhotsk, Andaman and Hudson Bay

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon in early 1800s.

Huegonots

Members of the Protestand Reformed church of France which were persecuted by French Catholics

Seasonal Unemployment

Occurs as a result of harvest schedules or vacations, or when industries slow or shut down for a season.

Frictional Unemployment

Occurs when a works is transitioning between jobs

Cost Push Inflation

Occurs when businesses respond to rising production costs, by raising prices in order to maintain their profit margins.

Classical Unemployment

Occurs when there are more job seekers than job vacancies

Structural Unemployment

Occurs when there is a misalignment between skills of unemployed workers & skills needed for available jobs

Cyclical Unemployment

Occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand to provide jobs

Structural Unemployment

Occurs when workers' skills do not match the jobs that are available. Changes in technology and tastes can have an impact on this.

Battle of Yorktown

Oct. 19, 1781; Last major land battle of Revolutionary War

Proclamation of 1763

Oct. 7, 1763; Issued by King George III after end of French & India War; Forbade settlers from passing the Appalachian Mountains; To organize the colonies & stabilize relationship with Native Americans

Battle of Nations

October 1813 at Leipzig in eastern Germany. The decisive defeat of the army of Napoleon by combined forces of Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Mound Builders

Ohio River Valley & Mississippi River Valley; Pre-Columbian inhabitants of North America who constructed mounds for ceremonial & residential purposes

Paleolithic Age

Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.

Touro

Oldest synagogue in America built in 1763.

What is the Olduvai Gorge?

Olduvai Gorge, the archaeological site also known as "The Cradle of Mankind", is a steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches through eastern Africa. Olduvai Gorge is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the world and has been instrumental in furthering the understanding of early human evolution. Louis and Mary Leakey are the archaeologists responsible for most of the excavations and discoveries of the hominid fossils in Olduvai Gorge.

Colossal Heads

Olmec artwork; Likely used in rituals, served as alters; Political representations of power

John Hawkins

One of the most famous Elizabethan Sea Dogs; deeply involved in slave trade and transported people from West Africa to the New World; eventually overshadowed by his partner Francis Drake, though he was highly successful too

Social Stratification

One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

Libertarian

One who favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties, strong support for civil and political liberties but reject government regulation of the economy.

Battle of Jutland

Only real naval battle of the WWI. May 1916. German Baltic fleet met Brits of coast of Denmark. Germans inflicted heavy British losses but failed to break British blockade. German fleet retreated to Baltic and stayed there. British naval supremacy confirmed but British were unable to defeat German fleet completely in order to service Russia through the Baltic.

Anti-federalists

Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed strong federal government; Opposed to ratifying the US Constitution

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - an organization of about a dozen nations that sell oil to

Women's Movement

Organized effort to improve political, legal, & economic status of women in U.S.

24th Amendment

Outlaws poll taxes

How many rivers cross the continental (lower 48) states?

Over 800

Napolean Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile on the island of St. Helena.

5 Oceans

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic and Antarctic (Southern). The largest is the Pacific.

Paris Peace Conference of 1919

Peace conference run by the allied powers to discuss terms of the Treaty of Versailles at end of WW1

Sexual Revolution

Participants int he counterculture demanded more lifestyle freedom; their new views of sexual conduct, which rejected many traditional behavioral restrictions, were labeled this. Based in part on the availability of birth control pill.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Grenville Acts

Parlimentary Elections Act (1770); Act of British Parliament; Transferred power of trying election petitions from House of Commons to the Judiciary

Current Account

Part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports & imports of goods & services and transfer payments

Capital Account

Part of the balance of payments recording a nation's outflow & inflow of financial securities

Profit Maximization

Process by which a firm determines the price & output level that returns the greatest profit

The 4 P's of Marketing

Product, price, place, and promotion.

Embargoes

Prohibit trade with other nations. They bar a foreign nation's imports or ban exports to that nation or both.

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcoholic beverages

Wolfgang Amadaeus Mozart

Prolific Austrian composer and child prodigy, master of all classical music of his time (1756-1791)

Diseconomies of Scale

Property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases

New Jersey Plan

Proposal for US Constitution; Each had has equal representation in Legislature; Executive elected by Legislature

Virginia Plan

Proposal for US Constitution; Powerful bicameral legislature; Legislature proportional to population; Lower House elected by the people, Upper House elected by Lower House

Fourth Amendment

Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Gov agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.

How did Max Weber believe that Protestantism influenced Capitalism?

Protestantism and the Reformation dignified work as adding to the common good and thus blessed by God, creating the "Protestant work ethic." As Calvinistic theology taught predestination, and work was blessed by God, then success in work was a sign of God's favor and salvation.

Cognitive Theory

Psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes: how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve-problems.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians. Separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and re-organized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.

Augustus

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC. First Roman Emperor

West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mail, Songhai between 1000 to 1500

Rose in power and wealth because they controlled the cross-Sahara trade of salt from northern Africa for the gold of tropical Africa.

Catherine the Great

Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Ivan the Terrible

Ruled from 1533-1584; Was responsible for the death of thousands, including his own son; Created the Oprichnina in order to destroy the Boyars; Believed in a Strong Centralized Government; expanded mostly south.

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Norms

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members, shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

Yukon River

Runs East to West thru Alaska into Canada

Russo- Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where Theodore Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

Vladimir Lenin

Russian communist, founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

Romanovs

Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917 when executed in secret. Some say Romanov children escaped.

Vitus Jonnasen Bering

Russian explorer who crossed from Siberia to Arctic ocean. Never made it to America but saw Alaska.

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Vedas and Upanishads

Sacred writings of Hinduism interpreted by priests called Brahman.

Act of Settlement

Said no Catholic could be King of England thus insuring the Protestant line of succession. Succession switched from Stuarts to Hanovers because of this passing.

Antropology

Scientific study of humankind in all its aspects, especially human evolution, development, and culture, Studying the orgins and development of people and their society.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790),he wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism.

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson in 1804 to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. They were guided in part by Sacajewia

12th Amendment

Separate ballots for president and vice-president

Battles of Saratoga

Sept. 19 & Oct. 7, 1777; Regarded as turning point of Revolutionary War

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

Battle of Marne

September 1914, Britain joins France at Marne river (the Western Front), pushed back Germany's offense and destroyed German hope for a quick victory.

Emancipation Proclamation

September 22, 1862; Issued by President Abraham Lincoln; Declared that all slaves in the confederate states were free

What is Social Darwinism?

Social Darwinism is a term commonly used for theories of society that emerged in England and the United States in the 1870s, seeking to apply the principles of Darwinian evolution to sociology and politics. It especially refers to notions of struggle for existence being used to justify social policies which make no distinction between those able to support themselves and those unable to support themselves. The most prominent form of such views stressed competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism but it is also connected to the ideas of eugenics, scientific racism, imperialism, fascism, Nazism and struggle between national or racial groups. Because of the negative connotations of the theory of social Darwinism, especially after the atrocities of the Second World War (including the Holocaust) the term is generally seen as pejorative.

Positive Sanctions

Social approval for observing a norm, a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.

Negative Sanctions

Social disapproval for violating a norm, a punishment or threat of a punishment to promote conformity to norms.

Primary Groups

Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved, groups that provide members with a sense of belonging and affection.

Ascribed Status

Social position a person receives at birth or involuntarily later in life

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Consumer Society

Society in which people are strongly encouraged to buy products to improve their lives & help the economy

Third Party Candidate

Sometimes force one or both of the two dominant parties to shift their political platforms.

Elijah McCoy

Son of runaway slave, invented lubricating cup that oiled running machines

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Francis Marion

South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution.

Where were the lowest literacy rates in colonial America?

South because population spread out geographically that cost of building churches, schools was prohibitive.

Seminoles

Southeast; Lived in chickees; Expert planters & hunters; Made dugout canoes & bead necklaces; Struggled against Spanish & English settlers

Cherokee

Southeast; Lived in dome houses; Accomplished hunters, farmers, fishermen; Known for basketry & clay pottery; Forced to move to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears)

Anasazi

Southwest (4 corners); Pueblo peoples; Cliff dwellers

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

New Spain

Spanish colony in North America including Mexico, Central America, the southwest United States, and many of the Carribean islands from the 1500s to the 1800s. Capital was Mexico City

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Vasco de Balboa

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

First settlement of Europeans in US - who, when, where?

Spanish founded St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 (conquered much of Central and South America)

Latin America

Spanish or Portuguese-speaking nations south of the U.S. chili, peru, brazil, mexico, bolivia, argentina, central america, carribean

Beliefs

Specific ideas that people hold to be true

1957

Sputnik launched

Naval Arms Race

Starting in 1890s, conflict between major countries such as Great Britain, France, Germany, U.S., Japan. They were trying to come up with better technologies and more military power than the rest, created tension and fear, led national leaders to the conclusion that if war should break out, the best protection would be to take the military offense.

Sierra Leone

State for freed black slaves established by freed slave Olaudah Equiano British abolitionists 1787.

Business cycles

Systematic increases and decreases in real gross domestic product (GDP). Includes two phases: recession and expansion. Caused by changes in capital and inventory spending by businesses, stimuli supplied by innovations and imitations, monetary factors, and external shocks.

Physical Anthroplogy

Systematic study of humans and biological organisms

Trade Restrictions

Tariffs and quotas restrict the amount of a good imported and supply will decrease

Automatic Stablizers

Taxes and transfer payments, Federal government expenditures or receipts that automatically increase or decrease without requiring action by Congress or the President. Examples are unemployment compensation and corporate and individual income tax.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports, raise the price of imported goods, which increases the demand and price for the same goods produced by domestic suppliers. Revenues from these are collected by the domestic government.

Poison Gas

Technology used in trench warfare (WWI) first by Germans, then British and French that caused burning in the eyes and throat and a slow death

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups, belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.

Dark Ages

Term for the roughly 200-year period in history that followed the final collapse of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC. to about 1400 B.C. Also, saw the decline of Roman Empire. Often included as the early years termed the Middle Ages.

Current Account

That part of the balance of payments recording a nation's exports and imports of goods and services and transfer payments

Marbury Vs. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789.

Dred Scot Decision

The 1857 ruling of the Supreme Court in the case Scot v. Sandford that legalized slavery in the territories and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Also, declared Scot as a slave did not have the right to sue because he was not a citizen.

United States vs. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of exceutive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. It limited the President's executive privilege.

Commodore Matthew Perry

The Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. Japan also agreed to help shipwrecked soldiers as a result. Matthew Perry brought many steam ships with him to show America's strength, and to intimidate and persuade the Japanese.

The Vietnam War

The Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States resulted in war.

1850 Compromise

The Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passed on September 4, 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North

T'ang Dynasty

The Dynasty under which Buddhism gained most of its popularity. (7th-10th century CE) distinctly Chinese Buddhist schools arose, often based on a particular text. China took over Korea and had its only female empress Wu Hou in this dynasty. Also known for its great poets.

Article II

The Executive Branch

1096-1099 CE

The First Crusade

1789

The French Revolution

Grand Canyon:

The Grand Canyon is a 5,000 foot deep gorge which was carved into the Earth's surface by the Colorado River, in

What is the largest lake in the western US?

The Great Salt Lake in Utah.

North Africa

The Islamic states of North Africa became free during the 1950's and the 1960's. Algeria, egypt, libya, morocco, sudan, tunisia and western sahara

Article III

The Judicial Branch

Article I

The Legislative Branch

Organization of African Unity

The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963. Originally 32

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Leif Ericson

The Viking explorer believed to be the first European to reach the New World (in about 1000 AD). Landed in Newfoundland which was called Vinland.

Industrial Revolution

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, beginning in England from about 1750 to about 1850. Inventions such as steam engine, steam ships, locomotives, cotton gin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom fueled the revolution as well as advances in steel production and the use of electricity. Later the internal combustion engine led to cars. At first there were no regulations regarding working and living conditions but later in the century there were many reforms.

Industrial Revolution

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

Caliph

The civil & religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth

George Roger Clark

The colonial frontiersman who in 1778-1779 captured important British forts at Vincennes, Cahokia, and Kaskaskia.

Define anthropology.

The comparative study of human societies and cultures and their development.

Specialization

The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities usually based on financial advantage.

Fifth Amendment

The constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without the due process of law.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, abolished slavery everywhere in the United States.

Mores

The conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group, norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

The Four Noble Truths

The core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path).

Marginal Cost

The cost of producing one more unit

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

Russian Revolution

The coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

Russian Revolution

The coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922. Ended czarists rule.

Bush vs. Gore

The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation statdards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win election.

Information Age

The current era, characterized by the shift from an industrial economy to an information economy and the convergence of computer and communication technology.

Egyptian Afterlife

The dead were judged and if they had led a good life, they would live forever in the next world just as they had on Earth.

Executive Branch

The division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws.

Internationalism

The doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences.

Pluralism

The doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements.

Declaration of Independence

The document written by Thomas Jefferson, recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

U.S. Constitution

The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution came about by a series of compromises between large and small states, free and slave states, and federalists and anti-federalists.

Jakota Triangle

The easternmost region of the East Asian realm, consisting of Japan, (South) Korea, and Taiwan. This region consists of large cities, numerous exports, and increasing consumption of raw materials.

Marxism

The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Great Depression

The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

Mercantilism

The economic theory that trade generates wealth & is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism

Praetorian Guard

The elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor

Black Death

The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages 1347-1351 when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe. Was caused by fleas on ship rats departing Asia but at the time was considered to be caused by magic or as punishment from God. Led in increased wages and taxes for the decimated workforce causing many revolts.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and exert rule over the people.

Third Amendment

The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth or enlightenment in art, literature, learning, and government in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. Important figures included the poets Petrarch and William Shakespeare, political advisor Niccolo Machiavelli, and the scholars Thomas More and Erasmus. Oil painting, perspective, and proportion were all discovered/invented.

Mandingo

The group of African people that formed Mali. Converted to Muslim. In 1300s capital was Timbuktu which had a palace, mosque, and university.

Moors

The group of Muslims from North Africa who conquered Iberian Peninsula (711); Pushed back to Granada (1250); Granada surrendered (1492)

Electoral College

The group of persons chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President

Civil Liberties

The guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of government, including freedom of speech and freedom of religion

U.S. Supreme Court

The highest court in the land which has original jurisdiction in all cases involving ambassadors, consuls, other public ministers, and cases in which a state is a party. First organized in 1790 with 1 chief judge and 5 associate judges. Hears first case in 1792.

Reign of Terror

The historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

New Deal

The historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were social services implemented

Middle Ages

The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance. Robin Hood and King Arthur are set in these years as well as the building of the Gothic Cathedrals. The Catholic church was the only institution of religion and learning. The Pope and church were very powerful from about 800 A.D. when it crowned Charlemagne emperor. Conflict between monarchs and church marked this era.

Tang Dynasty

The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period

Social Norms

The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members

Economies of Scale

The increase in efficiency of production as the number of goods being produced increases.

Marginal Product

The increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input, the additional output that can be produced by adding one more unit of a specific input, ceteris paribus.

Marginal Cost

The increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production, the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output

Nominal Interest Rate

The interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation.

Real Interest Rate

The interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation.

Missouri Compromise

The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

Hunting and Gathering

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance. Prehistoric Cave People Moved in Search of Food

Hyper-inflation

The last stage of monetary collapse; an abnormal inflation in excess of 500 percent per year.

Socialization

The lifelong process by which people learn their culture and develop a sense of self.

Scarcity

The limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants, the condition that results from limited resources combined with unlimited wants.

Foreign Exchange Market

The market in which the currencies of different countries are bought and sold.

Perfect Competition

The market situation in which there are many sellers in a market; No seller is large enough to dictate the price of a product - Infinite buyers & sellers - Zero barrier to entry/exit - No differentiation - Profit maximization

The Holocaust

The mass murder of Jews under the Nazi regime

Price Elasticity

The measure of how responsive both consumers and producers are to price changes, a measure of consumers price sensitivity e = (percent change in quantity demanded)/(percent change inprice)

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.

Islam

The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

March to the Sea

The name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22.

Captial Account

The net result of public and private international investments flowing in and out of a country. The net results includes foreign direct investment, plus changes in holdings of stocks, bonds, loans, bank accounts, and currencies.

Zhou dynasty

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.

Progressive Income Tax

The percentage of income paid in taxes will increase as income increases.

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Age of Disunity

The period following the fall of the Han dynasty when China was beset by warfare and political unrest which lasted until 589 A.D.

Civil War

The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the United States over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

U.S. Civil War

The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the United States over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

Impeachment

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.

Democracy

The political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

Pre- Colonial Population of North America

The population of North America before colonization was entirely made up of Native Americans who were originally thought to be Indians from India. These people crossed the Bering Straits from north east Asia long ago and spread out across the Americas from the Bering Straits to the southern tip of South America. Lifestyles could be divided into hunter gatherers, urban, and non-urban agricultural.

Authority

The power or right to give orders or make decisions

Market Price

The price at which buyers and sellers agree to trade. The price determined by supply and demand.

Price Equilibrium

The price at which demand and supply are equal.

Equilibrium Price

The price at which the amount producers are willing to supply is equal to the amount consumers are willing to buy

Equilibrium price

The price at which the amount producers are willing to supply is equal to the amount consumers are willing to buy

Relative price

The price of a specific good or service in comparison to the prices of other goods and services.

Enculturation

The process by which a society's culture is transmitted from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society.

Appeals Process

The process for seeking protection from the court for violations of constitutional protections.

Transference

The process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another (psychoanalysis).

Money Supply

The quantity of money available in the economy

Counter Reformation

The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) Most of southern Europe followed the counter reformation movement.

Spending Multiplier

The reciprocal of 1 minus the marginal propensity to consume. Or the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save.

Cultural Relativity

The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with the specific demands of their environments, the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.

Near East

The region between the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Labor Demand

The relationship between the quantity of labor demanded by firms and the wage.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. Terms on which the U.S. would mediate would include the retroession of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the acquisition of Constantinople by Russia.

Nominal Value

The value of something in current dollars without taking into account the effects of inflation.

Opportunity Cost

The value of the alternatives forgone

Empiricism

The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

American Revolution

The war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775-83, by which the colonies won their independence. Colonists rebelled against the Intolerable Acts

Women's suffrage

The western U.S. was early in offering women's suffrage while many of the eastern states did not until the 19th Amendment was passed while the mid-west was split.

American Dream

The widespread belief that the United States is a land of opportunity & that individual initiative & hard work can bring economic success

Judicial Restraint

Theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power

Keynesian Economics

Theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.

Waste disposal

There are three methods of handling solid waste: burying, recycling, and burning.

Shay's Rebellion

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

Manifest Destiny

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Mao Zedong

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

Cold War

This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years. No actual battles fought.

Newton

This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

Mexican Revolution

This revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist and agrarianist movements, led by Fransico Madero, 1810 to 1823. They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice; they wanted equal rights for Indians, mestizos,

Thomas Edison

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland and Switzerland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops (1514-1572)

Jefferson-Burr affair

Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Burr ran on the Republican ticket and it was a tie vote so the decision went to the House of Representatives. Hamilton then supported Jefferson and so J became president and B became VP.

Age of Exploration

Time period during the 15th and early 17th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.Africa and Asia became better known as well.

To what did Max Weber attribute differences in social development between the East and West?

To Protestantism's positive influence on Capitalism, and to the state's acceptance of violence as a legitimate means of enforcing rule or protecting citizenry.

Barter

To exchange goods or services without the use of money

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Trade route across northern Africa; Gold, salt, slaves

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty between Bolsheviks and Germans to get Russia out of the WWI. 1) Russia lost 1/3 of her population and 2 million square miles of land. 2) height of German success in WWI. Signed by Lenin.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended WWI; Blamed war on Germany

Pre-colonial CA Cultures

Tribes such as Wappo and Pomo were hunter gatherers in the forests, deserts, and grasslands of CA. Acorn bread was a common staple food after the poison was extracted from ground acorn pulp.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

Native Americans

U.S. government made promises in the form of many treaties which were broken and Native American lands were taken.

Federal Reserve System

US central banking system; Responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money & interest rates

Hidden Unemployment

Unemployment that is not reflected in official unemployment statistics

Seasonal Unemployment

Unemployment that occurs as a result of harvest schedules or vacations, or when industries slow or shut down for a season.

Structural Unemployment

Unemployment that occurs when workers' skills do not match the jobs that are available. Changes in technology and tastes can have an impact on this.

Cyclical Unemployment

Unemployment that rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves. Getting laid off due to a recession is the classic case of this.

U.S.S.R.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922. Included 16 republics of which Russia was the largest.

Multicultural diversity

Unique characteristics of ethics groups

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Alexander Graham Bell

United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone in 1876 (1847-1922)

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in Scotland) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914) , founded Sierra Club in 1892; fought unsuccessfully to prevent the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Nat Turner

United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia

Valley of the Kings

Valley in Egypt where tombs were constructed for Pharaohs & powerful nobles

Real Value

Value in current dollars after adjusting for inflation.

Dominant Cultures

Values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and government in a society.

Average Variable Cost

Variable cost divided by quantity of output

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China and took possession of Hong Kong.

War of 1812

War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

Otto von Bismarck

Was a Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. Helped Germany expand, went to war against Denmark, won war, turned against Austria, gained control of North German Confederation.

Kingdom of Maili

Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.

Jawaharal Nehru

Was a great Indian nationalist leader who worked for independence and social reform. Supported and associated with Ghandi. He became first prime minister of independent India, a position he retained until his death. He initiated India's nonalignment policy in foreign affairs.

Kingdom of Songhay (Songhai)

Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.

John Wilkes Booth

Was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Was an Italian philosopher/writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. Wrote,The Prince, which examines the acquisition, perpetuation, and use of political power in the western world. He justified rule by force.

The Concept of Zero

Was developed in India and brought to Europe by Arab mathematicians. The place-value notation was much more efficient than the unwieldly numerical systems of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.

Expansion of European colonial rule in Africa

Was greatest from 1850 - 1900

Gunpowder

Was invented, documented, and used in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in China where the Jurchen military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons), and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols.

Gunpowder

Was invented, documented, and used in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in China where the Jurchen military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons), and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols. The Mongols, Muslims, Western Europe, and Japan adopted gunpowder in chronological sequene.

The Printing Press

Was most responsible for the rapid spread of new ideas inRenaissance Europe.

Shintoism

Was the primitive religion of Japan before the coming of Buddhism, which is currently the main religion of Japan. It is a very simple religion. It gives only one command, the necessity of being loyal to one's ancestors.

Sparta

Was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence.

Western Europe

Western European democratic governments: Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, luxembourg, Netherlands and Italy

British Empire

What is now the United Kingdom and all the territories and colonies under its control; this empire consisted of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and vast portions of Africa

Trade Surplus

When a country exports more than it imports

Trade Deficit

When a country imports more than it exports.

Law of Diminishing Return

When additonal units of a variable input are added to fixed inputs after a certain point, the marginal product of the variable input declines.

19th Amendment

Women's suffrage

Pre-colonial NE Woodland Cultures

Woodlands covered the now northeast U.S. "Deerskin clothing, birch bark canoes, wigwams, and longhouses are characteristic of this region. The Iroquois, Ojibwe, and Algonquin are all indigenous to the Northeast Woodlands." Source:http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

Mercator map projection

accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses.

Democracy in America

Written by Alexis de Tocqueville, French man who observed democracy in govt and society, book that discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.

Leviathan

Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.

The Tale of the Genji

Written by Lady Murasaki about year 1000; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.

Rousseau

Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parlaiment because the delegates made laws not the people.

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

Densely Populated River Valleys

Yangtze, Indus, Ganges, Nile, Tigris - Euphrates.......

Zheng He

Zheng He was a court ambassador in Ming Dynasty. He made 7 voyages from 1405 - 1433 C.E. to southern Asia, India, Arabia, and Africa to display the wonders and power of China to these lesser powers as China would not remain apart from the world forever. He also collected gifts for China. The routes he traveled were based on the experience of Chinese merchants with the currents and weather of the Indian Ocean.

China

___is the largest communist population in the world.

Latitude

a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance north or south of the equator.

Aerial photograph

a photograph of an area on earth taken from an aircraft flying overhead.

United States

a Constitution-based Federal Republic with a strong democratic tradition.

Andreas Vesalius

a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)

Australia

a democratic, federal state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign.

Juan de Onate

a descendant of a wealthy Spanish family who, in 1598, took control of the Rio Grande region and the Pueblo region of what is now New Mexico for Spain.

Taliban

a fundamentalist Islamic militia; in 1995 the Taliban militia took over Afghanistan and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic government; "the Taliban enforced a strict Muslim code of behavior"

Southeast Asia

a geographical subdivision of Asia which includes the following nations: Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the phillipines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. It is considered one of the poorest, most illiterate and malnourished nations in the world.

Grassland

a large area of land covered with grasses.

Desert

a large, dry, barren region.

Plateau

a large, flat area that rises above the surrounding land; at least one side has a steep slope.

Tundra

a level and rolling treeless plain in artic and sub-artic regions with black mucky soil with permanently frozen subsoil, called permafrost

Longitude

a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Renewable resource

any resource, such as wood, wind, water or solar energy, that can or will be replenished

Continents

are great divisions of land on the globe; the large part of the surface of the earth that rises above sea level. There are 7 coninents

Seas

are large bodies of salt water; smaller than oceans.

Rivers

are large, natural streams of fresh water.

Oceans

are the largest bodies of salt water between the continents; there are 5 oceans

Equal-area map

shows correct size of land masses, but usually distorts their shapes.

Spring Equinox

the Earth's tilt is sideways toward the Sun and the hours of daylight are the same in both

Seasons:

because the Earth is closer to the Sun during parts of its elliptical orbit than at other times, and due to the Earth's tilt and rotation about its axis, we have different seasons on Earth.

B.C.

before the Christian era or before Christ many have moved to using B,C.E. or before common era

Manifest Destiny

belief that the American nation was destined to eventually expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean (possibly including Canada and Mexico)

Bays

bodies of water, smaller than a gulf and nearly surrounded by land.

Sub-Saharan Africa

consists of the African countries located south of the Sahara desert.

Physical map

contains labels for countries and capital cities, as well as major physical features like plains, rivers,

Article VI

contains supremacy clause; establishes the constitution as "supreme law of the land"

East Asia

countries include: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, North Korea, China, and Mongolia.

Weather map

depicts the meteorological conditions over a specific geographic area at a specific time.

Three-Fifths Compromise

each slave to count as 3/5 of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and direct taxation on the states

Columbian Exchange

exchange of foods, plants, animals, and diseases between Europeans and Native Americans

Sedition Act

expanded powers of Adams' administration to silence newspaper critics

Article IV

explains relationship of states to one another and the national government; each state gives citizens of other states the same rights

Apartheid

extreme racial segregation was practiced by the white minority who controlled the government.

Climate

is a region's usual long-term weather patterns. Average temperatures, amounts and kinds of precipitation,

Sri Lanka

is a republic.

Mecca

joint capital (with Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia

Arab world

name originally applied to the Semitic peoples of the Arabian Peninsula; now used also for populations of countries whose primary language is Arabic (algeria, egypt, iraq, jordan, lebananon, libya, morocco, syria and yemen). In the 20th century, arab leaders have attempted to unite the arab speaking world into an arab nation. Since 1945 , most arab countries have joined the arab league. in 1982, memeber nations hada total population estimated at 43 million. Not all arabs are muslims. The culture of the arab world consists or the arab language, the islamic religion and the traditions of the arabian peninsula

Nonrenewable resource

natural resources that are not replaced in a useful time frame. As nonrenewable resources

Dispersed settlements

occur in rural areas; the amount of land between each of the dwellings depends on the

Summer Solstice

occurs in the Northern Hemisphere on June 21 or 22. One of the Earth's poles is tilted directly toward the sun; areas north of the artic circle have 24 hours of daylight.

Droughts

periods of time when less rain than normal falls in an area. During droughts, crops fail and dried out soil

Liberty

personal freedom from servitude, confinement, or oppression

Article VII

requirments to raitfy constitution

Mountain ranges

rows or chains of mountains. For example, the Himalayan mountain range, along India's northern border, is about 1,500 miles long and 5 miles high, and is the highest mountain range in the world.

Zen

school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith

Unified Italy

started in 1860s unofficial in 1870 because the Patrimony of St. Peter was not included; complete in 1871 included all Italian states and the Patrimony of St. Peter

Linear settlements

tend to follow roads and river valleys which allows easy communication, and flat lands which

Eastern Europe

the former Eastern Bloc, or Communist Europe.

Varanasi

the holiest city of Hinduism that is found on the Ganges River

Oceania

the islands of the southern, western and central Pacific Ocean, including Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.

Logging

there are two methods of logging: clear-cutting and selective cutting.

North America

third largest continent, comprising Mexico, the United States, Canada and Central America:

Who was Emil Durkheim and why is he significant?

Émile Durkheim (1858 - 1917) is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology. He felt the world was influenced by group beliefs, culture, and attitudes more than individuals. Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity; an era in which traditional social and religious ties are no longer assumed, and in which new social institutions have come into being. Durkheim believed there are several possible pathologies that could lead to a breakdown of social integration and disintegration of the society: the two most important ones are anomie and forced division of labor.

Factors Contributing to Changing Population Rate

1. fertility rate; 2. life expectancy; 3. and net immigration

Characteristics of Developing Nations

1. low GDP; 2. an economy based on subsistence agriculture; 3. poor health conditions; 4. a low literacy rate; 5. rapid population growth

Functions of Money

1. medium of exchange; 2. unit of accounting; 3. store of value

Factors for Businesses Setting Prices

1. profit desired; 2. demand anticipated; 3. competition expected

Factors that Determine Supply in a Market Economy

1. the price of inputs; 2. the number of firms in the industry; 3. taxes; 4. technology

Factors that Spur Economic Growth in Developing Nations

1. trade with the outside world; 2. an appropriate incentive structure; 3. a supportive political structure; 4. managing natural resources; and 5. reduced population growth

4 Obstacles to Growth in Developing Nations

1. traditional attitudes and beliefs; 2. continued rapid population growth; 3. a misuse of resources; 4. trade restrictions

4 Problems of Rapid Industrialization

1. unwise investments; 2. not enough time to adapt to new patterns of living and working; 3. use of inappropriate technology; and 4. inadequate time to move through the stages of development

3 Stages of Economic Development

1. agricultural stage; 2. manufacturing stage; and 3. service sector stage

Factors for Uneven Distribution of Income

1. educational levels; 2. wealth; 3. discrimination; 4. ability; 5. monopoly power

Results of Inflation

1. erodes the value of the dollar; 2. makes life difficult for people on fixed incomes; 3. changes the spending habits of consumers and businesses; and 4. alters the distribution of income in favor of debtors.

Oligopoly

A market structure dominated by a few very large firms in which the actions by one affect the welfare of others.

Monopolistic Competition

A market structure that lacks identical products, thus making it an imperfect competition. A single producer with the most control over supply and price.

Perfect Competition

A market structure with large numbers of buyers and sellers, identical economic products, independent action by buyers and sellers, reasonably well-informed participants, and freedom for firms to enter or leave the market.

Price Elasticity of Demand

A measure of how much consumers respond to a price change. If a small change in price causes a large change in quantity demanded, the demand for that product is said to be elastic. If the price change does not result in much of a change in the quantity demanded, that demand is considered "inelastic."

The Republic

A political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them

Athenian democracy

A type of government used in Athens which is sort of a combine of majority rule and democracy. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so.

Peloponnesian War

A war fought between Athens and Sparta; won by Sparta because it was able to cut off Athens' grain supply.

Mixed government

Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.

Fiat Money

Also known as legal tender; not backed or supported by any other source, it only has value because the government says that it has value.

Socrates

Ancient Athenian philosopher who helped bring about Greece's Golden Age

Microeconomics

Branch of economics that deals with the specific factors that affect an economy, such as how particular products are marketed or the behavior of individual consumers.

Minoan Age

Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. Built huge palaces, writing, artisans, traded w/Egypt, Phoenicia and Mesopotamia

Helladic Period

Bronze age Greece, started around 2800 BC and lasted till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The economy of the villages depended on production of tools, weapons, agriculture and art and architecture.The need for more metals and goods lead to introduction of different colonies and barter creating set-up for trade.

Wholesalers

Businesses that purchase large quantities of goods from producers for resale.

Place

Companies determine where/how the product should be sold (via mail, internet, phone, department stores, supermarkets, etc.)

Price

Company considers the costs of producing, advertising, selling, and distributing, as well as the amount of profit it hopes to make, before setting this.

Hippocrates

Contributed to the knowledge of the ancient Greeks by proposing new methods for treating diseases.

Externalities

Economic side effects to third parties; regarded as market failures because they are not reflected in the market prices of the activities that caused the side effects.

Cybernomics

Economics driven by the Internet, in which the buyer rules.

Robinson-Patman Act

Passed in 1936. Act passed to strengthen the price discrimination provisions of the Clayton Antitrust Act.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Passed in 1980. Prohibits trusts, monopolies, and other arrangements that restrain competition.

Price Ceiling

Prevents prices from going above a specified amount. Can lead to shortages and black market activities.

Price Floor

Prevents prices, such as minimum wage, from dropping too low.

Utility

The ability of any good or service to satisfy consumer wants. Four types: form, place, time, and ownership.

Gross National Product (GNP)

The measure of the total income received by American citizens, regardless of where their productive resources are located; the total value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a particular year, plus income earned by its citizens, minus the income of nonresidents located in the country.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The most complete measure of a market's total output; the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given period.

Equilibrium Price

The point at which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied meet.

Inflation

The rate of change in the price level as measured by the consumer price index (CPI).

Acropolis

The religious center of Athens in Ancient Greece; meeting place; site of Parthenona. Large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs

Poverty

The state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Determined by comparing the amount of income earned by families to measures called poverty guidelines.

Promotion

The use of advertising and other methods to inform consumers that new product is currently available and to convince them to buy it.

1934

The year the U.S. switched from a gold standard to a fiat money standard.

Merchants

This group in medieval Europe helped loosen fuedal ties.

Econometric Models and Index of Leading Indicators

Tools used to predict changes in future economic activity.

Frictional Unemployment

Unemployment caused by workers changing jobs or waiting to go to new ones.

Business fluctuations

Unsystematic changes in real gross domestic product (GDP).

The Great Depression

Worst economic decline in U.S. History; income distribution inequalities, risky credit practices, weak international economic conditions, and tariff wars contributed to this time period.