Combo with "sociology midterm chapter 1+3+4+5+6" and 23 others
Stigma
"Blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity such as blindness, deafness, or facial birthmarks, having a huge nose
Natalie is a prejudiced person who actively discriminates against other groups. According to Merton, Natalie is a/n "active bigot." "timid bigot." "fair-weather liberal." "all-weather liberal." "passive bigot."
"active bigot"
Family forms with vertical kinship ties are known as:
"beanpoles."
stigma
"blemishes" that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity
Sociologist Barbara Risman calls families in which both men and women genuinely share the paid and unpaid labor equally:
"fair families."
Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:
"the leisure gap."
_____ refers to the advantages that people enjoy because of their race. "White power" "White privilege" "White advantage" "Racial privilege" "Racial opportunity"
"white privilege"
On average, women earn approximately _____ for every dollar men earn. $1.04 $0.98 $0.77 $0.66 $0.50
$0.77
How much is the average per capita annual income in the United States that includes every American?
$35,000/year
How much is the typical annual family income in the United States?
$54,000
strain theory
Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaption to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Robert Michel's term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite, ends up with people being excluded from leadership because they don't represent the inner circle's values or background
iron law of oligarchy
Robert Michels's term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self perpetuating elite (ex. Veterans of Foreign Wars [VFW])
Which Supreme Court decision granted women the right to terminate pregnancies? Brown v. Topeka Roe v. Wade Smith v. Allwright Wood v. Lovett
Roe v. Wade
Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?
SCHIP
The "Self-Fulfilling" Prophecy at Work
Same as one above
Which of the following represents a correct sequence of steps in the research process?
Select a topic, review the literature, collect the data, share the results
Where was the feminist movement born in the U.S.? Philadelphia, PA Seneca Falls, NY Akron, OH Minneapolis, MN
Seneca Falls, NY
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other is known as sexual harassment. sexism. sex stratification. gender identity.
Sexism
Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following is true about her experiences EXCEPT:
She felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."
As a full professor of sociology, Jackie ranks high in prestige, but relatively low in income. What can one expect of her political views?
She will be more politically radical.
As your text points out, single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand. What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?
Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than average.
What is the difference between a family and a kin group? The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together. Kin is a household unit, but a family does not always live together. Family units include aunts and uncles, but a kin group does not. Kin groups and families are identical.
The family is a household unit, and kin do not always live together.
Which of the following trends is NOT true in the western world today?
The number of people choosing to cohabitate is on the decline.
In any group of three members two of the three may have a tendency to alienate the third member and dominate the decision making for the group the trio represents. When this occurs, what term best applies to the two unified members?
a coalition
Cultural Universal
a common practice or belief found in every culture.
Social Inequality
a condition in which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige
goal displacement c7
a condition that occurs when a decision-making group loses sight of its original goal and a new, less important goal emerges
bounded labor (indentured service)
a contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of time in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is entered into voluntarily
hate crime
a criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation
background assumption
a deeply embedded, common understanding of how the world operates and how people ought to act
relative poverty
a definition of poverty that is set in comparison to a set standard
Groupthink is choosing the path of least resistance when working with others. attempting to persuade others to agree with you. a software program that predicts group behavior. a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures. a decision-making process where an individual weighs group decisions against his/her own before making a decision.
a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures. f. a decision-making process where an individual weighs group decisions against his/her own before making a decision.
Societies have historically believed that public punishment would be ______________ for other potential wrongdoers
a deterrent
In 1996 the U.S. welfare system was restructured. Supporters of this reform maintain that the new system rescues people from poverty and reduces welfare costs. What is the primary evidence they point out to support this?
The number of people on welfare has significantly decreased
What is The McDonaldization of society?
The organizational principles that underline McDonalds' dominate our entire society
Value
A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper - or bad, undesirable, and improper - in a culture.
traditional society c7
A society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present; characterizes tribal, peasant, and feudal societies.
biotech society
A society whose economy increasingly centers around the application of genetics- human genetics for medicine, and plant and animal genetics for the production of food and materials.
Master Status
A status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies.
master status
A status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies. (the most important status you have)
Counterculture
A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture.
According to symbolic interactionists, the deciding factor that determines if change in society is good or bad requires ________.
A value framework in which to view the change.
What do policy experts mean by the terms perverse incentives and unintended consequences?
Aiding the poor creates more problems than it solves.
Material Culture
The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives.
Culture War
The polarization of society over controversial cultural elements.
What is a Social Group?
Two or more people who identify with and interact with one another
In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:
a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.
Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?
a devout tradition of Catholicism
Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the US have similar rates of hypertension as middle- and upper-class African Americans. How would the "tokenism theory" explain this?
All African American may still experience discrimination
Women do the majority of housework in which of the following? The richest countries The poorest countries All countries Housework is equal in all countries
All countries
Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?
All of the above.
A small body of scholarship suggests that traditional gender roles may be disadvantageous to men in that in the 1980s, girls were more likely to go to college than boys. by 2006, women accounted for over 57 percent of college students nationwide. in 2002, more women than men in the U.S. earned a doctoral degree. all of these
All of these
Because of our sense of belonging and loyalty to in-groups, we often tend to judge our own group's traits as virtues, but see the same traits in other groups as vices. This judgment of superiority is an example of ________.
a double standard
Which of the following is an example of social interaction?
a driver signaling a right turn with his directional signals
Dependent Variable
a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable
dependent variable
a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable
independent variable
a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable
Independent Variable
a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable, example: therapy is independent variable and the dependent variable is the actions of men
Variables
a factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another
variable
a factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary or change from one case to another
rapport
a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying
neocolonialism
a form of control of poor countries by rich countries, but without direct political or military involvement
Social Stratification
a form of inequality in which categories of people are systematically ranked in a hierarchy on basis of their access to scarce but valued resources
class system
a form of social stratification based primarily on the possession of money or material possessions
meritocracy
a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit
caste system
a form of social stratification in which people's statuses are lifelong conditions determined by birth
slavery
a form of social stratification in which some people own other people
Bureaucracy
a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records
bureaucracy
a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records
The elderly are categorized as a subordinate group or minority because membership in the group is involuntary. older United States citizens have a strong sense of group solidarity. older people experience unequal treatment in employment and may face prejudice and discrimination. all of these
All of these
Which of the following countries have outlawed all forms of abortion including procedures performed to save a pregnant woman's life? Chile El Salvador East Timor all of these
All of these
Which of the following statements about family systems is correct? Only about one-third of families in the U.S. are nuclear in composition. The practice of polygamy steadily declined throughout the twentieth century. Polyandrous cultures devalue the social worth of women. all of these
All of these
Which of the following statements about the status of women throughout the world is true? Women grow half the world's food, but they rarely own land. Women constitute one-third of the world's paid labor force, but are generally found in the lowest paying jobs. Single-parent households headed by women are typically found in the poorest sections of the population. all of these
All of these
Which trait(s) of a minority group can also be used to characterize the elderly? They possess physical characteristics that distinguish them from younger people. They experience unequal treatment in employment and may face prejudice and discrimination. Membership in this group is involuntary. all of these
All of these
status set
All the statuses or positions that an individual occupies
Function of Government (politics)
Allocate power, determine authority, prevent chaos
Sociobiology c2
a framework of thought in which human behavior is considered to be the result of natural selection and biological factors: a fundamental cause of human behavior
Theory c1
a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity is known as pluralism. a glass ceiling. institutional discrimination. exploitation theory.
a glass ceiling
Primary Groups
a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face to face association and cooperation, example: family, friends
Peer group
a group of individuals, often roughly the same age, who are linked by common interests and orientations
underclass
a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations
underclass chap 10
a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations
social class chap 10
a group of people with similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living
triad
a group of three people
small group
a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members
out-group
a group toward which one feels antagonism
in-group
a group toward which one feels loyalty
reference group
a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves
Reference Group
a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves, may include your family, classmates, church, school, may be a group you don't belong to like graduate students, consider their standards as you evaluate your grades or writing skills
Counterculture c2
a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture
social control
a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms
social order
a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives
Nonmaterial culture c2
a group's ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction); also called symbolic culture
shaman
a healing specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease or injury; commonly called witch doctor
hunting and gathering society
a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival
hunting and gathering society
a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for survival
indentured service
a individual who worked without wages for a specified number of years in exchange for trnsportation to the American colonies
secondary group chap 6
a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
formal organization c7
a large group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency
exchange mobility
a large number of people moving up the social class ladder, while a large number move down; it is as though they have exchanged places, and the social class system shows little change
questionnaires
a list of questions to be asked of respondents
What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in daycare?
As the number of hours in day care increased, the weaker the bond between mother and child.
Cohabitation is least common among which racial or ethnic group in the U.S.? Hispanics Asian Americans Native Americans Whites
Asian Americans
Stereotypes
Assumptions of what people are like, based on previous associations with them or with people who have similar characteristics, or based on information, whether true or false.
colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
The first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life was ________.
Auguste Comte
_____, who coined the term "sociology," is also known as the "father of sociology." Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim Karl Marx C. Wright Mills Max Weber
Auguste Comte
In _____, prospective spouses can compare the "value" of eligible partners before selecting a mate. family economics family values a love bazaar a marriage market none of the above
a marriage market
Which of the following is considered an extended family? a college sorority the Arapesh tribe of New Guinea Beverly, her husband Bob, and their two children, Barry and Bonnie a married couple, their children, and the husband's sister all living together in the same home
a married couple, their children, and the husband's sister all living together in the same home
In which type of society do women hold greater authority than men? a matriarchy a patrilineal society a neolocal society an egalitarian society
a matriarchy
The use of video cameras to peer over employees' shoulders, the monitoring of air quality within the workplace, and the prohibiting of smoking by employees anywhere on company property is what sociologist Gary Marx calls ________.
a maximum security workplace
The Gini coefficient is:
a measure of economic inequality
Which of the following examination formats is most likely to incorporate closed-ended questions?
a multiple choice exam
groupthink
a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty
Taboo c2
a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion, if violated
Informal Norm
a norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded.
Ideal culture c2
a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them
Culture Lag
a period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.
power
a person or group's ability to exercise influence and control over others
Some policy experts believe that welfare creates more problems than it solves because it discourages people from finding work. This is also known as:
a perverse incentive
informal boundaries
a place where any person can go
ascribed status
a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
The Nacirema have a variety of rituals they use to maintain their bodies, some of which are done in their home in front of a charm-box located over a small font. Miner is referring to
Bathrooms with cabinets mounted on the wall over bathroom sinks
deviance
Behavior that violates significant social norms
In the article "The Service Society and the Changing Experience of Work", the author argues that
U.S. economy has changed from manufacturing to service industries. There are two tiers in service sector, one is core, and the other is periphery. White males tend to be in core service jobs than non-whites and females.
Mechanical Solidarity
Durkheim's term for the unity shared consciousness that comes from being involved in Similar occupations or activities.
Social facts c1
Durkheim's terms for a group's patterns of behavior
What is the defining characteristic of a representative sample?
Each person in the population of interest has an equal chance of being chosen
An urban legend is a story with an ironic twist that sounds realistic, but is false. According to folklorist Jan Brunvand, urban legends teach us a three moral lessons about life. Which of the following is not one of the three moral lessons identified by Brunvand?
Each story should be taken seriously.
Which of the following is not a latent function of education? Schools provide child care. High schools and colleges are matchmaking institutions. Educational institutions create social networks. Education increases upward mobility. Education is good for businesses.
Education increases upward mobility.
The two anthropologists who studied the Hopi Indians and concluded that language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world were ________.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis c2
Edward ____and Benjamin _____'s hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis?
Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men.
white collar crime
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising, and price fixing
differential association
Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant
white-collar crime
Edwin Sutherland's terms for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertizing, and price fixing
Which sociologists were responsible for developing the disengagement theory? Elisabeth Kübler-Ross and Richard Kalish Elaine Cumming and William Henry Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Elaine Cumming and William Henry
Which sociologist noted that dying people pass through stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance on their journey to death? Richard Kalish Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh Robert Atchley
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
Polyandry, a system in which women may have several husbands, is an example—albeit a rare one—of a social order in which women are more powerful than men. True False
False
Polygyny is a social system in which women may have several husbands and in which women are more powerful than men. True False
False
The "one-drop rule" stipulated that if a person had even a single drop of "Indian blood", that person was viewed as Indian. True False
False
The amount of money spent on a school's facilities has a strong effect on the academic success of its pupils.
False
The contact hypothesis suggests that if an African-American boss and her Italian employee work together for several years in the same office, they will become more prejudiced toward one another.
False
The term "racial group" is used to describe a group that is set apart from others because of obvious cultural distinctions. True False
False
Unlike race or gender, age is not socially constructed. True False
False
Worldwide, women hold about 10 percent of corporate managerial positions. True False
False
A woman and her husband, her children, her parents, her mother-in-law, her sister, a parakeet, two Irish setters, a cow, and five chickens live together on a farm in the Midwest. This is an example of a city. community. family. nuclear family.
Family
Which family structure is most likely to be poor?
Family headed by mother only
Felix tends goats in Peru, while his wife, Maria, takes care of the family crops. John is a nurse in France and his wife, Sonia, is a midwife. Based on cross-cultural studies, whose work would be given more prestige in their respective societies?
Felix and John's
Which sex is most likely to be poor?
Female
Gameinschaft
Ferdinand Tonnies term for a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
Gesellschaft
Ferdinand Tonnies term for a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments and self-interest
Ascribed Status
a position that an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life, you do not ask for it nor can you choose it, examples: race, ethnicity, sex, social class of your parents, statuses as a daughter, son, niece, etc. or being a teen, senior citizen, etc,
In the 1970s Edward Banfield wrote The Unheavenlt City and asserted that people in poverty were not future-oriented. What was wrong with this assertion?
He did no field research
Why did a number of sociologists think Laud Humphreys' research on tearooms was unethical?
He did not identify himself as a researcher
Bartholemew is a member of the second estate in Europe during the middle ages. In view of this, what is Bartholemew's most likely social location?
He is a monk in the St. Thomas Aquinas parish
Why did Mario Brajuha refuse to turn over his research notes to the authorities, even when subpoenaed?
He wanted to protect his respondents
The term "survival of the fittest" which is a principle part of the concept of social Darwinism, was coined by ________.
Herbert Spencer
prestige chap 10
High standing; respect earned by accomplishments (Webers term)
Based on the accident that led to the sex change of a seven-month identical twin and the Vietnam veterans' study, which statement is most accurate regarding the effects of nature and nurture on behavior?
Human nature is the result of nature and nurture working together.
Which of the following characterized the preindustrial family?
Husbands and wives were partners not only in making a home but in making a living.
What are some important characteristics of Norms?
- People do not follow norms in all situations. In some cases, they evade a norm because they know it is weakly enforced. - In some instances, behavior that appears to violate society's norms may actually represent adherence to the norms of a particular group. - Norms are violated in some instances because one norm conflicts with another.
Which country is considered "the oldest" compared to the U.S. from statistics available? Sweden Japan Spain Greece
Japan
The American values of hard work self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?
John Henry
Which of the following would be a violation of the male gender role? Playing football Getting into a fight Joining a knitting circle Spitting
Joining a knitting circle
An approach to racism which emphasizes that racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs, thereby supplying the capitalist ruling class with a pool of cheap labor, is based on the work of which classical theorist? Émile Durkheim Talcott Parsons Karl Marx Auguste Comte
Karl Marx
_____ predicted that communism would dominate because exploited workers would revolt against capitalism. Max Weber Emile Durkheim Auguste Comte Harriet Martineau Karl Marx
Karl Marx
Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s. Which of the following might be a reason?
More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe.
The US has strong _____ against murder, treason, and other forms of abuse that have been institutionalized into formal norms.
Mores
Which sociologist did fieldwork on women in the roller derby? Margaret Mead Talcott Parsons Nancy Finley Arlie Hochschild
Nancy Finley
anomie
Robert Merton's term for the confusion that arises when social norms conflict or don't even exist
Achieved Status
a position that is earned, accomplished, or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part, voluntary status, ex: as a result of your efforts you become a student, a friend, a spouse, a lawyer, etc. or due to a lack of effort you become a dropout, an ex spouse, etc., so achieved statuses can be positive or negative
Positive and Negative Sanctions
a positive sanction: a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material world, a negative sanction: an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or execution
stigma
a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
peter principle c7
a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence
Social Differentiation
a process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of their statuses, roles, and other social characteristics
positive sanction
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize
stratified random sample
a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research
random sample
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
formal organization
a secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives
Formal Organizations
a secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives, example: craft guilds, modern unions, the army, the Roman Catholic Church
Dominant Ideology
a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
caste system
a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society
structural mobility chap
a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
primary group
a small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation
primary group chap 6
a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
clique chap 6
a small, exclusive group; a group held together by like interests or purpose
proletariat
a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages
Social inequality
a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied to others
out-group chap 6
a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
dyad chap 6
a social group with two members
class system
a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
agricultural society
a society based largely on agriculture
horticultural or gardening society
a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools
horticultural society
a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools
industrial society
a society based on harnessing of machines powered by fuels
postindustrial (information) society
a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing
postindustrial or information society
a society based on information; services and high technology rather than on a raw materials and manufacturing
agricultural society
a society based on large-scale agriculture
agricultural society chap 6
a society based on large-scale agriculture
industrial society
a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels
pastoral society
a society based on the pasturing of animals
traditional society
a society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present; tribal, peasant, and feudal societies are examples
Pluralistic society c2
a society made up of many different groups
industrial society chap 6
a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
post-industrial society chap 6
a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information
biotech society chap 6
a society whose economy increasingly centers around the application of genetics-human genetics for medicine, and plant and animal genetics for the production of food and materials
biotech society
a society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, and materials
division of labor
a splitting of group's or a society's tasks into specialties
What is a theory?
a statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work, an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another, sociologists use three major theories: symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory
Hypothesis
a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory
hypothesis
a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory
Generalization c1
a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation
master status
a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies (sex, race, ethnicity, age)
Master Status
a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies, some are ascribed such as your sex, whatever you do people perceive you as a male or a female, if you are working your way through college by flipping burgers people don't just see you as a burger flipper but as a male or female burger flipper, other master statuses include race and age, other master statuses are earned such as wealth or becoming disfigured
Patriarchy
a sustem in which males dominate females in most spheres of life (politics, economics, family, and so on)
social stratification chap 9
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
Language c2
a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
population
a target group to be studied
looking-glass self
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us, three elements to the looking glass self: we imagine how we appear to those around us, we interpret other's reactions and we develop a self concept
degradation ceremony
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place. Used by total institutions.
Degradation ceremony
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place
degradation ceremony
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place
Degradation Ceremony
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to reshape someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place, an extreme form of shaming
Transitional adulthood
a term that refers to a period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood
Conflict theory c1
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
Conflict Perspective
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources, Marx is the founder of conflict theory= idea that human history is class conflict, opposing interests permeate every layer of society, constant struggle to determine who has authority or influence and how far that dominance goes
Functional analysis c1
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; AKA functionalism and structural functionalism
Functionalist Perspective
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism, see society as a living organism with organs functioning together, if society is to function smoothly then its parts must work together harmoniously, intended or manifest functions, unintended or latent functions, whenever we examine a smaller part, need to look for its functions and dysfunctions to see how it is related to the larger unit
Symbolic interactionism c1
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
social class
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige; according to who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
Social Class
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank closely to one another in wealth, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor; most commonly, a large number of people with similar amounts of income and education who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige.
In open stratification systems, social classes are based on _____ statuses. ascribed achieved hereditary religious official
achieved
_____ statuses are those that we can change, control or choose through effort or actions. Master Achieved Ascribed Role Social
achieved
gender identity
acknowledging one's sex and internalizing the norms, values, and behaviors of the accompanying gender expectations
Which of the following is an example of a domestic partnership? Joe and Mike, a gay couple, live together in an apartment. Jane and Liz, a lesbian couple, live together in a house. Fred and Estelle, an unmarried couple who are both widowed and in their 70s, live in an apartment in order to care for each other and share living expenses. all of these
all of these
Which of the following statements about racial groups in the U.S. is true? Throughout history, many Southern states defined a person as Black, regardless of how s/he looked, if s/he had "only a single drop of Black blood". Over six million people in the U.S. are multiracial. The largest multiracial group is of White and Native-American ancestry. all of these
all of these
Which of the following victim statuses may motivate a hate crime? race/ethnicity religion sexual orientation all of these
all of these
Which of the following would be included in the matrix of domination? gender race social class all of these
all of these
Which of the following would be of interest to a conflict theorist? a matriarchal family system a patriarchal family system how a new couple decides who will make family decisions all of these
all of these
culture
all that human beings learn to do, to use, to produce, to know, and to believe as they grow to maturity and live out their lives in the social groups to which they belong
Status Set
all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies
status set
all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies
Status Set
all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies, obviously your status set changes as your particular statuses change, for example, if you graduate high school, get married and take a job you are now a worker, graduate, spouse, etc.
What is Laissez-faire leadership?
allows the group to function more or less on its own
positive sanction
an expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in a class to a material reward such as a prize
negative sanction
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm
negative sanction
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or prison sentence
society chap 6
an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
A system of beliefs that justifies a particular social arrangement such as slavery is called ________.
an ideology
expressive leader chap 6
an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group
laissez-faire leader
an individual who leads by being highly permissive
authoritarian leader
an individual who leads by giving orders
authoritarian leader chap 6
an individual who leads by giving orders
democratic leader
an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus
democratic leader chap 6
an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus
Significant other
an individual who significantly influences someone else
expressive leader
an individual who tries to increase harmony and minimizes conflict in a group
instrumental leader chap 6
an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader
instrumental leader
an individual who tries to keep the group moving towards its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader
John desires the best things in life...a fast car, designer clothes, and membership in exclusive clubs. But rather than work his way through the system, he has discovered he can have all these things by selling crack cocaine in the inner city. How would Merton classify John?
an innovator
goal displacement
an organization replacing old goals with new ones (ex. March of Dimes)
ideology
an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation
Macro-Sociology
analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another
macrosociology
analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists
microsociology
analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists
People over 100 are considered: An anomaly A drain on the social system Proportionately, the fastest-growing age group All of these
anomaly
According to strain theory, the underlying cause of deviance is that people experience a sense of normlessness. This sense of normlessness is referred to as ________.
anomie
reference group chap 6
any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
innovations
any new practice or tool that becomes widely accepted in a society
symbol
anything that represents something else and carries a particular meaning recognized by members of a culture
A small work team in the design department has decided to fire one of the members of the their department.
apartheid
Public sociology c1
applying sociology for the public good, especially the use of the sociological perspective (how things are related to one another) to guide politicians and policy makers
Absolutism
approach to defining deviance that assumes all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad
Relativism
approach to defining deviance that assumes deviance is socially created by collective human judgments and ideas - what is considered deviant changes based on the time, place, and cultures. an act can be deviant in one moment but not in another, depending on circumstance
institutionalized means
approved ways of reaching cultural goals
Government offices administering food stamps:
are not always optimally located for recipients.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
argues the language of an individual determines his perception of reality
The use of the principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo is referred to as color-blind racism. prejudice. discriminatory racism. none of these
color-blind racism.
Nonverbal interaction c1
communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on
multinational corporations
companies that operate across national boundaries
multinational corporations
companies that operate across national boundaries: also called transitional corporations
Secondary Group
compared with a primary group a larger relatively temporary, more anonymous formal and impersonal group based on some interest or activity
Secondary Groups
compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity, example: college class, Democratic Party, etc., often have to break down secondary groups into primary groups
secondary group
compared with primary group: a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity
Which of the following would be an example of segregation? Jews and Catholics marrying one another and producing children interracial marriage confining Japanese Americans to relocation camps during World War II all of these
confining Japanese Americans to relocation camps during World War II
"Low wages alienate workers." This statement best represents the views of which sociological theory on work and the economy? functionalist conflict feminist symbolic interactionist globalization
conflict
Feminists suggest that laws in the U.S. traditionally viewed wives and children as the property of the husband. This view reflects the concerns of which sociological perspective? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict
Gender inequality is built into the social structure, in and out of the home. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist exchange
conflict
Stratification is dysfunctional because it harms society and individuals. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist feminist exchange theory
conflict
Which sociological perspective views the closure of clinics that would perform abortions in rural areas another instance of an extra financial burden and possible deterrent for lower income women to have an abortion due to the extra expense of traveling to an out-of-town clinic as their best option? functionalist conflict interactionist feminist
conflict
Which sociological perspective would argue that the U.S. family contributes to social injustice and denies women opportunities that are commonly extended to men? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that elderly minority women experience a double burden regarding income levels compared to non-Hispanic Whites? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict
hich sociological perspective suggests that denial of the right to marry reinforces the second-class status of gays and lesbians? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling theory
conflict
Which perspective suggests that men may originally have become powerful in preindustrial times because their size, physical strength, and freedom from childbearing duties allowed them to dominate women physically, but in contemporary societies such considerations are not so important? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective has influenced the creation of the feminist perspective the most? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that family decision making reflects the inequality of traditional gender stratification in which men have held a dominant position over women? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective labeling perspective
conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would be likely to suggest that polyandrous cultures devalue the social worth of women? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective ethnocentric perspective
conflict perspective
role conflict
conflict that someone feels between roles because the expectations are at odds with one another (between one status's role and another's)
Racial hierarchies are supported and perpetuated through economic inequality. This statement represents the views of functionalists. conflict theorists. symbolic interactionists. feminist theorists. exchange theorists.
conflict theorists
The main theoretical perspective used in article "The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison" by Jeffrey Reiman is functionalist perspective. conflict perspective. symbolic interactional perspective. feminist perspective.
conflict theorists
_____ ask why some deviant acts are defined as criminal while others are not. Functionalists Conflict theorists Feminist theorists Symbolic interactionists Strain theorists
conflict theorists
Which group of social theorists would focus most on macro-level analysis when examining patterns of society?
conflict theorists and structural functionalists
Income, status and other rewards allow some owners and managers to exploit workers. This statement exemplifies which major theoretical perspective? Functionalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism exchange theory feminist theory
conflict theory
Role Conflict
conflicts that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are incompatible with the expectations of another role
Role Strain
conflicts that someone feels within a role
role strain
conflicts what someone feels within a role
material culture
consists of human technology--all the things human beings make and use, from small handheld tools to skyscrapers
_____capital refers to social assets, such as an elite education. Economic Cultural Social Class Collective
cultural
The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another is called ________.
cultural diffusion
innovation + diffusion
cultural evolution =
According to Merton, Americans are taught to strive towards the "American Dream" of economic success. He called these aspirations institutionalized goals. institutionalized means. cultural strain. cultural means. cultural goals.
cultural goals
Although all the faculty members of Acadia University have new state of the art computers several professors refuse to use them and even replaced them with personal typewriters. This is an example of ________.
cultural lag
_____ is recognizing that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards. Darwinism Ethnocentrism Cultural relativism Subculturism Multiculturalism
cultural relativism
gender
cultural understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininity in society
According to our textbook, marriage, medicine, and modesty are examples of George Murdock's cultural changes. cultural differences. cultural universals. cultural competencies. cultural variations.
cultural universals
The _____ view contends that the poor are "deficient" --that they share some problems, values, attitudes, and beliefs about life which are different from those who are not poor. world-systems culture of poverty feminization of poverty modernization dependency
culture of poverty
What was the reason Horace Miner wrote the Nacirema article?
d. a and b
Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority was a class-action suit that alleged public housing was:
de facto government segregation.
Background Assumptions
deeply embedded common understandings, or basic rules, concerning our view of the world and of how people ought to act
The conclusion in the article "The Impact of Internet Communications on Social Interaction" is that there is no difference between face-to-face interaction and internet interaction. Goffman's rules on interaction apply to internet interaction. face-to-face interaction is different from internet interaction. None of the above is true.
face-to-face interaction is different from internet interaction.
Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy (intermarrying among different racial and ethnic groups)?
facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community
.Most husbands of working wives who get laid off from work take up the slack and increase the amount of housework they do.
false
Compared with women, men maintain more eye contact in face-to-face conversations
false
Life must be more stressful in densely populated states such as New York and New Jersey than in wide-open areas such as Montana, Wyoming, and Alaska. Not surprisingly, people in the densely populated states are more likely to commit suicide.
false
Lower class people are more likely to commit crimes than upper class people
false
Most of the poor are on welfare
false
Most rapists are mentally ill
false
People are poor because they do not want to work.
false
Students in Japan are under such intense pressure to do well in school that their suicide rate is about double that of U.S. students.
false
The better you do in college, the more successful you are likely to be in your career.
false
The earnings of U.S. women have just about caught up with those of U.S. men
false
The main idea of the article "Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies" is that school segregation is getting better than before.
false
The majority of people in the United States over age 65 have been forced to retire and consequently languish in poverty and ill health
false
The population explosion in the less developed countries of the world is caused by high birth rates in those regions.
false
The traditional nuclear family, which consists of a male head of household, a wife who stays home, and children, while declining, is still the most common type of family in the United States
false
Violence and brutality in prisons occur because they are inherent in the nature of the type of people who are sent there
false
With life so rushed and more women working for wages, todays parents spend less time with their children than parents of previous generations did.
false
The Whitehall Study found all of the following factors important in determining health outcomes EXCEPT:
family health history.
Your test mentions outcomes that people believe stem from receiving welfare. Which of the following is NOT a result mentioned in your text?
feeling of incompetence
During the 1700's, a ____________ would be the least likely individual found inside a jail or prison.
felon serving a life sentence
Triple Oppression
female, poor, minority
Sexuality is linked to gender inequality and the control of women's sexual behavior by men. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist exchange
feminist
"Interaction often involves a dominant-subordinate relationship." This statement best matches which of the theories explaining social interaction? symbolic interaction social exchange feminist theories functionalist social learning
feminist theories
What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children, such as the "wild boy of Aveyron"?
feral
Upper Echelons
few in number, paid in salary, no clear cut evaluation criteria, closed and exclusive network. Race - almost 90% of CEOs in the US are white Gender - 76% are men
What is another term used to describe the research method called participant observation?
fieldwork
What is Authoritarian leadership?
focuses on instrumental concerns, takes personal charge of decision making and demands that group members obey orders
Norms that members of society look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment are folkways. mores. laws. sanctions. rules.
folkways
According to Piaget, when children are capable of abstract thinking they have reached the stage of development called the ________.
formal operational stage
A _____ is a complex and structured secondary group that is deliberately created to achieve a specific goal in an efficient manner. primary group secondary group formal group formal organization primary organization
formal organization
Mass media
forms of communication, such as radio and television that are directed to mass audiences
Nearly _____ in ten American children are born to unmarried mothers. three four five six seven
four
Social structure
framework of society that surrounds us; guides and sets limits on behavior
Describe "free will" and explain how this concept impacts the criminal justice system today
free will- you are responsible for own actions
What two sociological perspectives are most linked to macrosociology?
functionalism and the conflict perspective
"Capitalism brings prosperity to a society." This statement best represents the views of which sociological theory on work and the economy? functionalist conflict feminist symbolic interactionist globalization
functionalist
A division of gender roles helps society function smoothly. Which sociological perspective does this statement illustrate? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist exchange
functionalist
Stratification is both necessary and inevitable. This statement best represents which theoretical perspective? conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist feminist exchange theory
functionalist
Which sociological perspective views marriage as a social institution closely tied to human reproduction? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective feminist perspective
functionalist
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to point out that policymakers have both a humanitarian and a financial stake in promoting adoption? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
functionalist
Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change has influenced the family in that many traditional family activities, such as education, have been assumed by other social institutions? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective anomie perspective
functionalist
Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
functionalist perspective
hunting and gathering society chap 6
group that supports itself by hunting and fishing and be gathering wild fruits and vegetables
conflit perspective on groups
groups involve power relationships in which not all members needs are met
voluntary associations
groups made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis mutual interest
in-groups chap 6
groups of people with which a person identifies and feels loyalty to.
Out-Groups
groups toward which people feel antagonism
In-Groups
groups toward which people feel loyalty
In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called ________.
groupthink
laizze-faire leadership style
hands off government where minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions
The textbook defines family as an "intimate group in which two or more people" do all of the following except "live together in a committed relationship." "have a legal relationship." "care for one another and any children." "share close emotional ties and functions." All of the above are part of the definition.
have a legal relationship
The main problem of fee-for-service doctors have an incentive to:
have patients return for unnecessary visits.
Joanna is conducting a research project that examines whether parent's income impacts a child's choice of college. Joanna thinks that parents who make a lot of money will have children who will attend private schools and parents who make little money will have children who will attend public schools. "Parent's income" is the _____ in Joanna's project. validity reliability hypothesis independent variable dependent variable
independent variable
_____ are those that share a sense of identity and exclude and devalue outsiders. In-groups Out-groups Primary groups Secondary groups Reference groups
in-groups
status symbols
indicators of a status, especially items in that display prestige
The main topic in "Clique Dynamics" by Patricia Adler and Peter Adler is the study of _______. primary groups secondary groups reference groups in-groups and out-groups
in-groups and out-groups
genetic predisposition
inborn tendencies (ex. tendency to commit deviant acts)
genetic predisposition
inborn tendencies (for example, a tendency to commit deviant acts)
Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit. This measure of power tends to be based upon gender and what other factor?
income
What are the three primary variables in determining one's social class?
income, education, occupational prestige
role strain
incompatible demands (one status)
role conflict
incompatible demands (two statuses)
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?
increase in the death rate of patients under a doctor's care.
Compared to thirty-five years ago, the number of people living in poverty has increased. decreased. stayed the same. fluctuated. None of the above - poverty statistics were not collected thirty-five years ago.
increased
While the U.S. economy has expanded since the late 1960s, income inequality has increased. decreased. fluctuated. stayed the same. none of the above
increased
An economist surveying lottery winners found people who had zero earnings and who had zero earning and who were not in the workforce before winning:
increased their commitment to work
According to the text's discussion, cohabitation:
increases the risk of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce.
What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?
increasing access to clean water
It's commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:
increasing steadily since 1900.
While on vacation, Jose went to a local restaurant for lunch. Before he sat down, the owner came out from behind the counter and told Jose to leave the restaurant because his "kind aren't welcome." This is an example of prejudice. individual discrimination. institutional discrimination. gendered racism. holistic discrimination.
individual discrimination
Agents of Socialization
individuals or groups that affect our self concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations towards life, include the family, the neighborhood, religion, day care, the school, peer groups and the workplace
aggregate
individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together (ex. shoppers standing in a checkout line)
Aggregate
individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together, examples: shoppers standing in line or drivers waiting at a red line
A society that is based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels is called a[n] ________ society.
industrial
first-world countries
industrialized nations based on a market economy and with democratically elected governments
Problems with Bureaucracy
inefficiencies and rigidness resistance to change perpetuation of race, gender, class
Some radical feminist theorists view the oppression of women in male-dominated societies as retribution. inevitable. hyperreactive. merely a falsity.
inevitable
reference groups
influences a persons behavior and attitudes, regardless of whether they are a member or not
Acts of racial profiling are always illegal. initiated by law enforcement officers. opposed by the American public. opposed by law enforcement officials.
initiated by law enforcement officers.
Henry's family was unable to pay their bills last month. He wanted the best for his family, but had a low-paying job. To "earn" some extra cash, be began selling fraudulent tickets at the Civic Center. According to Merton, Henry is a/n conformist. innovator. ritualist. retreatist. rebel.
innovator
Pedro, a legal immigrant from Mexico, and George, a white male whose family has been in America for several generations, have each applied for a car loan at the local bank. Pedro's loan was turned down while George's loan was given to him. In comparing their credit history, both men had good credit, and their debts and income were comparable. This is an example of ________ against Pedro.
institutional discrimination
A scientific company lays off employees by seniority. The majority of the female employees had been hired in the last 10 years and were educated as part of the push to get more females into math and sciences. This would be an example of instrumentality. expressiveness. institutional discrimination. pluralism.
institutional discrimination.
The civil rights movement of the 1960s had little impact on school segregation. housing segregation. institutional discrimination. employment segregation.
institutional discrimination.
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that patterns of male dominance in cross-sex conversations that express themselves in day-to-day exchanges represent one more battleground in the struggle for gender equality as women try to get a word in edgewise? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
interactionist perspective
multidimensional poverty index
measure of poverty that accounts for health, education, and the standard of living
gender inequality index
measure of three key components of women's lives, including reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market status
_____ refers to the coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another. Ethnocentism Cultural relativism Multiculturalism Metaculturalism Popular culture
multiculturalism
Which of the following is a practice that supports the culture of poverty argument?
multifamily households
Technology c2
narrow sense: tools, broader sense: the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
Which of the following is (are) main findings in the article "Romantic Relationships from Adolescence to Young Adulthood" by Ann Meier and Gina Allen? nearly two-thirds of adolescents have some romantic relationship experience. there is differences in adolescents relationship experiences by race. both a and b are correct. none of the above is correct.
nearly two-thirds of adolescents have some romantic relationship experience. there is differences in adolescents relationship experiences by race.
Which of the following groups is least qualified as a social institution?
neighborhood street gangs
A social movement that emphasizes world change rather than changing a condition in a specific society, such as the global women's movement, is called a transnational social movement or a ________.
new social movement
Symbols, values, norms and beliefs are examples ofcultural boundaries. nonmaterial culture. material culture. primitive culture. subversive culture.
nonmaterial culture
"Actions speak louder than words." This statement represents which concept of social interaction? dramaturgical analysis ethnomethodology nonverbal communication silence facial expressions
nonverbal communication
white collar crime
nonviolent crime committed by individuals or corporations to obtain a personal or business advantage.
real norms
norms that are expressed with qualifications and allowances for differences in individual behavior
Folkways c2
norms that are not strictly enforced, like silverware vs. chopsticks
Mores c2
norms that are strictly enforced because they are essential to core values or the well-being of the group (ex. public nudity)
Cultural relativism c2
not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
A married couple and their unmarried children living together constitute a(an) nuclear family. extended family. matrilocal family. patrilocal family.
nuclear family.
When you are applying for insurance, several factors are taken into account when determining the amount of your coverage. Which of the following is NOT taken into account?
number of siblings
sign
object or thing that can represent other things because they share some important quality with them
In contrast to the punishment philosophy, which considers the best interest of society, the treatment ideology also considers the __________.
offender
Overall single parent families are: on the rise on the decline remaining consistent none of these
on the rise
research method (or research design)
one of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data: participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures
_____ deviance is the initial violation of a norm or law and can range from relatively minor offenses to serious offenses. Primary Secondary Tertiary Street Corporate
primary
A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as a ________.
primary group
Of the following groups, the one that plays the most significant role in the development of self is the ________.
primary group
Expressive Leadership group char.
primary leadership that provides emotional support to members
_____ groups meet our expressive (or emotional) needs; _____ groups meet our instrumental (or task-oriented) needs. In; out Out; in Secondary; primary Primary; secondary Primary; in
primary; secondary
The article "The Social Organization of Toy Stores" by Christine Williams discussed about race problem in the toy store. gender problem in the toy store. neither a or b is correct. both a and b are correct.
race problem in the toy store. gender problem in the toy store.
What term is used by sociologists to describe a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance? ethnic group racial group social group reference group
racial group
The practice of assuming that people who fit certain descriptions are likely to be engaged in illegal activities is referred to as explanative prejudice. racial profiling. institutionalized stereotyping. contact hypothesis.
racial profiling
_____ is/are a set of beliefs which claim that one's own racial group is "naturally" superior to other groups. Stereotypes Racism Prejudice Discrimination Pluralism
racism
status consistency
raking high or low on all three dimension of social class
status inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
Status Inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others is called status discrepancy, when you have a contradiction or mismatch between your statuses, example: a 14 year old college student, or a 40 year old married woman who is dating a 19 year old college sophomore
status inconsistency c10
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy
Hierarchy of Authority
ranking of people or tasks in bureaucracy from those at the top (where there is a great deal of power and authority) to those at the bottom (where there is very little power and authority)
Socioeconomic Status
ranking that combines income, occupational prestige, level of education, and neighborhood to assess people's positions in the stratification system.
_____ is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. The self-fulfilling prophecy Resocialization Socialization The "looking-glass self" Anticipatory socialization
re-socialization
When it comes to health care, Western societies are:
reactive.
Patterns of behavior c1
recurring behaviors or events
A/n _____ is a group that shapes our behavior, values and attitudes, and influences who we'd like to be in the future. in-group out-group primary group secondary group reference group
reference group
The basic reasons for punishments include all of the following reasons except
rehabilitation
semiperipheral countries
semiindustrialized countries that represent a kind of middle class within the world system
Biological characteristics (anatomy, hormones, etc) determine one's sex. gender. gender roles. sex roles. sexual identity.
sex
Another form of slavery in our contemporary world is: What is the key distinction between a caste system and a class system?
sex trafficking of children in Africa, Asia and South America
_____ is/are an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex based on the assumed superiority of the other sex. Sex identities Gender roles Sex stereotypes Sexism Racism
sexism
Social constructionist theories contend that sexual behavior is largely the result of social pressure and culture. sexual orientation has a strong genetic basis. sexual identity is based on cultural factors. sexual orientation is based on social structure. none of the above
sexual behavior is largely the result of social pressure and culture.
_____ is any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with his or her work. Sexual misconduct Sexual harassment Sexism Feminism Pregnancy discrimination
sexual harassment
_____ refers to our awareness of ourselves as male or female and the ways we express our sexual values, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs. gender identity sexual identity gender roles sexual roles sexual orientation
sexual identity
_____ refers to a preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of either sex. Sexual discrimination Sexual orientation Sexuality Gender role Gender identity
sexual orientation
egalatarian
share duties equally between men and women (discuss before marriage)
Humanizing Bureaucracy
share power and responsibility share ideas and new approaches reduce people in dead-end jobs and meet family needs
When we communicate information about ourselves, we use the social setting, our appearance, and manners to make impressions on others. Erving Goffman referred to these methods as ________.
sign vehicles
According to George Herbert Mead, children learn to take the role of important people in their lives, especially parents, as they model themselves after them. Mead referred to these important people as role models looking-glass models significant others the generalized other authority figures
significant others
In the Auburn system, since inmates worked together in congregate settings, prison managers used ________ to prevent inmate interactions.
silence
Small Group Phenomenon
small group: a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all other members, small world phenomenon: six degrees of separation, this expression means that on average, everyone in the US is separated by just six individuals, dyads are unstable but the most intimate and intense of human groups, with a traid the interaction decreases but there is a stronger and more stable relationship, but triads are unstable because people tend to form coalitions, as a small group grows larger it becomes more stable but its intensity or intimacy decreases
The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as
social Darwinism
For social scientists, race is a(n) social construct. personality trait. temporary characteristic. variable trait. myth.
social construct
_____ refer(s) to the technique and strategies that regulate people's behavior in society. Sanctions Social control Strain Anomie Labeling
social control
_____ suggests that any social interaction between two people is based on each person's trying to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs. Dramaturgical analysis Symbolic interactionism Feminist theory Social exchange theory Ethnomethodology
social exchange theory
The longevity discrepancy between blacks and white may be a sign of:
social inequality
The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:
social inequality.
Keri is a mother, a parole officer, and a softball player. These positions make up Keri's role set. status set. master statuses achieved statuses. ascribed statuses.
status set
Bumper stickers such as "Proud Parent of an Honor Student" and "Warning: This Driver Convicted of DUI" are best described as being
status symbols
hidden corporate culture
stereotypes of the traits that make for high-performing and under performing workers
What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?
stethoscope
A/n _____ is a negative label that devalues a person and disqualifies him/her from full social acceptance. harm injurious stigma social control dishonor
stigma
The theory developed by Robert Merton is based on the idea that most people want to attain cultural goals, but not everyone has the legitimate means of achieving them is ________ theory.
strain
The Functionalist Perspective: Strain Theory, Illegitimate Opportunity Structure, 3 Reasons Deviance can be Functional to Society
strain theory: Robert Merton's term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal (such as success), but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means (one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal, illegitimate opportunity structure- opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life, such as hustling, robbery, burglary, drug dealing, etc., three reasons deviance can be functional for society: 1. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms, punishing deviants affirms the group's norms and clarifies what it means to be a member of the group, 2. Deviance promotes social unity, by punishing deviats we foster a feeling of "we" among group members, 3. Deviance promotes social change, boundary violations that gain enough support become new acceptable behaviors
Which of the following was NOT a cause of slavery?
stratification
Walker is conducting research on scholarship recipients at Faber College. In his sample of 250 students, he is ensuring he has a proportionate number of students based on class standing, race, sex, and major course of study. Walker's sample is an example of a[n] ________.
stratified random sample
mores
strongly held norms that usually have a moral connotation and are based on the central values of the culture
Changes in society that cause large numbers of people to move up or down the class ladder which causes one class to increase while others decrease is called ________ mobility
structural
Functionalists refer to how parts of a society fit together to form a whole as ________.
structure
formal organization
structured secondary group formed to achieve a specific goal
A face saving technique where all parties involved in an embarrassing situation ignore it and continue their conversation or interaction as though the embarrassing situation never happened is referred to as ________.
studied non-observance
When a group has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society, the group would be considered a[n] ________.
subculture
According to sociologist William Julius Wilson, what organizational change in society transformed the inner cities into ghettos.
suburbanization
Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:
supplier-induced demand.
Every ten years, the U.S. Census Bureau mails forms to every home in the United States to collect federally mandated data. The Census Bureau is using which of the following data collection methods? secondary analysis field research experiment survey evaluation research
survey
Which of the following theoretical approaches is most commonly used to understand socialization? functionalism conflict feminist symbolic interactionism None of the above are used to understand socialization.
symbolic interactionism
Which sociological perspective is most linked to microsociology?
symbolic interactionism
Prejudice and discrimination are learned, and can therefore be unlearned. This statement best illustrates which of the following theoretical perspectives? functionalist conflict symbolic interactionist feminist social exchange
symbolic interactionist
Sociologists who analyze how behavior depends on the ways that people define themselves and others are most likely ________.
symbolic interactionists
"Human reality is socially constructed reality." This statement best matches which of the theories explaining social interaction? symbolic interaction social exchange feminist theories functionalist social learning
symbolic interation
A stop sign, a wedding dress, and a handshake are examples of mores. transitions. symbols. signs. culture.
symbols
colonialism
system by which Western nations became wealthy by taking raw materials from other societies (the colonized) and reaping profi ts from products fi nished in the homeland
international division of labor
system of labor whereby products are produced globally, while profits accrue only to a few
criminal justice system c8
system of state and federal courts, police, and prisons that enforces criminal law
Social Interaction
take original number subtract 1 divide number by 2 multiply by original number
George Murdock discovered only a few jobs were consistently male dominated in his study of 324 societies around the world. Which of the following is not one of the male dominated jobs?
taking care of cattle
To show ourselves as adept role players and to gain positive recognition from others, we often have additional people work with us to ensure that our role communicates to others the ideas we want them to form about us. This is referred to as ________.
teamwork
face-saving behavior
techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour
Face-saving Behavior
techniques used to salvage a performance that is going sour
Free Riding
tendency for people to refrain from contributing to the common good when a resource is available without requiring any personal cost of contribution
The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act is also referred to as:
the "end of welfare as we know it."
Agatha has worked for ten years in the public relations department of a large firm. She has been promoted to several higher paying managerial positions, but never to an executive position, even though she has directed several successful projects for the firm. Her lack of promotion illustrates ________.
the "glass ceiling"
Marital rates among blacks in the United States have declined since:
the 1960s.
status consistency chap 10
the degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
Social Integration c1
the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion
Social Integration and Anomie
the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; effects suicide rates, discovered by Durkheim, society is huge, dominating, sometimes even threatening and oppressive, this can create a bewildering sense of not belonging, a condition called anomie
Social Integration
the degree to which people feel a part of social groups
Genocide
the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
culture shock
the difficulty people have adjusting to a new culture that differs markedly from their own. This CAN happen within an individual's own society.
Culture shock c2
the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
subculture
the distinctive lifestyles, values, norms, and beliefs of certain segments of the population within a society
social stratification
the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group
In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as
the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.
In society, what is the group called with the greatest power, privileges, and social status?
the dominant group
neocolonialism
the economic and political dominance of the Most Industrialized Nations over the Least Industrialized Nations
Social Environment
the entire human environment, including interaction with others
As discussed with the culture of poverty theory, the adaptive practice of "swapping" is:
the exchange of time, money, and resources
Based on the textbook, what are two ways a group becomes a minority?
the expansion of political boundaries and migration
validity
the extent to which an operation definition measures what it is intended to measure
generalizability
the extent to which the findings from one group (or sample) can be generalized or applied to other groups (or populations)
reliability
the extent to which the research produces consistent or dependable results
Conflict Theory
definition of and response to deviance is often a form of social control exerted by more powerful groups
Ritualistic procedures intended to humiliate norm violators and mark them as being moral outcasts of the group to which they once belonged are called ________.
degradation ceremonies
_____ is a process of social and economic change due to the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufacturing. Conglomeration Deindustrialization Unionization Undevelopment none of the above
deindustrialization
Genocide refers to the process of combining a majority group and a minority group through intermarriage to form a new group. expelling a group of people from a territory. deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation. forsaking a cultural identity in order to become part of a different culture.
deliberately and systematically killing an entire people or the members of a nation.
The _____ Party believes that the government should provide social programs; the _____ Party believes that the federal government should not be involved in social programs. Republican; Independent Democratic; Independent Republican; Democratic Democratic; Republican Independent; Republican
democratic; republican
Early age at marriage is a/n _____ reason for some divorces. macro-level micro-level demographic interpersonal intrapersonal
demographic
Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society. belief that individuals or groups should be denied equal rights and opportunities. stereotyping of people who work in public or private institutions. establishment of laws that intentionally deny opportunities and equal rights to members of minority groups.
denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups that results from the normal operations of society.
Miner describes the "holy-mouth-men" as a religious specialist whom the Nacirema visit twice a year and whose tools include awls, probes and augers. In actuality, Miner is referring to
dentists
Societies have historically believed that public punishment would __________ others from engaging in similar "unlawful acts."
deter
_____ is behavior that violates expected rules or norms. Crime Deviance Stigma Social control Sanction
deviance
Labeling Theory
deviance is the consequence of the application of rules and sanctions to an offender; a "deviant" is an individual who has been successfully labeled as such - when a label is applied, because of the consequences of that label, the label is confirmed
What is the Sociological Definition of Deviance?
deviance is the violation of norms (or rules or expectations), can be anything from violating the speed limit to murdering someone, it is not the act itself but the reactions to the act that make something deviant, because different groups have different norms, what is deviant to some is not deviant to others, violation of written laws is a deviance known as a crime, characteristics which discredit people are stigmas (blindness, etc.)
Strain Theory
deviance occurs when culturally approved goals cannot be achieved by culturally approved means
According to the underclass thesis, the poor are:
deviant and dangerous to mainstream society
According to Marx, human history shows that struggle develops between the thesis and its antithesis, leading to a synthesis. Marx called this historical change a ________.
dialectical process
intergenerational mobility
differences in the social status of parents and their offspring
The Power of Peer Pressure- Asch Experiment
experiment to look at conformity and see how much our peers influence us, basically you are tested along with 6 other people about matching lines, the quiz is very easy and you keep giving the right answer but the other participants start giving blatantly wrong answers which make you question your own answers and can lead you to say things that you know not to be true
sanctions c2
either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them (positive and negative ________)
The functionalist perspective maintains that once people are labeled as "old" in the United States, this designation will have a major impact on how they are perceived and how they view themselves. elderly people are unfairly regulated by the powerful elements in society. elderly people passing social roles on from one generation to another ensure social stability. more than one of these
elderly people passing social roles on from one generation to another ensure social stability.
Your text suggest that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world require:
eliminated malaria.
Horizontal Model for Corporations
employees trained to use info to make decisions team performance customer satisfaction not profits no hierarchy work is organized around core
Why did only 14% of H&R Block filters take the offer of a 50% match to divert some of their tax refund to an IRA?
employment instability
democratic leadership style
encourage group discussion and decision making through census building
When a society has rules that limit marital choices to people within their own social group, such as within their social class or religion, this is known as:
endogamy.
Characteristics of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns are used primarily by a society to set apart minority groups. ethnic groups. racial groups. polarization groups.
ethnic groups
For the last five years Sarah has been trying to recover her ethnic heritage by tracing her family line. This attempt to trace her family line is an example of ________.
ethnic work
Language, geographic roots, traditions, and religion are all components of assimilation. colonialism. ethnicity. race. apartheid.
ethnicity
When Harry returned from a business meeting in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, his wife asked him what he thought of the Vietnamese people. Harry replied, "they're primitive people who eat roast dog, drive wildly around town on motor scooters, and talk very fast." Harry's reply best qualifies as an example of ________.
ethnocentrism
_____ is the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups. Counterculturism Subculturism Superculturism Ethnocentrism Cultural relativism
ethnocentrism
Timothy and Kiley were asked to violate a norm by their sociology professor. They choose to go to the mall and use the up-escalator to go down and the down-escalator to go up. They watched the reactions of others and wrote a paper describing the experience. Which methodological tool were Timothy and Kiley using? dramaturgical analysis secondary analysis participant observation conduct testing ethnomethodology
ethnomethodology
The "act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way for reasons of mercy" is called active euthanasia. euthanasia. activity theory. gerontology.
euthanasia.
The requirement that individuals select mates from outside certain groups is known as exogamy. hypergamy. endogamy. homogamy.
exogamy
norms c2
expectations of "right" behavior
ideal norms
expectations of what people should do under perfect conditions
A sociologist argues that the capitalist ruling class is willing to tolerate high rates of illegal immigration because these immigrants serve as a cheap labor pool. This sociologist is most likely to draw upon the contact hypothesis. the anomie theory of deviance. exploitation theory. labeling theory.
exploitation theory
Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who live together in a multigenerational household are considered a(n):
extended family
Friedrich Engels, a colleague of Karl Marx, noted that the family is the ultimate source of social inequality. there are six paramount functions of the family. 80 percent of the 565 societies that he studied had some type of polygamy. there are six stations of divorce, but the most important is the economic station.
the family is the ultimate source of social inequality.
A form of the enterprise zone that combines tax breaks and low interest loans in redeveloping areas is called ________.
the federal empowerment zone
Culture Shock
the feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own.
income chap 10
the financial gain (earned or unearned) accruing over a given period of time
domestic revolution chap 6
the first social revolution based on te domestication of plants ad animals
domestication revolution
the first social revolution, based on the domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies
apartheid
the former policy of racial segregation and oppression in the Republic of South Africa
Social Structure
the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior
social structure
the framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior.
dependency theory
the global theory maintaining that industrialized nations hold less industrialized nations in a dependent, thus exploitative, relationship that benefits the industrialized nations at the expense of the less industrialized ones
Social Location c1
the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
experimental group
the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable
Globalization c1
the growing interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism
divine right of kings
the idea that the king's authority comes from God; in an interesting gender bender, also applies to queens
control theory
the idea that two control systems--inner controls and outer controls--work against our tendencies to deviate
sample
the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied
Marlin told fellow inmates that they should not get involved with a woman who has children because the children's father can pop back into her life and the new boyfriend may get burned. In the culture of poverty, the irony of Marlin's statement is that:
the instability of the household is perpetuated.
Natural sciences c1
the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environments
Social sciences c1
the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations
Manifest functions
the intended beneficial consequences of people's (or an institution's) actions
serial murder
the killing of several victims in three or more separate events
Culture c2
the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next
What term applies to the stages people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?
the life course
The Life Course and Our Social Location
the life course: the stages of our life as we go from birth to death, your life also differs by your social location, your social class, race, and gender for example, map out distinctive worlds of experience, so the typical life course differs for those who are female or male, rich or poor, etc. childhood (birth to 12)- embedded in social locations varies from culture to culture, adolescence: (13-17) social invention, period of inner turmoil an self discovery, transitional adulthood (18-29), period of extended youth, neither adolescents nor adults, the middle years (30-65): sure of themselves and goals, start to have health issues, the older years (65 on): contemplate death, grow older
Infidelity, recreational drug use, and cheating on one's income tax return are behaviors that are becoming more and more common and to a degree, socially acceptable. What term do sociologists apply to this phenomenon?
the mainstreaming of deviance
According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan, what is the root cause of African Americans' economic problems?
the matrifocal family
Subjective meanings c1
the meanings that people give their own behavior
socialization
the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group - the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms and actions thought appropriate for them
Socialization
the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group- the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions though appropriate for them
What is socialization?
the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group- the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them
Anticipatory Socialization
the process of learning in advance an anticipated future role or status
Resocialization
the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
estate stratification system
the stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three groups or estates: the nobility, clergy, and commoners
ethnomethodology
the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life
Ethnomethodology
the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life, examples of challenging ethnomethodology: go to the doctor and the doctor starts giving you a haircut, violates your background assumptions and startles you
control group
the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
Based on the classic Marxist view, what is the new arrangement of power that develops when the previous position is altered due to its inherent contradictions?
the synthesis
Your text list several explanations for why the US has the highest inequality of all English-speaking nations. Which of the following is NOT and explanation your text cites?
the system of inequality is the US originated in Europe
criminal justice system
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime
Cultural Genocide
the systematic destruction of a group's culture.
global stratification
the systematic inequalities between and among different groups within nations that result from the differences in wealth, power, and prestige of different societies relative to their position in the international economy
Sociobiology
the systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior.
group think chap 6
the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
group dynamics chap 6
the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals
Gestures c2
the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
body language
the ways in which people use their bodies to give messages to others
Gender socialization
the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female, for example: boys wear blue and girls wear pink, reward girls for being passive and dependent and reward males for being active and independent, given different toys based on our sex, peers reinforce images of appearance and behavior that they thought appropriate for females and males
Role Performance
the ways in which someone performs a role within the limits that the role provides; showing a particular "style" or "personality"
role performance
the ways in which someone performs a role; showing a particular "style" or "personality"
A study of Cherokee children whose income greatly increased due to legalized gambling on reservations found that:
their behavioral problems decreased.
Basic to Nacirema cultural belief system is the idea that
their bodies are ugly and especially susceptible to deterioration and disease
Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?
their extrafamilial female networks
Marcus used a deductive approach to examine the relationship between two variables. Which of the following best represents a deductive approach? theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis theory --> observation --> hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis observation --> theory --> hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis --> theory --> observation hypothesis --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis --> observation --> theory
theory --> hypothesis --> observation --> confirmation or rejection of hypothesis
world systems theory
theory that capitalism is a single world economy and that there is a worldwide system of unequal political and economic relationships that benefit the technologically advanced countries at the expense of the less technologically advanced
strain theory
theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means
Iron law of oligarchy c7
theory that power increasingly becomes concentrated in the hands of a few members of any organization
It is suggested that Asian and Pacific Islanders have the lowest infant mortality rates because:
they do better economically.
Though male nurses, grade school teachers, and librarians may experience some scorn in the larger society, within the position they are also scorned. they earn the same as women. they are automatically "better". they more encouraged to become administrators.
they more encouraged to become administrators.
One of the results of the negative income tax experiment was that more and more women left their marriages. This was because:
they were less financially dependent on their (possibly) abusive husbands.
Common sense c1
those things that "everyone knows" are true
Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:
thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.
According to research presented in Chapter 12, if the typical American mother has two shifts, then the typical black American mother has how many?
three
triad chap 6
three people considered as a unit
Which of the following is NOT an obligation of the sick role?
try to treat illness with over-the-counter medicines firsst
Based on the Marxist orientation of conflict sociologists, how many distinct social classes exist?
two
group chap 6
two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals
Ethnic, Occupational, Religious, Political, Geographical, Social Class, Deviant
types of subcultures
Utilitarian Formal Organization
volunteer to join and provide material rewards for participants, Example: teach hospitals
Which of these racial and ethnic groups has the longest life expectancy? Whites Asian Americans Hispanics African Americans
whites
A minority group is a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences. that is set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group. that has reached very moral decisions about a way of life.
whose members have significantly less control over their own lives than the members of a dominant group.
Technology and the control of workers
with the microchip, easy to keep tabs on people, computers can monitor our every move, in some places cameras even transmit the facial expressions of workers, we are moving towards a maximum security society
How Social Networks Perpetuate Inequality
within social networks you form cliques, or clusters of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another, also through technology you have electronic communities of people who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together
core countries
within world systems theory, those nations that are more technologically advanced
Social Interaction
what people do when they are in one another's presence
social interaction
what people do when they are in one another's presence
Tragedy of the Commons
when cost is shared and benefit is to individual - caused by lack of trust within community, lack of communication, people do not believe the problem is serious, and people do not believe their "small part will make a difference
anticipatory socialization
when we act like members of a group we want to join rather than members of groups to which we already belong
According to Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales, the expressive role is performed by men. women. children. whichever adult has a career.
women
The Whitehall Study was later expanded to include:
women
feminization of poverty
women and girls constitute a disproportionate share of the poof.
"Second Shift"
women aside from their job take care of the children, cook, clean, etc
Which of the following is commonly used to explain the gender pay gap? women choose fields with lower earnings the glass ceiling women are more likely to work part-time all of the above none of the above
women choose fields with lower earnings the glass ceiling women are more likely to work part-time
A matriarchy is a society in which women hold greater authority than men. women hold no authority at all. men hold greater authority than women. women and men hold equal amounts of authority.
women hold greater authority than men.
Politically, the class of people who are more likely to feel that the government should intervene in the economy to make citizens financially secure are the ________.
working class
If you were unemployed and were to win a modest amount of money in the lottery (say. $20,000 a year), research suggest that:
your chance of getting a job is greatly increased.
Stereotypes in Everyday Life
when you first meet people, you cannot help but notice certain features, especially the person's sex, race, ethnicity, age and clothing, despite your best intentions, your assumptions about these characteristics shape your first impressions, they also affect how you act towards that person
Conflict theorists often focus on which type of crime? violent crime property crime white collar crime organized crime victimless crime
white collar crime
At approximately which period in history did cities begin to develop on a large scale in several parts of the world?
3500 years before the birth of Christ
Social Security provides what proportion of income for people in the United States? 81 percent 59 percent 39 percent 21 percent
39%
By old age, by what ratio do women outnumber men? 2:1 3:2 5:2 they don't, men outnumber women
3:2
Approximately one and a half million Americans over the age of 65 are in nursing homes. This accounts for approximately ________ percent of the nation's elderly.
4
Ashley Montagu, a physical anthropologist, classified humans into ________ different racial groups.
40
In 2100, white non-Hispanics will make up what percentage of the population following the Census estimates? 35% 40% 48% 53%
40%
Women make up about _____ percent of all workers in the United States. 20 25 34 43 54
43
In the U.S., the top one percent of U.S. households has _____ of all wealth and _____ of all income. 10%; 20% 17%; 34% 29%; 59% 43%; 35% 52%; 34%
43%; 35%
What percentage of couples in the US will marry, divorce and remarry over the course of a lifetime? 20% 35% 45% 60%
45%
If American women were free to choose, _____ would prefer to be employed rather than stay home to take care of their house and family. 10 percent 20 percent 30 percent 50 percent 80 percent
50 percent
This chapter opens with a brief description of a study in which the researchers submitted 5,000 fake résumés to potential employers. The résumés with names that sounded white received _____ callbacks for interviews than those with names that sounded African American. 10 percent more 25 percent more 50 percent more 25 percent fewer 10 percent fewer
50 percent more
Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than _______ Americans.
500,000
About _____ of the human body's 35,000 genes determine the color of a person's skin. 6 16 26 36 No one knows for sure.
6
Recent surveys have found that _____ of high school students admit to cheating on tests. 10 percent 35 percent 60 percent 75 percent 90 percent
60 percent
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, what percentage of Latinos in the United States come from Mexico?
60%
hat age do people have to be in order for writers to commonly refer to them as "young old"? 50s 60s 70s 80s
60s
About what percentage of divorcees in the U.S. have remarried? 25 percent 50 percent 63 percent 90 percent
63%
In 2010, nearly _____ of all married couples were interracial couples. 1 percent 5 percent 8 percent 12 percent 17 percent
8 percent
Approximately what percent of the world's population is age 65 and older? 2.5 8.0 12.3 18.4
8.0
Women earn what percent of every dollar a man earns? 95 percent 90 percent 85 percent 80 percent
80
If a male physician earned $140,000 in 2004, his female counterpart is compensated how much for the same work? $128,000 $115,000 $100,000 $88,000
88,000
Approximately what percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?
90%
Occupy Wallstreet
99% of people trying to protect the economy from 1% protesting against wealth corps, the governement favors wealthy, against wallstreet, consumtion consuming society
Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a(n) ________ and John would be seen as a(n) ________.
: functionalist; conflict theorist
Which of the following equations represents assimilation? A + B + C → A A + B + C = A + B + C A + B + C = D none of these
A + B + C → A
According to Melvin Tumin, which of the following high school seniors will most likely attend college?
A B-/C+ student from the upper class.
Who of the following is most likely to have lost a job during the current recession? A Black man, who is a construction worker, with no college education. A Black man, who is a professional, with a college degree. A Black woman, who is in manufacturing, with no college education. A White man, who works for the government, with a college degree. A White woman, who works in retails, with no college education.
A Black man, who is a construction worker, with no college education.
Citizens of which country have the longest life expectancy?
Japan
Bourgeoisie c1
Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production
bourgeoisie
Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production
Proletariat c1
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
proletariat
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
Class conflict c1
Marx's term for the struggle between the capitalists and the workers (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat)
Alienation of the Worker
Marx's term for the workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness, try to resist alienation by building personal relationships and staking a claim to individuality but if they cant resist they end up hating their work which is reflected in their interactions
alienation
Marx's term for worker's lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by workers being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product-- leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness
alienation chap 7
Marx's term for workers lack of connection to their products.
false class consciousness
Marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists
Which social theorist described three ideal types of legitimate authority? Jane Addams Max Weber Robert Merton C. Wright Mills Karl Marx
Max Weber
A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:
Medicaid
Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?
Medicare
An institutionalized social movement is underway on campus to reduce violence against women. In view of this, which of the following actions is least likely to occur?
Members of the movement will protest outside the public safety building, showering it with eggs and rotten fruit.
Durkheim introduced the term anomie, but _____ elaborated on the concept to explain how social structure can create deviance. Sutherland Bogel Merton Becker Lembert
Merton
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, a majority of Latinos in the United States come from which two countries?
Mexico and Puerto Rico
capital punishment
the death penalty
Primary Group
A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
What is a primary group?
A small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
The concept of "getting even" with a perpetrator of a criminal act is referred to as
Retribution
institutionalized means
(socially acceptable ways) to achieve cultural goals (hard work, education), but then find their means to achievement blocked.
List a few aspects of culture.
- A Comic Book - The patriotic attachment to the flag of the USA - Slang Words - Etc.
clique
a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another
Human nature is the result of nature and nurture working together.
college president, supreme court judge, astronaut
Which of the following is the best example of "worker empowerment"?
A small work team in the design department has decided to fire one of the members of the their department.
Groupthink
- a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer, in which to even suggest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty, example: with the Columbia space shuttle engineers were concerned about damaged tiles on the shuttle and wanted the astronauts to do a space walk to examine the tiles, but the team in charge was so convinced that a piece of foam could not harm the shuttle that they did not even consider the possibility and the shuttle exploded, other examples include War in Iraq, etc.
What is In-group?
A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty
What is out-group?
A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
What are the Basic organizational principles of the McDonalization of society?
-Efficiency -Predictability -Uniformity -Control
Status Inconsistency
-Status Discrepancy- Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others.
According to Cesare Beccaria in "An Essay on Crime and Punishment", the focus of society should not be on punishment for crimes; instead the focus should be _______________ .
...
Most U.S. poor live in _____ areas
...
Most poor people are (be careful here!)
...
Most poverty lasts for what length of time?
...
People with which level of education are most likely to be poor?
...
Poverty is
...
What was the problem with the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program?
...
Which ethnic group is least likely to be poor?
...
Which ethnic group is most likely to be poor?
...
Which of the following age groups is least likely to be poor?
...
Which of the following age groups is most likely to be poor?
...
Which region of U.S. has the highest poverty rates?
...
Why was the "Auburn System" of prison management adopted in the United States over the "Pennsylvania System
...
out-group
.a group toward which one feels antagonism
Reaction
1 of 3 elements for an act to be deviant - societal reaction to the deviance
Expectation
1 of 3 elements for an act to be deviant - some behavioral expectation is held (norm)
Violation
1 of 3 elements for an act to be deviant - violation of the normative behavioral expectation
Approximately what percentage of each tax dollar is dedicated to Social Security and Medicare benefits?
25 percent or 31
57 percent of women considered themselves feminists in 1987. What percent considered themselves feminists in 2001? 25 percent 35 percent 45 percent 55 percent
25%
In 2008, what was the median age for a woman in the U.S. at the time of her first marriage? 19.3 22.7 24.2 26.3
26.3
The average age at first marriage is _____ for men, and _____ for women. 22; 25 25; 26 26; 28 28; 26 30; 25
28; 26
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
1. Clear levels, with assignments flowing downward and accountability flowing upward, 2. A division of labor, each worker has a specific task which as a whole help accomplish the purpose of the organization, 3. Written rules, cover all situations, help the bureaucracy remain efficient, 4. Written communications and records, help evaluate performance, 5. Impersonality and replaceability, the office is important, not the individual, so each worker should be replaceable
The five functional requisites that all societies must fulfill
1. Replacing members: society cannot exist if it does not replace members, reproduction is essential, so all groups have developed some version of the family which helps to give people a sense of belonging and maintain orderly reproduction, 2. Socializing new members: each baby must be taught what it means to be a member of the group, 3. Producing and distributing goods and services: every society must produce and distribute basic resources, consequently every society establishes an economic institution, 4. Preserving order: police themselves to protect internal threat and develop military to protect from external threats, 5. Providing a sense of purpose: every society must get people to yield self interest in favor of the interests of the group, religion
The Research Model- 8 Basic Steps of Scientific Research
1. Selecting a Topic: what do you want to know more about? 2. Defining the Problem: specify what you want to learn about the topic, examine a specific aspect of it, 3. Reviewing the Literature: read what has been published on your topic so you know what areas are already known, 4. Formulating a Hypothesis: form a statement of what you expect to find according to predictions from a theory, this hypothesis will predict a relationship between variables and will need operational definitions or ways to measure the variables, 5. Choosing a Research Method, ways to collect data, 6. Collecting the Data: must insure the validity and reliability of your data, 7. Analyzing the Results: test the hypothesis, 8. Sharing the Results: write a report to share your findings with the scientific community
The poverty level for older non-Hispanic whites was 6.8%. What is the percentage for older African Americans? 8.4% 12% 16.8% 18.2%
18.2%
In what year did women win the right to vote in national elections? 1865 1895 1920 1945
1920
Which amendment gave women the right to vote in national elections? 10th amendment 14th amendment 19th amendment 22nd amendment
19th amendment
Which of the following would best fit the definition of a NORC? A nursing home set up to resemble an apartment living situation A planned retirement village in Florida where only those 65+ can live. An assisted living facility that offers various stages of assistance. A community in Arizona where many 65 + people have relocated to due to the nice weather and multiple facilities that cater to their needs.
A community in Arizona where many 65 + people have relocated to due to the nice weather and multiple facilities that cater to their needs.
Society
A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture.
bureaucracy chap 7
A form of organization that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and procedures.
Symbol
A gesture, object, or word, that forms the basis of human communication. *FROM THE LECTURE: Symbols are always Multi-Vocal; that is to say, different meanings for different people.*
small group chap 6
A group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a unifocal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, and a certain level of equality
voluntary association c7
A group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as voluntary memberships and voluntary organizations.
social class
A group of people in a society who are considered nearly equal in status or community esteem, who regularly socialize among themselves both formally and informally, and who share behavioral norms
in-group
A group toward which one feels loyalty
pastoral society chap 6
A human society that relies on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than settling permanently in a single location.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
A hypothesis concerning the role of language in shaping our interpretation of reality. It holds that language is culturally determined.
What is a secondary group?
A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
Folkway
A norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern.
Formal Norm
A norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators.
While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients. Why?
A patient could be undertreated.
Sanction
A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.
Total institution
A place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society and the society is mostly cut off from them
status
A position a person occupies within a social structure.
ascribed status
A position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life.
achieved status
A position that is earned, accomplished, or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part.
horticultural society chap 6
A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods.
Subculture
A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society.
Poverty seems to impact which of the following groups the most? Non-Hispanic whites African Americans Latinos There is no difference by race or ethinicity.
African Americans
Which of the following is correct regarding age? Age is a socially constructed ascribed status. Age is considered an achieved status. The status of age is not socially constructed much like race or gender. all of these
Age is a socially constructed ascribed status.
What is the main idea in the article named "Has the Power Elite Become Diverse?" As the power elite became diverse, the values of power elite also changed. As the power elite became diverse, there is no shared value any more. Although the power elite became diverse, they endorse the same values of those already in power. None of the above.
Although the power elite became diverse, they endorse the same values of those already in power.
Which of the following is true regarding social research being value free? Social researchers must be value free from topic selection through the interpretation of data. Social researchers always aim for being value free, but if they fail to meet that standard it is not such a big deal. Although the topic selection may be subjective, the research must maintain objectivity when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data. All of the above are true about social research. None of the above is true about social research.
Although the topic selection may be subjective, the research must maintain objectivity when collecting, analyzing and interpreting data.
In his book The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009), sociologist Andrew Cherlin proposes that America's "love-hate" relationship with marriage stems from all of the following EXCEPT that:
Americans are polyamorous by nature and have difficulty committing themselves to one person for a lifetime.
n his book The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009), sociologist Andrew Cherlin proposes that America's "love-hate" relationship with marriage stems from all of the following EXCEPT that:
Americans are polyamorous by nature and have difficulty committing themselves to one person for a lifetime.
Language
An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; includes gestures and other nonverbal communication.
laissez-faire leader chap 6
An individual who leads by being highly permissive
Micro- Sociology
Analysis of social life focusing on social interaction; an approach usually used by symbolic interactionists.
world system theory
Argument for the historic and contemporary social, political, and economic significance of an identifiable global system, based on wealth and power differentials, that extends beyond individual countries
The "second shift", which refers to the double burden borne by many women—work outside the home followed by child care and housework—was the subject of analysis by Letty Cottin Pogrebin. Heidi Hartmann. Susan Shaw. Arlie Hochschild.
Arlie Hochschild.
anomie
Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the usual norms that guide their behavior
Which of the following terms refers to a political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, which supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions? Rainbow Coalition Black Power civil rights manifest destiny
Black Power
A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened?
Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.
The sociologist responsible for suggesting the connection between history and biography to explain the sociological imagination was ________.
C. Wright Mills
The sociologist who developed the concept of the power elite was ________.
C. Wright Mills
power elite
C. Wright Mills term for the top people in U.S. corporation, military, and politics who make the nations major decisions
power elite chap 10
C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions
The specific Protestant theology that influenced Max Weber's theories of social change and the development of The Spirit of Capitalism was ________.
Calvinism
Which of the following statements did Cesare Beccaria not advocate?
Capital punishment is effective to deter criminal behavior
The research result in article "Charter Schools and the Public Good" show that
Charter schools students perform worse than traditional public schools students.
Which of the following groups would NOT be an example of a counterculture?
Chicago Cub fans
organic solidarity
Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs
Which of the following statements concerning stepfamilies is correct? Children raised by stepmothers are likely to have less health care, education, and money spent on their food than children raised by biological mothers. The well-being of children in stepfamilies is better, on average, than that of children in single-parent households. Studies suggest most stepmothers are evil. all of these
Children raised by stepmothers are likely to have less health care, education, and money spent on their food than children raised by biological mothers.
Which of the following group makes up the largest percentage of the Asians and Pacific Islanders group? Japanese Chinese Korean Asian Indians
Chinese
Which one of the following statements about the U.S. education system is false? The typical curriculum covers too many topics and too superficially. Much school funding is inadequate, and teachers typically have little control over the curriculum. Many K-12 teachers are out of field. College education departments accept too many students with low GPAs. Seventeen-year-olds are performing better in reading and math than their counterparts did in the early 1970s.
College education departments accept too many students with low GPAs.
Function of Religion
Concern about life after death, the meaning of suffering and loss; desire to connect with the Creator
From a _____ perspective, the dominant ideology has major social significance. Not only does a society's most powerful groups and institutions control wealth and property; more importantly, they control the means of production.
Conflict
Which sociological perspective views race from the macrolevel and purports the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups? functionalist perspective conflict perspective interactionist perspective global perspective
Conflict perspective
Of the following methods, which would be the best way to preserve a stratification system?
Controlling ideas, information, technology and social networks through ideology.
Terrorist groups are examples of:
Countercultures. (admittedly, very EXTREME examples of countercultures...)
People's adaptation to meet the needs for food, shelter, and clothing are examples of what George Murdock referred to as:
Cultural Universals. Three Major Cultural Universals are: - Some Form of Marriage - Some Form of Incest Prohibition - Some Form of Belief System
Technology
Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires.
A person experiences _______ when he/she feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or even fearful, when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
Culture Shock
Which of the following statements best exemplifies the conflict perspective on culture? Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability. Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society. Material culture, especially the media, creates inequalities specifically for women. Cultural symbols allow societies to develop identities and interact with one another. none of the above
Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society.
_____ segregation, or legal segregation, has been declared unconstitutional, but _____ segregation has replaced this form of segregation in the United States. De facto; de jure De jure; de facto De jure; de inform De facto; de legal none of the above
De jure; de facto
organic solidarity
Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs
mechanical solidarity
Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar task
mechanical solidarity
Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks
What term do Sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society?
Diffusion
What term best describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests?
Dominant Ideology
Of the people currently serving felony sentences in the United States, the largest percentage are incarcerated for which type of crime?
Drug Related Offenses
Who of the following has argued all along that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause, of racial oppression and poverty?
Du Bois
Attempts at establishing an absolute poverty measure can be traced to:
England beginning in the late 1700s
Which of the following is NOT a volunteer organization in which physicians volunteer to help poor nations?
Equal Health for All
contradictory class locations
Erik Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests
contradictory class locations chap 10
Erik Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests
TRUE OR FALSE The Values of a culture are constantly changing; Sociologists view them as being very unstable.
FALSE. Although the Values of a culture may change, most remain relatively stable during any one person's lifetime, or longer.
TRUE OR FALSE The Values of a culture never change.
FALSE. The Values of a culture may change, but most remain relatively stable during any one person's lifetime.
A substantial proportion of the people on welfare could work if they really wanted to.
False
Conflict theorists have suggested that the transition from agricultural economies to industrialization and capitalism has always been beneficial for the elderly. True False
False
In the view of sociologists, the distinction between racial and ethnic minorities is clear-cut. True False
False
It makes sense to choose a college major in the same field as one's intended career, because most graduates are employed in the general field of their college major
False
ego
Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society
id
Freud's term for our inborn basic drives
superego
Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups
Who argued that women's subjugation coincided with the rise of private property during industrialization? Friedrich Engels Ralf Dahrendorf Talcott Parsons Robert Bales
Friedrich Engels
From the ______ perspective, ethnocentrism serves to maintain a sense of solidarity by promoting group pride.
Functionalist
The big 5 social institutions
G.R.E.E.F. Government (politics) - Religion - Education - Economy - Family
In a transgendered person the following is true of gender: Gender and physical identity match. Gender and physical identity do not match. Gender and physical identity are one. There is no gender present.
Gender and physical identity do not match.
Functionalists would view gender roles in which of the following ways? Gender roles assist in keeping women oppressed within the family structure. Gender roles have a bias towards male power. Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance. All of these
Gender roles are necessary to keep the family in balance.
Who is the sociologist given credit for coining the concept of the McDonaldization of Society?
George Ritzer
McDonaldization of society c7
George Ritzer's term for the process by which the principles of fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world.
Max Weber
German sociologist, disagreed with Marx's claim that economics is the central force in social change, he believed that role belonged to religion, he theorized that the Roman Catholic belief system encouraged its followers to hold on to traditional ways of life, while the Protestant belief system encouraged its members to embrace change, he said that Roman Catholics were taught that they were on the road to heaven while Protestants wouldn't know until Judgment Day, therefore they began to look for signs that they were in God's will and concluded that financial success was the blessing that God was on their side, so this brought about the birth of capitalism, the self denying approach to life= Protestant ethic, the readiness to invest capital in order to make more money= the spirit of capitalism, he also found capitalism more likely to flourish in Protestant countries
Which of the following terms refers to an advantage that men have when employed in female-dominated occupations? glass ceiling glass escalator crystal stairs transparent ascension
Glass escalator
What concepts from Chapter 3 - Culture can we apply in the article "Global Culture" by Manfred Steger? Globalization Cultural infusion Cultural imperialism All of the above.
Globalization Cultural infusion Cultural imperialism
The apprearance of a Starbucks coffehouse in China is an example of what aspect of culture?
Globalization ( Chapter One )
devine right of kings
God appionted all monarchs to rule on his behalf, therefore any policy, decree, plan, or approach adapted by royalty could not be questioned or disobeyed.
Law
Government social control.
What is Group Conformity?
Groups influence the behavior of their members
The term degradation ceremony was coined by sociologist ________.
Harold Garfinkel
The research in the early 1960s using rhesus monkeys to demonstrate the importance of intimate physical contact in the rearing of animals was conducted by ________.
Harry and Margaret Harlow
In American history who were the "white ethnics"?
Immigrants from Europe whose language and other customs differed from the original White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
Which of the following statements is true? In 2009, six of the nation's 50 states had a female governor. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and Janet Reno are the only females to have ever been members of the U.S. Supreme Court. Only one woman, Hillary Rodham Clinton, has ever been a candidate for Vice President of the U.S. In 2009, nearly 65 percent of the House of Representatives were comprised of women.
In 2009, six of the nation's 50 states had a female governor.
coalition chap 6
In a group of three or more when one side opposes the other side
Status consumption has been discussed earlier in the text in the chapter on stratification. How does this affect poverty?
It, along with the media, give us goals that are unreachable for most of us, thus plummeting us into debt.
Status Symbols
Items used to identify a status.
The minority aged population is expected to: Decline in the next 40 years Increase in the next 40 years Remain constant over the next 40 years None of these
Increase in the next 40 years
Which of the following is not a principle of democracy? Individuals are the best judges of their own interests and participate in decisions. Citizens select leaders who are responsive to the wishes of the majority of the people. Suffrage is universal, and elections are free, fair, secret, and occur frequently. The government recognizes individual rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and organizing political parties whose members compete for public office. All of the above are characteristics of democracy.
Individuals are the best judges of their own interests and participate in decisions. Citizens select leaders who are responsive to the wishes of the majority of the people. Suffrage is universal, and elections are free, fair, secret, and occur frequently. The government recognizes individual rights such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and organizing political parties whose members compete for public office.
aggregate
Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together
Based on the global stratification model adopted by Henslin, nations of the former Soviet Union and its former satellites in Eastern Europe are classified as ________.
Industrializing Nations
______ is the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture.
Innovation
Sociologists associated with the ______ perspective emphasize that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to maintain it's identity.
Interactionist
The bow and arrow, the automobile, and the television, are all examples of _______.
Inventions
Which of the following terms refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants? Issei Sansei Nisei Cantonese
Issei
How does the Gramm-Rudman Law, which seeks to limit the amount of federal debt, deal with the vast amounts of money the government has borrowed from the social security fund?
It acts as though the debt owed does not exist
What is the sociological significance of the Hmong practice of zij poj niam (marriage by capture)?
It demonstrates how cultural values determine deviance.
What is the major problem using participant observation as a research tool?
It has a problem with generalizability
Based on the work of Cumming and Henry, when does disengagement begin?
It is a gradual process that occurs over several decades
What was one of the major outcomes with Clinton's 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act?
It limited the amount of time one could receive benefits.
The sociologist who studied feral children, including the abused child Isabelle who was discovered in 1938 living in an attic with her deaf-mute mother, was ________.
Kingsley Davis
What is the message behind the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Language Precedes Thought
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, why do women in poor nations bear a large number of children?
Large families are rewarded socially and economically.
As discussed in Chapter 12, which group of women is least likely to get an abortion?
Latino women
What is a crowd?
Loosely formed collection of people in one place
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors associated with the positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health?
Lower status people tend to be less motivated to take care of themselves physically because they anticipate dying young anyway.
Which of the following is NOT one the factors associated with the positive correlation between socioeconomic status and health?
Lower status people tend to be less motivated to take care of themselves physically because they anticipate dying young anyway.
As the "baby boom" generation reaches retirement age, what can be expected of its effect on the economy?
Many jobs will open at roughly the same time.
class consciousness
Marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production
In terms of nature vs. nurture argument, most sociologists would agree with which of the following statements? Nature's influence on human development is constant; nurture's influence fluctuates over the life course. Nature can explain all human behavior. Nurture can explain all human behavior. Nurture affects human development, but nature is more significant. Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.
Nature affects human development, but nurture is more significant.
"Put on some clean clothes for dinner," and "Thou Shalt Not Kill" are both examples of _______ found in US culture.
Norms
Which of the following statements best exemplifies the functionalist perspective on culture? Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability. Culture creates inequality because those in power control the media, education, and the political structures of a society. Material culture, especially the media, creates inequalities specifically for women. Cultural symbols allow societies to develop identities and interact with one another. none of the above
Norms and values unify a society and promote social stability.
Mores
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.
Cultural lag c2
Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations
Which of the following statements is NOT correct in terms of wealth and income among elderly persons? There is significant variation in wealth and poverty among the nation's older people. Older people as a group are homogeneous and poor. Middle-class workers tend to remain better-off as they retire compared to lower-class workers. all of these
Older people as a group are homogeneous and poor.
Talcott Parsons and other functionalists argued that the nuclear family was necessary in modern industrial society. Problems with the functionalist argument are highlighted in all of the research findings below EXCEPT:
Research shows married parents provide better homes for their children than divorced ones.
Susan Mayer wrote What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances. Her findings were similar the what Marlin Card was suggesting would have helped his chances in life. Which of the following might have addressed this issue?
Parenting classes
Which sociologist coined the term "matrix of domination"? Patricia Hill Collins Karl Marx bell hooks Ida Wells-Barnett
Patricia Hill Collins
Which of the following statements best exemplifies symbolic interactionist theory? Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion. Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. None of the above exemplifies the symbolic interactionist theory
People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others.
In much of the Western world, the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following does NOT explain this tendency?
People are oftentimes attracted to people who are their complete opposite, for "opposites attract."
What is a category?
People with a status in common
Based on the most recent research, why are race and ethnicity a factor in medical decisions that favor treatment for white patients?
Researchers do not know for sure why race and ethnicity are factors in medical decisions
How does the U.S. Census instruct Americans to classify themselves as it relates to race?
Respondents can choose one or more races that they consider themselves to be.
Function of Economy
Produce and distribute goods and services
The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) does which of the following?: Protects those over 30 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees. Protects those over 40 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees. Protects those under 30 from being fired due to age and replaced with older, cheaper employees. Protects those under 18 from being fired due to age.
Protects those over 40 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees.
According to Max Weber the idea that Protestants should work hard and be thrifty was an unexpected consequence of the ________.
Protestant Reformation
Discuss the difference between the "treatment" and "punishment" ideologies
Punishment where punishments can regulate crime and Treatment are to help reform criminals
Which sociologist discussed the concept and coined the term "multiple masculinities"? Arlie Hochschild R.W. Connell Margaret Mead Robert Merton
R.W. Connell
status inconsistency
Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy.
Function of Family
Regulate reproduction, socialize and protect children
Which of the following is not one of the key characteristics of social interaction? Social interaction is central to all human social activity. People respond to a situation differently depending on what they think is at stake for them. Social interaction is similar across time and place. People influence each other's behavior through interaction. Elements of social structure affect all interaction and can produce different personal outcomes.
Social interaction is similar across time and place.
Which statement is least accurate in describing gestures?
Social scientists have identified and agree that a number of gestures are universal.
Which of the following statements best exemplifies conflict theory?
Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change.
Which of the following statements best exemplifies functionalist theory? Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion. Society has continuous struggles between the "haves" and "have nots" and this inequality is the source of social change. Gender inequality is the major source in inequality in society. People act on the basis of the interpreted meanings attached to interaction with others. None of the above exemplifies the functionalist theory.
Society is composed of interrelated parts that work to maintain society's cohesion.
Thomas theorem
Sociologist W.I. Thomas' famous pronouncement that "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
Who conducted the classic experiment addressing the power of peer pressure that included six "stooges" and one actual test subject viewing cards with lines of varying length?
Solomon Asch
TRUE OR FALSE The Values of a culture may change, but most remain relatively stable during any one person's lifetime.
TRUE
Which racial or ethnic group has the highest rate of welfare dependency in the U.S.? African Americans Hispanics Southeast Asians Puerto Ricans
Southeast Asians
According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time that women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?
Standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected.
Sue believes she is an expert in interpreting gestures, silence, the use of space, and expressions people make in their daily interaction. In view of this, which phrase best describes Sue's self-proclaimed expertise?
Sue claims to be an expert in non-verbal communication
______ are gestures, objects, and/or words that form the basis of human communication.
Symbols
Which of the following major historical events strongly influenced Karl Marx? The Enlightenment Discovery of the New World The French Revolution The Industrial Revolution World War I
The Industrial Revolution
Both the FBI and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) collect data on the incidence of rape. Which statement best summarizes the relationship between the results obtained by the FBI compared to those obtained by the NCVS?
The NCVS data suggests the incidence of rape is about three times greater than that reported by the FBI.
Because of _____, teachers now spend much of their time on basic reading and math skills instead of higher order learning. charter schools magnet schools Brown v. Board of Education the No Child Left Behind Act Title IX
The No Child Left Behind Act
Which nations has one of the highest poverty rates in the advanced world?
The United States
____ is the global leader in the number of inmates per capita. Mexico Iraq Ireland Japan The United States
The United States
social mobility
The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education and power.
What was the distinguishing feature of Calvinism that contributed to the rise of capitalism?
The belief that people were destined before birth for either heaven or hell.
Invention
The combination of existing cultural items into a new form that did not exist before.
Which of the following statements about the connection between love and marriage is not correct? The connection between love and marriage is a cultural universal. The connection between love and marriage is unknown in many cultures. Parents and the bride always have a say in who she marries across cultures. Most couples in arranged marriages are expected to find love after the legal union is formalized, if at all.
The connection between love and marriage is a cultural universal.
social integration
The degree to which members of a group of a society are united by shared norms, values, behaviors, and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion
The feminization of poverty refers to: The disproportionate representation of women in the workforce. The disproportionate representation of female-headed households among the poor. The disproportionate representation of male-headed households among the poor. The disproportionate representation of females in professional-level jobs.
The disproportionate representation of female-headed households among the poor.
Conflict theorists would contend that changes in ________ explain the high divorce rates in the United States.
The male-female power relationship
Material Culture c2
The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings weapons, utensils, machines, hair-styles, clothing, and jewelry
Diffusion
The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.
The Social Construction of Reality
The process by which people use their background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real for them.
Innovation
The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through Discovery or Invention.
Discovery
The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.
Status
The relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society
How do theorists view the relationship between industrialization and the social value of the elderly in the United States?
The social value of the elderly decreased with industrialization
According to the text, there is no energy shortage now or will there ever be as fossil fuels are not the only source of energy available. What argument do conflict theorists present to explain why these abundant alternative sources are not used?
The sources present a threat to the multinationals' oil monopoly.
Ethnomethodology
The study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life.
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.
Taking into account age, education, marital status, children, occupational specialization, work experience, and hours worked in a year reduced the pay gap between men and women by only 3 cents. True False
True
culture of poverty
The thesis, popularized by Oscar Lewis, that poverty is not a result of individual inadequacies but is instead the outcome of a larger social and cultural atmosphere into which successive generations of children are socialized. The culture of poverty refers to the values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits, and traditions that are common among people living under conditions of material deprivation.
Culture
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?
The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.
Many U.S. students are doing poorly in math and science compared to students in many other countries. Which one of the following reasons for many American students' low performance is false? The typical U.S. curriculum is too demanding and rigorous. American students have shorter school days. American students have fewer school days. Most American schools don't provide talented students with highly qualified teachers. Most American schools don't have adequate funding.
The typical U.S. curriculum is too demanding and rigorous.
Bilingualism
The use of two or more languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom, treating each language as equally legitimate.
Cultural Relativism
The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture. ( Essentially the OPPOSITE of ETHNOCENTRICISM.)
At the steel plant all minorities hired are assigned to work the battery pits, one of the dirtiest jobs in the mill. Even so, all battery pit workers wear this assignment as a badge of honor and have developed a close social bond that transcends the time they spend at the mill. How would Karl Marx describe their solidarity?
The workers share class consciousness
Culture Industry
The worldwide media industry that standardizes the goods and services demanded by consumers.
Because the first of the baby boom generation has now turned 50, we are likely to see a shift to more positive images of the elderly. What is the major reason for this?
Their vast numbers translate into economic clout and political power
Which of the following statements about childlessness in the U.S. is correct? There has been a modest increase in childlessness. Childlessness has decreased dramatically. Childlessness is directly correlated to views on abstinence. There has been a modest decrease in childlessness.
There has been a modest increase in childlessness.
According to research in Conley's The Pecking Order, how does the average income of daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers compare to that of daughters of working moms?
They are less likely to earn as much as their brother(s).
How do television advertisements typically portray the elderly?
They are seen as being feeble and foolish
Of the following statements about African Americans, which one is true? When compared with whites, their gap in educational achievement has increased in the last four decades. They are the least diverse minority group in the United States. They are the only group to have been brought to the United States involuntarily. Most are foreign-born. They live almost exclusively in urban areas.
They are the only group to have been brought to the United States involuntarily.
A lot of people who are eligible for food stamps in the United States don't apply for them. Why?
They can't get to the Department of Social Services due to lack of transportation.
Why is it difficult for almost half of Americans to save for retirement?
They don't have pension of retirement savings plans.
What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the US than in Guatemala?
They had access to a better diet.
According to the culture of poverty theory, what happens once survival adaptations are in place?
They hold poor people back
According to sociologist Herbert Gans, people experience the city differently. How did Gans suggest some people find a sense of community in the city?
They personalize their shopping and patronize the same establishments.
n the 1980s, journalisht Ken Auletta coined the phrase "underclass". He said the underclass was different from the "rest of us" in what way?
They tended to be more dangerous to the rest of us.
The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive societal messages about how to behave. True False
True
globalization of capitalism
capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system
How have standardized test scores in science and math changed among males and females?
Today there is hardly any difference in test scores based on sex
Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of the scientific method? Literature review, topic selection, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results Topic selection, collect data, analyze results, literature review, analyze results Literature review, collect data, formulate hypothesis, analyze results Topic selection, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results, present findings Topic selection, literature review, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results
Topic selection, literature review, formulate hypothesis, collect data, analyze results
Function of Education
Transmit knowledge and skills across generations
All societies have some system of age stratification and associate certain social roles with distinct periods in life. True False
True
Anticipatory socialization for retirement is most systematic for White men, since they have most likely participated in a formal retirement preparation program. True False
True
Conflict theorists are interested in asking questions about the values raised by decisions involving physician assisted suicides. True False
True
Florida currently has the highest proportion of elderly people in the United States. True False
True
Latin American countries generally have the strictest measures against the practice of abortion. True False
True
Members of Congress have successfully blocked foreign aid to countries that might use the funds to encourage abortion. True False
True
Most people do not display strictly "masculine" or "feminine" qualities all the time. True False
True
Muslim countries are exceedingly varied and complex and do not often fit the stereotypes created by the Western media. True False
True
This early sociologist helped to found the NAACP and was himself a prominent Black sociologist. W.E.B. DuBois Booker T. Washington Jesse Martin Donald Black George Herbert Mead
W.E.B. DuBois
_________________ was the first penitentiary in the Pennsylvania system opened in 1790.
Walnut Street
control theory c8
Walter Reckless's term for both inner and outer controls work against deviant tendencies. Internal controls, such as conscience, values, integrity, morality, and the desire to be a "good person"; and outer controls, such as police, family, friends, and religious authorities.
Nonmaterial Culture
Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, ideas, expressions, beliefs, knowledge, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication.
Which of the following statements best describes how stereotypes effect our interaction with others when we first meet?
We make assumptions that can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
What is network?
Web of weak social ties
Unlike Marx, _____ focused on social organization, rather than the economy, to explain society. Addams Comte Durkheim Martineau Weber
Weber
Verstehen and Social Facts
Weber stressed that in order to understand human behavior, we should use Verstehen, A German word that is perhaps best understood as "to have insight into someone's situation," the best interpreter of human behavior is someone who "has been there" and can understand the feelings and motivations of the person being studied, by applying Verstehen, your understanding of what it means to be human and to face some situation in life, you gain insight into other people's behavior, Durkheim stressed social facts, the patterns of behavior that characterize a social group, he said we must use social facts to interpret social facts, look at patterns which reflect things about the conditions in society, Verstehen and social facts go hand in hand, look at facts about most births being on Tuesdays, then interpret from the doctor's perspective, most convenient time for them, etc.
rationalization of society c7
Weber's term for the transformation in peoples thinking and behavior
According to your text women play a significant role in the economic support of the family: When the family is among the poor. When the family has no children. When the family is affluent. Never
When the family is among the poor.
Back Stage
Where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances.
Front Stage
Where performances are given
Which of the following represents an achieved status?
Which of the following represents an achieved status?
Which of the following is not considered a minority group in the U.S.? Native-American women African-American men White men Jewish-American women
White men
Which of the following questions might a conflict theorist ask about education? What are the benefits of education? Why does education serve some people better than others? What content is covered in the classroom? Where should schools be located? How do students and teachers communicate?
Why does education serve some people better than others?
Structural Strain Theory
Why we have crime in our society. As society we have culturally defined goals that are universal (such as part of American dream). But there are road blocks that can't be surpassed in a convential way therefore look for an alternative way to pass them...crime.
Thomas theorem
William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas' classic formulation of the definition of the situation: "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
Which sociologist suggested that interracial coalitions would most likely reduce racial and ethnic stereotyping and prejudice? Karl Marx William Julius Wilson Robert Blauner Roscoe Cox
William Julius Wilson
The term cultural lag, which means that not all aspects of a culture change at the same rate, was coined by sociologist ________.
William Ogburn
Who was the analyst who pinpointed five ways in which Japanese corporations differ from those in the United States?
William Ouchi
Structural changes brought on by the industrial revolution had major consequences for families. Which of the following was NOT a change that occurred?
Women and children were expected to make and use their own food, clothes, and goods while men worked in the factories.
Racism is defined as a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior. the tendency of people to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes. the systematic killing of an entire people or nation. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice.
a belief that one race is supreme and that all others are innately inferior.
Which of the following statements is true in intimate partner violence? Half of all women have experienced intimate partner violence. Men are more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than women. Males who earn less than $75,000 are more likely to be abusers than those who earn more. Women are more likely than men to sustain serious physical injuries as a result of intimate partner violence. Cultural factors have little effect on reporting intimate partner violence.
Women are more likely than men to sustain serious physical injuries as a result of intimate partner violence.
The main idea in "The Unfinished Revolution - How a New Generation is Reshaping Family, Work, and Gender in America" is
Women want a balance of economic autonomy and emotional commitment. Men want a 'neotraditional' family arrangement.
Counterculture (e.g., hippies) are typically among the ______, who have the least investment in the existing culture.
Young
Which of the following is true regarding motherhood in the Zambian culture?
Zambian mothers don't nurture their daughters in the way that Western mothers do.
Verstehen (vare-shtay-in) c1
a German word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as "to have insight into someone's situation." Weber meant that the best interpreter of human behavior is someone who "has been there"
Symbolic Interactionism
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another, examples: without symbols we would have no aunts, uncles, employers, teachers, siblings, etc., so symbols define our relationships, our behavior depends on symbols, how we act towards sister depends on how we act towards a girlfriend, symbolic interactionists analyze how social life depends on the way we define ourselves and others, they also look at how changing ideas or symbols of things like love, marriage, relationships, etc. put pressure on married couples and divorce rate, etc.
differential association
a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts (Edwin Sutherland)
Peter Principle
a tongue in-cheek observation that the members of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work
Horace Miner writes about the daily mouth-rite of the Nacirema which includes inserting a bundle of hog hairs into their mouths. He is referring to
a toothbrush and toothpaste
reformulation
a trait is modified in some way so that it fits better in its new context
shaman
a tribe's healing specialist who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease
Gemeinschaft
a type of society in which life is intimate' a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
Gemeinschaft
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
Gesellschaft
a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self interest
Gesellschaft
a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest
Cultural universal c2
a value, norm, or other cultural trial that is found in every group
modernization theory
a view of globalization in which global development is a worldwide process aff ecting nearly all societies that have been touched by technological change
social network chap 6
a web of social relationships that link individuals or groups to one another
rationalization of society
a widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations that are built largely around this idea
One concern of using technology such as amniocentesis in countries such as China and India is:
aborting female fetuses.
About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?
about 2 years
At any given point in the past few decades, about how many mothers raising children by themselves have had to go on welfare to get by in the United States?
about half
How many of the recognized Indian tribes are involved in gambling ventures since Congress passed the Indian Gambling Regulatory Act in 1988? about one-third about one-half about three-fourths all tribes are involved
about one-third
exchange mobility chap 10
about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change
The Johnson family cannot afford to buy food for their children. The Johnson family is living in absolute poverty. relative poverty. subjective poverty. objective poverty. squalor.
absolute poverty
Francis recently found out he had a terminal disease and could expect to live for only a short time. He has made a will, paid all his bills, and given instructions to his children. According to Kubler-Ross, Francis is in the stage of ________.
acceptance
Social Class
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property power; and prestige; according to Marx: one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
Which theory of aging stresses the fact that old people have essentially the same need for social interaction as middle-aged people? disengagement theory activity theory conflict theory labeling theory
activity theory
The U.S. government is made up of three branches. Which of the following is not one of these branches? executive judicial administrative legislative None of the above - all of the above are branches of the U.S. government.
administrative
The process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents is referred to as functions of the family. fostering. adoption. cohabitation.
adoption
In the article "Leaving Home for College: Expectations for Selective Reconstruction of Self" is a process of ______. primary socialization role taking looking glass self adulthood socialization
adulthood socialization
The sandwich generation occurs when children insist on having peanut butter and jelly sandwiches for school lunch every day. adults try to meet the competing demands of their parents and their own children. adults realize that their parents have died and that they are now the oldest generation. more than one of these
adults try to meet the competing demands of their parents and their own children.
In contrast to northern industrial prisons, the post civil war southern prisons were more likely to be ___________ in orientation
agricultural
The "dawn of civilization" is most associated with which social revolution?
agricultural
The experience of being cut off from the product of one's labor that results in a feeling of powerlessness is called ________.
alienation
Welface hinders work because:
all of the above
In sociological terms, members of a minority group experience unequal treatment. have a strong sense of group solidarity. generally marry others from the same group. all of these
all of these
When racism prevails in a society, members of subordinate groups generally experience exploitation. prejudice. discrimination. all of these
all of these
Which of the following factors has contributed to the amount of childlessness in the U.S.? couples not believing that having children automatically follows from marriage couples not considering reproduction to be the duty of all married couples economic considerations all of these
all of these
Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise of dual-income families in the U.S.? economic need transient jobs females pursuing their career all of these
all of these
Which of the following images is commonly used by the media to portray Black women? illiterates welfare queens prostitutes all of these
all of these
Are we prisoners of our socialization?
although socialization is a powerful force, we have a self, our self is not a sponge that passively absorbs influences from the environment rather a vigorous part of our being that allows us to act on our environment, we are unpredictable, not just robots and we are each individuals, we are each actively involved in the construction of the self, we can purposely expose ourselves to other groups and ideas which will have an effect on us so we are not prisoners
The Nacirema that Horace Miner describes are, in reality,
americans
Based the same levels of academic achievement, where does the greatest pay gap exist between men and women over their lifetime?
among college graduates
poverty line chap 10
amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government
Based on the statistical abstracts, a person possessing which of the following two qualities is most likely to be poor?
an African American female
crime c8
an act that breaks a law and causes harm to people or society in general
Sociologically, what term best applies to a group of people who share no common destination taking an elevator from the first floor of a large high rise ?
an aggregate
shaman chap 6
an ancient doctor, healer, or priest, they were called upon for religious ceremonies
dramaturgy or dramaturgical analysis
an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage
Dramaturgy
an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis
Dramaturgy
an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis, social life is like a play, you have a front stage which is our everyday life and then have a backstage where we retreat and let our hair down
role embracement
an attachment to a role
capitalism
an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition
Capitalism
an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition, invest capital in the hope of making a profit
capitalism chap 7
an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
Transitional older years
an emerging stage of the life course between retirement when people are considered old; about 63-74
Norm
an established standard of behavior maintained by a society.
Macrosociology
an examination of large scale patterns of society, example: when studying homelessness, one would look at how changes in parts of society have increased homelessness and how economic conditions, changes in the famil and other causes lead to homelessness
Macro-level analysis c1
an examination of large-scale patterns of society; such as how Wall Street and the political establishment are interrelated (AKA microsociology)
Micro-level analysis c1
an examination of small-scale patterns of society; such as how the members of a group interact (AKA microsociology, typically used by symbolic interactionists)
_____ statuses are those that we cannot change, control or choose. Master Achieved Ascribed Role Social
ascribed
Deterrence Theory
assumes people are rational decision makers; concentrates on identifying the most effect punishment to prevent deviance - they weight the costs against the benefits of deviance
stereotype
assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false
social control
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
Prejudice is to discrimination as norm is to value. attitude is to behavior. behavior is to attitude. good is to bad.
attitude is to behavior
According to Adorno, a[n] ________ is a person who is prejudiced and ranks high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors.
authoritarian personality
_____ is a political system in which the state controls the lives of its citizens but generally permits some degree of individual freedom. Democracy Communism Socialism Totalitarianism Authoritarianism
authoritarianism
Troy encourages his daughters to work hard and rewards their work with complements and occasional gifts. Troy's parenting style is authoritarian. authoritative. permissive. uninvolved. maternal.
authoritative
The criminal justice system relies on three major approaches to crime control. Which of the following is not one of these approaches? avoidance prevention intervention punishment rehabilitation
avoidance
The English practice of "transportation", which resulted in the shipment of excess inmates to America and Australia, is most closely related to the punitive concept of
banishment.
styles
based on purpose of the group
The Power of Authority- Milgram Experiment
basically the person being tested is the teacher and the other person is the learner, you read 2 words and after you read the first word then the learner is supposed to repeat the second word, however if they get this wrong then you are supposed to shock them and do it to an even higher voltage each time, the person keeps screaming in agony, many teachers broke down and didn't want to continue but with an assurance from the person in authority, they continued, showed that many people would do violent things because authority figure told them to
movement of social class
because of inequality less likeyl to experience mobility in stratified society, you wont move up a whole class
The Rationalization of Society
before we had traditional societies where there was a very different way or life, personal relationships were at the heart of this society, everything centered on deep obligation and responsibility and everyone had an established place in society, the past was also used as the best guide for living today, however the traditional orientation is a roadblock to industrialization, if society is to industrialize then people must think about relationships, industrialization is based on impersonal short-term contracts, the concern is the bottom line not who is affected by hiring and firing, so tradition must be replaced with rationality
Gender discrimination often goes unnoticed because beliefs about male superiority are internalized. laws prohibit such discrimination. there are more males than females. gender discrimination is poorly defined. it is uncommon.
beliefs about male superiority are internalized.
ideology
beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements
Your Income
best predictor is your parents income
The underlying motivation for a new class of crime referred to as hate crime is ________.
bias
Herrnstein and Murray questioned whether poverty was a side effect of ____ conditions, or whether it actually caused limited opportunities for children.
biological
Christina graduated from college last year. She moved back into her parents' home while she looks for a job. Christina is part of the Generation X. Generation Y. boomerang generation. baby boomer generation. sandwich generation.
boomerang generation
Poor children can be covered medically by:
both Medicaid and SCHIP.
Which of the following perspectives is most appropriate for a research sociologist to use?
both macro and microsociology depending upon the situation
In most states in the U.S., an individual is not permitted to marry a parent, a sibling, an aunt or an uncle, a grandparent, or a first or second cousin. These rules reflect our societal emphasis on the incest taboo. endogamy. exogamy. both the incest taboo and exogamy.
both the incest taboo and exogamy.
Karl Marx argued that capitalism benefits the rich and that society would ultimately be reduced to just two classes: _____ and _____. middle; lower lower; upper bourgeoisie; lower bourgeoisie; proletariat proletariat; capitalist
bourgeoise; proletariat
The titles Karl Marx used to describe the two classes in society were the ________ and ________.
bourgeoisie; proletariat
A _____ is a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people. voluntary association formal association bureaucracy government civil organization
bureaucracy
In applying to three colleges, Layla spent several days completing nearly identical forms. Each asked for her high school grades, roommate preferences, and parent's financial status. This is an example of which of the shortcomings of bureaucracies? a weak reward system bureaucratic ritualism alienation Parkinson's Law Peter Principle
bureaucratic ritualism
The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had all the following risk factors EXCEPT:
cancer
According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of ________.
capitalism
_____ is an economic system where wealth is in private hands and is invested and reinvested to produce profits. Capitalism Communism Socialism Mercantilism Pseudo-capitalism
capitalism
Globalization of capitalism c1
capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system
Of the following, the crime with the highest rearrest rate within three years of release from prison is ________.
car theft
Women's jobs tend to be "feminine" and require care-giving. serving others. working with people. none of the above. all of the above.
care-giving. serving others. working with people.
What is meant by the phrase "busted her digit"?
cashing one's welfare check
When evaluating how members of Western and Eastern cultures view situations, Westerners typically see ________, while Eastern cultures (Asians) see ________.
categories; relationships
Using a sociological perspective encourages accepting conventional ideas. challenging common sense, myths, and misconceptions. seeing society as unpredictable. people to become happier. all of the above are correct.
challenging common sense, myths, and misconceptions.
Intragenerational mobility
change in an individual's social ranking over the course of their lifetime
Japanese Model of organization
change the workplace setting as an extension of the family
James Rosenbaum (2000) found that the people most likely to benefit from being moved from low-income ghetto neighborhoods were the:
children
Feral children
children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans
world cities
cities that are closely linked through the system of international commerce
Historically, a sentence of penal servitude often meant the offender's spouse was declared a widow and his property taken since the offender was considered to have experienced __________ as the result of his conviction.
civil death
The researchers in the Whitehall Study examined what occupational sector?
civil servants
Karl Marx believed that the key element in understanding human history and social change is to understand family and its functions. the role of education. class conflict. the importance of religion. social organization.
class conflict
In a/n _____ stratification system, a person's ability to change social positions is limited and often based on gender or race. rigid open closed caste slavery
closed
Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning. This arrangement is known by sociologists as:
cohabitation.
Actions, such as lynchings, performed by a group of people who bypass the usual norms governing their behavior and do something unusual is referred to as ________.
collective behavior
Eric Wright revised Marx's concept of social classes by regarding some people as simultaneously occupying more than one class. He termed their positions in the class structure ________.
contradictory class locations
neocolonialism
control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures
England was one of the first nations in which industrial capitalism developed. According to world system theory, England would be a ________ nation.
core
Mr. Davis, an accounting executive at Alpha Inc., participated in tax fraud for several years, which saved the company millions of dollars in taxes. Mr. Davis is guilty of cybercrime. occupational crime. corporate crime. organized crime. industrial crime.
corporate crime
Corporate Culture and Research by Rosabeth Moss Kanter
corporate heads have ideas of what it takes to get ahead, since they themselves have gotten ahead they look for those who have similar characteristics to them, they give better information to these workers and help put them on the fast track to reach higher positions, so these workers perform better and become more committed to the company, but for workers who don't look or act like corporate leaders they have less opportunities, lose morale and become less committed and perform worse thereby confirming their stereotype, as Kanter showed, self-fulfilling stereotypes are part of hidden corporate culture, all the bosses see is what is one the surface
multinational corporation
corporations that conduct business across national borders
third-world countries
countries that are poor, underdeveloped, largely rural, and with high levels of poverty; typically governments in such countries are autocratic dictatorships and wealth is concentrated in the hands of a small elite
newly industrializing countries (NIC's)
countries that have shown rapid growth and have emerged as developed countries
street crime
crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
corporate crime
crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation
corporate crime
crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation,
street crime
crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary
The Sociological Interactionist Perspective: Differential Association Theory, Control Theory, Labeling Theory
differential association: Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant aka from the groups that we associate with, we learn to deviate from or conform to society's norms, control theory: the idea that two control systems-inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate, our inner controls include our morality, conscience, etc. while our outer controls consist of people such as friends and the police, labeling theory: the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity
A phenomenon of group dynamics that results in a decrease in one's willingness to help others as the size of the group increases is referred to as ________.
diffusion of responsibility
A situation where there are more bystanders but a tendency for fewer of the bystanders to help in an emergency is referred to as ________.
diffusion of responsibility
interview
direct questioning of respondents
What term do economist use to describe the relative value of present consumption versus future savings?
discount rate
_____ is an action that treats people unequally or unfairly because of their group membership. Prejudice Scapegoating Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Discrimination
discrimination
The most effective "killer" of English inmates during the 1700's was _______________.
disease
Which one of the following is NOT a phase of the retirement experience as outlined by Robert Atchley? disenchantment phase disengagement phase termination phase reorientation phase
disengagement phase
deferred gratification chap 10
doing without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future
A/n _____ is any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power. popular group apartheid group dominant group majority group principle group
dominant group
In As You Like It, Shakespeare wrote that "All the world is a stage and all the men and women merely players." This illustrates which concept? self-fulfilling prophecy Thomas theorem dramaturgical analysis social construction of reality ethnomethodology
dramaturgical analysis
Human growth spurts take place at all of the following times EXCEPT:
early adulthood.
Your text defines poverty as a condition of deprivation due to:
economic circumstances
Which of the following factors have contributed the most to the shift in public attitudes for married couples to remain childless? economic considerations health-care issues thinking of themselves as childless none of these
economic considerations
Class System
economic factor and acheived statuses (gained by ability and merit) are the principal means of ranking
Gated communities are example of what factor that is mixing with wealth inequality to increase the gap between the rich and the poor?
economic segregation
The _____ is a social institution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services. religious system medical system criminal justice system economy work
economy
_____ is a social institution that transmits culture to its members through formal and systematic training. Tracking Credentialing Education Schooling Magneting
education
High-income countries have greater access to _____ than low-income countries. education safe water income health services all of the above
education safe water income health services
interviewer bias
effects of interviewers on respondents that lead to biased answers
Alan is a part of a group protesting the reductions in student financial aid at Boston University. He is presently a junior and is protesting because without financial aid he cannot complete his degree. Based on Turner and Killian's identification of the type of people who participate in collective behavior, Alan would be considered a[n] ________.
ego-involved participant
Disengagement theory is a functionalist theory of aging, which contends that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted. conflict theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. functionalist theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. theory of United States withdrawal from international involvement.
functionalist theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships.
Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a ________ theorist and John would be seen as a ________ theorist.
functionalist, conflict
_____ believe that deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure that maintain society. Functionalists Conflict theorists Feminist theorists Symbolic interactionists Criminologists
functionalists
Every society around the globe uses __________ as a basis for social stratification
gender
_____ refers to learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize women and men. Sex Gender Gender identity Sex roles Sexual identity
gender
Expecting a woman to be nuturing would be an example of: genetic traits gender roles homophobia none of these
gender roles
Which of the following terms refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females? expressiveness gender roles gender schema instrumentality
gender roles
What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes and expectations of the public?
generalized others
Systematic attempts to destroy members of particular minority groups is called genocide. internal colonialism. segregation. assimilation. pluralism.
genocide
People all over the world, especially college students are breaking down national boundaries because of advances in communication, trade, and travel. This is referred to as ________.
globalization
_____ refers to the growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology. Monopoly Capitalism Communism Globalization The economy
globalization
When the former Soviet Union collapsed, NATO forces were no longer needed to protect Europe from a communist invasion. Rather than disband NATO, it was turned into a "rapid response force" to fight terrorism. Sociologists would term this shift in focus an example of ________.
goal displacement
Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation of Bureacracies
goal displacement: an organization replacing old goals with new ones; also known as goal displacement, example is the March of Dimes: original goal was to cure polio, then moved to birth defects, way to keep bureaucracies going
deferred gratification
going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future
A _____ is a formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws. bureaucracy government political structure social group police department
government
The historic event that led to federal legislation banning the interstate shipment of prison-made goods was the ________ ________.
great depression
Asch's studies, in which subjects were asked to match lines on cards, showed that people tend to see most things differently. people often lie to those who have authority. group membership generates conformity. leaders compete for power in social groups. All of the above are correct.
group membership generates conformity
small group
group small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and interact simultaneously, dyad and triad
According to your text, what drives American poverty rates?
lopsided economic rewards
Herbert Spencer
he thought that societies go through natural evolution, from barbarian to civilized forms, this natural process improves societies, as generations pass, the most capable and intelligent members of society survive, while the less capable die out, the fittest members will produce a more advanced society, Spencer called this principle survival of the fittest, attributed to Darwin, while Darwin referred to the evolution of organisms, Spencer referred to the evolution of societies, Spencer's ideas are called social Darwinism, Spencer thought it was wrong to help the poor
The eradication of African river blindness (onchocerciasis) illustrates the connection between:
health and economic development.
At the Barkley Company, there are forty employees. Addison is the President and CEO. Below her, Jack and Ross, are managers. The thirty-seven others work below the managers in the storeroom or on the show floor. Which of Weber's ideal characteristics does this exemplify? high degree of division of labor and specialization hierarchy of authority explicit written rules and regulations impersonality qualification based employment
hierarchy of authority
Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the development of the ideal of the traditional family (male breadwinner and female homemaker) in post-World War II America?
higher education levels
One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:
his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.
Which practice was first introduced in London, England in the 1960s? hospice care euthanasia senilicide credit counseling for the elderly
hospice care
Medicine men use a latipso to perform their more complex ceremonies to heal ailing Nacirema. This latipso is actually a
hospital
When the official poverty line was first set, food made up the largest percentage of household budgets. In today's society, what now makes up the largest percentage?
housing
role performance
how a person actually plays it
world system theory
how economic and political connections developed and now tie the world's countries together
In the article "The Sociological Imagination" by C. Wright Mills, the sociological perspective is how biology influence human lives. how natural environment influence human lives. how social and historical structures influence human lives. None of the above.
how social and historical structures influence human lives.
Humanizing the Workplace and Conflict Perspective on this
humanizing a work setting means to organize a workplace in such a way that it develops rather than impedes human potential, humanized work settings have more flexible rules, distribute power more equally, examples: work teams are small groups of workers who try to develop solutions to problems in the workplace, also some companies offer on site child care facilities which eases the strain on parents and actually help them save money because they are absent from work less and take shorter maternity leaves, etc., also have employee stock ownership plans which increase workers' loyalty and productivity because they are buying stock at a lower price from their firm, makes owners and workers the same people, the conflict perspective is that humanizing the work setting is just camouflage for what is really going on, and what employers call humanizing the workplace is truly just an attempt to manipulate workers into being exploited
Social Construction of Reality
if people define situations as real, they are real in consequence, Thomas theorem, our behavior does not depend on the objective existence of something but rather on our definition of reality, social construction of reality: the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real, our social groups hold particular views of life and from these groups we learn ways of looking at life and then through interaction with other we construct reality or learn ways of interpreting our experiences
In analyzing the elderly as a minority, one crucial difference between older people and other subordinate groups is that old people are not the objects of prejudice and discrimination. membership is not involuntary. if we live long enough, we will all become members of this minority. old people do not marry members of their own group.
if we live long enough, we will all become members of this minority.
The main idea in article "Gender and Ageism" by Laurie Hatch is ______ if you are a woman and old, you experience the most prejudice. if you are a man and old, you experience the most prejudice. if you are a woman and young, you experience the most prejudice. if you are a man and young, you experience the most prejudice.
if you are a woman and old, you experience the most prejudice.
corporate crime c8
illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support
Tasha is preparing for her first date with Bobby. She is very excited because Bobby is the captain of the football team. Before the date, she showers, applies make-up, and buys an expensive new outfit. Tasha's preparation is an example of Goffman's imitation stage. the self. impression management. setting control. manner.
impression management
Gender Messages in Mass Media
in advertising, men are dominant and rugged while women are sexy and submissive, women are cooperative and less capable while men are aggressive, on tv: male characters outnumber females, have higher status positions, mixed messages, girls are powerful but have to be skinny and gorgeous, in video games: women are curvy, men find them as a way to escape demands of life
documents
in its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival materiel of any sort (photos, DVD, etc.)
role exit
letting go of an important role (over)
Activity theory is a(an) functionalist theory of aging, which contends that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted. conflict theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. functionalist theory of aging, which argues that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationships. interactionist theory of aging, which argues that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted.
interactionist theory of aging, which argues that elderly people who remain active will be best-adjusted.
Interactionists would be concerned about the impact of racial profiling on young children. the likelihood of terrorism. relationships in interracial families. intergroup relations.
intergroup relations.
Slavery and apartheid are both examples of how a country's dominant group exploits minority groups for its economic advantage. What do sociologists call this policy?
internal colonialism
Socialization controls behavior because of sociobiology integration institutionalization internalization nurture
internalization
What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor in rating their doctor?
interpersonal confidence
When a respondent tells a researcher who is asking questions of a serious nature the "socially acceptable" answers, it would be an example of ________.
interviewer bias
structured interviews
interviews that use close-ended questions
unstructured interviews
interviews that use open-ended questions
What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding?
intimate social contact
glass ceiling
invisible celining as one clims up corporate ladder if female you can only climb so far and you will continulously hit ceiling while men continue climbing
What is Democratic leadership?
is more expressive, making a point of including everyone in the decision-making process
In the United States, the dual-earner family type:
is now the most common family type
In the United States, the dual-earner family type:
is now the most common family type.
In 1986 the EMTALA was passed. It made:
it a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms.
The definition of relative poverty takes into account which important factor when determining poverty based on a percentage of median income?
location
status symbol
items used to identify a status
Status Symbols
items used to identify status, examples: wedding rings show you are married, uniforms show you are a police officer, collars show people are priests, some status symbols are negative like the scarlet letter, or a DUI bumper sticker
"Society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining someone as deviant." This statement best exemplifies which theory of deviance? differential association labeling strain crime control feminist theory
labeling
role distancing
lack of attachment to a role
Bureaucracy
large hierarchial organization that is governed by formal rules and regulations and has no clear specification of work tasks - needed to accomplish gets such as building cities, governing large population. - efficient and rational
Social class
large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education
Which one of the following is the most likely to value familism? Latino families African American families American Indian families Asian American families Middle Eastern families
latino families
_____ are the fastest-growing minority group in the United States. Chinese American Indians Latinos Cubans Arabs
latinos
formal boundaries
laws that show clear distinction between in-group and out groups. Example: student ID, parking tags, uniforms
Federal courts have upheld the practice of discriminating against elderly people. firing people simply because they are old. laying off older workers for economic reasons. all of these
laying off older workers for economic reasons.
The symbolic interaction perspective suggests that people _____ deviant behavior. are born with develop study learn recognize
learn
Gender socialization
learning society's "gender map," the paths in life set out for us because we are male or female
Economically dependent men
less likely to help wife with house work
Compared with divorce rates between 1970 and 1990, divorce rates in 2008 were much higher. higher. much lower. lower. about the same.
lower
Identify which social class the following description illustrates: Some individuals in this social class flaunt their money and spend it on lavish goods and services to enhance their prestige. upper-upper class lower-upper class upper-middle class lower-middle class working class
lower-upper class
A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such things as social class and how groups relate to one another is ________.
macro analysis
Functionalist and conflict theorists tend to focus on the ________, or large scale patterns of society, in conducting their analyses.
macro level
No-fault divorce is a/n _____ reason for some divorces. macro-level micro-level demographic interpersonal intrapersonal
macro-level
Which of the following is not one of the five functional requisites that every society must fulfill to survive?
maintaining traditional gender relations
authoritarian leadership style
makes decisions and tells the group what to do
Shaming
making someone feel embarrassed or ashamed for acting in a certain way, socialization technique to get them to act in the way that you want them to
Emile Durkheim, in his studies of suicide, found that _____, and concluded that _____ accounted for the variation in suicide rates. males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social structure females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social structure males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration females are more likely than males to commit suicide; social integration none of the above
males are more likely than females to commit suicide; social integration
The School- Latent and Manifest Functions
manifest function: an intended beneficial purpose, in education the purpose is to teach knowledge and skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, latent functions: unintended beneficial consequences, help the social system
According to Robert Merton, ________ are the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions.
manifest functions
How would conflict theorists classify migrant workers, seasonal employees, and members of the workforce who are subject to layoffs?
marginal working class
endogamy
marriage within one's own tribe or group as required by custom or law
class consciousness
marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production
false class consciousness
marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists
A position in society that someone holds that cuts across other statuses they hold, such as being a high ranking Army officer, college president, or handicapped would be considered their ________.
master status
property
material possesions: animals, bank accounts, bonds, buildings, businesses, cash jewelry etc
Middle Echelons
may have conflicting role expectations, may have little true opportunity for advancement caught between those below who need cooperation and those above who grant authority morale sustained by idea of moving up vast majority of middle - level employees do not move up
What Holds Society Together: Mechanic and Organic Solidarity, Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft
mechanical solidarity: Durkheim's term for the unity (or shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks, organic solidarity: Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs, division of labor: the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties, Gemeinschaft: a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness, Gesellschaft: a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest
A central city that is surrounded by smaller cities and suburbs is referred to as a ________.
metropolis
Microsociology
micro-level analysis is an examination of small scale patterns of society, example: when studying homelessness, people interested in microsociology would look at the actions of homeless people on the streets and in shelters and they would observe their communications and nonverbal interaction
A city of 10,000 to 50,000 residents that is not a suburb of another larger city that is often located "next to nowhere" is called a[n] ________.
micropolis
A social movement qualifying as a transformative social movement that is based on the prophecy of coming calamity is called a ________ social movement.
millenarian
A/n _____ is a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics. minority group majority group dominant group subordinate group principal group
minority group
Sociologists have identified five basic properties—unequal treatment, physical or cultural traits, ascribed status, solidarity, and in-group marriage—to describe minority groups. racial groups. ethnic groups. polarization.
minority groups
According to _____, low-income societies are poor because of "traditional" attitudes about technology and institutions. modernization theory attitudinal theory dependency theory traditional theory world-systems theory
modernization theory
In U.S. presidential elections, the most important factor in winning is the candidate's platform. the number of registered voters. the candidate's social class. the candidates racial and ethic background. money.
money
income
money received, usually from a job, business, or assets
Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes, but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time. The legal institution is known as:
monogamy.
A/n _____ is a situation where one person or company controls a particular market or industry. economy oligarchy monopoly conglomerate interlocking directorate
monopoly
When Marlin was asked what would have made a difference when he was growing up, he responded that parents need:
more quality time with their children
The basic idea behind differential association theory is that one's environment has little influence on deviance and crime. most deviant and criminal behavior is spontaneous. labeling is a major factor in explaining deviance. primary deviance leads to secondary deviance. most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.
most people learn deviant behavior through interaction.
downward social mobility
movement down the social class ladder
downward social mobility chap 10
movement down the social class ladder
social mobility
movement up or down the social class ladder
structural mobility
movement up or down the social class ladder that is due more to changes in the structure of society than to the actions of individuals
upward social mobility
movement up the social class ladder
upward social mobility chap 10
movement up the social class ladder
Core Ideas of Karl Marx
one of the three greatest modern thinkers, believed that the engine of human history is class conflict, society is made up of 2 classes that are natural enemies: the bourgeoisie (those who own capital, land, factories, and machines), and the proletariat (the exploited workers, who do not won the means of production), eventually the workers will unite and break their chains of bondage, the revolution will be bloody but it will usher in a classless society, one free of exploitation, people will work according to their abilities, Marx proposed revolution as the way for workers to gain control, introduced conflict theory
Social interaction c1
one person's actions influencing someone else; usually refers to what people do when they are in one anther's presence, but also includes communications at a distance
power chap 10
one possessing or exercising power or influence or authority (Webers term)
She will be more politically radical.
one race is superior to another; pure races exist
Monogamy refers to a form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other. a woman may have several husbands at the same time. a man may have several wives at the same time. two men or two women are married only to each other.
one woman and one man are married only to each other.
n the U.S., endogamous rules stressed by many groups include marriage within one's own racial, ethnic and religious group. one's own family group. one's own sexual group. all of these
one's own racial, ethnic and religious group.
Of the following, which variable do sociologists emphasize the most as being the determining motivation for our thinking and behavior?
one's society and social location
Which of the following would be an example of men traditionally "doing masculinity"? opening a door for a female styling hair feeding a baby crying in public
opening a door for a female
What are the three qualities on which research ethics are based?
openness, honesty, truth
When Peter Rossi and the National Opinion Research Center studied the homeless, it was necessary for them to develop a practical and accurate description to determine exactly what constituted being homeless. This description would be classified as a[n] ________.
operational definition
illegitimate opportunity structure
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life
life chances
opportunities for securing things such as health, education, auntonomy, leisure and a long life
According to Durkheim, when a society increases in size, its division of labor becomes more specialized. People begin to depend on one another and become interdependent. This form of social cohesion he termed ________.
organic solidarity
humanizing the work setting
organizing a workplace in such a way that it develops rather than impedes human potential
humanizing a work setting c7
organizing a workplace in such a way that it develops rather than impedes human potential. Ex, work teams, corporate child care, employee stock ownership plans.
_____ are those people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as being different. In-groups Out-groups Primary groups Secondary groups Reference groups
out-groups
Lower Echelons
paid least, valued least, specific division of laber to lower costs, repetitive and unskilled work, many skills integrated in software so a persons tasks are de-skilled obedience more important than skills Deskilling - subdivision of jobs into specific tasks requiring less skilled employees
The major research method in article "Between Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner-City Violence" by Nikki Jones is: survey interview field work participant observation
participant observation
Annie and Brandon recently married and are living with his parents. This is an example of a/n _____ residence pattern. matriarchal nuclear patrilocal matrilocal patriarchal
patrilocal
Doctors are typically more concerned with the opinion of their:
peers
One of the key traits of the medical profession is its focus on:
peers
The Quakers believed that the best way for an offender to cease his criminal behavior was through ____________.
penance pentinance
functionalist perspective on groups
people form groups to meet instrumental and expressive needs of members
Differential Association Theory
people learn deviant patterns of behavior from people with whom they associate on a regular basis (e.g. friends, family, peers) - meaning is key
category
people objects and events that have similar characteristic and are classified together
ethnocentrism
people often make judgements abut other cultures according to the customs and values of their own; leads to discrimination and prejudice
Agents of socialization
people or groups that affect our self concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life
Category
people who have similar characteristics, such as college women who wear glasses or men over 6 feet tall, unlike group members, the individuals who make up a category do not think of themselves as belonging together and don't interact with one another
Group
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant
group
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant
group ( aka social group)
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant
group
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant also called social group
Group
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group
Social Group
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group, by belonging to a group we assume an obligation to affirm the group's values, interests and norms, to remain a member in good standing, we need to show that we share those characteristics
group or social group
people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant
respondents
people who respond to a survey
Society c1
people who share a culture and a territory
society
people who share a culture and a territory
society
people who share a culture and territory
impression management
people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive on them
category
people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together (ex. college women who wear glasses)
Which of the following is the appropriate order of Cooley's phases of the "looking-glass self?" perception, interpretation, response perception, response, interpretation perception, initiation, response preparatory, play, game play, game, preparatory
perception, interpretation, response
Which of the following is not a criterion of a social group? persons who interact with one another persons who share a common identity persons who share a sense of belonging None of the above are characteristics of a social group. All of the above are criteria of a social group.
persons who interact with one another persons who share a common identity persons who share a sense of belonging None of the above are characteristics of a social group. All of the above are criteria of a social group.
The herbalists who provide the Nacirema with curative potions as written down in an ancient and secret language by the medicine men are really
pharmacists who fill prescriptions
The most powerful of the specialized practitioners are the "medicine men" who prepare charms and magical potions for the Nacirema for substantial gifts. The "medicine men" are _________ and the "magical potions" are __________.
physicians/ prescriptions
front stage
place where people give performances
back stage
places where people rest from their performances, discuss their presentations, and plan future performances
According to sociologists Alfred and Elizabeth Lee, there are seven basic techniques that are used by propagandists. One technique is to have candidates pose for photographers in jeans and a work shirt or having lunch at a fast-food restaurant. This is an example of the ________ strategy.
plain folks
_____ is a political system where power is distributed among a variety of competing groups Communism Pluralism Assimilation Capitalism Socialism
plualism
The social institution that is most recognized for allocating power, determining authority, and preventing chaos is ________.
politics
Under which marital form can a woman have several husbands at the same time? monogamy polygamy polygyny polyandry
polyandry
peripheral countries
poor countries, largely agricultural, having little power or influence in the world system
Ascribed Statuses
positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
Achieved Statuses
positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part
achieved status
positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part
According to Gaetano Mosca, every society is stratified by ________ to ensure that society's work gets done.
power
"The wealthy control politics." This statement reflects which sociological perspective of political power? pluralist power elite feminist symbolic interactionist globalist
power elite
self-fulfilling stereotype
preconceived ideas of what someone is like that lead to the person's behaving in ways that match the stereotype
_____ is a positive or negative attitude toward people because of their group membership. Stereotyping Racism Prejudice Discrimination Pluralism
prejudice
Ageism is defined as the prejudicial and discriminatory behavior directed against the elderly. reflection of a deep uneasiness among young and middle-aged people about growing old. domination and control by the elderly. none of these
prejudicial and discriminatory behavior directed against the elderly.
The need for a more humane approach
prisoners certainly don't say much good about US society, they are warehouses of the unwanted, white collar criminals continue to get by with little punishment, need to find ways to protect people from deviant behaviors, or to tolerate deviant behaviors which are not harmful and to develop systems of fairer treatment, we need a more humane social system to prevent social inequalities
global outsourcing
process by which jobs are located overseas even while supporting U.S.-based businesses
If a person were living during Karl Marx's lifetime and worked at the Smittertown ironworks, Marx would consider that person a member of the ________.
proletariat
wealth chap 10
property that has economic utility: a monetary value or an exchange value
Asch Research
proved that people with go along with group rather than risk opposition of the group
The "listeners," witch-doctors who exorcise the devils in the heads of bewitched Nacirams, are actually
psychiatrists
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
capital punishment c8
punishment by death
taking the role of the other
putting yourself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks, so you anticipate how that person will act
Ryan is examining children's books as part of a research project on gender images in the media. Ryan is using which of the following research approaches? quantitative research qualitative research deductive research inductive research none of the above
qualitative research
Using police records, crime reports, and economic reports, Max will test his hypothesis that unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than men who are employed. He will most likely use a form of ________ analysis to test his hypothesis
quantitative
self-administered questionnaires
questionnaires that respondents fill out
close-ended questions
questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent
open-ended questions
questions that respondents answer in their own words
_____ refers to a group of people who share physical characteristics that are passed on through reproduction. Gender Ethnicity Racism Race Racial-ethnic group
race
Gretchen is conducting a research project and is interviewing respondents about their fertility history. On the first day her respondent says that she has had three children. However, the next day, the respondent reports that she has only two children. This is an example of a problem with validity. reliability. hypotheses. variables. methods.
reliability
Which of the following factors, mentioned in your text, is NOT important in prediction mortality rates?
religion
Which of the following is not a function of the family? sexual regulation reproduction religious placement socialization social placement
religious placement
Coercive Formal Organizations
rely on involuntary recruitment and are forced to join, Example: prison
Normative Formal Organization
rely on volunteers to reach goals, Example: red cross
Ethics in Sociological Research
research ethics require honesty, truth and openness (sharing our findings with the scientific community), they clearly forbid the falsification of results and condemn plagiarism or stealing someone's work, ethics also require that sociologists protect the anonymity of those who provide information, it is generally considered unethical for researchers to misrepresent themselves
participant observation (fieldwork)
research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting
A crucial factor that enables social movements to make it past the initial unrest and agitation stage is ________.
resource mobilization
prestige
respect or regard
Harold started using drugs when he was 17. By the time Harold turned 20 he was living on the streets. According to Merton, Henry is a/n conformist. innovator. ritualist. retreatist. rebel.
retreatist
Sanctions are endorsements of certain behaviors. forms of conformity that are written into law. inconsistent forms of punishment. rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm. none of the above
rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm.
Cameron was scheduled to work on Thursday from 9:00am until 3:00pm. His sociology final was scheduled for 2:00 pm. Cameron was likely experiencing role sets. role strain. role conflict. role sprain. role tension.
role conflict
_____ are the behaviors expected of people who have a particular status. Role sets Status sets Roles Symbols Signals
roles
Connor is reviewing birth and death certificates for persons living in Jefferson County. Connor is using which data collection method? survey evaluation research secondary analysis experiment field research
secondary analysis
Instrumental Leadership group char.
secondary leadership that is task oriented leadership
If this concept worked properly, _________ _________ would in theory reduce prison populations by identifying and confining chronic career offenders who are responsible for the majority of criminal acts
selective incapacitation
Social Institutions and Sociological Significance
social institution: the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs, social institutions include the family, religion, education, economics, medicine, politics, law, science, the military and the mass media, by weaving the fabric of society, the social institutions set the context for your behavior and orientations to life, for example: because of our economic institution it is common to work 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, there is nothing normal about this pattern it is just a way to divide work and leisure, yet this one aspect of an institution has far reaching effects, it dictates how we divide up our days and lays out a structure for our interaction with family and friends, another example: the mass media influence our attitudes towards social issues, how we view other people and our self concept
The early European sociologist Emile Durkheim is most identified with which of the following areas of study?
social integration
What term does Durkheim use to describe the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds?
social integration
Which of the following terms does not belong with the other three?
social learning
What is the key distinction between a caste system and a class system?
social mobility
_____ is a person's movement up or down the class hierarchy. Social stratification Social mobility Social movement Social change Social hierarchy
social mobility
A large group of people who organize to resist or promote social change, such as the organized effort of African Americans to gain civil rights in the 1960s is classified as a ________.
social movement
_____ are webs of social ties that link individuals to one another. Social muddles Social networks Social systems Social interactions Social organisms
social networks
Because of new technologies, more parents can work at home which can strengthen families and lead to a decrease in the divorce rate. This example demonstrates how new technology can transform ________.
social relationships
The hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to valued resources is referred to as social networking. the division of society. dependency. social stratification. inequality.
social stratification
The typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers, is referred to as ________.
social structure
_____ is an organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships. Social interaction Social structure Status Master status Role
social structure
Caste System
social structure in which classes are determined by heredity
Social Structure and its Components
social structure: the framework (or typical patterns) that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior, components: culture, social class, social status, roles, groups
Significance of Social Structure
social structure: the framework (or typical patterns) that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior, the sociological significance of social structure is that it guides our behavior, ex: if you have really good news, once you go into the classroom you act in a subdued manner and take your seat instead of screaming at the top of your lungs, in short, people learn their behaviors and attitudes because of their location in the social structure and they act accordingly, the difference in behavior and attitudes are not due to biology but to people's location in the social structure
_____ is an economic and political system based on the principle of the public ownership of the production of goods and services. Economy Monopoly Socialism Communism Capitalism
socialism
second-world countries
socialist countries with state-managed economies and typically without a democratically elected government
Adrian, from the time he was born, began learning how to think and behave effectively in society. He learned language, norms, and values first from his parents and then from his peers. Adrian went through a process of learning. socialization. culture. resocialization. nurturing.
socialization
What concept do sociologists have in mind when they say "society makes us human"?
socialization
The Self and Emotions as Self-Control
socialization into the self and emotions is essential to the process of turning us into conforming members of society, your experiences in society have resulted in a self that thinks along certain lines and feels particular emotions, thoughts represent an awareness of the self in relationship to others as does the desire to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment, your social mirror then, the result of your being socialized into a self and emotions, sets up effective controls over your behavior
pastoral or herding society
society based on pasturing animals
Milgram's experiment involving the "small world phenomenon" utilized two groups. He referred to these two groups as the ________ and ________.
starters; targets
role expectation
society's definition
The Social Transformation of Society
society: people who share a culture and a territory, first had hunting and gathering societies with few social division and little inequality, they survived by depending on hunting animals and gathering plants, small groups that are nomadic, no rulers and most decisions are arrived at through discussion, next you develop pastoral and horticultural societies, pastoral societies are based on pasturing of animals, horticultural societies are based on cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools, bigger groups, division of labor developed, inequality because some groups have more objects than others, next developed into agricultural societies: invention of the plow made land more productive, food surplus allowed people to engage in activities other than farming, people developed cities and culture, people took control of resources and protected themselves and made other their subjects, next the invention of the steam engine helped lead to the Industrial Society, one in which goods are produced by machines powered by fuels instead of by brute force, even more social inequality, so greater surplus, great need for jobs, no right to unionize, more goods actually made better life possible for all, next had Postindustrial Society whose basic component is information, people specialize in knowledge and don't produce anything, finally have Biotech Societies, new one developing, economy will center on applying and altering genetic structures to produce food, medicine and materials
Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:
socioeconomic status.
Bill is a sociologist who studies poverty. He understands that an individual's poverty status is the result of larger economic situations and unemployment rates in the local community rather than the individual's personal problem. Bill is utilizing his macrosociology. microsociology. research methodology. common sense. sociological imagination.
sociological imagination.
Basic (pure) sociology c1
sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups
What is a valid sociological topic?
sociologists do research on just about every area of human behavior, on the macro level they study things such as race relations, the military, multinational corporations, etc. but on the micro level they study things such as pelvic exams, how people interact on street corners, they study all kinds of people and their behavior
Organic Solidarity
solidarity based on the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people needing others to fulfill their jobs
leader
someone who influences other people
leader chap 6
someone who influences other people
property chap 10
something owned (Webers term)
Symbol c2
something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with one another
Division of Labor
specialization of different people or groups in different tasks, characteristic of most bureaucracies
Argot
specialized language used by members of a group or subculture.
Cultural Capital
specific area within liife chances "read books to you" "took to museum" "arts festival" "ate lobster"Soci
Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, any Asian was viewed as an enemy of America. This phenomenon that occurs when one ethnic group that resembles another is also discriminated against because of mere association is called ________.
spillover bigotry
rights of passage
standardized rituals marking major life transitions
Citizens in which of the following nations pay the lowest social security taxes?
the United States
power
the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others
coalition
the alignment of some members of a group against others
recidivism
the amount of released conducts who are rearrested
secondary analysis
the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers
Secondary Analysis
the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers, existing data can contain a wealth of information that wasn't pertinent to the goals of the original researchers, cant guarantee that the data gathered by researchers before was valid
Science c1
the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge, and the knowledge obtained by those methods
Positivism c1
the application of the scientific approach to the social world
culture of poverty
the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children
culture of poverty chap 10
the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children
Gender roles
the behaviors and attitudes expected of people because they are female or male, girls are portrayed as being giggly and less capable of tasks, males are aggressive, girls are more cooperative, etc. reinforced by advertising, television, video games, anime, etc.
Gender
the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity
roles
the behaviors, obligations and privileges attached to a status
Roles
the behaviors, obligations and privileges attached to a status, while you occupy a status, you play a role, example: being a son is your status, but expecting to receive food and shelter from your parents is your role
Role
the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
Horatio Alger myth
the belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough
labeling theory
the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels, over time, form the basis of their self-identity
meritocracy
the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth
industrial revolution chap 6
the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
intergenerational mobility
the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
Teamwork
the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly
teamwork
the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly
survey
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
slavery
the condition of being owned by another person and being made to work without wages
bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
The Nacirema are particularly fascinated with
the mouth, which they believe has a powerful impact on their social relationships
diffusion
the movement of cultural traits from one culture to another
social mobility
the movement of people from one social position to another in the stratification system
commodity chain
the network of production and labor processes by which a product becomes a finished commodity. By following the commodity chain, it is evident which countries gain profits and which ones are being exploited.
Real culture c2
the norms and values that people actually follow; as opposed to the ideal culture
Generalized other
the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the ___________ _______ is a significant step in the development of a self
Mead and the "Generalized Other"
the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in development of self, as our self gradually develops, we internalize the expectations of more and more people, our ability to take the role of others eventually extends to being able to take the role of "the group as a whole," by taking the role of the others we become cooperative members of human groups
cultural goals
the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve
Cultural Goals
the objectives laid out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve, normally success of some sort such as wealth or prestige
poverty line
the official measure of poverty; calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low-cost food budget
social institution
the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs
Social Institutions
the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs.
recidivism rate
the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested
recidivism rate
the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested
status
the position that someone occupies in a social group
endogamy
the practice of marrying within one's own group
police discretion
the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter
Cultural Leveling c2
the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations
adaptation
the process by which human beings adjust to change in their environment
colonialism
the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources
McDonaldization of society
the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation
The McDonaldization of Society
the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation, a burger will be the same at a McDonalds in LA and in Beijing, takes away spontaneity though, makes things predictable
The term "incest taboo" refers to the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives. the prohibition of marriage between close relatives and neighbors. the requirement, in some cultures, of having one's sexual initiation occur within the safe confines of a family relationship. not having sex with neighbors or business associates.
the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives.
What is the widespread acceptance of using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs and the building of social organizations around this concept?
the rationalization of society
cultural relativism
the recognition that social groups and cultures must be studied and understood on their own terms before valid comparisons can be made
status c10
the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society
Replication c1
the repetition of a study in order to test its findings
Some insurance companies base the cost to consumers on:
the risk the individual poses.
The Primary Role of Norms
the role of norms is to force people to act in a certain manner and get them to follow along with society and not rebel, norms make social life possible by making behavior predictable, without norms you would have social chaos, norms lay out the basic guidelines for how we should play our roles and interact with others, in short norms bring about social order
norms
the rules of behavior that are agreed upon and shared within a culture and that prescribe limits of acceptable behavior
What is the use of objective, systematic observation to test theories often employed by sociologists?
the scientific method
Sociology c1
the scientific study of society and human behavior
Gerontology is rule by the elderly. the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged. a religious cult that worships the aged. a religion formed in Florida that is practiced exclusively by the aged.
the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged.
agricultural revolution
the second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies
A midlife crisis is best defined as a period of stressful self-evaluation experienced by men and women that begins around 50 years of age. a period in which men, not women, realize that they have not achieved basic life goals and ambitions and have little time to do so. the second transitional period experienced by men and women, according to Daniel Levinson. all of these
the second transitional period experienced by men and women, according to Daniel Levinson.
apartheid
the separation of racial-ethnic groups as was practiced in South Africa
corporate culture c7
the set of values, norm, and beliefs that influence the behavior of everyone in the organization
absolute poverty
the situation in which individuals live on less than $365 a year, or $1.00 a day
extreme poverty
the situation in which people live on less than $275 a year, or 75 cents a day
symbolic interactionists perspective on groups
the size of the group influences the kind of interaction between members
dyad
the smallest possible group, consisting of two people
social network
the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together
Social Networks
the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together, your social network includes your family, friends, acquaintances, people at work, etc., you are at the center of your social network with lines extending outwards
gender roles
the socila and cultural expectations associeated with a person's sex
The concept used to describe opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context is called ________.
the sociological imagination
division of labor
the splitting of a group's or a society's task into specialities
Division of Labor
the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties
Cultural diffusion c2
the spread of cultural traits from one group to another, includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits
Life course
the stages of our life as we go from birth to death
social institutions
the standard or usual ways that a society meets it's basic needs - vitally affect your life
Values c1
the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
Ethnocentrism refers to a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority. the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice. the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
Impression Management
the term used by Erving Goffman to describe people's efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them
Sign-vehicles
the term used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self
sign-vehicle
the term used by Goffman to refer to how people use social setting, appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self
Industrial Revolution
the third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power
means of production
the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth
gross national income (GNI)
the total output of goods and services produced by residents of a country each year plus the income from nonresident sources, divided by the size of the population
wealth
the total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts
nonmaterial culture
the totality of knowledge, beliefs, values, and rules for appropriate behavior (family, government, education, economy)
medicalization
the transformation of a human condition into a matter to be treated by physicians
medicalization of deviance
the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
Based on Gans' typologies of city dwellers, what classification do the elderly, mentally ill, and drug addicts fall into?
the trapped
feminization of poverty chap 10
the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty
sociological principle
the type of society we live in is the fundamental reason for why we become who we are
self
the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the views we internalize of how others see us
terrorism
the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or population in furtherance of political or social objectives
social construction of reality
the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real
experiment
the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variable to test causation
Ethnocentrism c2
the use of one's own culture as a measuring stick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors
Applied sociology c1
the use of sociology to solve problems- form the micro level to the macro level
Subculture c2
the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
Core values c2
the values that are central to a group, those around which it builds a common identity
corporate culture
the values, norms, and other orientations that characterize corporate work settings
personality disorders
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms
Value free c1
the view that a sociologist's personal views or beliefs should not influence social research
labeling theory
the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity
deviance
the violation of norms (or rules or expectations)
Crime
the violation of norms written into law
crime
the violation of norms written into law
According to Karl Marx, what would be the end result of workers being pushed by capitalists to make more and more products without appropriate changes in compensation and treatment?
the violent take over of the means of production and establishing a worker's state
The personal experience of the article "Nickel-and Dimes: On (Not) Getting By in America" tells us that
the wages of working class people are enough to live. working class people do not work hard enough to make more money. Working class jobs are not as stressful. None of the above.
operational definition
the way in which a researcher measures a variable
Group Dynamics
the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals
group dynamics
the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals
medicalization of deviance
to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians
medicalization of deviance
to make deviance a medical matter; a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians, people see deviance as a form of mental illness, when people are disturbed by someone's deviance they often claim this person must be ill and medicalize them
Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies
too much red tape, can be so bound by the rules that the results can defy all logic, also there can be a lack of communication between units which can result in people working at cross-purposes, bureaucratic alienation can occur in which workers feel like objects instead of people such as when workers feel cut off from the finished product, resisting alienation: form primary groups at work, try to relate to one another not just as workers, alienated bureaucrat: hate their work, do not take initiative, bureaucratic incompetence: promoted until they reach a level where they can no longer do the work and are incompetent
The governments of Burma, Cuba, North Korea, and Libya are examples of democracies. totalitarianism. tyranny. socialism. communism.
totalitarianism
In the article "Code of the Street" by Elijah Anderson, he argues that interpersonal violence and aggression is part of the code of the street in inner cities poor neighborhood. true false violence was not the topic. code is about language.
true
In the article "Gamers, Hackers, and Facebook --- Computer Cultures, Virtual Community, and Postmodern Identity", the author Ross Haenfler regards cyberspace interactions as a subculture. true false
true
In the article "The Myth of the Missing Black Father", the authors found out that black fathers may not live with their children, but they do visit them often.
true
In the article "Why You Voted" by Andrew Perrin, one of the reasons that Americans vote is for ritual purpose.
true
The main argument in article "The Medicalizaiton of Deviance" is that we redefine certain deviant behaviors as "illness" rather than as "badness", so that they are treated medically rather than punishment. true false
true
The main idea of Peter Berger's article "Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective" is that the beauty of sociology is to unmask the taken-for-granted common beliefs about social reality. true false
true
Oliver works a full-time day shift at a fast food restaurant. He has a college degree and training in electrical engineering. Oliver is unemployed. underemployed. self employed. a contingent worker. a part-time worker.
underemployed
One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:
underlying personality differences.
Sociological Perspective c1
understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context
Sociological Perspective
understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context, stresses the social contexts in which people live and examines how these contexts influence people's lives, key question of how groups influence people and how society influences people
Under HMOs, doctors usually don't get more money each time patients com in, so the incentive might be to
undertreat the patient.
Massachusetts passed a law that could leave less than 1% of the state's population.
uninsured
Latent functions
unintended beneficial consequences of people's (or an institution's) actions
intergenerational mobility chap 10
upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
Rationality
using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs
rationality
using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs
rationality c7
using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs
c
v
One can best equate homeopathy to:
vaccines
If the researcher and the respondent interpret a research question differently, there is a problem with reliability. validity. deduction. accuracy. objectivity.
validity
Objectivity
value neutrality in research
From the sociological perspective, sexuality includes which of the following? Check all that apply. Beliefs Values Social Norms None of these
values
_____ are the standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, desirable or undesirable. Languages Norms Mores Values Sanctions
values
For sociologists, culture refers to which of the following? values beliefs behaviors all of the above
values beliefs behaviors
Value contradiction c2
values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other
Value cluster c2
values that together form a larger whole
In her research project, Megan is measuring age, gender, GPA, and study habits. Age, gender, GPA and study habits are examples of social inequality. variables. characteristics. assets. social issues.
variables
Preventing Groupthink
very dangerous especially in governments, in briefings the president can be cut off from the information that does not support his own opinions, the key to preventing mental captivity is the widest possible circulation of research that has been conducted by social scientists independent of the government and information that media reporters have gathered freely, giving free rein to diverse opinions can curb groupthink
Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and more likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)?
vocational choice
Core Ideas of Emile Durkheim
wanted to show how social forces affect people's behavior, comparing the suicide rates of European countries, Durkheim found that each country had a different suicide rate and that these rates stayed the same every year, he also found that different groups within countries had the same suicide rates that remained stable, Protestants, males and the unmarried killed themselves at higher rates than did Catholics, Jews, females, or the married, from this data he concluded that social factors underlie suicide, he identified social integration: the degree to which people are tied to their social group is a key factor in suicide, people who have weaker ties are more likely to kill themselves, human behavior cannot be understood only in terms of the individual, we must always examine the social forces that affect people's lives
The policy most responsible for the dramatic increase in our prison population over the past fifteen to twenty has been the ______ ______ ______.
war on drugs
Dr. Harry Harlows' experiments with infant monkeys concluded that orphaned monkeys needed more attention than those with mothers. biology affects behavior. nourishment was more important than warmth and comfort. warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment. none of the above
warmth and comfort were more important than nourishment.
leadership styles
ways in which people express their leadership
leadership styles chap 6
ways in which people express their leadership
Social Control: A Group's Formal and Informal Ways of Enforcing Norms
ways in which we enforce norms are through positive and negative sanctions (see definitions in another section)
unobtrusive measures
ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied
techniques of neutralization
ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect (or neutralize) society's norms
One of the explanations of continued racism in America is:
we colonized others within the country itself, as with slavery
From her research, Susan Mayer concluded that it was not poverty, but rather _____, that really mattered.
wealth
Marx and Weber disagreed on the importance of _______ in determining class
wealth
