COMM 123 Test 2

Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes

Explores the role of rap music in the formation of black masculinity There is an emphasis on violence and womanizing through rap music that many young black men try to emulate "Sisters don't dress like bitches" Hip hop created in places like war zones -- bronx increased violence limits how men can express emotions Hip hop is homophobic but also homo -erotic (prison culture) -- gay men are seeing these images of black men oiled up and sexualized

Boorstin

From Hero to Celebrity: The Human Pseudo Event Ex. Lindbergh- was a hero but was degraded to a celebrity Move from a world dominated by the representation of celebrities (hollywood studio) to a world dominated by the presentation of self Democratization of cultural production: audience as producer . Merging of producer/consumer 1. today we possess a novel power to make people famous 2. we as people are prone to hero-worship 3... but we are worshipping the wrong people --> we've confused well-nowness with greatness 4. adults of personality are antidemocratic and give the media too much power a celebrity is a person, "known for their well-knownness"..."their chief claim to fame is their fame itself. They are notorious for their notoriety." - world is full of a demand for 'big names' while our true heroes tend to be anonymous -nowadays anyone can become a celebrity --> just need to get into the news and stay there

Twenge

Generation Me Case Study: The Brief but Hilarious Reign of William Hung "Rule of the modern world: Doing your best is good enough, even if you suck" - I already gave my best, I have no regrets at all - Everyone gets a trophy - Give yourself a pat on the back - Don't grade in red Choice between fame and contentment, 29% of 90s young people chose fame vs. 17% of Boomers Shows like Survivor and Fear Factor show the extremes people will go to for fame Over the top weddings are an example of this obsession of fame --> get to be center stage of something The web allows anyone to get a taste of fame --> Web pages, blogs etc. 90s college students are more extraverted than 83% of students of the 60s GenMe is less shy and more social competent because we are more likely to have gone to day care, worked in a service job, or meet new ppl on a regular basis than Boomers Graeme Turner Celebrity is: The way people are seen/talked about Person --> commodity Reformulation of Cultural Ideals

Dreamworlds 3

- Ever since MTV, music videos have become a crucial roll in the music industry - From the origin, music videos relied on female sexuality to sell → not exclusive to genre - Women's bodies used as currency - This view of female sexuality similar to in advertisements - Music videos tell us how society expects us to be as men and women - "all about the girls" → ways to incorporate women into music video o cuts between band performance and women o women as dancers / props around the artist - Story told about masculinity and femininity o Most important aspect of women is their sexuality → only desire sex → women presented as aggressors o Often more women than men → must share → this image is the go to when lacking creativity and it's repetition conveys the expectations of women o Absence of men = must be replaced with another object o Man → makes things right again → necessary for a woman's mental stability - cars, public bathrooms, literally anywhere - women spend a lot of time undressing and partying - wet female bodies = cornerstone of adolescent sexual fantasies o school girls, nurse, police woman etc. just very predictable o girl on girl action - hip hop music has allowed the entry of black women in music videos → however, huge focus on their butts - literally porn → especially in Hip Hop and Rock - men are over masculinized, heterosexual, pornographic - camera → women invite look from viewer → presented as wanting to be watched - camera pans/ roams over female body → makes it seem legitimate to look at and analyze women in this same way - cropping → when viewed as just body parts removes any individuality - nothing wrong with these techniques in and of themselves → but the repetition perpetrates a single narrative and expectation for women - women view their own sexuality through the eyes of the old white dudes who make this videos - in order to succeed in music talent isn't that important - female artists must stay true to themselves but also adhere to the expectations to succeed - many women started out innocent to not so → Christina Agulara, Mariah Carey etc. - stories of over- masculinity → aggressive, controlling o women are in cages o handled and carried like children o women spanked, hit, thrown against wall, poured alcohol on them o even when women lash back → results in sex → women never say no - people shocked by these actions in real life, but not when shown in music videos o why would ppl think this is ok in real life → because it is in like every music video ever - mixture between desire/ lust and hatred o if a woman is a bitch → rough sex will teach her a lesson o when u show men using women as props and objectify them → bad language about women is normalized

Tough Guise

- most violence is done by men > rape, mass shootings, stalkers - media strives to find a neutral/genderless way to discuss violence - blame violent games, drugs, families, guns > however, women live in the same society but do not act as violently - men's violence against women becomes a women's issue, but when girls act violently their gender becomes the story - testosterone = violence -> about their genes and not the person > men's violence is all about their biology > "boys will be boys" - firearms industry, hollywood, and video games industry all help one another -culture of violence = culture of violent masculinity = what culture teaches boy they have to do to be a 'man' - guys are put into a box which is perfect for violence > font's how emotion other than anger, don't think too much, sexually violent towards women > anything outside this box = gay = being ridiculed - violence = way to earn respect/ masculine credibility and only way to revolve conflict - warrior masculinity blurs the line between 'being a man' and 'proving you're a man' - white middle class males emulating poor, urban, black males who are getting their idea of masculinity from italian mafia/gangster movies which are played by white people - 'what it takes' to be a man has become even more unattainable > women body ideals have gotten smaller > male body ideals have gotten larger - violence has increased, and fighting has gotten more intense in prof. settings >and yet, people still think america is becoming 'softer'

Johnson (optional)

Antoine Dodson and the (mis)appropriation of the homo coon

Lisa A. Kirby

Cowboys of the High Seas The show The Deadliest Catch redefines/romanticizes working class masculinity painting the fishers as the heroes/rockstars of the sea Working class man=hardworking Post 9/11 America need heroes so media has done so by elevating the working class figures such as firemen and police officers "Macho TV""testostero-relatilty" -- coined by Thomas Beers Reality is that the fishing is dangerous and wages are relatively low Fishers are pursuing the American Dream--family life, hard work, trying to make a living One caption passed away

Banet-Weiser

Branding the Post-Feminist Self self-branding - take care of oneself in contemporary advanced capitalist economy technology of the self - brand-management strategies, self-promotion, advertising techniques that explain self in sociocultural conditions antecedents - jennycam - if you pay, you see more - auctioning virginity on ebay - Tila Tequila - self promoting on myspace led to TV show Voyeurtainment -reality -based - relentless self - exposure - new form of media production - questions what is sellable Key features of post-feminism - move from gender equality to individualized vision of autonomy and self-determination - connect traditional liberal feminist ideas to contemporary capitalist engamgement with media, merchandise and consumption - in political ideology, pop culture and consumption habits - shift in representation of women as passive consumers > active individualized entrepreneurs - the ideals and the accomplishments of the postfeminist subject - independence, capacity, empowerment - are entangled with similar ideals about the contemporary media-savvy interactive subject - see consumption and entrepreneurship as liberation - individual and mobility rather than collective process - examples: beyonce, victoria beckham, michelle phan Victoria Beckham - from wannabe to iconic brand (lol) - spice girls --> sophisticated Beckham brand - Representing other brands - david as face of CK, Victoria for Marc Jacobs Key characteristics of self-branding - authenticity -transparency -legibility -other-directed self-presentation -narcissism - brand cultures are increasingly formed around discourses and practice traditionally seen as outside the market - authentic spaces > traditional liberal feminist ideals - freedom, self-improvement > sexual freedom and sexual confidence online social network sites - complex, technologically mediated venues for branding of post-feminist self - presence of feedback - evaluation, ranking and judgement - 3 subgenres > amateur videos of girls in every day life > lifecaster on digital platforms - live video programming on the web, showing life in unabridged or > personal profiles In relation to Queer Eye - need to cultivate self and enhance marketability - neoliberalism - responsiblization -academics and intellectuals are increasingly advised to further professionalize by developing personal brands as a way to strategically market both career and personal identities i.e. LinkedIN corporate and personal branding - they are closely aligned - personal branding follows the corporate branding model - the collapse between business brand strategy and personal identity construction that these marketers assume has logic in an economic context where the individual is privileged as a commodity, and where cultural and social life is increasingly organized and experienced through the terms and conditions of the business model - commodification of the individual, corporation of the self -branding is pervasive now - self brands are self-produced -> in charge of own commercialization - corporate branding has more restrictions -> personal branding more flexible What social functions do these media technologies bring to our lives? -happiness -sense of well being Complicit passivity vs. subversive participation - self branding is neither and both --> disrupts the binary - online spaces afford creative possibilities in terms of production. However, the argument that creativity is defined, understood and made legible within the commercial parameters in which it is enacted is equally convincing YouTube - both top-down revenue generating corporate machine and bottom-up platform for everyone to launch online version of themselves - retained double performance - for every radical statement, there are many more that are shaped by a confluence of commercial and sexual codes i.e. robin thicke's blurred lines parodied with female singers and naked male bodies - women can articulate, craft and broadcast indentities on Youtube, but they do so within the commercial context of branding and advertising (i.e. beauty gurus), and this context can contain and limit young women - both working for self and corporate America when self-branding --> we make FB a lot of money La Perruque - doing your own work in someone else's space - even if you are self branding on a job, you are just working for a different set of bosses (social media) depoliticization - what are you not doing when you're busy self branding online? abundance and circulation of communication 'stands in' as political activity without engaging political discourse -distracts from real world engagement - living in false abundance - attaches abundance to superficial things like number of likes, followers Evaluation - almost everything you do online is subject to explicit surveillance: judgement, ranking, commentary - much of this is very gendered and non-interactive - response mechanisms, comment threads - self production online can position girls and women as specific kinds of products for consumption - how you offer yourself up for consumption does not dictate how you are evaluated - we are not all equally brandable --> bias towards white men

McKibben

Breaking the Growth Habit Humankind, because of its actions, now lives on a fundamentally different world, which he calls Eaarth Humankind must instead seek to maintain wealth and resources, in large part by shifting to more durable, localized economies—especially in food and energy production The issue is here now Suggestions We need to switch from growth to stability/durability Grow a lot of things closer to home Rich nations responsibility to fix the problem Local, labor-intensive, low-input agriculture

Marshall

Celebrities allows us to talk about personal issues in public New media landscape = new type of celebrity, new "economy of regulation" Move from a world dominated by the representation of celebrities (hollywood studio) to a world dominated by the presentation of self Education Traditionally follow a "broadcast model" Shrinking attention spans + increased ability to multimedia-task = integration of new communication technologies and models into the classroom Flipped and "smart" classrooms, Backchanneling, Blogging, Tweeting, Moccs Journalism Increasing audience participating in news Ex. "join the conversation" -CNN Politics Utilization of social media by social media The new media landscape has huge implications for Celebrity-Industrial Complex Key Points: Turning stars into ordinary people Turning ordinary people into stars

Katherine Sender + Margaret Sullivan (extra credit)

Epidemics of will, failures of self-esteem

Brand New You

Discusses reality TV and make over shows Sense of intimacy through the shows Theme of surveillance of participants and consequent shaming Through the make over the 'authentic -self' is revealed Audience is supposed to feel sympathetic for participants These shows aim to achieve white standards of beauty -- race isn't really discussed Participants are superficial Surgery distances audiences from makeover audience Conspicuous consumption as a means of success through advertising Ex. The Swan --- used artificial means to transform participants (extreme plastic surgery, extreme diets) Ex. Bridal Plasty --- takes 12 women who are about to get married, winner gets plastic surgery of choice Ex.

Susan Bordo

Hunger as Ideology focus on ads male/female binaries 1. large vs small portion sizes 2. guilt vs gusto 3. men eat vs women prepare 4. men get love and food vs women get/give love through food shifts in attitudes towards women's bodies through time mid 19th century - voluptuous bodies admired 20th centuries - voluptuous women still found appealing by many men 1960s - rise of ultra-slender icons (ex. twiggy) 1980 - slenderness - beauty and success now essentials of female beauty = long slim legs, flat stomach, firm butt gender representation in ads women: manipulates problems that psychology and popular media have targeted as characteristic dilemmas of the contemporary woman control and mastery become common tropes in advertisements for women's products food obsession and compulsive eating in ads exploit eating problems but obscure dark realities with slender confident woman in ad women's relationship with food as overwhelming, dangerous men: compulsive eating = natural and even lovable manliness = norm for men to have large appetites and eat a lot displacement of female by male gender ideology in ads women: eating is taboo, transgressive and disgusting hunger for food only used as a metaphor for sexual appetite only permitted to want food when pregnant or starving female hunger represented in misogynistic images with terror and loathing femininity - class dimension, lack of appetite as transcendence of 'economic body' women are gratified by feeding others, not themselves = ideal mother men: sexual appetite as metaphor for eating pleasure lack of control as appropriate or adorable men serving food as an exceptional 'special occasion' - usually when mom isn't around rarely shown laboring over food food and love women are rarely recipients of feeding women give/get love through food absence of partner in ads depicting food as bestower of love care as exclusively female activity food as transgression female eating as private, secretive, shameful and illicit not even permitted to fully indulge hunger in private women used to advertise individually portion and wrapped foods rather than foods that are difficult to portion control rhetoric of indulgence contained by food product - stresses pleasure from limited experience of food 'indulge a little' female hunger contained within bounds of feminine behavior - women can indulge after serving others denying self food destabilizing images man cooking for woman - cooking and serving as not 'sissy' gender and symmetry in advertising with female-oriented and male-oreineted men and women represented as equal in ads

Jhally

Image Based Culture brief history of advertising: agrarian-based society contemporary consumer society change in advertising --> reliance on visual representation text -> image classified -> symbolic classified = text heavy, functional appeal of product symbolic = image based, free of product information function -> emotion Vignette Approach -- ads are trying to sell something directly to consumer in fragmented way so are thoughts are fragmented because it isn't this way in the real world. happiness: not fundamentally connected to goods commodities are only weakly related to sources of satisfaction advertising: goods must be connected to the concept of the 'good life' advertising mirrors people's dreams not actions consumer uncertainty and confusion self-validation connected with 'having' rather than 'being' advertising as religion: people construct their identities through the commodity form objects bring about enchantment, transformation, instant happiness things as means to satisfaction influence of advertising: gender identity electoral politics children's play colonization of auditory perception speed: narrative and reason why ads --> rapid succession of lifestyle images rational response --> emotional response fragmentary ads --> fragmented though suggested positive strategies: engage with image system make image system more democratic make explicit the institutions behind ads

Miss Representation

Lack of strong female role models in the media

The Mask you Live In

Men are not encouraged to express their emotions -- lack of father figures seems to be a common pattern in young men acting out Case study 1: father was deported and he joined a gang and started smoking everyday and became depressed Sports also encourage obscene amounts of violence Important to form communities for men in which they can express their emotions. Holding in emotions leads to psychological problems.

Marshall (optional)

New Media-New Self - technology equips the public to communicate directly with celebrities -move from broadcast model to the conversation model has huge implications Education -traditionally and persistently, education follows a one-to-many broadcast model -shrinking attention spans and increased ability to multitask -integration of new communication technologies and models into the classroom -FDR - fireside chats broadcasted on the radio -Obama - interactive wedsites, Michelle Obama posting Vine videos Celebrity-Industrial Complex New media vital to two trends -turning stars into ordinary people -turning ordinary people into stars Rise of Narcissism -Narcissistic Personality Disorder - a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy of behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy beginning by early adulthood -Symptoms > a grandiose sense of self-importance > preoccupation w/ fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or should associate with, other special or high-status people > requires excessive admiration > sense of entitlement > interpersonally exploitative > lacks empathy > is often envious of others or believes others are envious of him/her > shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes Self-esteem based education and parenting - self-esteem movement > a healthy ego will help youth achieve success > reward over correction - "Myth of meritocracy"

Katherine Sender

Queens for a Day: Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and Neoliberal Project - Queens for a Day sparked the life makeover type show - Queer Eye is about 5 gay men who give a straight man a lifestyle change - Implies that consumption facilitates positive change Neoliberalism - de-reuglation - mainly economic but also social - unfettered free market capitalism - associated with Thatcher - taking away welfare - no such thing as society - only individuals and corporations - market-driven economy and not welfare-driven state -authoritarian government > individual responsibility -centralized government > media as sources of information - dependence on state > freedom of consumer choice and individual fulfillment Key Themes 1. Neoliberalism & new economic climate - neoliberalism has been dominant political paradigm for past forty years - gov should not be responsible for regulating adult, responsible citizen - ideal neoliberal citizen has internalized punitive measures and surveillance to behave in accordance to social norms - queer eye --> neoliberal citizens that consume their way to adulthood 2. consumption and masculinity - safely straight, secure i masculinity, but an avid consumer - candidates are young and lower-class men incompetent at functioning as an adult and in a heterosexual romance - using gays to advice makes it more bro-like vs. nagging (women) -frames feminized practices within hyper masculine terms -product placement -how to make straight men to be good consumers 3. male bonding and sexuality - interactions between gay and straight men -> playful banter 4. surveillance & shaming - different levels -> internalized self shaming, shame from girlfriends/wives, shame evoked by audience in response to what they're sing -self-esteem movement -> blamed social problems of subjects' lack of self-esteem rather than poverty, homelessness or unemployment - low self-esteem as a moral failing 5. authenticity - what is the 'real' you - they are bringing out your inner self which was affected by superficial and fixable incompetence 6. responsibilization - need to internalize surveillance - make citizens responsible for their own fates 7. race (don't be too___) - predominantly white norms of self-improvement -muting of racial and ethnic characteristics 8. gay men, style, and subcultural capital - negative stereotypes about gay men being over0invested in appearance 9. gayness and high culture, style as social mobility 10. the role of camp - reactionary show - what a man should look like, dress like, but also poking fun at these aspects --> mockery of masculinity, consumption -brings in multiple types of viewers Shame on You 1.desire to be seen = fundamental 2.guilt vs. shame - guilt requires apology but no more shame requires surveillance and leads to change 3.surveillance (external vs. internal) 4.what do audiences make of this? - audiences far more reflexive than we assume and their reactions are very mixed (ex. aware of useful shaming vs. guilt inducing shame) - shame seen as functional but humiliation is not okay -shame of the characters can extend to audience 4. comparison group viewers more critical of the shaming 5.overall limited critiques re shaming and 'normalcy' 6. viewers aware of editorial manipulation and staging of conflict 7. acceptance of 'privacy for therapy' trade 8. audiences attribute pleasure in shaming to other viewers 9. audiences value self-worth over surgical work 10. audiences don't automatically adopt the surveillance strategies of the hows 11. contrary to popular belief, not everyone wants to be seen!

Richard Butsch

Ralph, Fred, Archie, Homer, and the King of Queens: Why Television Keeps Re-Created the Male Working-Class Buffoon - original cartoons portrayed men as the rational, money makers while the humor came from the children or the ditsy wife - now, concerned about the depiction of working class in television, working class invisibility, working class men as buffoons in sitcoms (ex. Simpsons) - widespread affluence is exaggerated - lucrative and glamorous professions more prevalent on TV - Women --> working wives are middle class and pursuing career, working-class wives usually do not have jobs Why does television keep portraying working class men as buffoons? Network domination - series format increases ratings predictability - creativity/decisions are constrained in fear of making a wrong choice --> repeat the same formulaic class based sitcom/cartoon Organization of decisions within networks and on the production line - need to produce programming suited for advertising - has to display product in a good setting + show has to attract the right audience Work community and culture of "creative personnel" -time constraint Though this particular portray of class can be explained by structural constraints, its repetition contribute to our culture's attitude towards a man who makes a living with his hands --> assumes that he is dumb, immature, irresponsible, and sometimes angry Ça plus change

Susan Bordo (extra credit)

Rediscovering the Male Body - female body became an object of mainstream consumption through playboy and movies, but the male body did it through advertisements - cultural permission to be a voyuer - it is feminine to be on display - says perhaps men should be more comfortable wit offering themselves as 'sexual objects'... - "when is a nude not a nude? when it's male" from NYT - male models (as seen in CK ads) appeal to men and women because they are both appealing (to straight women and gay men) yet strong/ manly (straight men aspire to be) - straight model are more common now --> do not fear being viewed as homosexual - men can't be passive --> need to be in control, especially in sexual settings - though men are being more 'expoloited' than before, they're portrayed as strong (never passive) - masculinity so fragile even male perfume can't be called perfume even though that is exactly what it is - whole new rhetoric used to describe activities for men that are the same as women - women act, men appear - men are portrayed as oblivious of their appearance -African Americans portrayed as more aggressive - Younger men portrayed as more passive

Serazio

Shooting for Fame - School shootings - user-generated content gone wrong - Era of celebrity anarchy and narcissistic youth -Purported narcissism - attacks as both premeditated and premeditated - Gatekeeping role of news media - challenges of journalists to comply with your shooters' demand for celebrity Blame - National Rifle Association - Culture fostered by the media - goth music subculture, violent action movies/video games, internet technology > ironic because these industries point fingers at one another, but it's all interconnected - larger culture war Shooters - Objection to standard 'mass society' blame response to school shooters > shooters are active agents engaged in the use and dissemination of media, as well as their own shootings >not passive victims of environmental factors - hypodermic needle - interested in what out shooters to to/with/through media as much as what media does to youth shooters - youth armed with new media participatory software in new narcissistic climate > convergence of producer and consumer > mass media broadcasters held hostage by shooters - media packages of their shootings Fame - Fame as dominant currency of modern social media - Altered sense of worth ratios - media cultivate an appreciation of spectacle alone as success Celebrity Desire Typology -Individuality > circulating images of shooters - legitimation in reproduction - Escape from powerless anonymity - Immortality > generative immortality - to be able to affect successive generations > desire for name to be associated with violence > desire for copycat shootings Transcendence over powerless immortality Pre-mediated killing - the visual technologies and media developments that 'empower' the spectator are the same advances that cheapen the classic definition of fame and the elements that structure its stability - shooters' angst and alienation - product of gap between media-fueled fantasy of fame and reality - digital technology gives youth celebrity platforms - means to self-make into celebrity killer - postmodern media narcissism > breaking down distinctions between private and public, audience and actor, reality and fiction > everyone has potential to be recognized by mass audience - preparation of shooting obsessively documented to be publicized - strategy - preparations for act and contingencies for media circus - Pre-mediates by choreography shooting publicly - youth shooter can be actor, director and distributor - reclaiming power, agency, accountability Gatekeeping - Interactive spectacle of shooting - shooter's engagement with media text and online audience engagement with media product - whether reproducing media packages shooters provide and giving them fame renders complicity with their actions - Ethical Dilemma for journalists > pro - journalism as reparative, healing, meditating > con - journalism as intruding, insensitive, invading of communities Eric Harris & Dylan Klebold (Columbine) Seung-Hui Cho (Virginia Tech) Pekka Eric Auvinen (Finland)

Stuart Hall

Spectacle of Other Difference can be both positive and negative Images have both denotative and connotative meanings Invested in relationships between different genres of texts floating meanings --> heroes and villains example there are "privileged" or "preferred" meanings - Linford Christie black British runner Anchorage- text fixes image Textual anchors sometime influence by prejudices Linguistics take place in relation to the 'other' othering --> can't know meaning or self except through a dialogue with the other --> psychoanalytic, subconscious desire; we project onto other races our own unconscious desires racializing the other strategic aims of stereotyping Saussure- linguistic binaries -cultural specific; weighted and reductive; only understood through the dialogue of 'other'; meaning not fixed (Fiske) Bakhtin - linguistic the other -start defining who we are by who we aren't; primarily racial and ethnic other ness ex. proms Douglas, Durkheim, Levi-strauss - anthropology classificatory systems/symbolic boundaries -countries are uncomfortable with hybridity everything needs to be in a system; Mary (magical powers) - we want to SEPERATE things; hybridity pollutes binaries Freud, Lacan, Klein - Psychoanalysis the role of the Other in the development of self -no such thing as a given stable inner core to 'the self', project onto to other races our unconscious desires; colonialism Three Levels of Visual Analysis: What the brain perceives How symbols work How people interact with visuals

Brand New You

Strong sense that the outside mirrors the inside-- if you could change one you could change the other American dream: reinvent yourself It's all about appearances 1936 madame mizelle magazine: first makeover "the made-over girl"-- thats where term makeover comes from Narrative of transformation Contestants seem to be white middle class men and women The television makeover is more feminized discourse Particular strategies for men in Tv-- more options for resistance

Carruth

The Digital Cloud Micropolitics of energy -- the planetary ramifications of minute individual practices that are fueled by cultural values of connectivity and speed and that rely, above all, on the infrastructure of server farms one's desire to share experiences online on which the industry profits Planned obsolescence vs perceived obsolescence Mostly run of fossil fuels Branding the Cloud Brand of cloud is rich in aesthetics and emotional appeals Advertisers will emphasize a utopian and online global village through clouds Virtual Infrastructure immaterial to us Internet's overall energy requirements are on the rise The inattention among environmentalists to this Web 2.0 habitus arguably stems from a larger inattention to how intersections of class, education, race, gender, and nationality Technology to go online is heavily concentrated in wealthier populations

Enloe

The Globetrotting Sneaker Russia targeting children for sneak sales Customer: potency of advertising imager (celebrity endorsement) > ignoring harsh conditions of labor Sneaker industry: expansion of global economy > look to pay women workers less and less > increase global competitiveness Companies operating overseas depend on trade agreements between own governments and overseas government - fair, healthy labor practices, right to speak and organize freely -> usually not in trade agreements -> workers suffer - recent agreement - private companies operate across borders without restrictions - big businesses will pit workers in industrialized countries to their low paid peers in big developing countries brief history 1980s US sneaker brands moved production to south korea and taiwan --> loss of US jobs south korea against unionizing and for women working > ideal labor force women's resistance - organizing to reject dangerous working conditions, humiliation and low pay late 1980s - early 1990s move to china, indonesia and thailand factory closure in koreay -> women forced into prostitution women are organizing cross-border to make cheap labor difficult Hypocrisy of corporations -Reebok - pledged to use subcontractors who allow unions, set up companies in china where unions are banned - sends inspectors to examine work conditions, but overlook things - has decent wages but can be partially withheld - atmosphere of fear prevent workers from speaking out - can get fired or subdued with violence - "free trade" not free for workers - divide and rule strategy - mobility of corporations force workers in different countries to see each other as competitors, not comrade Committee for Asian women - address women's needs -normalizing women organizing meetings - negotiating with male unionists - build global movement - trade politics in women's terms - challenge americanized consumerism

Marwick & Boyd

To See and Be Seen Social Media - celebrity as performance practice - backstage access - candid, uncensored > reveal personal information - create sense of > publicly acknowledge fans > use language/cultural references to affiliate with fans - 'authentic' - appeal to audiences of gossip consumption - not democratic discourse - power differentials -context collapse - multiple audience coexist in social context Networked media landscape -new locations for circulation/creation of celebrity - gossip sites, fansites, blogs -celebrity management - highly regulated institutional model > celerities actively interact with friends -organic, changing performance - not intrinsic personal characteristic/external labels -micro-celebrity - using social media to maintain and develop and audience, adopted by ordinary people and celebrities - self-presentation constructed to be consumer by others -celebrity is maintained through co performance of power differentials by fan and practitioner, and maintenance of one's fan base through performed intimacy, affiliation, and public acknowledgement Celebrity 1. the way people are represented and talked about 2. process of turning person > commodity 3. aspect of culture being reformulated Twitter -affiliation - connecting celebrity and fan using similar language, words, cultural symbols and conventions -intimacy - create sense of closeness and familiarity between celebrities and fans though posting personal pictures and videos, addressing rumors, and sharing personal information-- they don't usually share meaningful information -Twitter does provide the possibility of actual interaction with the highly followed person -The 'lifestreaming' function of Twitter encourages 'digital intimacy' -Users can and do let things slip via Twitter that would never be revealed in an interview with People magazine - authenticity and sincerity - display of inner life and honesty without pretense, real celebrity tweeting without influence of PR , Significant of internet -New outlets for circulation of celebrity discourse - user-contributed, less regulated and subjected to commercial pressures -new media democracy - access to more discussion and opinions on celebrity, construction of celebrity as process between fan and celebrity -altrenative means of publicity -social media to maintain celebrity status - construct persona through interaction with fans, active labor of micro-celebrity -micro-celebirty - not democratic, not as successful for ordinary people, celebrities more replied to than ordinary people on Twitter - difference between practicing celebrity and having celebrity status - Complicates dynamic between celebrities, fans and in-between (PR) - publicly visible conversations non brokered by PR, requires celebrities to skillfully navigate Miley Cyrus -- Celebrities -Celebrities: She began public feud with Demi and Selena Gomez after they made a parody of her homemade youtube videos. Perez Hilton - Celebrity Intermediaries: middleman between celebrities private (often untrue personal information) has attained not quite a celebrity status but lies in the middle. Mariah Carey - Fan relationship with Celebrities: Because of Mariah's publicized vulnerability fans talk to her on twitter as if they are a close friend.

Further Off the Straight and Narrow

Until mid 1990s, gay and lesbian lead characters were almost non existence Usually they would be used as secondary characters for plot device Ellen cancelled and neal and grace introduced -Once ellen came out Will and grace character= gay character Queer Eyes: straight man is the problem and gay men are trying to fix them Reminded of history of exclusion were gay people get to produce stylish environments for parties they aren't invited to 6 feet under: David and keith -- struggling gay couple// interracial Transgenders: next group that is beginning to get acknowledged

Class Dismissed

Working class- most memorable characters; racially segmented Power of ads -- redefine American Dream, narrative of consumerism African americans- only visible as servants and entertainers on TV Black roles on TV didn't deal with economic injustice except for Fresh Prince Latinos confined to latino networks Queer representation of primetime --spice up repeaters Common themes of middle class: Anti intellectuals -- distracts from educational inequalities Disinterest in politics-- if interested they are conservatives --archi bunker Struggles of single mothers not shown outside of Roseanne Criminalization of black bodies through television