COMM 1301 exam #1

Combat nervousness

-Be at your best physically and mentally. -Tighten and relax your leg muscles -Take a couple of slow, deep breaths. -Work hard on your introduction. anxiety drops after the 30 to 60 secs -Make eye contact with the audience. -Concentrate on communicating with your audience -Use visual aids.

Examples

-Brief -Extended (A story) -Hypothetical (non factual)

Strategic order of main points

-Chronological order -Spatial order (directional pattern) -causal order (show a cause-effect relationship.) -Problem-Solution (two main parts, problem and then solution) -Topical order (divide the speech topic into subtopics)

During the interview

-Dress appropriately and be on time -Repeat the purpose of the interview -Set up the recorder (if you are using one) -Keep the interview on track -Listen carefully -Don't overstay your welcome

Testimony

-Expert and peer -You can quote or paraphrase accurately (do not misquote someone, do not violate the meaning of statements, do not quote out of context) -Use it from a qualified source -Unbiased source -Identify the person

The Introduction objectives

-Get the attention and interest of your audience. (relate the topic, the importance, startle, question the audience, tell a story) -Reveal the topic of your speech. (clearly the topic of your speech) -Establish your credibility and goodwill. (being perceived as qualified) -Preview the body of the speech.

Ethical speechmaking

-Make sure your goals are ethically sound -Be fully prepared for each speech (give the right information) -Be honest in what you say (facts) -Avoid name-calling and abusive language -Put ethical principles into practice (always)

Before the interview

1. Define the purpose of the interview 2. Decide whom to interview 3. Arrange the interview 4. Decide whether to record the interview 5. Prepare your questions

Questions to ask about your specific purpose

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2. Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? 5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

GUIDELINES FOR THE SPEAKING OUTLINE

1. Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline 2. Make sure the outline is legible (big letters) 3. Keep the outline as brief as possible 4. Give yourself cues for delivering the speech (how are you going to say certain things- tone)

Brainstorming for topics

Personal inventory Clustering (write places, people, things, events) Internet search

Develop Speech

Focusing Your Topic Developing Your Topic (structure)

Feedback

Involves two-way communication. Your listeners don't simply absorb your message. They send back messages.

Public speaking

Is a way of making your ideas public— of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people.

Central Idea/Main Idea

The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say. Sometimes it is called the thesis statement, the subject sentence, or the major thought. Simple, declarative sentence that refines and sharpens the specific purpose statement.

Channel

The channel is the means by which a message is communicated.

Listener

The listener is the person who receives the communicated message. Everything a speaker says is filtered by a listener's frame of reference his or her knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. Must be audience-centered.

Message

The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. Your goal is to have your intended message be the message that is actually communicated.

Ethics

The principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

Plagiarism

"Plagiarism" comes from plagiarius, the Latin word for kidnapper. It means to present another person's language or ideas as your own.

Adapting to the audience

(1) How your audience is likely to respond to what you say in your speech (2) Adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing. (3) Pay attention to the feedback.

Speech bibliography.

(1) the title of the Internet document (2) the author or organization responsible for the document (3) the date on which the document was last updated (4) the date on which you accessed the site

Demographic audience analysis

(1)Identifying the general demographic features of your audience (2) Gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation Age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

After the interview

- Immediately after the interview, review your notes and make sure they are complete - Transcribe your notes

Main Points

-The main points are the central features of your speech. -No more than four or five main points, and most will contain only two or three.

TIPS FOR FORMULATING THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE STATEMENT

-Write the Purpose Statement as a Full Infinitive Phrase, Not as a Fragment -Express Your Purpose as a Statement, Not as a Question -Avoid Figurative Language in Your Purpose Statement (be precise, clear) -Limit Your Purpose Statement to One Distinct Idea -Make Sure Your Specific Purpose Is Not Too Vague or General

Choosing a topic

-topics you know a lot about -topics you want to know more about

Tips for preparing main points

1) Keep Main Points Separate. 2) Try to Use the Same Pattern of Wording for Main Points. 3) Balance the Amount of Time Devoted to Main Points

Doing Library Research

1) Librarians. 2) The Catalogue (lists all books by call number). 3) Reference Works (encyclopedias, yearbooks). 4) Newspaper and Periodical Databases. 5) Academic Databases

UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS

1. Are the statistics representative? (does it measure correctly) 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? (make it clear) 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

Evaluating Internet Documents

1. Authorship 2. Sponsorship 3. Recency

Guidelines for ethical listening

1. Be courteous and attentive 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker 3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas (hear them out)

Organizing the speech

1. Introduction (get the attention and interest of the audience) 2. Body 3. Conclusion (let the audience know you are about to finish and reinforce your central idea.)

Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation

1. Organizing your thoughts logically. 2. Tailoring your message to your audience. 3. Telling a story for maximum impact. 4. Adapting to listener feedback.

Survey

1. Plan the questionnaire carefully to elicit precisely the information you need. 2. Use all three types of questions—fixed-alternative, scale, and open-ended. 3. Make sure the questions are clear and unambiguous. 4. Keep the questionnaire relatively brief.

Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation

1. Public speaking is more highly structured. 2. Public speaking requires more formal language. 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery, adjust voice and tone.

Central idea

1. Should be expressed in a full sentence 2. Should not be in the form of a question 3. Should avoid figurative language 4. Should not be vague or overly general

Tips for doing research

1. Start early 2. Make a preliminary bibliography 3. Take notes efficiently (you will forget what you read, be consistent, match book w note, careful with quotes and your own opinion) 4. Think about your materials as you research

GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OUTLINE

1. State the specific purpose of your speech 2. Identify the central idea 3. Label the introduction, body, and conclusion 4. Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation 5. State main points and sub-points in full sentences 6. Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews 7. Attach a bibliography 8. Give your speech a title, if one is desired

Conclusion functions

1. To let the audience know you are ending the speech. 2. To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea. Summarize the speech, end with a quote, refer to intro.

Tips for using examples

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas (make it yours) 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

Tips for using statistics

1. Use statistics to quantify your ideas (give numbers to arguments) 2. Use statistics sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your statistics 4. Explain your statistics 5. Round off complicated statistics 6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

Dealing with nervousness

1.Acquire Experience 2.Prepare 3.Think Positively 4.Use the Power of Visualization (imagine the outcome) 5.Know That Most Nervousness Is Not Visible 6.Don't Expect Perfection

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. External to the audience. Internal comes from within your audience.

History

All cultures have the word "orator" to designate someone with special skills in public speaking. The oldest known handbook on effective speech was written on papyrus in Egypt 4,500 years ago

Speaking extemporaneously

Careful preparation and structure of a manuscript presentation with the spontaneity and enthusiasm of an unrehearsed talk. Plan your major points and supporting material without trying to memorize.

How much time should you devote to preparing your speeches

Each minute of speaking time requires one to two hours of preparation

Determining the General Purpose

If purpose is to inform, you act as a teacher or lecturer. If purpose is to persuade, you act as an advocate or a partisan.

Chronological method of organization

In order

Ethnocentrism

It is the belief that our own culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Audience-Centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

Appreciative listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

Critical listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

Empathic listening

Listening to provide emotional support for the speaker.

Comprehensive listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker.

What is critical thinking?

Logic, being able to spot weaknesses in people's arguments. It also involves distinguishing fact from opinion, judging the credibility of statements, and assessing the soundness of evidence. Focused, organized thinking—the ability to see clearly the relationships among ideas.

Causes of poor listening

Not concentrating Listening too hard Jumping to conclusions Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

Patchwork plagiarism

Occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources.

Incremental plagiarism

Occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts—increments—of the speech. Fix with: -Quotations -Paraphrases (restate or summarize ideas)

Searching the Internet

Search engines Specialized research resources (Virtual libraries (actual libraries), government resources, Wikipedia) Evaluating internet documents

Situational Audience Analysis

Size, physical setting for the speech (not only for you but also for your audience), and the disposition of the audience toward the topic (if the audience knows), the speaker (if they agree with you/ who you are), and the occasion

Speaker

Speech communication begins with a speaker.

Presenting the speech

Starting your speech Gestures Eye contact Voice (Expressive) Dealing with nerves.

Global plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own.

Topical method of organization

Subdivides the speech topic into its natural, logical, or conventional parts

Become a better listener

Take listening seriously (work for it) Be an active listener (give all attention) Resist distractions Don't be diverted by appearance Suspend judgement Focus on main points Listen for evidence and technique (how does he do it) Take notes

Situation

The situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Psychology of Audiences

The speaker must make the audience choose to pay attention.

Connectives

Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them. -Transitions (words or phrases to move) -Internal previews (what the speaker will take up next, more detailed) -Internal summaries (reverse of internal previews, it reminds of what was said before) -Signposts (indicate where you are in the speech, like numbers)

Citing Sources Orally

name of document author, sponsoring organization qualifications date