Comm 231 Ch 17

What is analogical reasoning? Why is Anna logical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches and questions of policy?

Analogical reasoning compares to similar cases to draw the conclusion that what is true and one case will also be true and another. When arguing for a new policy, you should find out whether it has been tried elsewhere. You may be able to claim that your policy will work because it has worked in like circumstances.

What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

Causal reasoning tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects. The fact that one event happens after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second.

What is credibility? What two factors exert the most influence on an audience is perception of the speakers credibility?

Credibility is the audiences attitude toward or perception of the speaker. The speakers credibility is affected by two primary factors competence and character.

What is the role of emotional appeal and persuasive speaking? Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speeches.

Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, fearful, reverent, or the like. Three ways to generate emotional appeal or to use emotionally charged language, vivid examples, and speak with sincerity and conviction.

What is evidence? Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?

Evidence consists of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disapprove some thing. Careful listeners are skeptical of unsupported claims and generalizations. Strong evidence is particularly important when the speaker is not recognized as an expert on the topic and when the target audience opposes the speakers POV.

What are 10 logical fallacies discussed in this chapter?

Hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, add homonym, either or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, and appeal to novelty.

What are the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?

Initial credibility is the audiences perception of a speaker before the speech begins. Derived credibility is produced by everything a speaker says and does during the speech. Terminal credibility is the audiences perception of the speaker at the end of the speech.

What are the three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?

Speakers enhance their credibility by explaining their competence, establishing common ground with the audience, and delivering speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

What are for tips for using evidence effectively and a persuasive speech?

Speakers should use specific evidence, current evidence, evidence from credible sources, and make clear the point of the evidence.

What is reasoning from principal? How is it different from reasoning from specific instances?

Reasoning from principle involves moving it from a general principle to a specific conclusion. It is the exact opposite of reasoning from specific instances.

What is the reasoning from specific instances? Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?

Reasoning from specific instances involves progressing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion. Because you can never give enough specific instances in a speech to make your conclusion irrefutable, you should supplement them with testimony or statistics.