COMM 2540 Final Exam Study Guide

The recent ruling that the FBI and NSA have violated surveillance law means that surveillance of US citizens will soon come to an end.

False

Those who believe that political news and information will eventually find them via social media exposure tend to be more knowledgeable about politics AND more politically active than those who actively seek out news.

False

In times of crisis, we often make judgements that rely on cognitive shortcuts, intuition, and emotion.

True

Individuals are more likely to encounter views and opinions that differ from their own in their online networks than in their offline, face-to-face social networks.

True

The algorithms that produce videos suggestions on YouTube for children tend to use random strings of keywords associated with children's interests, but they are put together in incoherent titles and descriptions.

True

The reason that Pew Research conducted research on how Americans define online harassment was partly because different people have different definitions of what qualifies as online harassment.

True

VR is being used for reducing stress and anxiety during uncomfortable medical procedures.

True

Research findings suggest that stereotypes related to race and gender do not affect people in virtual reality.

False

True or false: According to Spar, technology companies often established their own rules of operation within their sectors and are successful in enforcing those rules.

False

True or false: The process involved in pursuing a FISA warrant involves only two branches of US government, the Executive branch (i.e., the President and administration) and the Judicial branch (e.g., the Supreme Court and other federal courts).

False

True or False: All social media derive their primary value from user-generated content.

True

Facebook's terms of service states that anything you post to Facebook is the property of Facebook.

True

Social media engagement involves user initiated action leading to the co-creation of value and can manifest as _______________.

All of the Above

Part of the reason that YouTube produces video suggestions for children that are entirely bizarre is because of the ____________________.

Both of the provided answers

One of the most important benefits of robots for elders is that a robot can provide ______________.

Companionship

Hank is thinking about enrolling in COMM2540 next semester, but is having trouble deciding which section he wants to sign up for. The syllabi for the classes look about the same, but there are two different professors teaching the classes. Hank decides to look online for any information others may have posted about their past experiences with the professors. Which of the following activities is Hank engaging in?

Extractive uncertainty reduction

According to Osmanovic and Peccioni, when younger individuals play games with their elder family members, one major problem is that they usually select games that don't meet the elder's unique needs.

False

According to research conducted by Pew Research, a majority of Americans think that one person offending another person online is online harassment.

False

According to the Bowman article, social attitudes such as moral panics are usually the result of individual's direct experience with the harmful effects of technology.

False

According to the Garret article, one should accept information from people with expertise of any kind as a way to avoid accepting or spreading misinformation.

False

According to the Graham article, Black youth tend to experience less cyberbullying than White or Hispanic youth.

False

Because it is the oldest form of mass media in the US, there are the most regulation over print media like newspapers.

False

Crowdsourced sites like Wikipedia, where multiple editors come together to generate knowledge on a particular topic, are often less accurate than other sources such as textbooks or encyclopedias.

False

Telehealth or telemedicine includes all except which of the following as discussed in your textbook?

Helping a patient set up a health-related app

The Fairness Doctrine was originally introduced to...

Mandate that equal time be given to differing sides of politically controversial topics

Which of the following cyberbullying forms is most upsetting for college students?

Sexual harassment

Jesse and their sister Glenna have a very good relationship and they often shares jokes, memes, random thoughts, and life updates throughout the week across many channels and platforms. For example, while on the phone talking one Saturday morning, Glenna shares a funny video she found on TikTok with Jesse. Jesse chooses to reshare the video on their Instagram story and tags Glenna in the post while the two are talking. Jesse continues to text Glenna throughout the day about feedback they get on the video share. By communication across multiple communication platforms, Jesse and Glenna are exhibiting which concept?

Media multiplexity

In dating Web sites, deception seems to be:

Of similar type to that in face-to-face communication

Zoey is a big fan of Billie Eilish and follows her across multiple social media platforms. Zoey often leaves comments under Billie's posts and watches the singer's live streams to hear about her personal thoughts and feelings. Even though they've never meet, Zoey feels that she knows Billie well and that they have a lot in known. There communication is solely one-way with Zoey sending messages or making posts about the singer, but, of course, Billie never responded. What kind of relationship do you think this is?

Parasocial relationship

This stage in Spar's description of life along the technological frontier is dominated by the contributions of very few, enthusiastic, ungoverned individuals.

Phase One: Innovation

When technology reaches this one of Spar's stages, individuals begin to take advantage of others' insights, accomplishments, and the lack of rules.

Phase Two: Commercialization

If my social network on Facebook consisted only of people who believe the Earth is flat and all the articles shared within my News Feed support the flat Earth position, and I only chat in Facebook groups that agreed with my position, this might be an example of a(n) _______________.

Political silo

In a hypothetical study, some individuals are assigned to embody an avatar that is wearing clothing worn by an authority figure such as a judge, police officer, or school principal and others simply embody avatars who have other careers such as a school teacher, construction worker, or cook. The study finds that those who embodied avatars that were authority figures were more likely to volunteer as group leader during a group task, more likely to reprimand other members when they misbehaved, and more likely to rate themselves as being "fair," "honest," and "moral." This represents what effect? [Hint: the answer is two words]

Proteus Effect

______________ personalization is where people actively choose content that they want to see and ______________ personalization is where algorithms personalize content for use without their deliberate choice or consent.

Self-selected; pre-selected

__________________ refers to symbolic efforts to change or maintain another individual's behavior or cognitions, emotions, or identities whereas as __________________ is an intentional effort to change someone's mental state through

Social influence; persuasion

Osmanovic and Pecchioni state that elder individuals identify which of the following as a beneficial reason to play video games?

Spending time with children and grandchildren

Confirmatory feedback intensifies an identity shift.

True

Changes in people's behavior that occur after playing as an avatar is referred to as ____________.

The Proteus Effect

One of the earliest moral panics, identified in the Bowman reading, was expressed by Socrates and concerned:

The damage writing would do to people's memory

What does Spar say is one the most important things to emerge during the phase of creative anarchy?

The demand for property rights

A primary protection for Internet users outlined in FISA is that it requires establishment of probable cause prior to engaging in surveillance of private communication online.

True

Augmented reality can provide individuals with firsthand experiences that can change their attitudes or behavior at both low cost and low risk.

True

Bowman's main point/points regarding how people should approach technology is/are:

Understanding the uses and risks of technology is an effective way to avoid misuse of it; Banning technology increases the potential danger of it; Children's supervised use of technology limits many of the dangers presented

__________ reality allows users to enter digitally created spaces through the use of computer equipment and see, hear, and feel the virtual environment while __________ reality changes users interaction with the "real" world through using digital tools to map computer-generated information onto reality.

Virtual; augmented

_____________ are the types of connections that bridge our close friends and other people who are not close to us.

Weak ties

Because its intelligence professionals were concerned that they were missing out on foreign intelligence correspondence that had national security implications, a federal court ruled in September of 2020 that the NSA illegally ______________.

accessed communications in which the sender and receiver of the communications were US citizens

Some consumers are worried about the working conditions inside a meat production plant called Big Bird. Rumors suggest that the employees are not given sufficient breaks, sanitation is poor, and managers require employees to meet outrageous production quotas. When these consumers go online to look for more information about the how Big Bird is run, they find a blog that is supposedly written by Big Bird employees called Bird's Working Families. The blog features written testimonials and videos that appear to be from Big Bird employees and appear to show happy employees in sparkling clean facilities. However, these consumers soon come to learn the that blog is sponsored by Sandy Day, CEO of Big Bird Corporation. This story is likely an example of _______________.

astroturfing

___________ refers to virtual representations controlled by humans often featured in video games. These ________ allow for some degree of customization and users may choose to make them highly similar or extremely different from their own identity.

avatars

Which of the following are downsides of the use of social media for politics discussed in the textbook? (Select all that apply)

campaigns on social media are able to be easily influenced by foreign actors; politics have become more focused on national issues and less on local ones

One study found that Facebook ads that portrayed an organ donation campaign as a contest between students at Ohio State and their rival university, The University of Michigan, and used messages such as "Buckeyes like you are becoming organ donors," organ donation was significantly increased. This is an example of ______________.

conformity

Upward communication involves _____________ writing messages directly to or about ____________ via social media.

constituents; politicians

This is the term for a situation in which you know what is said, but you don't know the identity of the person who said it.

discursive anonymity

One study found that discussion were much more civil and measured when posters were identifiable and more uncivil when the posters were anonymous. This may be an example of the ____________ effect.

disinhibition

The facial recognition systems used today initially used ____________ to model faces for _______________.

distances between facial features; the CIA

According to Sherry Turkle, _____________ is more easily cultivated face-to-face than in CMC contexts.

empathy

After experiencing a simulated scenario in virtual reality, people often feel that the scenario....

has more personal relevance.

According to Supasorn Suwajanakorn, tools such as ______________ and _____________ are being used to detect fake images and videos that appear online.

human moderators; machine learning algorithms

The readings referenced the experience of becoming a different "version" of oneself or taking on an identity that is different from one's true, offline identity within an online context as ______________.

identity trial

Research has shown that _________________ have increased and this increase may be due in part to the introduction and popularity of dating applications.

interracial marriages

According to Spar, ______________________ leads to an inherently political tech environment and _________________________ are needed to facilitate market growth and success.

lack of regulation; rules

According to Jeffrey Hancock, lying is ___________ likely in social media than face-to-face.

less

The classification of the Internet as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act was part of the the FCC policy that most people know as _______________.

net neutrality

Advertising a ________________ ["two-way", "one-way"] form of nonpersonal and often persuasive communication about products, services, or ideas whereas public relations involves _________________ ["two-way", "one-way"] communication in which persons or organizations seek to build trust and relationships

one-way; two-way

Claims about the self that are posted by _______________ , are able to be _________________ ["altered", "deleted", "vetted"] by others, and are less likely to be __________________ ["duplicated", "remembered", "manipulated"] by the self have the highest warranting value.

others; vetted; manipulated

Tina is single but just started an account with the dating app LoveyDoveYou with hopes to find a romantic partner. While creating her account, Tina shares that she maintains a strictly plant-based diet and that she's prepping for a marathon, even though she eats cheese most days and prefers napping to jogging. The version of herself Tina is presenting on the dating app is best described as her _______________.

ought self

According to Zuiderveen Borgesius et al. (2018) article, people do often ______________ information that is consistent with their ideology but there's little evidence that people ___________ conflicting information.

select; avoid

The effect of self-selection news on political attitudes and political knowledge is ______________.

small

Tinder is a popular dating app and ___________________ site whereas Facebook is a popular _________________ site . Tinder is primarily used for making new connections and meeting new people. Facebook allows you to maintain your existing network of offline relationships.

social networking site; social network site