COMM 257 Midterm
Coomaraswamy
Concludes that Buddha is from Indian origin
Buddist Art
Core of _______________ includes burning insense, making prestrations & worshipping before painted/sculpted representations of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
Ushnisha
Cranial protuberance
Nietzche
Critiqued Wagner's "Parsifal: too Christian"
Dewey
Focuses on art as an experience by discussing esthetic experience, mediums through substance and form, works of art and their meaning/worth
men
In nude paintings the spectator is always assumed to be
happy
In oil painting the poor are often painted as _________, so that the rich can feel like they are a source of hope for the world.
artistic
In order to be __________, craftsmanship must be loving and done with care for the subject matter
Holden's Dead Christ Entombed
Included because it dismantles the conventional way Christ was depicted Image that can 'make someone loose their faith'
work itself is formed into esthetic substance
Is there a distinction btwn form and substance?
Significant Form
Kant- a particular combination of lines and colors that stir our aesthetic emotions
Medina
Large enclosed courtyard with a columned covered area at one end, for communal prayer and delivery of the Khutba (Friday sermon)
Nietzche
Likes tragedies because they reflect the world as it is
Madrasas, tombs, shrines, mosques
Muslims religious life formed around
What is the term that Berger uses to describe the act of explaining away what might otherwise be evident? [Term]
Mystification
Aniconism
Nature of Buddhist narrative art
Pluralism
No historically correct opinion; no specific way of making art has priority over another
social relations
Oil painting did to appearances what capital did to
religion and art
One reason for the historical and intrinsic relationships between ____________and _____________ is because they have psychological functions in common
Goya
Opposed to Kant and Hume's theories, _____ did not include morally uplifting messages in all of his works of art
What is the theory of art as ritual?
Ordinary objects acquire symbolic significance through incorporation into a shared belief system.
Madrasas
Religious schools
three blind men
Represents the difficulty of moving forward/achieving enlightenment
Islamic
To call all art of such cultures this carries a misleading idea that they're driven by religion
Nietzche
Tragedy is good because it "shows life as suffering and violence without meaning or justification"
takes away mystification
Why does Holden's Dead Christ Entombed dismantle conventional way Christ was depicted
dated
Works that 'fail' to become new aren't those which are universal, but rather those which are '_________'
Yes!
Would it have been better to avoid intellectual and only given expression to their intuitive beliefs/media of the arts
Intuition
a knowing process which provides insights derived from direct inspection or "immediate experience" without argument or apparent reason
Dewey
"Aesthetic experience - perceiving, enjoying art/beauty; a set of principles underlying and guiding the work of an artist or art movement; sensation or perception"
Danto
"Art and philosophy are linked together; not independent spheres; when philosophy was dealing with pluralism, art is as well"
Dewey
"Art as communication/language; window to another culture"
Danto
"Art embodies meaning; can communicate thoughts and feelings through a physical meaning"
Plato
"Art is a copy of an imperfect copy"
Plato
"Art is abstract/perfect; transcendent of this world"
Dewey
"Art is universal but becomes isolated when put in museums"
Plato
"Ban artists from the state"
landscapes
According to Berger, _____________ apply least to his arguments about ownership and capitalism
Hume
"Experts should tells us what good art is"
history
"Like art, _______________ also interprets history imaginatively"
viewer
According to Dewey, what is the focus of the aesthetic experience?
Aristotle
"Prefers tragedies where good people mistakenly do bad things"
Berger
"The art of any period serve the ideological interests of the ruling class."
Aristotle
"Tragedies are good: catharsis - emotional cleansing of spectator"
Plato
"Tragedy confuses audiences because of values; virtues are not always rewarded"
Science
"______________ states meanings, art expresses them"
Danto
"anything can be art"
Freud
"art expresses unconscious feelings"
Dewey
"art functions as an experience"
elevate
"art is used to _________ products"
Kant
"art should be experienced in a cool and detached way"
Aquinas
"beauty is an essential property of God"
Hume
"education leads to good taste"
Danto
"no right way to make art; difference between art and non-art is not visual, but conceptual; meaning is a matter for philosophers to discover - no way that art should look"
Berger
"publicity images never speak of the present"
Kant
"the definition of beauty is purposiveness without purpose"
status
"we are not a material culture but a _______ culture."
Mystification
-uses what we don't know to fabricate meaning/value; -taking what is plainly obvious and obfuscating; -who has access to art?
feelings and sentiments
....... and ........ naturally linked with imagination are also integral to art and religious experience
sacred objects and material implications
Al Qaeda destroyed Buddhist statues... Village was upset not mainly because of this destruction, but rather because the western people put more aid towards the material statues than helping the starving people -did take away some revenue as a tourist attraction These things are a blending of..
Not
Art ________ focused on institutional religion... more focused on what its institutional focus needs to see
universal
Art becomes ___________ when it continues to inspire new personal realizations in experience.
communication
Art is a form of _____________, each medium is like its own unique language, that cannot be uttered in any other tongue.
Warhol
Asks how a person can say one style can prove one style trumps another
Islam
Based on the idea of prohibition of idolatry and says only God can create art
reproduction
Berger- _____________ changes what images mean (takes away the uniqueness)
image
Berger- a sight that has been recreated or reproduced. (detached from place and time)
Evoking a spiritual idea
Both Gandharan and Mathuran Buddhas are more concerned with what over capturing anitomical reality
Warhol
Brillo Boxes
problems of religion
Bring about a crisis btwn its fundamental knowledge gained by evidence, reasoned arguement, logical proof causing these to become dramatic or tragically fateful
Dionysus
Classical tragedy begins in the 6th century CE with the spring celebration of the god _________
Incorporation of dance into religion
1. expression of emotion through movement 2. Incorporation of movements into forms of worship in connection w rhythm and movement 3. Formalization of movements within religious ceremonies 4. Development of full-time specialists in religious dance
Minbar, Mihrab
2 highly recognizable elements that came to characterize functional life of a prayer hall
descriptive/historical, normative
2 methods for studying religion & the arts
Dance as an offering, dance to achieve one's own spiritual state
2 types of dances
European definition of art separates Emphasis on scripture Religion leaves behind the mankind world
3 reasons for why art is over looked in religion
historical, allegorical, and through the life of objects
3 ways to view iconoclasm
Ancient, medieval, early modern, contemporary
4 ears of iconoclasm
They are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering
4 noble truths
Post- Impressionism
Dali's Christ of St. John of the Cross
True
Dance and perception of whats sacred is ever changing.
Iconoclasm
Destruction of images (typically religious)
aesthetic
Dewey- "That which is concerned with appreciation, perception, enjoyment."
Conceptual
Differnece between art and non art is NOT visual, its
Classical tragedy begins in the 6th century CE with the spring celebration of the god:
Dionysus
Expand beyond the object
Each glance/gaze broke barriers for boundaries to...
How does Goya's works contradict some of the arguments made by Kant and Hume?
He did not include morally uplifting messages in all of his works of art.
Reaching genuine individualization
How does a work become genuinely universal according to Adorno?
Normative
How they should be related
Yates
Made a statement on visual arts & Christianity being intrinsic upon each other and mutually dependent
Rembrant
Made affordable etchings so the everyday man could have religious works of art for meditation
William Hunt
Made figure of Jesus more relatable using symbolism/naturalistic surrounding -dirty woodworking studio... rainbow, light from hand
Sacred Icon and secular art
Main conflict with Buddhist art
Post- Impressionism
Major aesthetic movement largely developed without making contact with organized religion
Ruben's "raising of the cross"
Meant to pierce the picture plane/ tumble into the viewer's space
Zen painting
Meditative art associated with asian culture, specifically Buddism
Vision after the sermon
Piece by Gaugin that addresses the statement on states of consciousness/levels of reality
Paradisal Imagery, Triumphal metaphors, A brave new world under Islam
Possible meanings of schema of monuments representations:
iconoclasm
Power of religious art apprehended through its destruction
Anaconism
Practice of avoiding representation of the buddha in anthropomorphic form & relying instead on the use of such symbols/signs
Musalla
Prayer hall-located at the end of the courtyard that lay in direction of the mecca
Imagination
Process of bringing together a new significance, elements of our experience already given
market
Publicity can never really afford to be only about the product, it is always about the ________
undemocratic
Publicity helps mask all that is ____________ about a society
unsatisfied
Publicity makes the spectator feel _______
Modern pluralism
Questioning the topic of quality and saying 'no longer is there such a thing as correct or incorrect, good or less good/bad
Icon
Sacred object, usually traditional depiction, standardized way of depicting
John dewey, parthenon
Says a piece looses universality if told it isn't able to have new personal realizations in experiences... Ex?
Adorno
Says any attempts to add spiritual meaning/ greater objective validity to art by reintroducing religious content for artistic treatment, are futile
Adorno
Says art and religion have never really been harmonious even in times of heavy emphasis on the idea
Learning to live with pluralism
Says theres no way of deciding if monists, dualists, or pluralists are actually right... only right way is dealing with the disjunction of accepting all 3
Adorno
Says you can't make arts message universally relateable because i turn it looses it ability to be exactly that
Gandharan/Mathuran versions of Buddha
Share... Halo-like Mandorla Elongated Earlobes Pronounced cranial protuberance Tuft between the eyes Wearing simple monastic robes & Conceptual similarities
Michalangelo's statues
Show human hesitation is made tangible, audible, and almost visible. An example of life through Iconoclasm
Adorno
Speaks on lost unity between art/religion
How does Dewey define the term aesthetic (esthetic)?
That which is concerned with appreciation, perception, enjoyment.
creation through negation
The act of Iconoclasm creates a new work when we're left w/remnants > relates to idea that once you have that destruction new images come
When it comes to the aesthetic(esthetic) experience of art, what seems to be the focus of Dewey's analysis?
The consumer/viewer
Islam in visual art
example of religion that adopted permanent form of anichonism
ritual
The theory of art as _______ states that ordinary objects acquire symbolic significance through incorporation into a shared belief system.
Foucher
Theorist who was very condescending to Indian culture/art
faceless
Those who lack money become __________
Philosophical notion of beauty
Thought about in terms of art even though they're not necessarily aesthetic
Metonymic representation of God
Understood to represent illumination granted by Qur'anic revelation
social reality
Unity of art and religion is not only due to subjective conventions, but also due to underlying ___________ ___________ and it's objective trend
Rembrant
Uses craftsmanship to suggest also the transcendental nature of Christ - reps human & divine nature of Christ
Potato Eaters
Van gogh's work redefinition of his vocation as a "Christian" artist, but a crucial mutation in the historical development of christian art itself
king's dominance
Versaille's symbolic meaning is related to the
Danto
Warhol's "Brillo Boxes" caused _________ to question his own definition of art
vanity
What is the mirror often used as a symbol of classical paintings?
significance
When a work is intuited it involves a __________; something true about our minds or about external things which we enjoy without proof or verbal statement
Dewey
Who says: When someone says a work of art has no meaning... Meaning is so unique it becomes unrelateable because the viewer has no common connections besides esthetically
pop art
___ ____ does not have to be beautiful but does have to communicate thoughts and feelings through a physical medium
envy
_____ is required for the creation of glamour
gothic
________ architecture is a symbolic tribute to religious AND secular stories/people
publicity
__________ imitates art
oil painting
_________________ is unique because of its ability to depict things in a tangible way.
Iconography of the prayer rug
an example of transference of forms of media/parallel tendencies
Society often thinks of gender roles as: men act and women [action].
appear
Kant
art should not serve any utility
John dewey; art as an experience
asking an artist what they mean with a work is pointless because he himself finds different meaning depending on time/stage of life/etc. is a theory from what author/work?
Mihrab
became consistent focus of ornamentation w/in religious architecture
Dewey
believed anyone was capable of being an artist
Dead Christ entombed
breathed new life into well-known materials; awakened minds
perfection
can't be measured/defined by terms of execution; rather by those who perceive and enjoy the product that is excecuted
allegory
church is the house of God
Nietzche
critiqued Wagner's opera "Parcifal" because it had a redemption arc and did not show what true tragedy was like
religious ideas
dance is able to give form to
70's
decade in which movements began to fade out and individual's artistic concepts began flourishing
Art is a form of communication because:
each medium is like its own unique language, that cannot be uttered in any other tongue.
According to Hume, who should determine the quality of a work of art?
educated experts
What emotion is required for the creation of glamour?
envy
esthetic
experience as appreciative, perceiving, and enjoying rather than a producer's standpoint
nonverbal arts
extend rather than limit power of words
Those who lack money become ___________.
faceless
In oil painting the poor are often painted as _________, so that the rich can feel like they are a source of hope for the world.
happy
mimesis
imitation
According to Kant, art should be experienced:
in a cool and detached way.
Art becomes universal when:
it continues to inspire new personal realizations in experience.
Nietzsche celebrates the rebirth of tragedy because:
it shows life as suffering and violence without meaning or justification.
What makes oil painting unique from other forms of painting is
its ability to depict things in a tangible way.
According to Berger, which genre of oil painting applies least to his arguments about ownership and capitalism?
landscapes
Craftmanship in order to be considered artistic must be:
loving and done with care for the subject matter.
In nude paintings the spectator is always assumed to be [who]?
men
devotional dance
part of many systems of belief about creation, the universe, nature, and the mystery of human existance
Religion
product of creative imagination in the visual representations as well as interpretations of their actions and characters
light
proof of God's existence
proportion
property of God - unity
cathedrals
proportion, light, allegory
Medieval cathedrals follow 3 main properties:
proportion, light, allegory.
A phrase associated with Kant's definition of beauty is:
purposiveness without purpose.
works of art
recreated every time esthetically experienced, individualized experiences
Idiomatic speech
refers to experiences each of which is singular, having its own beginning and end
Descriptive/historical
relates religion & the arts
triadic relation
relation of speaker, thing said, one spoken to
Biblical Iconoclasm
reviews the genesis/production of the object
words
seeing comes before _______
According to Berger, the art of any period tends to:
serve the ideological interests of the ruling class.
Abraham and the Idols
showed that Iconoclasm may be protective creative and oddly preserving of an object's intent
Elongated earlobes
sign of Buddha's renunciation of the material world
techne
skilled craft
Oil painting did to appearances what capital did to
social relations
Publicity can never really afford to be only about the product, it is always about _____________.
social relations
Versaille's symbolic meaning is related to:
the king's dominance
contemporary use of an iconoclast
someone who rejects norms/near and dear traditions
Van gogh
sought to infuse secular motifs with religious significance through the very language of painting itself
What famous work by Andy Warhol, causes Arthur Danto to question his definition of art?
the Brillo Boxes
adam and eve
the first nudes depicted
According to Berger, publicity images never speak of _____________.
the present
esthetic
to be truly artistic, a work must also be ___________; framed for enjoyed perception
Symbolic, athletic, or decorative aesthetic values
to qualify as dance... movements must embody significant?
dance as an offering
transmitting/presenting spiritual ideas on behalf of the community
Urna
tuft btwn the eyes
Publicity helps mask all that is ____________ about a society.
undemocratic
Dance
unique form of expression that includes movement, emotion, and symbolism
catholic reformation
used all 5 sense in a work to explode material confines
What is the mirror often used as a symbol of classical paintings? [symbol]
vanity
John dewey
wants to restore continuity between refined and intensified forms of experience that are works of art and the everyday experiences
his humanity
what did the light in "Decent from the cross" communicate?
Seeing comes before [what]?
words