COMM 3302 Module 1 Quiz

How did Lloyd Bitzer describe rhetoric?

" A work of rhetoric is pragmatic... it functions ultimately to produce action or change in the world; it performs some task." 'ex. living in a busy residential street, Burnnete is worried about the speed so she uses rhetoric to persuade them to but speed bumps. Bitz would say yes bc rhetoric bc of persuading neighbors, city ppl, is pragmatic. You are trying to change something = rhetoric.

What does it mean to say that rhetoric is the faculty of discovering the "available means of persuasion?"

" Ari is saying that any reason to believe that you can make a case for anytime you count to persuade speech part of rhetoric is figuring out how to persuade.. you ask different question to persuade certain ppl. ex. covid issue with unvaxxers

Why did Aristotle argue that rhetoric was useful?

"things that are true and just have a natural tendency to prevail over their opposites" ex"aristole also split the fifference between plato and the sophists. Plato was worries that rhetoric was dangerous bc ppl was worried that rhetoric was dangerous bc ppl couldn't know the truth with in the forms and people did not have access to forms, The sophist said the only truth we can amite at is the truth we create when debating and talking about ideas "def" he is acknonedling that there is such a thing as truth and he is also saying truth is should be a factor in any kind of debate. Also in the rhetoric, we need rhetoric to help that along. ex. for contemporary audiences = the way the legal system works, we have an adversarial court system so if you get accused while being innocent and that was the truth, you want the truth to prevail over opposite and even trust that there would prevail. But also, higher an attorney. Ari saw this as part of what was valuable about rhetoric.

According to argumentation scholars, why is an enthymeme more persuasive than a syllogism?

- Because the audience supplies at least one of the premises of the argument ' Sometimes enthymeme can be more powerful than a syllogism. It feels childish to states all 3 of syllogism enthymeme allows to do is not have to say these parts out loud and makes the entrance more persuasive than syllogism bc the... - This means that the audience already agrees with part of the argument

In EITHER Arguments CON AthletesShouldNOTBePaid OR Arguments PRO AthletesSHOULDBePaid, explain an example of the rhetor's evidence

- Claim: College athletes should be compensated for playing their sport. - ex of E: An example of the rhetor's evidence on why college athletes should be compensated is when the rhetor introduces the graphs. The graphs are great examples of evidence because they show the value that college athletes bring back to their school. In the graphs they display the amount of revenue the top 25 college football teams bring in and how much money the average sport brings in for a school.

What were two important Sophistic ideas?

- For every argument there is an equal and opposite argument "sophist delivered that was the case and uses it as a pedagogical tool (ex. if they were training someone to prepare a persuasive speech on something, they would ask for the opposite case too. -> people who take argument and debate classes are asked ti do this. This idea is that the more you know about counter argument, that might met your argument, the better and stronger you can make your counter argument = good way in making people better speakers and stronger persuaders. ex.2: "also reflects a diff philosophy, every argument, there is = plato hated this argument because there is absolute truth. ppl would say no bc "I am a good enough persuader, I can figure out the equal/oppo argument. - Humanity is the measure of all things "again, plato hates this bc he believed truth was absolute and beyond human perception. Sophist on other hand would say "If we are taking about best dog or ideal dog is, argue amongst yourself, come up with guidelines with what we want in an ideal dog and have discourse about philosophy

In EITHER Arguments CON AthletesShouldNOTBePaid OR Arguments PRO AthletesSHOULDBePaid, explain what emotion/s the text seem to emphasize.

- I believe the text is displaying sympathy over athletes not being paid. - "Overall, giving students a huge amount of money while they are not ready for it is not a good idea as they can be targeted by predators who want to use them for their money. No one wants to be a victim of fraud, but since college students can sometimes be naive, they can leave themselves exposed to people who do not have their best interests at heart."

What were Aristotle's concerns about inductive argument?

- If you use an example that is not representative, you can reach the wrong conclusion "went so far to say deductive reasoning was better than inductive reasoning bc: whenever you can start with general premise and then reason down and specific instance don't use other bc if not careful, you won't have a strong argument. - What if you decide you 'hated" a major or a television show because you took one bad course or watched one bad episode - Ari argued that people are less likely to come to false conclusions if they start with a a larger principle "ex of classes being basis for major = no bad classes = bad and reflect how dept. teaches classes or have a bad professor bc of the experience it may not be true for the entire department = danger of inductive argument

What does it mean to say that rhetoric happens in response to rhetorical situations or that rhetorical situations call forth rhetoric?

- Rhetoric happens in response to a rhetorical situation " it is how we identify when rhetoric happens bc rhetorical situations call forth rhetoric - Rhetorical situations call forth rhetoric "in the situation that is calling forth rhetoric is the danger. Burnette sees when ares are driving fast in neighborhood and the need is making her respond to fix the situation"

What was Plato's view of rhetoric?

- Rhetoric is invariably bad "bc any person cannot access the forms if that person turns around and tries to persuade the audience the person at best is an ignorant person leading an ignorant massive people to some conclusion. If a person thinks they can view the forms = bad bc we know that person can't, people cant apprehend truth. Thus, rhetorical/persuaders to persuade audience is dangerous and leads to manipulation even if I don't absolute truth, I don't know the forms, If i lie, then that I can persuade = more dangerous - Rhetors cannot be trusted "in dialogue it came clear that these sophist teaching 'art of persuasion' became dangerous bc we can't know the truth. Tricking youth into thinking they are persuader.

What was the Sophists' view of rhetoric?

- Rhetoric is necessary "ex. hpw are we going to decide what dog is the best, if we can't have convo or debate? example of drinking age and a lot of inconsistency alcohol? - Ideally, rhetoric is responsible " a mission, to teach ppl to be ethical persuaders and believed the importance of rhetoric was something that was bot only necessary, but absolutely possible and this is what we continue to think

What are types of rhetorical texts?

- Speeches ex. a large category, a lot of rhetorical critics like to analyze speeches and it has been the bulk of discipline. They are a good foundation of rhetorical criticism because they are very useful rhetorical texts. - Other public statements (such as debates or press conferences) - Written public arguments (such as editorials or statements) ex.2: anything like an editorial, website, institution, written public statement - Corporate communication (such as public statements or internal memos) ex.2: ex f persuasive text = corporate having a product issue 5. Personal Communication (such as correspondence or conversations). ex. 2 "letter between rhetor and letter she was studying and it was about culture movement" 6. Popular culture artifacts (such as television shows, movies, or songs). ex.2: Many if there is no explicit persuasive goal, in the popular culture artifacts, they are giving persuasive messages about what is funny or wrong, appropriate or inappropriate. They will use popular culture artifacts as texts

What must rhetorical critics understand about the audience of a text?

- The Demographic: "who is the audience? a group of people gathered together (abe Lincoln had a speech amd had a gathering and media = indirect/direct audience.) Some states supported his speech, how was it what drew them? Where they supporters? ex. Romney's audience he has was repub uglies, and some who do support him and casual repuglies.

According to Aristotle, what needs to be true of inductive arguments in order for them to be persuasive?

- There must be enough examples "previous reality tv ex she didn't watch many and Ari may say 'yea that's reaching a bad conclusion bc you didn't get enough exposure'.... ex.2 motorcycle ex; statistically speaking, I didn't get hurt or I didn't need it (helmet) You can find ex but not many. If you look hard, you can build on inductive argument, but have to be careful bc it is hard to build a strong deductive argument. - The examples must be representative "seat belt law: ppl spoke about not wearing a seatbelt, they were able to survive bc they were not wearing it. Being attached mean while there are ppl injured for not wearing seatbelt, and if you get hit you would be much safer wearing a seat belt.

What premises do we need to fill in to make sense of the "Baguette Man"?

- There was a longstanding domestic instability in Tunisia and calls for a political revolution - The street, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, has a history of being subject to emergency law measures against demonstrations. - A protestor is facing riot with a baguette - The protestor is holding the baguette as a weapon - The baguette has cultural resonance in Francophile countries

5. What is deductive argument? Be able to define and provide an example.

- This is arguing from a large truth or premise to a specific case or example 'when talking about deductive or inductive argument, we are talking about kinds of logos. " so if I said it is wrong my large truth or premise is that it us wrong ti take one's life/murder of C.P., she applys a large truth and say "bc we know it is wrong to take another person's life" in this instance, it is wrong to take this person's life. So this large truth/general premise and apply t ex.

What is inductive argument? Be able to define and provide an example.

- This is arguing from specific examples or instances to a larger claim. - Arguments built upon examples or case studies are inductive -" I liked the public speaking class and the argument and debate class I took; I should be a a comm stud major." " if you are lookin at case studies and example, you are probably making inductive argument. ex, I watched 3 ep of jersey shore bc my friends like it, well I didn't and how I will never watch reality tv again

Why is it important for a rhetor to understand and adapt to their audience when using an enthymeme?

- This means that the audience already agrees with part of the argument "ex. of buzz driving = drunk driving is a powerful message if you already believe that part. What you are doing is placing associates of drunk driving into argument - In order for any enthymeme to be successful, the rhetor needs to do a good job of understanding and adapting to their audience. "they are making assumptions about what premises to share with audience and need to makes sure the assumptions are correct. ex. dog food add, unstated premise should be treat dogs like family. ex.2: having comm dept. Annie did not find this as a good persuasive argument and it shows how persuasive they can be. - A way to make enthymeme more powerful think about your assumptions in argument, or if you are unsure a enthymeme think about what the unstated premise is. If you can state it out loud, it is enough to call people's attention that they are making assumptions or if you make your own enthymeme more powerful, say it out loud to see if your argument are second and make a strong persuasive argument.

What was Plato's view of truth?

- Truth is absolute "this is represented by the fact that there are forms - Truth is unchanging "all forms out there never change" - Truth is difficult for people to apprehend "had a administration view of humanity and our ability to understand truth. Again, illustrated in the form that truth is beyond us because we cannot behold true forms" - People's perception of truth often changes "wow after seeing a st bernard and say that and that come along later, encounter the chiwawa and how they think this is the best dog ever? is this the form of dog?"

6. What is a syllogism? Be able to define and provide an example.

- is a type of deductive argument - A syllogism has two premises and a conclusion that follows from the premises ex:1 - Premise: Socrates is Human. - Premise: All humans are mortal. - Conclusion: Socrates will die. ex:2 - Premise: When you love your dog like family - Premise: You want to treat them like family - Conclusion: That's why I Blue my dog "2 premise are the conclusion, in a syllogism you say all the parts. The argument includes one premise and conclusion"

7. What is an enthymeme? Be able to define and provide an example.

- is a type of deductive argument - Has two premises and a conclusion that follows from the premises. but one is NOT stated. ex.1 - Unstated Premise: Socrates is a human. (do we really need to state this premise? The audience can supply it and make sense of the argument.) "Soc is human" but you could say..." - Stated Premise: All humans are mortal. "We've all got to go some time" ... :instead you could say thus bc ppl can assume he is human. She states a 1 premise and a conclusion. You makes a conclusion that the audience will be able to follow the premise and conclusion without having to say the 1st premise out loud - States Conclusion; Socrates will die. "Socrates won't be around forever" ex. 2 - Unstated Premise: Harvard is a school we should emulate - Stated Premise: Harvard doesn't have a communication department - Stated Conclusion: The Univ of Virginia does not need a comm dept. "this enthymeme is dependent on the unstated premise, which Harvard is a school we should emulate. Indeed Harvard doesn't have one but maybe we need to have more than H. Maybe they are wrong. The enthymeme Harvard doesn't have a comm dept. so we shouldn't only works if we agree with the unstated premise. We should do what H does bc we want to be like them

According to Powell, "Will Mormonism keep Mitt Romney out of the White House," what was one of Romney's exigences?

-one of Mitt Romney's exigences according to Powel was the matter of Romney's Mormon religion affecting how his image is perceived by the American public. - Romney's image issue satisfies both components of the rhetorical exigence because Romney is attempting to become the next U.S. President. Essentially, because the presidential election is of urgency, it is very important that Romney uses rhetoric to inform his party, supporters, and conflicted voters, about his Morom religion and personal views in hopes of gaining trust in his image.

What is the exigence of a rhetorical situation?

1. I an imperfection marked by urgency 2. That can be solved by rhetoric "has 2 parts to definition and both equally important: an exigence is something this is wrong and needs to be fixed but it has to be something we can fix with rhetoric (ex of burnnete busy street. It is an imperfection. It is marked by urgency "I want this addressed bc someone can get hurt and it can be solved through rhetoric. A lot of rhetoric engage in speaking about issue"

What are four implications of the rhetorical situation?

1. Rhetorical situations are recognized by rhetors "skilled rhetors will figure out what the r.s is and how to respond to it. ex. program of women's suffrage parade and it is trying to call attention of women having the right to vote. Alice paul is an effective rhetor bc she was effective in recognizing and identifying the audience and working through constraints to persuade ppl to give women right to vote. 2. Rhetorical Situations may go unanswered. "ex. been in interaction and later recall a good reaction. "Brunette man would say "thats what I should have said here" ex of rhetorical situation bc t went unanswered bc she didn't address the exigence and sometimes rhetorical situation happened either no one recognizes them or nobody knows how to respond 3. Rhetorical situations call for fitting or appropriate responses.ex. pic of job interview:there are certain things that need to be communicated and some not said and we know that bc rhetoric is very practical and exigence is you wanting the job. You want to persuade interviewer to try to give you the job. The audience is very focused, exigence is focused and there are certain things that can and won't help you get the job ex.2 funeral: Rhetorical situation is not saying 'hey anyone can come here and say anything the rhetorical situation is calling forth a certain response. 4. Is it is the need for an audience that separates rhetoric from art or science. "at the beginning of lecture a political speech is rhetoric, but is art/movie/scientific finding? Bitzer would respond with 'when you are speaking in the moment, when you are trying to persuade an audience and that is diff from what Emily Dickinson dud, her poetry was not published until after she died. The audience didn't determine after she died and also they didn't determine her poetry wad great during her time or 100 years after. The audience was not critical component if what was going on there but with other ex, the rhetor needs to move the audience persuade them in exigence to address exigence and that is what gives rhetoric it's practicality and what makes it compelling

What are the constraints of a rhetorical situation?

1. These are anything that affects the audience's ability to modify the exigence 2. They can be positive or negative 3. The can be tangible or intangible 'ex. persuade people to go to city council meeting to pass S.B on the road. She has a lot of positive constraints that people will be motivated to want to change the situation and want to affect public safety. They feel impacted themselves so it is a positive. Negative constraints: ppl don't want S.B bc they don't want to slow down emergency vehicles or ppl who dont want SP on road bc they be expensive pop taxes might go up and neg. constraints need to be kept in mind. Tangible: constraint is something that is concrete and if already a law or ordinance, like S,B can't be placed on certain roads... intangible: something that is less concrete, you can be persuasive and get your way. Ppl may be angry at the water crisis in MI and they bring concerns to the, and it can be an intangible thing to and they can make them be accountable.

What is the audience of a rhetorical situation?

1. Those persons capable of being influenced by discourse, 2. Who can affect the exigence - equally important - ex. "if burnette can get speed bumps, she could talk to people who own prop. on street. They have an air b and b and they may not care bc they dont live there but they need to sign petition. People who do live there will see the issue an may sign or then some may not bc they dont see the issue bc they dont have kids or see the urgency. I will be able to persuade parents, walkers. It is important to identify the exigence and who can affect it. I want to identify people who can vote in the elections, who can support from city council memebers... a rhetor not only has to figure out what the exigence is, but also who is the best audience, look for people who are capable of being influenced by discourse and can affect what exigence is.

What are the four purposes of communication that Foss identifies?

1. We use rhetoric to persuade others 2. We use rhetoric to invite understanding (we went to enrich ideas/things not before) 3. We use rhetoric as a way of knowing ourselves 4. Rhetoric "tells us what reality is" - it defines reality (ex. internal messages we tell ourselves are very powerful = a going to a party and saying you can't drink"

What must rhetorical critics understand about the rhetor of a text?

1. What doe we need to know about the rhetor's background and expertise? "was this person a very educated person or did they bring common sense... what do we need to know about this person's experiences" 2. What is the rhetor's relationship to the topic? "is this person an expert and why he is called or is a person that doesn't have a lot of credentials and experience with topic and is coming forth to share experience. 3. Did the rhetor have a specific purpose in this text? "in some cases the purpose is going to be very exclusive. If i am running for govt, every speech between now and election need to says vote for me bc I am going to be good. - dont announce you are running until closer to date. "years comming into election, they try to make themselves look good

Who was Plato's student?

Aristotle

What does it mean to say that rhetoric is the faculty of discovering the available means of persuasion in a given situation?

Being someone to persuade causes many factors to be considered. ' he is saying every situation is different in a given situation, "Discussion of covid with family .... a lecture with a large class = couldn't bc would rely on public statistics, diff from fam and rhetoric is not just an abstract thing = having a perfect philosophical position on everything different

What were Plato's dialogues?

Gorgias, Protagorus, Phaedrus

What does it mean to say that rhetoric is a faculty?

Key strengths of aristole def: it is a skill and it is important because a skill can be learned, improved, practiced and gets us away from communication is something we're good at = "this person is good at.. communication is a growth mindset.

Why do we know much less about the Sophists than we do about Plato?

Most of their writings did not survive. They have some fragments but not like plato.

What is Gagich's definition of rhetoric?

Rhetoric is "the art of persuasion."

What is Sonja Foss's definition of rhetoric?

Rhetoric is "the human use of symbols to communicate"

What is Aristotle's definition of rhetoric?

Rhetoric is the faculty of discovering the available means of persuasion in a given situation.

Who was Plato's teacher?

Socrates

What does it mean to say that symbols are the primary medium of rhetoric?

Talking about language. The most prominent way = language ex. primarily looking at words or texts with rhetorical we look at words and arguments/tone of voice... a way rhetorical; critics focus on texts

What must rhetorical critics understand about a text's historical context?

The must understand... 1. When was the text produced? "Context = situation or environment t in which the text was produced." 2. What were the historical factors that influenced the text? " research may be necessary to find out factors influencing the rhetor or audience... opposite of a contemporary text. In some ways people are drawn to contemporary bc they are living through the historical context = they may understand the historical factors but they may not see the bigger historical factor until we see a distance. 3. Was the text a response to a specific event or occasion? "There are certain communication occasion that have strict protocol ex. Union speech, inaugural speech, commencement = are speeches that already have standard... we need to understand the occasion bc it gives us a better chance to understand the reader and text.

What is the "Baguette Man" photo?

The protester was holding a baguette (an elongated loaf of bread, often referred to in the West as French bread) in the firing position, as if to use it as a weapon. The picture was also taken on Avenue Habib Bourguiba, in Tunis, a geographic space with a long and complicated history of political resistance dating back to the time of French colonial rule over Tunisia. In fact, the same avenue was subject to emergency law measures against public demonstration during the bread riots of the 1980s under Bourguiba's rule; a fact well known to Tunisians (Fahim, 2013, para. 5). The photograph went viral and was globally distributed on social networking sites such as Facebook, where it registered over 200,000 views within days

How do rhetorical critics use rhetorical texts?

We need texts in order to do rhetorical criticism (transcripts of speeches, ppl who have done media coverage pf certain images) = be able to point at something when someone was making an argument.

According to Gerber and Cook, how do we learn these premises?

Western audiences who previously would have had no frame of reference for the photograph, and who would have not been able to decipher its enthymematic meaning, were able to not only view/access the image through social networking sites, but also to begin learning about the importance of the photo through discussions, deliberation, and dialectic with an audience whom they had not previously been socially, politically, or geographically connected. "global audiences used social networking through social media"

What does it mean to say that rhetoric is the faculty of "discovering" the available means of persuasion?

You need to know how to talk about topic in the correct format (ex. persuading our friends and roommates) 'means in his putting emphasis on process of invention. (often ppl who don't practice rhetoric will naturally of what they see from performance. The performance is ofthen the last thing "he is putting emphasis on process on invention (often ppl who don't practice rhetoric will naturally take from what they see from a performance. The performance is is often the last thing = how you approach advice and how to approach rhetorical situation.

Be able to explain Aristotle's canons of rhetoric: a. Invention (including ethos, pathos, and logos). b. Organization. c. Style. d. Delivery. e. Memory

a. Invention: a speaker's major ideas and lines of argument "the canon of invention is what the speaker needs to be concerned with what to say and thus us where it happens. The speaker starts thinking about what are the things I wanna talk about what are the ideas I want to get across? how do I frame these ideas so that they are persuasive as possible. What are my lines of argument? and to help promote an argument Ari said "every speaker draws from or use of 3 forms of proof = ethos 1. ethos: what the speaker brings to the speech; credibility "in every speech, the speaker' rhetor needs to male a claim why they audience should believe or trust them" 2. Pathos: what the audience brings to the speech; the emotions that a speaker tries to evoke the audience "is the speaker trying to use fear appeals? or get them to eel guilty or optimisitc/excited/patriotic? Anytime the speaker is trying to generate emotion with the audience, they are using Pathos" 3. Logos: the logic of the speech itself "n/a" --- "aris said speaker needs to use these 3 proofs and balance. You don't just want to rely on Pathos/emotional appeals if. you are just using specific emotions to get emotion, the audience may go along with you or get bored. (ex. drivers ed was so strong (pathos) and appeals were so strong that they rejected it bc it was crazy how they scare them. A speaker how relies on ethos kinda becomes boring after a while and ppl push back. Someone who relies on logos risk being way too dry. Having a lot of facts and arguments are very sound, but not much to animate them in the minds of the audience" b. Organization: how speech is arranged c. Styles: TS. the use of language "when we talk about style today, we tend to talk about style as having a whole bunch of different components. Ari is referring to lang use (ex. we make adjustments to what speech we are giving and if we talk about an audience. Ari cannon of style allows use to think about our language choices makes us more or less about persuasive to specific audiences. d. Delivery: the physical presentation of a speech "it takes unto account everything about the speakers voice,, Other nonverbal behaviors and everything about the physical presentation of the speech" e. Memory: the lost "cannon": how speakers memorize their speech "we don't have to use it much now bc we have our own tactics, ancient greece, they had to memorize their speech. A.G is an oral culture and written lang. but difficult to write, distribute, and copy writings, A speaker couldn't stand up with note cards, manuscripts. we don't have to memorize like them so it is lost cannon.

Be able to define and provide an example of the following elements of an internal rhetorical analysis or descriptive analysis of a rhetorical text: a. What is the rhetor's claim? b. What evidence does the rhetor use to support her or his claim? c. How would you describe the tone of the text? d. How does the rhetor present herself or himself in the text? e. What assumptions does the rhetor make about the audience? f. What emotions does the rhetor seem to emphasize in the text?

a. Rhetorical Claim Is "sometimes rhetors make claims very explicit by saying, "by the time I finish this speech, you will do these things, sometimes a rhetor's claim is not bold, not as explicit. Thus, rhetorical critic must look closely to figure out what the rhetor's claim is. ex.a: another thing to look for in a text is the evidence a rhetor used... is theme evidence. Is the rhetor using anything to support their claim or are they just making claims and moving on to the next claim? and if evidence, what kind?... b. does it include facts, testimony, personal evidences. If you identify evidence through text, you can also ask it the evidence is sound and strong, or is it evidence that can be debunked. Also, does the evidence actually support the claim> Sometimes ppl use evidence but id doesn't support the argument they are making c. "you would also try to describe the tone of the rhetor. Does the rhetor seem aggressive or lecturing? What is the stanza that they are taking with the audience? d. Does the rhetor identify themselves either explicitly or through? the understanding of the material as an expert, sometimes ppl say, "i got x number of years and why I can speak on this subject or topic" or sometimes give their expertise throughout the text y demonstrating how knowledgeable they are. Some will go in opposite direction and you should believe the rhetor not bc of being an expert, but bc they are up there and they are just like us. There are many ways a rhetor create their own persona through a text. e. "does the rhetor seem to think that the audience need a lot of education before they understands the topic? or does the rhetor assume the audience understands the issue before the rhetor goes on to persuade him" f. "is the rhetor trying to use a lot of fear appeal to scare ppl into doing something? Or does the rhetor stress patriotism, pride, optimism, what kind of emotional appeal is the rhetor trying to make = this kind of analysis is called "descriptive analysis bc before you choose a rhetorical criticism method, to help understand/illuminate the text,,, you ned to describe, have an understanding of that before doing deeper analysis so descriptive analysis can be very helpful

According to Powell, "Will Mormonism keep Mitt Romney out of the White House," what was one of Romney's constraints?

def: Constraints are what causes the audience to be invoked in the rhetorical situation which determines if they would get involved or not. There are positive and negative constraints, which are things that determine if support is gained to join the rhetorical situation or not. Also, constraints can be tangible, meaning more concrete in terms of if there is no other way around the situation. But a constraint can be intangible, meaning something is less concrete and it is something that can be altered. - One of Romney's constraints according to Powell, Romeny is not well perceived by the public because of his handling of his religion while using a rhetoric of silence. He is also perceived as an equivocating candidate.

4. Despite Aristotle's concerns, why do we sometimes use inductive arguments?

ex. declaring a major; few go into a sense saying 'this is going to be the best major/ I know bc Spanish has larger truths = maybe the case, but a lot of us w/ taking classes make decision inductively. A lot of time, we have no choice, I took a PS class = Love it, even if ari is worried, a lot of time our experiences and evidence are the best evidence available to us, like examples, experiences we've had

What does it mean to say that rhetorical criticism involves a systematic analysis of rhetoric?

mare than just saying, "I like this speech... i like that one..." we ill start learning methods and have a tool bar of when we see a text, "I want to understand it better by applying systematic impunity of metric text..." ex. (metaphor criticism) = how they promogates (make an argument

What did the Sophists do for a living?

• Inerrant teachers of philosophy and rhetoric • Purser of wisdom - They were private tutor or teachers