COMM 3330 Exam 3

Case of Buddhism and Hinduism

In Buddhism: •Feelings of hatred, animosity, and resentment have an effect on our mental well-being. •Forgiveness prevents our suffering from harmful thoughts. In Hinduism: •Forgiveness is one of the six cardinal virtues. •The person who does not forgive retains the memories of the harm and the memories of the anger and negative feelings that affect him or her in the present as well as in the future. •Recognizes the difference between forgiveness as an individual process and forgiveness in interaction between two persons in a relationship.

International Negotiation for Side-Effects

•Substitution for violence •Deception •Propaganda •Impact on third parties

Outcomes of Conflict in Organizations

- Conflict in organizations can yield negative or productive outcomes. - For example, 22% indicated that conflict can foster confidence that an issue has been managed thoroughly and considered (CPP Inc.). - Personal insults/attacks = highest negative outcome (27%) - Project failure (9%)

Workplace Conflict

- Conflict in the workplace has different effects on organizations. One of them is cost in time and direct cost. - A study by CPP Inc. revealed that U.S. employees spend a total of 2.8 hours per week managing conflict. This translates into a cost of approximately $359 billion in 2008. •29% of employees deal with conflict frequently. •The majority of employees (85%) have to deal with conflict to some degree. •Finally, that most of the employees have never received any training in conflict management. - Too little conflict causes performance to suffer - Too much conflict causes performance to suffer - Optimum level of conflict leads to effective decision making and high performance

Necessary Component for Reconciliation

- Forgiveness does not automatically result in the restoration of the relationship between the parties. - Reconciliation includes forgiveness but moves beyond it. - Reconciliation is an interpersonal process in which: 1. Victim and offender want to remain in the relationship. 2. Each believe the other will behave in a benevolent manner. 3. They discuss what happened. 4. Exchange stories. 5. Express the hurt. 6. Listen for the remorse. 7. Begin to establish trust. - Forgiveness is solo; reconciliation is a joint venture. - A central factor in Judaism and Christianity

Threats, Bluffs, and Warnings

- If you issue a warning or a threat, you try to alter your opponent' s expectations about HIS gains or losses that would result from certain choices he can take. - Warning involves NATURAL consequences for the party. - Threat involves special efforts to cause the suffering. - In international negotiations warnings are far more frequentthan threats.

Policy-Media Interaction Model

- Impact of media advocacy on decision-making will depend on: •Whether the government has a clear and firm policy of dealing with crisis at hand (can be either pro- or anti- intervention) •Whether there is a consensus within the government regarding that policy •Whether in its framing of the crisis the government is either supportive or critical about the policy

International Mediation

- International mediation refers to activities conducted by various international actors with the aim of managing international conflicts on interstate and intrastate levels.

Defining Family

- Nuclear family is made out of a married pair and their unmarried offspring. The absolute nuclear family type has been the dominant family type in North America. Today, many families lack this type's characteristics. - Extended families are composed of two or more nuclear families joined by an extension of the parent-child relationship. •Structural: Biological relationships. •Legal: Family relationships are defined by law. •Functional: Family relationships are defined by roles people play. Functional families are broadest range of family relationships, from a single parent with a child to an unmarried couple with a child to a same-sex married couple with a child.

Camp David Accords

- One of President Jimmy Carter's most significant foreign policy accomplishments was the treaty of peace between Egypt and Israel, known as the Camp David Accords, signed on September 17, 1978. - In order to reach an agreement between those two countries, President Carter invited President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and Prime Minister Menachin Begin of Israel to the United States to hold negotiations, in which President Carter used mediation skills with concluded with the treaty. - The Setting. The setting was Camp David, a presidential country retreat outside of Washington, DC, with lodges and cabins in a secluded and private setting. - Caucus. President Carter began the process sitting together with Sadat and Begin in joint meetings, but since the disputants could not accept the other party's points, President Carter decided to meet with them individually. Sadat and Begin did not meet again except in social contexts. - Listening and Issue Identification. President Carter used what has been called the single negotiating text method. After his individual meetings, President Carter developed a draft document, which the negotiating parties then rewrote. - WATNA. To remind disputants of the consequences of not settling, President Carter let the parties to an excursion to the Gettysburg battlefield, a visual reminder of the horror of war. - Deadline. President Carter told the parties he was returning to the White House the next Sunday after 10 days, and if the disputants did not have a settlement it will be a failure.

Sources of Workplace Conflict

- Systemic sources of organizational conflict are a product of the organization itself.Examples of systemic source include departments having conflicting goals even though they share the goal of the organization. - Interpersonal relationships are the other source of workplace conflict. - Personality clashes/ warring egos is main source of organizational conflict (49%) - Perceived discrimination is the least (10%) - Between entry level and front line roles = level where most conflict is observed (34%) - Higher level employees perceived to have less conflict PHASES: Latent conflict, perceived conflict, felt conflict, manifest conflict, conflict aftermath

Agenda Setting Theory

- The media sets the public agenda, in the sense that they may not exactly tell you what to think, but they may tell you what to think aboutand how important it is.

Priming Theory

- The priming theory states that media imagesstimulate related thoughts in the minds of audience members.

Retributive Justice

- When someone has been a victim of harm, how can justice be restored? - Retributive justice reestablishes justice by punishing the wrongdoer. Punishment is justified because it deters future lawbreaking. Major criticism is that:... - victims are left out of the process - Also, that punishment does not answer victims' questions, relieve their fears, or restore their losses. Restorative justice programs have as their primary objective emotional repair for the victim.

Managing Organizational Conflict

- employees indicated what managers should do to manage conflict. 1.State expectations. 2.Have more frequent interpersonal contact. 3.Act as mediator. - Identify and address underlying tensions before things go wrong (54%)

Waldron & Kelly Model for Forgiveness Based on Communication Approach

1. Confront the transgression. Acknowledge what happened and how victim was hurt. 2. Manage emotion. Allow emotions to come and dissipate. 3. Engage in sense making. Victim invites information about details and explanation in an effort to construct shared meaning. 4. Seek forgiveness. The offender apologizes, expresses regret, and offers to make amends. The victim develops empathy and communicates. 5. Grant forgiveness. 6. Negotiate values and rules. The values and rules that will govern any future relationship are negotiated. 7. Transition: Monitor, maintain, or renegotiate. Monitor the new relationship, build trust, and focus on future.

Family Types and Conflict

1. Pluralistic families perceive conflict as a part of family life. Negative feelings are not necessarily suppressed. Pluralistic families deal productively with them when they arise with the conflict. This type of families focuses on problem solving. 2. Consensual families encourage open expression of conflicts. At the same time that they perceive conflict to be a threat to family harmony, they are able to deal positively with its negative aspects. Conflicts are managed as problem solving. 3. Laissez-faire families have few conflicts because they tend to avoid conflict. They do not perceive conflict as a threat to the family. 4. Protective families view conflict negatively and suppress it. When negative emotions arise, they may be unproductive because the family has little experience sharing feelings and concerns. Negative emotions may be expressed in outbursts that are responded to with repression or silence.

Worthington 5 Step Model of Forgiveness

1. Recall the hurt. As objectively as possible; confront reality of transgression; keep emotional responses in check. 2. Empathize. Victim sees things from offender's perspective and feelings; offender becomes a person. 3. Altruistic gift of forgiveness. Review past transgressions; concentrate on feelings he or she had when forgiven; must have true desire to forgive. 4. Commit publicly to forgive. Written journal or commitment to friends can remind motives to forgive, and avoid falling back to negative emotions. 5. Hold on to forgiveness. Forgiveness is a long-term process. Victim must review journal entries, and seek assurances from friends.

Parent - Child Conflicts

1. The age and developmental level of the child. 2. The inherently asymmetrical relationship in which parents have more power. - In the case of younger children, conflicts typically stem from the child's anger over goal blockages by parents and the parent's anger over the child's misbehavior - In the case of adolescents, conflicts with parents are based on violated expectations, a renegotiation of the influence of parents, and the freedom of adolescents to develop independent identities and values - Several studies support the idea that the power imbalance between the parent and the child is necessary for the parents to provide guidance, direction, and discipline in order for the child to grow up to be a responsible adult. - Parents exercise their power when they set the limits of acceptable and unacceptable behavior for their children.

Enright Model of Forgiving

1. Uncovering. The victim recognizes pain, and anger and other negative feelings are acknowledged. 2. Decision. Victim decides whether forgiveness is an option. It's a rational decision. 3. Work. Victim recontextualizes the offense to feel empathy and compassion for the offender, and reclaims positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This step culminates in an act of mercy. 4. Outcome. It's about healing. The victim finds meaning in the experience. For victim, saving the relationship is what is important.

Major Parts of Forgiveness

a)It's both an emotional and a cognitive internal process. b)The offended party or victim works through the hurt. c)The victim relinquishes grudges, feelings of hatred, animosity, or resentment to the offender. - In forgiveness the victim forgoes any wishes and plans for retaliation, revenge, and claims for restitution. - When there is not an apology, the victims are forgiving in order to take care of themselves. Nelson Mandela example of Public Forgiveness

Benefits of Forgiveness

• Physiological measurements showed that during unforgiveness, participants showed greater tension in the brow area of the face and higher arterial blood pressure. • They also reported feeling more negative, aroused, angry, and sad, and less in control. • Their conclusion was that a sustained pattern of unforgiveness over time could result in poorer health because of the negative psychophysiological states that accompany unforgiveness.

Is Forgiveness Culture-Specific?

• Sandage and Williamson report that victims in individualistic cultures tend to focus on the offender's control over the offense and on considerations of justice. • On the other hand, victims in collectivistic cultures tend to focus on the likelihood of the offender's reoffending. They also are more inclined to be motivated by relationship issues. • They concluded that more interdependent cultures are more forgiving than individualistic and legalistic cultures.

Divorce

•After a decision has been made to file for divorce, spouses can resolve as many issues as possible outside the court. •That helps them save time and money and minimizes the negative emotional impact a court case can have. •In divorce mediation, it is not unusual for couples to resolve many issues and go to court only on those they cannot resolve themselves, like dividing their property.

Family Communication Patterns

•Conversation orientationis the degree to which family members interact frequently, share thoughts on any topic, and include others in decisions that involve them. •In conformity orientationfamilies revolve around whether or not instill similar attitudes, beliefs, and values as well as interdependence and obedience to traditional family structure. 1.Protective: Low conversation/high conformity. 2.Consensual: High conversation/high conformity. 3.Laissez-faire: Low conversation/low conformity. 4.Pluralistic: High conversation/low conformity. 1.Pluralistic families perceive conflict as a part of family life. Negative feelings are not necessarily suppressed. Pluralistic families deal productively with them when they arise with the conflict. This type of families focuses on problem solving. 2. Consensual families encourage open expression of conflicts. At the same time that they perceive conflict to be a threat to family harmony, they are able to deal positively with its negative aspects. Conflicts are managed as problem solving. 3. Laissez-faire families have few conflicts because they tend to avoid conflict. They do not perceive conflict as a threat to the family. 4. Protective families view conflict negatively and suppress it. When negative emotions arise, they may be unproductive because the family has little experience sharing feelings and concerns. Negative emotions may be expressed in outbursts that are responded to with repression or silence.

Objectives of International Negotiation

•Extension •Normalization •Redistribution •Innovation •Side-effects

Framing

•FRAMING (theory); Goffman's "Frame Analysis" •People interpret what is going on around their world through their primary framework. •This framework is regarded as primary as it is taken for granted by the user. - Framing is in many ways tied very closely to Agenda Setting Theory. - Metaphor: To frame a conceptual idea through comparison to something else. - Stories (myths, legends): To frame a topic via narrative in a vivid and memorable way. - Tradition (rituals, ceremonies): Cultural mores that imbue significance in the mundane, closely tied to artifacts. - Slogan, jargon, catchphrase: To frame an object with a catchy phrase to make it more memorable and relate-able. - Artifact: Objects with intrinsic symbolic value - a visual/cultural phenomenon that holds more meaning than the object it self. - Contrast: To describe an object in terms of what it is not. - Spin: to present a concept in such a ways as to convey a value judgement (positive or negative) that might not be immediately apparent; to create an inherent bias by definition.