comm 403 final

The study of personal relationships is taught solely in communication departments.

False

According to the authors of the textbook, ______ is a richer source of power messages than ______

nonverbal communication, verbal communication

According to the authors of the textbook, ______ is a richer source of power messages than ______.

nonverbal communication, verbal communication

The models that form the basis of attachment styles are known as "working models" because ______.

they are relatively stable, yet can be changed by new experiences

Research has shown that children of divorced parents are less likely to talk about the state of their family when ______.

they feel caught between their parents

Interpersonal valence refers to the degree we find someone attractive.

True

Invisible support is most effective in reducing distress because people do not want to feel dependent.

True

Jealous women report using integrative communication, expressing emotion, and using counter jealousy inductions more often than jealous men.

True

Jealousy can be a sign of love and attachment but it can also be both a symptom and a cause of relational distress.

True

Manipulation is when you get your way by making your partner feel guilty or ashamed.

True

Men tend to say "I love you" first in relationships.

True

Most divorces in the United States are voluntary.

True

Moving back and forth from one side of the dialectic to the other to manage the tension is called cyclical alternation.

True

One common reason for breakups is a difference in beliefs, attitudes, and values.

True

One pathway to relationship rejuvenation is explicit relational talk.

True

Online sexual searches and pornography use is a worldwide phenomenon.

True

People are most likely to respond to blog if it contains personal self-disclosure.

True

People can restore equity by changing their behavior.

True

People use physical appearance to make judgments about someone's inner character

True

People who have casual sex are less likely to experience loneliness than people who do not have casual sex.

True

Prescriptive expectancies tell people what to expect in a relationship based on what is considered appropriate.

True

Relational closeness is the interdependence people share.

True

Relationship stability is, to some extent, promoted when a relationship partner derogates alternative partners.

True

Relationships emerge across ongoing interactions.

True

Research supports the "Romeo and Juliet" effect, which predicts that parental interference can strengthen attraction between two people

True

Same-sex siblings of about the same age are particularly likely to engage in frequent, competitive fighting.

True

Someone who is sending repeated, unwanted calls or texts to someone is engaged in stalking.

True

Stalking behaviors constitute repeated and unwanted contact that is threatening and/or fear-provoking.

True

The dyadic phase where we confront and interact with our partner is one of Duck's five stages of relational dissolution.

True

The idea that relational communication is dynamic means that communication reflects the changing nature of relationships.

True

The investment model is an extension of Thibaut and Kelley's interdependence theory.

True

Using token resistance in sexual situations is often confusing

True

When our life partner does something unexpected, we are sometimes less able to predict their attitudes and behaviors.

True

Women are more likely to use less powerful speech because they are more polite and interpersonally sensitive than men.

True

Women tend to disclose somewhat more than men, particularly on intimate topics

True

Independence theory and the investment model use the term outcome to refer to ______.

the ratio of rewards to costs in the relationship

According to research cited in the text, forgiveness is most likely when ______.

the relationship was previously rewarding

When parties in conflict begin to stonewall, it means that they ______

withdraw from the interaction

Mike and Micky decided to have a ceremony to renew their vows to celebrate their 50th anniversary. They recognize that this event signifies a ______ in their relationship.

turning point

Someone wearing a religious necklace could be disclosing something about his or her religious beliefs. Someone posting pictures of their significant other is disclosing relationship information. However, according to the text, most self-disclosure is ______.

verbal

The distinction between romantic versus nonromantic relationships is based on ______

whether people define themselves as a couple

Men are more likely to do demanding and women are most likely to do the withdrawing.

False

Most dating breakups are mutual rather than the decision of just one of the relational partners.

False

People are most likely to use the demand-withdraw strategy when they want their partner to stay the same.

False

Pillow talk is the communication a couple has before sexual intercourse.

False

Pregiving is when you kiss-up or suck up to someone to get your way.

False

Research shows that "opposites attract" relationships last longer than "similarities attract" relationships.

False

Risk/reward is the fundamental dialectical tension of close relationships.

False

Since the AIDS crisis of the 1980s, premarital sex has decreased.

False

Some cultures do not engage in sexual intercourse.

False

The attachment style defined by positive model of self and negative model of others is the secure style.

False

The majority of people today meet their future spouse on the Internet or an Internet dating site.

False

The matching hypothesis refers to the tendency for people to seek partners who are extremely physically attractive.

False

The need for autonomy and independence is one of the top predictors of a breakup.

False

When children adopt a conflict style that is unlike their parents' style, a socialization effect has occurred.

False

According to most research, we are attracted to those who are attitudinally similar to us because they are able to provide us with ______.

reinforcement

Late one Friday afternoon, the person you are dating calls and asks, "So, what are we doing tonight?" You interpret this question as good thing and realize you have a partner who is always there for you. This refers to the ______ level of the message.

relational

Michael and Bernadette believe that sexual intercourse is a way of expressing love and affection as well as for developing greater relational intimacy. This implies that they have a ______ orientation toward sexuality.

relational

The first time Diba introduced Nathan as her boyfriend in public, it was a special moment. The word "boyfriend" is an example of a verbal ______.

relationship indicator

The single biggest motivator leading to avoidance of a particular issue with a partner is ______.

relationship protection

You do not get along very well with your boss but you want to make things better. According to expectancy violations theory, which of the following strategies would be the most appropriate choice?

remaining civil and polite and gradually becoming friendlier over time

Obsessive relational intrusion includes ______.

repeated, unwanted calls or texts

Which strategy is used the most often to help intensify relationships?

increased contact

Few serial monogamists love each other.

False

People who are poor communicators are not aware that someone may communicate better than they do. This is explained by which of the following explanations?

"Ignorance is Bliss" Explanation

Extrinsic investments are resources or benefits that are developed over time as a result of being in the relationship, such as material possessions.

True

The authors of your textbook report research showing that, compared to heterosexual couples, lesbian couples are likely to have ______ sex.

. less frequent

According to the textbook, research on interpersonal communication began contributing to the study of personal relationships in the ______.

1960s and 1970s

Safe sex is an important topic of discussion for people in relationships. Which of the following statements is accurate?

According to one study, 99% of college students were confident that their partner did not have an STI.

According to the textbook, which of the following conditions define behavior's relationship to communication?

Behavior is communication if it is interpreted by a receiver.

In the resurrection phase, people go public with their problems.

False

Which of the following individuals has a high quality of alternatives?

Dominic, who would enjoy being on his own much more than being "stuck" in his current relationship

Individuals in inequitable relationships experience more satisfaction.

False

Jealousy induction is an antisocial maintenance behavior.

False

According to Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, the "passion" component is the most important of the three components.

False

According to your book, traditional marriages are based on a form of benevolent female dominance coupled with clearly specialized roles.

False

According to your text, interpersonal communication consists mainly of verbal messages.

False

As relationships become more established, people are more likely to use secret tests to reduce uncertainty.

False

Bringing third parties into the conflict conversation usually reduces defensiveness.

False

Catastrophe theory suggests that most relationship are destined for a disastrous and painful breakup.

False

Competitive fighting is characterized by an uncooperative orientation and an indirect style of communication.

False

Conflict is most likely to occur in the context of close relationships.

False

For relational growth to produce lasting, positive results, it needs to be linear.

False

Hook-ups are spontaneous, sexual encounters that lead to relationships.

False

In both interdependence theory and the investment model, satisfaction is based on two things, sex and love.

False

Marital satisfaction increases after parenthood.

False

The metaphor "kiss of the porcupines" refers to which of the following statements?

Humans have the need to be social with one another, but they often harm each other in their closeness.

Which of the following is one of the reasons given for the existence of the "Romeo and Juliet" effect?

Individuals may enjoy the feeling of an illicit secret.

The authors of the textbook note that people often do not publicize privacy needs directly because communicating privacy needs in intimate relationships can be difficult. What is the reason for this difficulty?

Intimate partners tend to guess at privacy needs before one communicates them.

Which of the following is the best example of an indirect and unilateral strategy of breaking up?

Just walk out the back, Jack.

Which of the following is the best example of a compensatory restoration response to jealousy?

Kristen makes herself especially attractive when around Terry.

In the 1970s, Berscheid and Walster got "fleeced" by the U.S. Senate and criticized because they were studying _____

Love

______ violations happen when someone's behavior deviates from what is considered right.

Moral

______ behaviors involve standing by and letting conditions in a relationship get worse.

Neglect

Children pick up attitudes about sex from many sources. Which of the following statements is true?

Parent-child communication about sex is rare.

Which of the following statements is true according to relational goal pursuit theory?

People expend energy to develop or re-initiate relationships to the extent that they perceive a relationship is desirable and attainable.

Compensatory restoration is a form of self-improvement to try prevent one's partner from straying as solution for one's jealousy.

True

In terms of the effects of conflict on relationships, which of the following is true about conflict?

The way conflict is managed can determine how satisfying a relationship is.

Tim receives 30 benefits for every 15 contributions he makes to his relationship with Sarah. Sarah, on the other hand, receives 25 benefits for every 5 contributions she makes. According to equity theory, ______.

Tim is underbenefitted and Sarah is over-benefitted

Which of the following is the best example of symmetrical message exchange?

Tom says, "Take out the trash," and Jake says, "Take it out yourself."

"Attack positions, not people (no name-calling, button pushing, or violence)" is one of the ten rules for constructive conflict management mentioned in your textbook.

True

A relationship can be unbalanced in terms of specific equity, but balanced overall.

True

According to research cited in the text, women sometimes fail to use sexual resistance messages because they fear the relational consequences of turning down their partner.

True

According to the investment model, rewards, costs, the quality of alternatives, satisfaction, investments, and commitment all influence whether or not a person will work to save a troubled relationship.

True

According to your text, interpersonal communication contains both content and relational information

True

Almost two thirds of all sexual assaults occur with relational partners.

True

Autonomy/connection is the internal manifestation of the integration dialectic.

True

Altman and Taylor's social penetration theory includes six dimensions of self-disclosure. ______refers to how honest or truthful the disclosure is.

Veracity

What are typical behaviors in long-term sexual relationships?

Women are more likely to act as facilitators than gatekeepers.

Which of the following best represents the definition of conflict provided in the text?

a disagreement over incompatible goals

Katie and Hubbel broke up after a long-term relationship. She called him in the middle of the night and said "I need to talk to my best friend about my break-up; but, you're my best friend." This is an example of ______.

a double whammy

Research on the intergenerational transmission of divorce has shown that children of divorced couples are ______ to get divorced than are children of non-divorced couples.

about 1 1/2 to 2 times more likely

Which of the following statements about friends with benefits relationships is false according to the research reported in your textbook?

about half of partners in these relationships report feeling uncertainty about their friends with benefits relationship

Research show that men use more powerful forms of speech than women ______.

across all situations

Scott washes his partner's car, helps with the household chores, and runs errands. He is expressing his love through the language of ______.

acts of service

Secure individuals are more likely than insecure individuals to use ______.

affection and assurances

Close relationships satisfy interpersonal needs. The three most central needs are ______.

affection, social inclusion, and behavioral control

There are some sex differences between men and women and how they express closeness in same sex friendships. Men are more likely to have ______.

agentic friendships

Adam and Zack are avoiding conversation topics and displaying jealous behavior in public. They are using ______ maintenance behaviors.

antisocial

Research from numerous countries shows that when married men and women have more equal income, women ______.

are more subservient

When people have good relational alternatives, they ______.

are often highly dependent on their partner

In one of your classes, you are assigned to work in a small group with a person who consistently refutes certain positions. Without directly teasing or insulting others, he attacks other people's ideas by explaining flaws in their reasoning. Which of the following types of social ability is this person displaying?

argumentativeness

Isabel stands at the foot of the stairs and yells "dinner's ready" to her kids who are upstairs. However, her kids do not hear her because they are both listening to their I-Pods. This is an example of ______.

attempted communication

The internal manifestation of the dialectic of integration is ______.

autonomy-connection

One day at the grocery store, you notice a child and her mother in the cereal aisle. The child is pulling her mother toward a certain box of cereal. When her mother says, "No, you can't have that cereal because it is too sugary," the girl stamps her feet, cries, and pouts. Which of the following verbal power ploys best describes the one the child is using to influence her mother?

aversive stimulation

Steve grew up with parents who overstimulated him, which made him defensive. As an adult, he prefers interpersonal distance, doesn't trust others, and doesn't want much intimacy in his relationships. According to Ainsworth, Steve would be labeled as having which attachment style during childhood?

avoidant

An under benefitted person is more likely than an over-benefitted person to ______.

be angry and aggressive

An over-benefitted person is more likely than an under benefitted person to_____.

be happy

Cognitive valence theory proposes that the process of intimacy exchange begins with ______.

behavior

Close relationships are defined by ______.

behavioral interdependence, repeated interaction, emotional attachment, and needed fulfillment

If you were trying to predict who would be in the "demanding" versus "withdrawing" position during a conflict episode, which piece of information would be most helpful?

being able to identify who was a man and who was a woman

As relationships develop and become closer, ______.

breadth increases before depth, and valence starts out positive but later becomes mixed

Bruce is hurt and uncertain about his relationship with Stephanie. He lashed out at her and refused to look at her when she tried to talk with him. Bruce is engaged in ______.

button pushing

According to Andersen's Cognitive Valence Theory, ______ are templates that people use to help them label behavior as appropriate or inappropriate.

cognitive valencers

Nikolai and Teresa are trying to decide which restaurant they should take their friend Thomas to for his birthday. Nikolai wants to take Thomas to a Vietnamese restaurant (which serves generous portions of inexpensive but delicious food), and Teresa wants to take Thomas to a French restaurant (which serves expensive and beautifully presented food). If Nikolai and Teresa search the Internet for restaurants and then decide to take Thomas to a very modern restaurant that serves Vietnamese food in a French style, their conflict style would best be described as ______.

collaborating

Which two conflict styles are considered to be the most cooperative?

collaborating and yielding

The text book summarizes a study that compared maintenance behavior in virtual, Pinocchio, cyber-emigrant, and real-world relationships. According to this study, the amount of maintenance behavior people use is best predicted by ______.

commitment level

The theory by Petronio that explains how people negotiate their need for privacy is called ______.

communication privacy management theory

Which form of complementarity is least likely to be related to attraction and liking?

complementarity in values

A smile from your significant other sends a different message to you than a smile from a stranger. A secret your best friend tells you means something different than a disclosure from a stranger on a plane. The principle that explains these interactions is that relationships ______.

contextualize messages

The negative spiral sequence characterized by one partner wanting to talk about an issue, while the other continually avoids the issue is ______.

demand-withdraw

According to the text, the authoritative discipline style is best described as ______.

demanding and directive, but also responsive

Self-blame and other negative relationship thoughts following a breakup is associated with ______.

depression

Arnie and Annie are having trouble managing the tension in their relationship. Annie uses sarcasm and ambiguous statements to deal with it. Which strategy is Annie using to manage the tension?

disqualification

The initiating stage is to Knapp and Vangelisti's model as the ______ stage is to Altman and Taylor's social penetration model.

exploratory affective exchange

A highly person-centered message is perceived as appropriate, helpful, and sensitive. These messages ______.

express care and concern and help the receiver re-evaluate the message

The five love languages Chapman presented revolve around ______.

gifts and tokens of affection

People figure out what to tell their friends about their breakup in the ______ phase of Duck's dissolution model.

grave-dressing

When people are accelerating their relationship into a more intimate phase, research found that ______ behaviors also increase significantly.

haptic

The term relative power refers to ______.

how much power a person has in comparison to her or his partner

The frequency of self-disclosure refers to ______.

how often people self-disclose

What does the term "comparison level" refer to?

how well your relational partner meets your expectations

Every time Ellen and Elliot see each other, they do their own special, unique handshake and then smile and laugh about it. This is an example of a/an ______.

idiomatic behavior

Baxter and Wilmot's (1985) research on secret tests shows that the majority of our uncertainty reduction techniques in early stages of relationships are ______.

indirect

Which online uncertainty reduction strategy is most common in online dating sites such as eHarmony or match.com?

interactive

If people make ______ attributions, they believe that the cause of another person's behavior is based on their personality. When they make ______ attributions, they believe that another person's behavior is caused by situational factors.

internal, external

Uncoupling begins with a secret. One of the partners starts to feel uncomfortable in the relationship. This explains the ______ phase of a process model of relational dissolution.

intrapsychic

Marco and Kris have just met and have been talking with one another for about an hour. At one point in the conversation, Marco grabs Kris's hand, lightly caresses it, and tells Kris how nice her fingernails are. Such behaviors are characteristic of the ______ stage of courtship.

invitations and sexual arousal

Which of the following was discussed in the textbook as a way of defining relational maintenance?

keeping a relationship in existence

According to research cited in the text (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983), which of the following types of relationships are most likely to break up?

lesbian couples

Which of the following does the text recommend doing after ending a relationship?

let any new relationship evolve slowly and naturally

The two primary relational messages or fundamental themes that characterize a relationship are the ______

level of intimacy and dominance/submission

According to your textbook, the most satisfying sex takes place in ______ relationships.

long-term, romantic

In Rusbult's accommodation model, which strategy for coping with dissatisfying events is constructive and passive?

loyalty

Chris is interested in getting to know Pat. They are in the same class together. Chris gets to class early to be able to sit next to Pat. Chris is reducing uncertainty by ______.

manipulating the social environment

Zeke and Zelda have been in an online relationship for several months. They have decided they want to meet in a face-to-face environment. The increase in uncertainty over this event can be explained by ______.

modality switching

In contrast to the spill-over effect, the socialization effect suggests that children ______.

model their parents' conflict behavior

According to the model of accommodation, when people in committed relationships have problems, they are ______.

more likely to accommodate each other and repair the relationship

Which of the following is a component related to love rather than liking?

motivation

Compared to heterosexual women, lesbians ______.

must renegotiate sexual initiation roles

Which type of cross-sex friendship has been found to contain the most maintenance behavior?

mutual romance

According to research reported in your textbook, the biggest disadvantage that college students associate with friends with benefits relationships is that ______.

one partner might develop romantic feelings

The cascade of the four horsemen of the apocalypse begins when ______.

one person complains or criticizes the other

A conversational message that shows submission is called a ______.

one-down message

According to the theory of motivated information management, ______ affect how people seek information to reduce uncertainty.

outcome expectancies

Studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between relational closeness and conflict. According to the text, this makes sense because ______.

people who spend a lot of time together have more opportunity to have conflict.

Post divorce friendships that are close and satisfying are ______.

perfect pals

According to the text, ______ refers to an individual's ability to influence others to do what the individual wants, as well as an individual's ability to resist the influence attempts of others.

power

Which of the following is a dialectical tension that occurs in friendships, according to Rawlins?

public-private

Your textbook reports that rather than valuing equity, people in Asia and Eastern Europe believe that ______.

resources should be distributed equally among people, regardless of their contributions

Research has shown that self-disclosure in international friendships is most effective in helping develop the relationship if it is accompanied by ______.

responsiveness

Research suggests that the most lying occurs in relationships between ______.

romantic partners

Some people are only sexually active with their partner and do not engage in sexual relationships with other people until one relationship ends. This is known as ______.

serial monogamy

Which of the following helps explain why attachment styles change?

significant events such as divorce or moving to a new city

According to the text, Newcomb's findings on the effect of proximity on attraction were especially intriguing because they showed that proximity could outweigh ______ as a basis of attraction.

similarity

John and Tammy have been having problems for a while. When John finds out that Tammy had an affair, he thinks to himself "I mean it! This time we are breaking up!" This cognitive threshold would push John into which stage of Duck's model of relationship dissolution?

social phase

The most basic requirement for defining all types of relationships is that people share ______.

some level of behavioral interdependence

Ron and Pam are great friends. They have no desire to ever get involved with each other romantically; however, they do consider themselves intimate friends. According to the research on coping with romantic intent, Ron and Pam are part of the ______ group.

strictly platonic

Vivian enjoys working with Chris on class projects, and she admires how hardworking he is. What kind of attraction does Vivian feel for Chris?

task attraction

Anna decided to be honest with Daphne. Anna told her "I want to break up. I want out of this relationship." What strategy did Anna use?

the direct dump

Tyler and Brianna are best friends, but sometimes they can't help thinking about each other as potential romantic partners rather than friends. The challenge they are dealing with is ______.

the emotional bond challenge

The principle of least interest means that ______.

the person who cares the most has the least power

Of the following, there are most likely to be cultural differences in how people express love through ______.

the specific activities people engage in together

If someone's disclosure is high in breadth, depth, and duration, but is low in frequency, this is indicative of which phenomenon?

the stranger-on-the-plane phenomenon

Which of the following is the biggest disadvantage when it comes to detecting deception in close relationships?

the truth bias