COMM 413 Exam 1

Identify 14 ways in which men & women tend to differ in their public speaking styles (Module 4)

1 feminine more questions, masculine less 2 Qualifiers (feminine some/most/a few / almost, masculine: tends to be absolute, all or nothing, 3 feminine uses inductive reasoning, masculine uses deductive reasoning 4 feminine uses more inclusive pronouns 5 Feminine style mitigated directives, masculine style explicit 6 Feminine style = shared experiences masculine style = experiences but ones that the audiences have not experienced before, masculine creates a sense of hierarchy 7 Feminine style is personal, masculine style is impersonal and uses stats or third party references and intended to be more instructional 8 Modal verbs absolute for masculine we must, we shall, will vs feminine style: can may might should, would 9 Feminine style greater use of hedges (words that do not really need to be in a sentence such as I think or I believe) masculine style uses far fewer 10 Questions (feminine more, masculine less) 11 Adverbs (feminine uses more masculine very few often adverbs end in -ly) 12 Quality (masculine, this is the best or worst, feminine style more relative terms 13 The feminine style uses a lot of intensifiers (awfully, but extremely, rather, somewhat, ) masculine style does not use this, add description but not always necessary 14 Feminine style invites the audience to participate in the experience, sense of empowerment is trying to validate audience feelings or thoughts, or tell the audience what they can do

According to the research cited by Deborah Tannen, men are more inclined to ask questions in conversations than are women.

False

According to the study by Mulac, Lundell, and Bradac (1986), there are virtually no linguistic differences between male and female speakers.

False

Deborah Tannen reports that a study of teen and preteen boys and girls at play revealed that boys excluded peers from activities as a form of social control for much longer periods of time than did girls.

False

In the study by Behnke and Sawyer (2000), narrowband trait and state anxiety patterns did not differ according to sex of the speakers.

False

Klofstad, Anderson, and Peters (2012) suggest that the results of their study show that men and women with higher-pitched voices may be more successful in obtaining positions of leadership.

False

Morawski (1985) argues that masculinity and femininity research demonstrates how the scientific questions of gender never imply political questions.

False

Morawski (1985) contends that masculinity and femininity research has perfected theory and scales that contribute to our understanding of the social world and do not need to be updated.

False

Twenge's study (1997) demonstrates that masculine and feminine traits have remained constant over time. Cultural change and the environment have had no effect on these individual personality traits.

False

When men act in ways that are consistent with gender stereotypes, they are viewed as less competent leaders, according to the lecture on double binds.

False

11. What did Mulac, Lundell, and Bradac (1986) have to say about linguistic differences between male and female speakers?

Females: more filers, more hedges, use of negations, references to emotions Males: heavy use of demonstrative/definite nouns

7. How do gender stereotypes influence explanations of group differences? (Cundiff & Vescio, 2016)

people who strongly endorse gender stereotypes (either chronically or when situationally primed) are less likely to attribute gender disparities in the workforce to gender discrimination than do people who do not strongly endorse those stereotypes. To the extent that stereotyping focuses attention toward dispositional factors as the primary cause of group difference, and away from situational constraints, then it is logical to assume that there may be a concomitant denial of discrimination.

Tanya Reeman

" The communication is the means by which ideas and information are spread from person to person people use communication to express feelings, emotions, values and to improve their status. Communication is vital to human interaction (parents-children, boss-employee, husband and wife). Characteristic of those involved in communication can affect communication ^^ notion people possess different styles in communication that can lead to different interpretations of interpretations misunderstandings can result in stress or intolerance

Difference between sex and gender (Module 1)

"sex" refers to the biological differences between males and females, such as the genitalia and genetic differences. "Gender" is more difficult to define, but it can refer to the role of a male or female in society, known as a gender role, or an individual's concept of themselves, or gender identity.

To be able to explain the concept of the double bind

A psychological impasse created when contradictory demands are made of an individual... so that no matter which directive is followed, the response will be construed as incorrect A situation in which a person must choose between equally unsatisfactory alternatives; a punishing and inescapable dilemma.

Define the concept of Androgyny

Androgyny is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics into an ambiguous form. Androgyny may be expressed with regard to biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, or sexual identity.

3. How did androgyny researchers different from others when it came to understanding masculinity and femininity? (Smiler, 2004)

Androgyny researchers broke with the prior generation by positioning masculinity and femininity as distinct, non-opposing entities that any individual could possess in any quantity

According to Deborah Tannen, giving advice is...

Asymmetrical

Reading: Twenge: Changes in masculine & feminine traits over time: A meta-analysis

Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) Results suggest that cultural changes in BSRI & PAQ means demonstrate women's increased endorsement of masculine-stereotyped traits & men's continued non endorsement of femine-stereotypes traits.

4. What did Twenge's 1997 study suggest about culture change and environment affecting individual personalities?

Cultural change and environment may affect individual personalities; these changes in BSRI ( Bem Sex Role Inventory) and PAQ (Personal Attribute Questionaire) means demonstrate women's increased endorsement of masculine-stereotyped traits and men's continued non-endorsement of feminine-stereotyped traits.

Erin Brockovich

Double bind examples from movie Sameness/difference Femininity/Competence Bind Extreme Perceptions

According to Cundiff and Vescio (2016), their results indicate that people are more willing to acknowledge the role of gender discrimination in explaining STEM occupations than in women's underrepresentation in leadership positions

False

According to Deborah Tannen, for most men, the language of conversation is primarily the language of rapport: a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.

False

According to Deborah Tannen, men and women communicate in very similar ways. There is little difference between the general communication styles of men and women.

False

According to Eagly and Wood (2013), socialization is the most common nature explanation of sex differences.

False

According to Eagly and Wood (2013), there is no evidence that changes in the social environment over the last half century have affected partner preferences in men and women.

False

According to Jamieson (1995) as presented in the lecture on double binds, there is a death of older men in advertising, prime time, television, and film.

False

According to Tannen (2007), for women and girls, agreeing and being the same are ways to create report.

False

According to Tannen (2007), gender differences in communication are not evident in early elementary school, but they do appear in sixth grade.

False

According to Tannen (2007), interruptions should always be viewed as hostile acts, a kind of conversational bullying, and signs of purposeful dominance

False

According to the lecture on gender and public address, mentioning experiences without describing them fully is more indicative of the feminine style than the masculine style of speaking.

False

According to the lecture on gender and public address, the masculine style of speaking uses inductive reasoning more so than does the feminine style of speaking.

False

According to the lecture on gender and public address, the masculine style of speaking uses tends to use more inclusive pronouns (e.g., each, we, us) than does the feminine style.

False

According to the lecture on gender and public address, the masculine style of speech uses more impersonal and incomplete anecdotes than does the feminine style, which uses personal anecdotes and experiences.

False

According to the lecture on gender and public address, the masculine style of speech uses more intensifiers (e.g., extremely, fairly, pretty, quite, rather, really, etc.) than does the feminine style.

False

To recognize how interruptions in conversations can be interpreted differently by men and women (Module 2B)

Male listeners were more likely to view women who interrupted another speaker in the audio clips as ruder, less friendly, and less intelligent than men who interrupted." Women interrupt to agree and build upon the point

According to Cundiff and Vescio (2016), their results suggest that stereotypes may hinder people's recognition that discrimination is a potential cause of women's underrepresentation in traditionally male fields

True

Gender Differences

Males are said to establish a status hierarchy to compete, exert control and maintain the upper hand (Eckes, 2000) Females also establish hierarchies, however, these are based on friendship rather than power and accomplishment (Robb, 2004)

10. How might marriage education programs affect gender inequality and why? (Randles, 2016)

Marriage education programs could reinforce gender inequality if they obscure hidden power differences by teaching that women and men naturally communicate in distinct ways that determine agenda-setting abilities.

Symbolic Interactionism

Mead (1934) The self arises in communication with others "Selves come into existence as biological beings interact with others who reflect appraisals of them, respond to their actions, and otherwise bring them into the social world of meaning in a particular time and place" (Wood, 2006, p.2).

Identify how pitch & tone affect interpretations of speaker credibility (Module 4)

Men and women with lower pitched voices may be more successful in obtaining positions of leadership men and women perceive lower-pitched female voices to be more competent, stronger and more trustworthy, Among men, lower-pitched male voices are perceived to be stronger and more competent

To identify common misinterpretations in cross-gender communication (Module 2B)

Men grow up in a world in which a conversation is often a contest, either to achieve the upper hand or to prevent other people from pushing them around. For women, however, talking is often a way to exchange confirmation and support

1. To what do nature and nurture refer? (Eagly & Wood, 2013)

Nature refers to biological structures & processes Nurture refers to sociocultural influences

Reiman's summary of areas of gender differences in communication

Problem-solving Communication of feelings Needs and desires Approaches to situations: understanding of a situation and relation to it

To identify patterns of rapport vs. report (Module 2A)

Rapport - communication style meant to promote social affiliation and emotional connection. Report - communication style focused on exchanging information with little emotional import. Females primarily use the rapport talk style.

According to Deborah Tannen, for everyone, home is a place to be offstage. But the comfort of home can have opposite and incompatible meanings for men and women.

True

Reading: Eagly and Wood: The nature-nurture debates: 25 years of challenges in understanding the psychology of gender

Socialization & preferences for mates as two important areas of gender research Nature: biological structures & processes Nurture: sociocultural influences A lot of gender research does not include scientific psychology (which is not unusual) because there are many conflicting messages from scientists about the psychology of women and men.

Public Address

Study of gender and public address linked to the second wave of feminism Women in the first wave of feminism recorded their speeches, but those speeches were not studied in the traditional discipline of rhetoric

8. What show did Sung (2012) base the findings of his study?

The Apprentice

As explained in the lecture on double binds, Kathleen Hall Jamieson (1995) identified five double binds that women often face. Which of the following is NOT one of the double binds identified by Jamieson and described in the lecture?

The Balance/Misogyny Bind

6. What did Shields, Steinke, and Koster (1995) find in their study of advice books in regards to caregivers' emotional representations?

The gendered representation of caregivers emotion is remarkably consistent across time Books directed to parents portray women as at risk for excessive emotions (both positive and negative) that have negative developmental impact on the child.

Explain the difference between nature & nurture in gender research (Module 1)

The nature versus nurture debate involves whether human behavior is determined by the environment, either prenatal or during a person's life, or by a person's genes

Ted Talk: iO Tillet Wright: Fifty shades of gay

Tillett Wright spent her life trying to figure out who she was & what she liked. She wanted to be a boy at a young age & began acting professionally as a little boy without anyone knowing she was a girl. She then decided she wanted to be a girl again when she was 14 but she knew she was different. She was never expected to define herself or her sexuality by her family & friends & appreciated it. Due to all of this she stated the project of photographing 2,000 people who consider themselves to be anywhere on LGBTQ spectrum. Most people tend to consider themselves to exist in the gray areas of sexuality, not being 100% just gay or just straight. The project is done to help show the problem with discrimination. She shows the humanity in all of the people who are shown through the pictures and showcases that their sexuality is just a characteristic. A human shouldn't lose their job, be denied the right to housing, marriage, adopt children, be disowned by their family or friends, etc. just based off of one characteristic such as their sexuality.

A double bind is a situation in which a person must choose between equally unsatisfactory alternatives; it is a punishing and inescapable dilemma.

True

According to Cook and Glass (2016)'s findings, firms with gender-diverse boards are more likely than other firms to offer LGBT-friendly policies, whereas findings for firms with women CEOs offer mixed results.

True

According to Deborah Tannen, gossip has the potential to serve as a crucial function for establishing intimacy--especially if it is not "talking against" but simply "talking about."

True

According to Deborah Tannen, metamessages are information about the relations among the people involved, their attitudes toward what they are saying or doing, and the people they are saying or doing it to.

True

According to Deborah Tannen, the essential element of connection is symmetry, and the essential element of status is asymmetry.

True

According to Deborah Tannen, women are believed to talk too much. Yet study after study finds that it is men who talk more--at meetings, in-mixed group discussions, and in classrooms where girls or young women sit next to boys or young men.

True

According to Eagly and Wood (2013), in girls but not boys, lower familial quality accelerates pubertal maturation, signaled by earlier menarche and younger sexual activity.

True

According to Eagly and Wood (2013), the feminist movement was an important influence on theories of gender because most psychologists who were allied with the wave of feminism that began in the 1960s were firmly in the nurture camp.

True

According to Hutson-Comeaux and Kelly's study (2002), both women and men were negatively evaluated when overreacting to gender-consistent emotional events.

True

According to Jamieson (1995) as presented in the lecture on double binds, the story of Susanna illustrated the silence/shame bind

True

According to Nelson's (2015) review of the literature, women are expected to be warm, gentle, kind, and passive, while men are expected to be tough, aggressive, and assertive.

True

According to Shields, Steinke, and Koster (1995), parent advice books portray women as at risk for excessive emotions (both positive and negative) that have negative developmental impact on the child

True

According to Smiler (2004), androgyny researchers broke with the prior generation of scholars by positioning masculinity and femininity as distinct, non-opposing entities that any individual could possess in any quantity.

True

According to Tannen (2007), many cultures of the world see arguing as a pleasurable sign of intimacy, as well as a game.

True

According to Tannen (2007), research shows that girls and women sit closer to each other and look at each other directly. At every age, boys and men sit at angles to each other and do not look directly into each other's faces

True

According to Tannen (2007), the different lenses of status and connection may work against women. Women are reluctant to display their achievements in public in order to be likable, but regarded through the lens of status, they are systematically underestimated, and thought self-deprecating and insecure.

True

According to Tannen (2007), to most women, conflict is a threat to connection, to be avoided at all costs. Disputes are preferably settled without direct confrontation.

True

According to Tannen (2007), women and men are judged differently even if they speak the same way. Talking in ways that are associated with women causes women to be judged negatively, but talking the same way does not have this effect on men.

True

According to Twenge's (1997) meta-analysis of masculine and feminine traits over time, women have increasingly endorsed masculine-stereotyped traits, but men have not endorsed feminine-stereotyped traits.

True

Eagly and Wood (2013) use the term nature to refer to biological structures and processes and the term nurture to refer to sociocultural influences

True

In her research on faculty committee meetings, linguist Carole Edelsky found that women were less likely to participate when the situation felt more like report-talk and more likely to do so when it felt like rapport-talk

True

Schismogenesis refers to a mutually aggravating spiral by which each person's response to other's behavior provokes more exaggerated forms of the divergent behavior.

True

Shields, Steinke, and Koster's work (1995) reveals an emotional double bind for parents that results from friction between the ideology of nurturance and standards of "appropriate" emotional experience and expression.

True

Alpha Bias

Ultimately, men and women have more in common with each other communicatively than not But we tend to focus on Mars vs. Venus differences

Differences in Public Speaking The Feminine Style (Campbell, 1989)

Way the women speakers cope with the conflicting demands of the podium Personal tone Rely on personal experiences Inductive form of reasoning Address audience as peers

To identify and describe five common double binds found in contemporary society

Womb/Brain Bind (Women Can Exercise Their Wombs Or Their Brains, But Not Both) Silence/Shame Bind (Women Who Speak Out are Immodest And Shamed, While Women Who are Silent Will be Ignored or Dismissed) Sameness/Difference (Women Are Subordinate Whether They Claim to Be Different from Men or the Same) Femininity/Competence Bind (Women Who Are Considered Feminine Will Be Judged Incompetent, And Women Who Are Competent, Unfeminine) Aging/Invisibility (As Men Age they Gain Wisdom and Power; As Women Age They Wrinkle and Become Superfluous)

Gender Differences (Coates 1986)

Women Reveal a lot about their private lives in their conversations Stick to one topic for a long time Let all speakers finish their sentences Try to have everyone participate Men Discuss things other than personal relationships and feelings Change topics frequently Dominate conversations and establish a hierarchy in communication over time

Gender Differences (Glass 1992)

Women Use pitch and inflection for emphasis Tend to interrupt less often than men do Make fewer direct accusations and statements More questions Men Disclose less personal information Speak more loudly than women do Use the technique of loudness to emphasize points

9. Who is subject to stringent gender norms that govern polite behavior? (Sung, 2012)

Women Professionals

5. What do men and women hold as gender stereotypes about emotionality? (Hutson-Comeaux & Kelly, 2002)

Women and men hold similar gender stereotypes about emotionality. Emotionality is typically associated with women; that is, people believe that women are more emotional than men

To be able to explain gender differences in lecturing vs. listening (Module 2A)

Women give more listening signals but the signals they give have different meanings for men and women, consistent with the speaker/audience alignment (women primarily hold speaking role and men listening)

Understand the history of women's public speaking (or lack thereof) (Module 4)

Women in the first wave of feminism recorded their speeches, but those speeches were not studied in the traditional discipline of rhetoric Why wasn't women's speech studied? Public speaking and citizenship were independent Women were not seen as equal citizens with men When studied, it was in regards to suffrage, antislavery and prohibition movements

Gender Differences (Gray 1992)

Women use superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations in their speech which men interpret literally causing miscommunication between the sexes Men are more direct and straightforward with their speech

To be able to define the concept of communication asymmetries (Module 2A)

asymmetry is an imbalance in the relationship between speaker and hearer(s) as a result of social and institutional factors

To be able to explain the concepts of community and contest as styles of conflict (Module 2B)

for women the community is a source of power, if men see life in terms of contest, a struggle against nature and other men, for women life is a struggle against the danger of being cut off from their community Johnstone ⇒ Men live in a world where they see power as coming from an individual acting in opposition to others and to natural force

To identify common gender stereotypes that affect expectations of others (Module 3)

gender stereotypes appeared to create expectancies for behavior that influenced its informativeness. Women and men hold similar gender stereotypes about emotionality. Emotionality is typically associated with women; that is, people believe that women are more emotional than men

To recognize and explain how patterns of gossip differ for men and women (Module 2A)

men think women talking about personal relationships to their friends is an act of disloyalty the heart of most friendships for women comes from telling their friends about their feelings and other events happening within their personal lives When men gossip, they talk about themselves but they talk about political rather than personal relationships, institutional power, advancement and decline

To be able to explain some common gender differences in interpersonal communication patterns (Module 2A)

women: reveal a lot about private lives, stick to one topic for a long time, let speakers finish sentences, try to let everyone participate, use pitch/inflection, interrupt less than men, more questions, fewer direct accusations and statements men: discuss things other than relationships/feelings, change topics frequently, dominante conversations and establish hierarchy over time, disclose less personal info, speak more loudly than women, use loudness to emphasize points