Comm Arts 250 #2

uses and gratifications

assumes that people are goal oriented in seeking media, people are actively seeking media to meet needs

gaming literacy

consider print literacy, decoding, analyzing, creating (writing), learning about games, functional games, critical literacies

cinematography

director of photography, use of color ex = Shindler's List, Moonrise Kingdom, Oz the Great and Powerful

modularity

discrete objects that can all be combined to make up something, ex: PowerPoint

reactive media activism

educate consumers, contact creators, legal action, influence public opinion

media and citizenship: politics

electoral political = government, legislation cultural politics = ideologies, world views, cultural practices, identity politics ex: House of Cards, Scandal

language as constructive

language is powerful and doing a lot, it makes some things available for us and others not

second level representation

language, translate thoughts/ideas into words

why is US media so dominant?

large local audience, competitive pricing, block booking, ability to absorb competition, support from the State Department

decoding signs

not natural, they're learned, arbitrary, multiple in meaning, meaning dependent on context

to-be-looked-at-ness

women performing for the viewer

negotiated reading

some accepted, some rejected

numerical representation

composed of digital codes (binary), distinguishes from analog

genre and expectations

composition, setting, horror genre vs. soap opera

Hall - THE WORK OF REPRESENTATION

1. Representation, meaning, and language 2. reflective, intentional, constructionist theories of representation 3. representation = production of meaning through language 4. mental representations and language (for constructing meaning) 5. signs 6. meaning in different cultures 7. traffic lights 8. Sassure - signified and signifier 9. semiotics

McLintock - THE SOFT-SOAPING EMPIRE

1. Victorian advertising and reinvention of racial difference 2. the Pear's campaign 3. fetishes in soap ads 4. the monkey, the mirror 5. domesticating empire

Lara Mulvey - three looks

1. camera records the event 2. audience watches the movie 3. characters look at each other -all together = the male gaze

Turner - THE ECONOMY OF CELEBRITY

1. celebrities are developed to make money 2. promotion and marketing of stars 3. celebrity industries

Dahlgren - MEDIATION DEMOCRACY

1. democracy 2. civil society 3. the public sphere as historical narrative 4. Habermas 5. media institutions, media representation, social structure, sociocultural interaction 6. subjectivity, identity, interaction

mise-en-scene

1. describes the way things are visually staged/placed on stage, way of thinking about different elements deliberately put there 2. setting, composition/framing/staging, cinematography, costume/makeup/hair, lighting

Busse & Gray - FAN CULTURES AND FAN COMMUNITIES

1. fans as reinterpreting and responding to media text 2. members of fandom 3. industry's discovery of fans 4. ideal research subjects 5. convergence and new media culture 6. fan communities

Bordwell & Thompson - FILM FORM

1. film art 2. form vs. content 3. expectations, guide to = prior experience 4. form and feeling, emotional response of viewer 5. form and meaning - explicit, implicit 6. personal taste vs. evaluative judgement 7. film formula 8. similarity and repetition, difference and variation 9. development

Manovich - THE PRACTICE OF EVERYDAY (MEDIA) LIFE

1. from mass consumption to mass cultural production 2. web 2.0 3. user-generated content 4. strategies and tactics 5. conversations through media

Thussu - MEDIA ON THE MOVE

1. global flow and contra-flow 2. increased Western cultural influences 3. dominant flows of americana 4. US domination global entertainment market 5. contra flows - anti hegemonic or pro americana

Appiah - COSMOPOLITAN CONTAMINATION

1. global villages 2. globalization 3. homogeneity 4. cultural imperialism

Jenkins & Green - SPREADABLE MEDIA

1. how audiences create value and meaning in a networked economy 2. web 2.0 3. digital revolution 4. spreadability 5. Susan Boyle 6. going viral 7. understanding appeal 8. ecology of media consumption 9. produser

THE NAMESAKE

1. identity 2. intersectionality

Fiske - IDEOLOGY AND MEANINGS

1. ideology 2. signs, ideology, meanings 3. signification 4. hegemony 5. resistances 6. semiotic analysis

Hall - POSTMODERNISM AND ARTICULATION

1. immediate success as a concept 2. questions about the shape and tendency of contemporary culture 3. articulation - double meaning 4. ideology and social forces

Andrejevic - THE WORK OF BEING WATCHED

1. interactive media the exploitation of self-disclosure 2. DotComGuy 3. productive surveillance 4. rationalizing the work of watching 5. interactive surveillance in the digital age 6. digital enclosure 7. the example of TiVo

Squire - VIDEO GAME LITERACY

1. interactivity 2. ludology 3. games as performance 4. gaming literate 5. game communities 6. games as spaces for learning 7. social spaces 8. games in schools

Thompson & Bordwell - GRAVITY: THINKING INSIDE THE BOX

1. long takes, continuous shots 2. bouncing axis 3. the LED light box 4. complete digital environment 5. staging without a stage 6. no sound in space, contrasts, diegetic vs. non

Shilt - AM/FM ACTIVISM: TAKING NATIONAL MEDIA TOOLS TO A LOCAL LEVEL

1. media advocacy groups 2. GLAAD 3. types of defamation 4. the Dr Laura campaign 5. AM/FM activism - going back to the community

Jones - A CULTURAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF MEDIATED CITIZENSHIP

1. media's role in contemporary meanings of citizenship 2. communication 3. information acquisition 4. media are plural 5. mediums affect meanings 6. political engagement

Morley & Robbins - UNDER WESTERN EYES

1. media, empire, and otherness 2. otherness 3. western screen, western psyche

evolutionary stages of minorities in the media

1. non-recognition 2. ridicule 3. regulation 4. respect

Gray - FROM SPOILERS TO SPINOFFS

1. paratexts = texts that prepare us for other texts 2. what is a text? 3. synergy 4. intertexts 5. overflow, convergence

Ang - ON THE POLITICS OF EMPIRICAL AUDIENCE RESEARCH

1. politics of research 2. disappearing audience 3. academic convergence? 4. cultural studies 5. beyond methodology 6. interpretive ethnographic

CABIN IN THE WOODS

1. privacy 2. surveillance

Shohat & Stam - STEREOTYPING REALISM

1. realism 2. the burden of representation 3. racial politics of casting (whitewashing)

Bolter & Grusin - THE DOUBLE LOGIC OF REMEDIATION

1. remediation 2. visual technologies 3. double logic of remediation

Berger - WAYS OF SEEING

1. seeing comes before words 2. introduction of the camera 3. object and its value 4. authenticity, original works of art 5. reproduced image vs. original

Dyer - HEAVENLY BODIES

1. star phenomenon 2. stars made for profit 3. private vs. public self 4. the notion of the individual

cycle of oppression

1. stereotypes 2. prejudice 3. discrimination 4. oppression 5. internalized oppression

Grindstaff - TRASH, CLASS, AND CULTURAL HIERARCHY

1. talk shows makes stars and experts out of ordinary people 2. talk show manipulation 3. ethics and exploitation 4. desire for TV exposure 5. issue of realness and authenticity 6. trash, class, and distinction - white trash

semiotic examples

1. the American revolution car ad 2. PETA ad 3. Dove ad

Grossberg - IS THERE A FAN IN THE HOUSE?

1. the affective sensibility 2. popularity = matter of taste 3. characterizing certain types of people who become fans 4. affective investment

imagined community

Benedict Anderson, we don't know everyone who belongs to our community, but still feel a sense of connection to one another, ex: Olypmics

orientalism

East vs. West, the orient vs. the occident, othering, limited perspective of the outside, construction, fantasy

strategic essentialism

Gayatri Spivak, no one set of experiences that join a set of identities together, temporary solidarity that serves as a means to an end, don't feel necessarily even though you share identity

encoding/decoding

Hall, encoding = creating intended meaning, decoding = interpreting meaning from text, three possible readings = dominant, oppositional, negotiated

cultural odour

Iwabuchi, there horizontal and vertical flows are often affected by you have to assume the cultural trappings of the big media players, US pretty obvious about media presence

fans as poachers

Michel De Certeau, appropriating elements from cultural products for their own uses, take on authorial role, shift in traditional power relationship

burden of representation

Shohat and Stam, it matters more how minority groups are the represented because of these histories of underrepresentation, minority groups are the ones in danger of suffering from stereotypes, not the dominant ones ex: Walter White, Don Draper

counter-hegemony

against the dominant ideology, absorbing of counter-hegemonies, how the world has responded to shifting world view

stereotypes

all or nothing logic, repeated over and over (=normalization), they are believed, made by in-groups about out-groups, unequal impact, even "positive" stereotypes can still be harmful

polysemy

all texts are this because they have multiple meanings, never fixed and final

hypermediacy

always brought back into contact with the interface, very aware you are using a mediated object, ex: computer "desktop"

digital enclosures

an interactive realm where every action and transaction generates information, ex = browser keeping track of your activity

the point-of-view shot

any shot that presents the info from the pov in space where the characters eyes would be, objective/subjective

measuring audiences

audiences have always produced data, now measure with digital enclosures

web 2.0

audiences productive, play powerful role in creating and circulating content, engage with content in new ways, everyday people are coming together to produce and manipulate content

automation

automation that can be subject to manipulation, ex: artificial intelligence

paratexts

beside, or adjacent to the text, additional textual elements that frame a text, ex: book jacket, author name, reviews

inequality in casting

black/yellow/red/brown face

remediation

borrowing/repurposing from one medium and redoing it in another medium, represented in a new medium, ex: book into digital pdf

mobile camera and weightlessness

both actors and camera moving slowly/freely in space

white trash television

combines race and class in a particular formation, shows the way intersecting identities can shift value and meaning

aspects of form

components (organized into structures), structures (all to make effect for viewer), medium (materials, techniques, rules, possibilities), medium professionals

lighting

contrast, light/dark, shadows ex = Jessica Jones

genre

conventions and code that make the text very easy and recognizable, shape how we understand usage of some visual elements ex = film noir, horror, soap opera, musicals

mashup/remix culture

creating something new by taking styles/works and putting them into new contexts, ex: Hotline Bling

defining web 2.0

design (participatory, open, inviting), business model (users improve and validate the site, users produce content companies can sell ads), user (produser, user-generated content), ideology (framed as empowering, too optimistic?)

role of gossip

desire to always know about celebrity lives, myths of culture, humanize celebrity lives

celebrity as commodity

developed in order to make money, commercial/market value, ex: celebrity endorsement

denotation

dictionary, literal meaning

cultivation theory

difference in worldview of people in amounts of TV they watch, viewing television = constructs reality, dominant view viewed as more true, not always accurate ex: more likely to have sexist views

proactive media activism

employment, education, individual responses

normalizing surveillance

ex: reality TV shows, no escape from being watched, normal features, benefits of being watched

the arbitrariness of the sign

ex: traffic lights, each color has meaning because we create the meaning, language and social conventions are connections

celebrity

famous, well-known, well-recognized, accomplished/achieved something

fans and productivity

fan fiction/art/vids, cosplay, conventions, fanzines, who owns the text?

cultural citizenship

feeling of belonging, feeling like your identity is accepted, ex: My Asian Americana

formal analysis

focusses on formal aspects of the work, those aspects that are directly observable, and analysis of form

participatory culture

formation of audience communities that collaborate with people who share similar goals and interests to create their own media, disseminate news and ideas, blurring the line between producer and consumer; i.e. = education, social support, skill development, mobilization 1. Low barriers to artistic expression and civic engagement 2. Support for creating and sharing one's creations 3. Informal mentorship 4. Members believe that their contributions matter 5. Members feel some degree of social connection with one another

resistant audiences

free labor - appeal to audiences - more ideas, culture jamming, adbusters, brandalism

how is web 2.0 used?

hanging out (social media for interaction and friendship, communication, friendship-driven), messing around (experimenting with friends), geeking out (trying to pick up more advanced skills, mashup video, podcast, collaborating, interest driven)

hetereonormativity

hetereosexuality is the assumed normal, coming out assumption

repressive state apparatuses

how hegemony is upheld through coercion, ex: government, police, military, prison

ideological state apparatuses

how hegemony is upheld through ideology over force, consent, ex: schools, churches, family, media, community orgs

ascribed identity

how others see you

costume/makeup and hair

how people are styled, clothes and makeup reflect who they are as a character ex = Walking Dead, Batman

avowed identity

how you see yourself

quantitative traditions

hypodermic needle theory, media effects, experimental settings, uses and gratifications,

mediation

immediacy, hypermediacy, remediation

dominant reading

in line with preferred reading

surveillance society

in this modern world with many cameras, cell phones cameras we don't know if we are being watched, feeling of consequences or somebody watching us

who creates celebrities?

industries, audiences, celebrities

the call for positive images

instead of seeing minorities as criminals, villians, horrible people, problems = reversal doesn't create equality

allusions

intertextuality, make references to other texts either implied or not, ex: Community

parody

intertextuality, work that imitates another work for humorous effect, ex: SNL Taco Town

articulate

joining part together to make a unity, where our identity comes, ex: christian + conservative

dismemberment

just one part of the body is focused on, dehumanizing

citizenship

legal citizenship (legal term, basic rights, government granted), what is a good citizen?

hypodermic needle theory

linear communication theory, passive audience, no individual difference, media messages are injected directly into audience's brain, ex: War of the Worlds broadcast

hypertext

linking, takes you to other pieces of texts, shifts to a whole new text behaving differently than analog

semiotic warfare

meanings are always changing, ex: British 80s punk

media effects

measure the effect that media can have on us without our realization, believe there is still an influence, not just one correlation between given and received messages, ex: violence and video games

social interaction

media needs to be taken up by people, media filtered by public sphere, opinion leaders

stickiness

media that grabs your attentions and holds it, ex: Serial

vertical media flow

media travels from powerful players to less powerful, US does more exporting than importing

immediacy

mediation, the erasure of the difference between the signifier and the signified, wipes away idea that its just an image, ex: photographs

visual power dynamics (binary power dynamics)

men vs. women, men act women appear, to be looked at ness, dismemberment, voyeurism, ex: us/them, white/black, self/other... too rigid, more categories than in binaries

first level representation

mental representations in head, how we imagine complex, abstract ideas

representation

mimesis, idea that one thing stands in for a lot of things, consequences of representing difference

understanding fandom

modern communities that can provide joy and pleasure for community members, active participants in constructing and circulating media, meaning and uses, fans as poachers, productivity, participatory culture, politics of fandom

long take

more real, more intimate, more immediate shot, more you are with the character, feeling what they're feeling in real time

Lev Manovich's Principles of New Media

numerical representation, modularity, automation, variability, transcoding

soap advertisements

on its own, soap's function is to clean, in ads there are added meanings (race, colonialism)

variability

once something has been made digital it can be presented in a variety of ways, not fixed, adjustable, different versions, input from users or from automation are changing it

new media

online, digital, social media, immediate, instant gratification, more access, more recently invented, pushing boundaries of technology, general populace has more input, hard to define (time, new developments all the time, wide range)

4 main practices of media referenced play

onomastic allusion, closely imitative, hybrid/recontextualized (mashups), ambiguously referenced

agency

our freedom or ability to act on your own power, identity (biracial children)

culture jamming

our world is overcome by consumer culture and we should disrupt these practices, talking back to powerful corporations, ex: adbusters, brandalism

hype

paratext, intense promotion, utilizes synergy, agenda setting theory (media tells us what's important to think about), ex: Blair Witch Project

trailers

paratext, shape our judgement about a movie before we've even seen it

fans and social hierarchies

pathologizing fans reinforces social hierarchies, low vs. high culture, cultural capital

the active audience

people are actively making sense of the media in a bottom-up way, against hypo need and mass effect theories, in line with uses and gratifications, turn to people's experiences

contra/counterflows

people getting media from less powerful media, ex: anime

fears about media/media panics

people have always been worried about new media when it is first introduced, always respond to and accomodate new media forms

the public sphere - Jurgen Habermas

people to have important conversations about society, improve society by people working together, private sphere (domestic, homes) vs. government

re-articulation

possible to break those connections and replace them with something new?, articulation as context

the effects of "Gravity" (story and style)

precision, symmetrical structure, powerful story, powerful simplicity, physical/immersive experience, transcendence

panopticon

prison structure where prisoners can be seen at all times, but don't know if they are looking, relentless gaze, assuming and imagining gaze, behave differently if someone is watching?

convergence

process where different media forms and platforms are blending together, idea that we are getting media from many different sources, but also about the movement of consumers

intersectionality

recognizing multiple impacts of different axes of identity (race/gender/class/sexuality/etc...); looking at the intersections between different disenfranchised groups, Kimberle Crenshaw ex: whiteness and feminism ex: 2 Live Crew Incident

media institutions

regulations, industries, regulations help maintain public sphere by balance between commercial and public, media ownership

paradigm

replaceable words of the same group in a sentence, nouns/verbs/etc that can be replaced to change the meaning of the relationships

what is the language of games?

representational aspects of games, narrative, ludic aspect of games

fandoms as pathology

represented as "obsessed individuals", loners, socially inept, hysterical mob, weak victims of media, ex: SNL Star Trek video

experimental settings

researchers can rely on experimental approaches to measure effects, try to control the different conditions to pinpoint that it is media making the impact, limitations = artificial results, can't generalize to entire population

ethnographic traditions

researchers fully immerse themselves in the lifeworld of a community and observe people in their real lives, i.e. = interviews, diaries, focus groups, everyday lives ex: reading the romance

why does media travel?

revenue, ease of exportation/importation, cultural proximity, politics, fandom & buzz

semiotic analysis

role of language, connotative/denotative meaning, cultural meanings/myths, syntagm and paradigm

ludic aspects of games

rules, economics, narratives

setting

scenery, general space, backgrounds, on location vs. studio

mashups

sedimented practices and various added references, rules, and narratives

impact of language on thought

shows how language shapes reality, our own cultural lens

the sign

signified + signifier

politics of fandom

site of development and creativity, power structure gets redistributed, fandom as reactionary backlash

counterpublics

smaller communities also creating their own public spheres and counteract how they've been pushed out of the general sphere

social structures

so large and diverse voices, the public sphere maybe not for everyone, counterpublics, ex: black radio

thronged

somebody who can draw a crowd, being accessible to the people

power and looking

spectatorship, panopticon, scopohilia, visual power dynamics (binary power dynamics), the male gaze, othering

how can we understand celebrities through texts, and as texts?

star texts (carefully constructed, audiences never access real person), polysemic (multiple interpretations), contradictory

all-or-nothing logic

stereotypes, you think you know something about somebody because on one attribute

cultural capital

symbolic elements such as skills, tastes, posture, clothing, mannerisms, material belongings one acquires, major sources of social inequality, high culture, low media

voyeurism

taking pleasure from looking secretly without permission, hidden person has all the power

transmedia storytelling

telling a story across multiple delivery channels, extends the narrative (different from adaptation)

intertextuality

texts are always in conversation with other, recognizable textual things to create meaning, always gaining meaning from other texts you've consumed, forms (allusions, parody, mashup/remix), meaning goes both directions, meaning always changing

media refusal

the active and conscious rejection of a media technology by its potential users, addiction or elite judgment

qualitative

the active audience, ethnographic tradition, encoding/decoding, resistant audiences

mimesis

the idea that images mimic or imitate real life

spreadability

the widespread sharing of media based on decisions made by people, ex: Damn Daniel

cult of amateurs

the more people freely produce stuff the more junk we have, no gatekeepers, powerful currency of online popularity

scopohilia

the pleasure of looking, ex: zoo, the pleasure of being looked at, ex: social media

spectatorship

the practice of looking

syntagm

the relationships between sequential signifiers, a chain of words making up a completed sentence

subjective sounds

the sounds that we hear in helmets

semiology

the study of signs, Ferdinand de Saussure

hegemony

there are dominant ideologies cultivated/repeated to us, not just one ideal, competing ideologies

critiques of the public sphere

those kinds of spaces have been historically very privileged, what kind of communication counts

othering

us vs. them, you and your culture are at the center, other cultures are strange and inferior

science of signs

use visual shorthand to convey messages and understand them, shortcut/sign that means something, ex: emojis

types of defamation

vicious slander, negative stereotypes, casual prejudice, deference to homophobia, invisibility

new media literacy

we are now producers as well as consumers 1. play 2. performance 3. stimulation 4. appropriation 5.multitasking 6. distributed cognition 7. collective intelligence 8. judgment 9. transmedia navigation 10. networking 11. negotiation ex: Wikipedia

composition/framing/staging

what can you see in the frame? focused, balanced, where eye is drawn

media representations

what interests are represented? whose voices? how are things discussed?

connotation

what we interpret

transcoding

when info is stored in digital form it takes on characteristics of the computer, being shaped by the logical of new media, ex: auto tune

oppositional reading

when the reader actively resists intended reading

private vs. public selves

when you become interested in their private lives from public = celebrities, role of gossip

productive surveillance

workers being watched to stay on task, labor and who does the watching in terms of media, data on the audience (ex: Netflix)

the male gaze

working to maintain men's power over women, men control the direction of the film, women are looked at, men control women, audience identifies with the man

ideology

worldview, ideas that form a structure about how we form the world, societal views/norms ex: heteronormativity